FR2593205A1 - Double-shell construction - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel design for the shell of a construction particularly for residential purposes. This construction is noteworthy in that it consists of two breathable concentric shells 4-5, an external one 4, and an internal one 5, these shells being separated by intermediate spaces 7, the internal shell totally enclosing the habitable volume. This arrangement allows the fitting of an air heat exchanger 11 which is used for the whole internal shell.

Description

 The present invention applies in particular to new constructions buildings for individual or collective housing use, schools, hospitals, offices, factories, multipurpose rooms, gymnasiums, warehouses, various premises but also to the renovation of existing constructions.

 The object relates more particularly to a new conception of the envelope of a construction which is characterized by a double envelope comprising as a rule intermediate spaces bringing the winter thermal balance in average climatic sites and an excellent comfort response. winter and summer as well as great durability thanks to the simplicity of its functional assemblies and the accessibility of fragile materials for maintenance.

 Before approaching the main provisions of the invention, it is necessary to report the difficulties encountered in the exploitation of current constructions available on the market using a simple envelope.

 Whatever the wall system used in the current state of the art, there are structural limits quickly reached at 1Pegal thermal winter which requires additional general heating including in favored sites.

 The single insulated envelope rejects most of the free contributions arriving on its sunny surface in winter due to the rigidity of the insulation installation.

The direct convection due to the wind on the habitable envelope maintains a high level of loss especially in windy climates. For example In
South Brittany: or on the Vendée coasts the afternoon wind frequency in.

winter exceeds 96 Z with more than 60 to 70 Z of medium and strong winds. To these losses due to convection are added the infiltration of the insulators and in the case of humid winds, the more or less slow humidification of the insulators and any structured supports; hence a more or less slow degradation but some starting with the exposed faces of insulators and structured supports.

 The runoff of rain on the facades and the very high humidity of the soil on the outside of the basement and foundation walls does not allow the elimination with a certain reliability of losses at this level nor the use of the soil in hygrothermal equilibria sought in the interior habitable volume.

 The thickness of the insulators is limited between 10 and 15 cm depending on the type, either mechanically or by cost, or by the fact that beyond these values the overall gain is very small because of the high and incompressible rate of renewal air for hygienic reasons, not ensured by the very weak breathing of: the envelope.

At the level of the piercing of this envelope, there is an impossibility of mounting outside of efficient isothermal shutters reliable and inexpensive which maintains despite the double glazing a high level of losses during the winter night which for 470 North latitude at the solstice is twice as long as the day. In the case of an interior installation, the resulting space requirement further reduces the living space, which is no longer permitted in current social housing. Added to this is the fact that the fixed or mobile bays in contact with climate shock (wind, rain, sun) requires materials and techniques that are very costly in terms of energy and finance, such as aluminum, as well as leak-proof assemblies. The ineffectiveness of seals and assemblies 15 or 20 years later requires often very expensive rehabilitation due to the modification of models
Finally, the existence of numerous thermal bridges at the level of the structural connections of the habitable envelope increases the losses while bringing risks of condensation and mold on the interior facing.

In summer a high solar flux hits the sunny sides of the envelope
On a current envelope more than 500 kWh arrive on the external wall of this one in one day (except on certain assemblies of ventilated external insulation). The use of ventilation must then be done by the interior habitable volume with all the disadvantages, limits and inconveniences.

 In any envelope where the fragile materials that are the insulators and the possible load-bearing systems are trapped and not accessible, the control, the maintenance and the possible modification are impossible without a heavy intervention on large surfaces because of the finished facing entailing costs. high. When the need to correct any problem arises, the damage is significant. This problem is linked to that of the poor breathing of the wall and to the fact that the thickness of the insulation fixed to the date of construction by the regulations of the time, causes a certain depreciation of this envelope in the 10 or 20 years later and a very expensive rehabilitation of the entire envelope.

Furthermore, in most cases the presence of an insulator immediately behind an interior or exterior facing does not allow, with reasonable costs, the use of plastically rich materials and this results in poor architectural expression.

 Finally, these techniques impose a constant thickness of insulation over the entire envelope, which does not provide natural solutions to thermal imbalances in the premises behind the sunny facades and the others.

 In constructions of this type with interior insulation. We are facing the following technical constraints.

-Need for a general vapor barrier on the entire envelope which imposes a
high rate of air renewal and therefore significant losses.

 - Existence of many thermal bridges at the level of structural links.

 - The absence or the very low value of the thermal capacity of the envelope does not allow the storage of free intakes corresponding to the thermal needs during consecutive days without sun. The additional heating is therefore a necessity it is most often with hot air.

 - This same weakness in thermal capacity leads to discomfort by an abnormal increase in indoor temperature in winter or summer due to sunshine through the picture windows. This discomfort is added in winter to that associated with hot air heating.

 - The absence of breathing of the walls leads to a poor response of the envelope to climatic aggression (wind, rain, sun). It is added to the confinement of the fragile materials that are the insulators and to the possible structured hanging systems, this assembly causes a slow but certain degradation of the hygrothermal qualities of the envelope and certain supports.

 - In conclusion, the single envelope with internal insulation requires: additional heating, specific seasonal discomfort and reduced reliability. The impossibility of easy control and intervention at the level of the insulation leads inexorably to a renovation of the entire interior volume within 15 to 20 years after construction to align with the new regulations and correct the degradation of hygrothermal characteristics. of the wall.

In constructions of this type with external insulation we are in
presence of the following balance sheet:
It allows to find a high thermal capacity inside
insulation. It provides increased comfort and the possibility of storing
free contributions in the envelope itself.

It removes thermal bridges at the level of structural links
heated volume (slab walls or exterior walls-cross wall). However, new thermal bridges appear at the level of the connections between the heated volume and the cold annexes (garages, cellars, undeveloped attic) which often require the extension of external insulation to the whole of the air.
overall lightness (very high cost). Higher heated volume, likewise at the level of foundation or base walls the reliability of the systems i
solants is very limited due to the aggressive humid and non-breathable environment.

In the case of isolatlpn plated on the outside of the wall and receiving a thin skin, the insulation is trapped (control, modification and maintenance
are impossible) in a space towards which the migrating water vapor converges on the side of the interior wall and the water by capillarity and porosity from the exterior wall. In most cases the lower permeability of the insulation compared to the wall accentuates the phenomenon. The reliability of this very thin skin (a few millimeters) is reduced by the very important cycle of "dilation-withdrawal" imposed on sunny facades. The micro cracking which results over time accelerates the degradation of the materials, the assembly and the physical characteristics.

 In the case of external insulation of the ventilated cladding type or thick coating with ventilated vacuum, the reliability is much better but all the limits mentioned above remain linked to the single envelope.

 In the case of the use of isothermal blocks with two facings and large interior void allow a concrete filling constituting the load-bearing wall, this constructive method brings fragile and dangerous materials in terms of fire on both the interior and exterior facings. This system also combines the drawbacks of interior and exterior insulation.

 In the case of a constructive system with distributed insulation (brick G or cellular concrete), one obtains at equal thickness an insulation and a capacity lower than the external insulation.

 In conclusion of the characteristics and the limits in the current state of the art on the single envelope insulated internally or externally we can say that even in the second solution where the performances are better in terms of comfort and the winter thermal balance rejection of free winter intake by fixed insulation, convection due to wind on the outer wall, infiltration and slow humidification of insulation, thermal bridges connecting to the ground, the limited and non-modifiable thickness of the insulators, the high rate of air renewal, the absence of effective isothermal shutters, all this together means that the heat balance "free needs-contributions" is not balanced and requires additional heating. Rigid not only do not allow adaptation to thermal regulatory changes but require costly and general rehabilitation 15 or 20 years later.

 This system leads to a double financial and energy expenditure of heating in winter and regular rehabilitation.

We have tried to overcome some of these difficulties described above by integrating different types of capes into single-envelope constructions.
solar cells with the aim of trying to obtain a better energy balance.

 The most widespread and reliable systems can be classified into three categories.

 The mass wall which captures the radiation passing through a glass wall opaque to the infrared re-emitted by the wall. The heat flux crosses the wall with a weakening of the temperatures and a phase shift over time. When the distance from the window pane to the outer wall is of the order of a few centimeters, the efficiency is quite low since the insulation of the outer wall by a reliable isothermal shutter1 is almost impossible. This system increases the temperature imbalances between the sunny facade in winter and the others. In addition, its generalization on all the sunny facade in winter is expensive, of questionable aesthetics and leads to orient the piercing towards the East, the West and the North which increases the losses.

 The Mass Wall with thermocirculation of the "Trombe" type makes it possible to increase the efficiency but by increasing the temperature of the indoor air, this system increases the losses by renewal of warmer air and the air temperature differences between the sunny period or not. It can therefore be overheated during sunshine. As in the first case, the generalization of such a system on the sunny facade in winter leads to the same thermal and aesthetic errors.

 In the case of Greenhouse type systems (Wright or Morgan), the contributions are made directly through large bay windows, the radiation strikes directly inside the building envelope. If we are looking for maximum recovery on the entire sunny facade in winter, the very high solar flux brings very high temperature rises inside. The discomfort is certain as well as the losses by the picture windows. These losses persist once the sunshine has disappeared, that is 9/10 of the time in December in certain climates. Here again, the impossibility of mounting real insulated shutters, the characteristics of which are similar to the isolation of the rest of the envelope, results in a very low efficiency in the system.

 The best compromise that is in generalized sensor systems on the sunny facade is obtained by alternating mass walls and bay windows in order to have deferred contributions during sunshine and reduced losses during the period of non-sunshine. However, the yield remains low in the absence of insulation on the hottest facade outside of the hours of sunshine.

Finally, these systems impose a unique interior volume and reinforce the temperature differences between the South and North facades.
These solar systems therefore have an average yield due to losses and uneven comfort. By mounting them on a single non-performing envelope, we are not technically moving towards energy balance, not to mention the summer discomfort that makes these homes particularly warm. In the absence of an overall envelope design, the system is quickly out of date and needs to be renovated.

 The so-called bio-climatic habitat with a southern greenhouse, an entrance airlock and a northern buffer only partially resolves the limits of the single envelope and its degradation by the combined action of wind, rain and from the sun.

 We can cite for documentary purposes in such sensor applications Patent No. 2267531 of April 12, 1974 by G. and JM Alexandroff (ANVAR) where hot air passes through living space with storage not distributed over the whole of the envelope without creating a "double envelope with differentiated functions. The same is true of Patent No. 2291460 of November 18, 1974 by Roche Michel where the hot heat-transfer air passes through the living space with storage not distributed over the entire envelope but concentrated in specific areas, the rest of the envelope remaining classic In both cases only the sun is taken into account in climatic factors.The principle of the double envelope with differentiated functions is not applied.

 The main object of the present invention is therefore to provide a construction of a new type which meets the expectations of users and the community on energy savings, comfort, durability, the lifestyle of the occupants and the architecture.

 The invention aims in particular to obtain the maximum energy saving in the energy cost of construction techniques in the natural obtaining of winter comfort and the elimination of any conventional central heating system and in the economy of energy realized in the greatly increased service life of the construction.

 A second object of this new design relates to the creation of high-quality winter hygro-thermal comfort in heating the living space by radiation at low temperature of the entire surface of the envelope and by its very high permeability to water vapor in order to obtain very small temperature variations in time and space of the living space regardless of the orientation and a decrease in variations in the humidity of the air in the habitable envelope. In summer the system aims to provide natural air conditioning in the living space without excessive ventilation and drafts. The system therefore consists in promoting a naturally warm dwelling in winter and cool in summer.

A third object of this invention is to provide the occupant with a durable construction which is not quickly out of date by the reduction in the mechanical and physical characteristics of the envelope or by the evolution of the regulations on the main points such as hygrothermal comfort. phonic or fire resistance by making fragile materials accessible for control, maintenance and possible localized modification and by fixing, from the time of construction, characteristics far above current regulations and possibly adaptable to everyone's comfort
Finally, the invention relates in particular to the improvement of the quality by the materials, the reliability of their implementation and the richness of the volumetric possibilities both outside and inside, and also, on the improvement of the quality of life of occupying by the diversity and the pleasure of the new spaces offered. Finally, the system aims for greater urban freedom / in a habitat mode that is particularly economical in terms of energy offered, by the possibility of different orientations from that of winter sunshine. The improvement of these three points allows the realization of constructions easily integrated regionally to the various human, geographic, climatic, economic constraints in an urban and diffuse site.

 The construction according to the invention is characterized by a "double velvet of possibly different shapes, resting continuously on the ground and encompassing inside the living space in which one seeks great natural comfort in winter and d The "double envelope" is made up outside of an envelope called "outside envelope" and inside an envelope called "inside envelope". They are separated in space, horizontally and vertically by spaces called "intermediate spaces" for some of which we seek reduced and intermittent comfort. The shape of the interior envelope encompassing the living space is as close as possible to the hemisphere or a volume having an exchange surface very low thermal performance for the interior volume in order to limit losses.

 This creates a functional dissociation between t17 outer envelope "and 'the inner envelope'. These two envelopes, not subject to the same climatic constraints and not having to provide the same quality of comfort in the enclosed spaces, will be treated differently in terms of materials and assemblies used.

 One removes all the thermal bridges between the two envelopes except certain local connections on the level of chaining or beams connecting punctually the two envelopes.

 The external envelope is a closed enclosure, it is directly subjected to its climatic shock on its external facing; wind, rain, snow, sun and can offer daytime comfort, reduced in certain best oriented intermediate spaces. It will therefore be carried out differently according to the guidelines. In the direction of winter sunshine, that is to say the South for the Northern hemisphere, it is largely glazed by ordinary glazing; it is also possible to create east and west façades facing south. All of these glass surfaces ensure the widest penetration of direct winter sunshine into the intermediate spaces and warms the ground.

 In summer, the different geometry of the sunshine provides a general shadow of the outer envelope on the inner envelope, possibly using localized sun shades for poorly oriented glass doors. This outer envelope is also largely glazed in the direction of the main views and accesses. All glazed parts of the outer casing use ordinary glazing.

 The external envelope is opaque outside these surfaces, semi-insulating materials such as wood or a masonry of hollow elements coated on the outside having a high permeability to water vapor and a reduced external porosity are then preferably used. . At the level of the cover, the material is arbitrary but preferably with small modules ensuring a semi-controlled ventilation of the carrier system; any materials constituting a waterproof film are eliminated either on the cover or on the support thereof. The geometry of the exterior roofs ensures that the rainwater moves as directly as possible towards the periphery of the exterior envelope where they are discharged.

 Outside the glazed surfaces, the exterior envelope includes free migration of water vapor and direct evaporation on the two surfaces of any humidification due to rain.

 The opening joinery will not have deformable seals but decompression chambers. They will have a permeability of two according to the rules of the Unified Technical Document "Th-G 77".

We classify the intermediate spaces 7 in three categories
7a- active or passive greenhouses, entry airlocks; 7b- spaces allowing temporary daytime activity (various workshops, games, gymnastics); 7c- The additional spaces: various garages (car, bicycle, trailer, windsurfing), utility room, pantry, various storage (garden tools, garden furniture), technical annexes (various circuits, pipes, water heater, freezer .

 These spaces are preferably organized according to the cardinal orientations and the connections with the living space. The spaces 7a and 7b are turned towards winter sunshine, The spaces 7c are buffered by the living space and spaces 7b. We can also include spaces 7b in 7a.

 All traffic from the living space to the annexes is integrated into the intermediate spaces and protected from the weather.

 The temperature in these enclosed spaces is higher than outside thanks to the semi-insulation of the outer envelope and the direct sunlight penetrating into these spaces. This reduces heat loss through the interior envelope and provides it with a high-quality ambient environment by the absence of convection and the infiltration of humid air. or dry and cold. We will then take for the realization of the inner envelope materials very permeable to water vapor.

 These fragile spaces include all fragile materials such as insulation, structural systems, isothermal shutters, circuits and pipes. The assemblies allow the most direct control possible, maintenance and possible modifications. This same environment protected from bad weather and the high permeability to water vapor allow the suppression of controlled mechanical ventilation, the suppression of waterproof joinery with deformable joints, the insulation of large thickness and of variable thickness according to the orientations, housing and operating the insulated shutters and heat exchangers.

 These spaces 2 and 3 are delivered, if necessary, rough inside without partitioning with preferably a very breathable compact earth floor for a later individualized installation and the installation of insulators after a first drying of the interior masonry.

 According to another preferred embodiment, the inner envelope is characterized by a very high permeability to water vapor of all the materials used in the production; the high dosages of hydraulic binders are limited to the casings, beams and aerial binders are used as much as possible in the fillings; similarly we remove vapor barriers or waterproof films.

 This envelope is constituted on the side of the interior facing of the habitable volume by a solid masonry for the vertical walls of 15 cm of minimum thickness and by a heavy slab but preferably using waxy bodies under the roofs take support on the periphery of the walls by continuous chaining. The living space is therefore enclosed in a heavy masonry envelope down to the foundations. The only interruptions in the continuity of this envelope take place for the drilling of doors, windows and staircase. In the case of living on several levels, the intermediate slab (s) will have the same characteristics.

The vertical walls facing winter sunshine are produced by an alternation of fixed or mobile bay windows and solid trumeaux, the surface of the solid is preferably slightly greater than that of the empty
On the side of the intermediate spaces, the interior envelope receives a very permeable insulation preferably in the form of panels having a high thickness. This insulation is mobile over the entire southern surface, the bay windows and the solid doors.

 An air heat exchanger s Vinsère, either between the insulation and the wall or the slab, or in the voids of masonry when they exist in particular in the horizontal slabs with the use of hollow bodies 9 in the latter case we connect the empty through the chaining at the level of the connections with the walls by the incorporation of PVC pipe or other in the formwork before the casting of the compression slabs.

 Preferably, the horizontal and vertical exchangers are coupled by opening the first in the second through the peripheral chaining by reserving a hole of an appropriate diameter opposite each empty compartment of a hollow body. From the south greenhouses or air collector, hot air is circulated uniformly distributed through all the voids of the upper slab oriented preferably perpendicularly to the south facade, the air then descends along the exchanger from the north facade of the interior envelope, then returns to the ground under the slab on the ground floor to emerge cooler at the bottom of the greenhouses. Attention is paid to airtightness at the cutoffs between two exchanger surfaces to prevent leaks. This creates a closed circuit thermocirculation.

The hot air heats the envelope without crossing the living space.

 In a first assembly, the circulation of hot air in this loop can be supplied by a natural thermocirculation during the hours of sunshine. For this, a window forming an air gap of a few centimeters is placed in front of all the solid walls and the fixed bay windows of the greenhouse or greenhouses. The air space in front of the solid walls heats up by conduction and greenhouse effect between the glass and the facing of the dark or very dark wall; in front of the bays there is interposed in the blade a blind with absorbent orientable slats on one side and retractable which heats the air space. The air gap rises over the entire facade and enters the exchanger of the upper slab which initiates the general thermocirculation.

Another device allows forced thermocirculation. For this we remove this window in front of the solid walls and fixed windows. A fan connected to a differential thermostat collects the hot air at the top of the greenhouse during sunshine and preferably sends it to three distributors (1 South, 1 East, West) which equalize the air uniformly in all exchanger holes
South, East and West.

 From the first distributor, the hot air then passes, as in the previous case, the exchanger of the upper horizontal slab then the North wall, the ground under the slab of the ground floor to come out at the bottom of the greenhouse and so on. The hot air sent to the East and West distributors enters the exchangers whose circuits can be horizontal or vertical or finally a combination of the two; the choice is made according to the surface and any openings, on return, the air is released into the bottom of the south greenhouse. it is preferable to add a heat exchanger for each additional intermediate slab; you can feed it independently or combine it with others.

 Other couplings are possible depending on the type of construction morphology, in this case we will always try to irrigate, from the hot air coming from southern greenhouses or from air sensors, the maximum non-sunny surface directly from the inner envelope. The simplest circuit is chosen in order to equalize and lower the storage temperatures as much as possible for uniform radiation of the walls of the habitable envelope.

In order to further decrease the possible temperature imbalances between the sunny facades in winter and the others, a variable thickness of the insulators of the vertical walls will be used by increasing this thickness in the directions of cold winds. Finally, the internal face of the insulation on the masonry side can receive an anti-radiation film provided that it is permeable to water vapor homogeneous with the rest of the wall: masonry, roofing
insulator and insulator.

A preferred mounting of the exchanger in the vertical walls consists of peeling off the insulation from the wall by a few centimeters using a system of spacers
type rafters which create compartmentalized and partitioned voids of simple width (2 or 3 per meter), preferably of rectangular section and oriented towards
tically or horizontally or by a combination of the two depending on the circuit
overall envisaged hot air.

Another characteristic of the insulation is its general mobility over all
the sunny surface in winter and in front of all the bay windows in the form
insulated shutters hinged in the intermediate spaces. The insulation is on the other hand integrated in the same of the solid doors or plated in facing. On the
surface of the inner envelope located in greenhouses sunny in winter,
the mobile insulation exists as well in front of the mass walls as in front of the parts
This insulation, consisting of rigid panels of corresponding dimensions
laying on solid or glazed or split parts to facilitate maneuvering
is fixed on the outside facing of the wall on a squared and structured set
preferably in the same plane as the openings or immediately forward, and
allowing the maintenance of the panels or the attachment of the articulation or sliding systems. Mobility can therefore be ensured by horizontal or vertical joints or by sliding or by moving to a nearby annex for storage. In the closed position, the adjustment of the isothermal panels must not allow air and convection infiltration between the insulation and the interior wall. These insulated shutters can receive light decorative coatings on two sides or radiant on one side, with a protective wooden, aluminum or plastic frame. The system allows the dynamics of the facade to be adapted to that of the climate. Insulation is provided on the entire facade on sunny days or summer nights.

The facade is entirely captivating in the first case or radiant in the second. You can also keep the insulation only in front of the heavy walls
winter days without sun and even reduce the surface of the berries to increase the
overall thermal resistance, this same case is also suitable for summer day by very
high heat. Finally during winter nights, the insulation is fully re
closed. The entire heavy interior masonry envelope encompassing the living space is therefore very strongly insulated in continuity over its entire surface.
from the outside but with a real breath of all this envelope. This
insulation descends along the vertical walls in the ground to the foundations
by changing the quality if necessary.

According to a preferred embodiment, the joinery of the envelope
Interior are characterized by an absence of deformable seals for the sealing of the opening and their replacement by decompression chambers included in the profile of the uprights and crosspieces of the frame and the opening and a fine adjustment between the two. They will be made of wood preferably without risk because of the environment very protected from bad weather. We can even use conifers.

According to another characteristic of the inner heavy envelope we pre
for its realization, if we are looking for a very high hygrothermal comfort, use earth and aerial binders for
vertical walls outside the chains or beams which will remain in concrete
reinforced but which will be incorporated into the thickness of the wall. We will look for a
when the permeability of the entire surface of the envelope allows mid
gration of a quantity of water vapor greater than that emitted by the occupants,
without taking into account the emissions in the humid rooms which will be evacuated di
straight through individual ducts and forced air during the emission time.

This provision and the previous one lead to the elimination of any controlled mechanical ventilation system; controlled permeability of all openings
of the inner envelope ensures a reduced rate of renewal of a pre-air
heated in greenhouses necessary for the oxygenation of the living space.

In a final major characteristic, we will seek a balance
between requirements for the two difficult months of the average winter. The capacity
the thermal tee of the envelope includes all the mass walls, the concrete slabs as well as the part of the ground located under the slab of the ground floor and insulated laterally from only the foundations. This thermal capacity makes it possible to store the gra
recoverable wells for the average duration of consecutive sunny days of the average type climate characterizing the place. The average thermal resistance of the inner envelope is then determined in such a way that the losses at
through it during this sunny period, increased by losses during the consecutive average period without sun, are balanced by the previous free intakes.

 The primary advantage of the invention lies in the energy savings made on three levels. First of all in construction by the possibility of using very energy efficient materials, thanks to the reliability of the new techniques used, we can thus cite wood and earth to the detriment of aluminum and concrete in filling, which makes it a very interesting technique for the community.

 Secondly, the reduction in energy needs for heating in winter is very strong, this saving is all the more important when the climate becomes cold and dry.

 Thirdly, the longevity of such a construction is greatly increased thanks to the reliability of the systems and the comfort offered by the new spaces; it is no longer necessary to practice regular rehabilitations as one does on simple envelopes, one can then advantageously transfer the effort to a rehabilitation by double envelope of the single-envelope frame which again represents energy savings for the community and heritage conservation for the owner.

These three strong points of energy saving make the constructive solution particularly interesting for the occupant owner and the community.

The good adaptation of the envelope to the dynamics of sequential climates provides hygrothermal comfort without common measures with a single envelope construction. The absence of cold zones such as thermal bridges on the inner envelope eliminates the risk of mold and condensation.The reduction of the difference between the equilibrium temperatures of the sunny walls and the others, thanks to the heat exchanger and the variable and adaptable thicknesses of the insulation according to the orientations and functions sought in the various spaces, increases the quality of comfort; Added to this is the very high permeability of the envelope to water vapor and heating in winter of the living space by low-temperature radiation from the habitable envelope. In summer, the dynamics of the exterior envelope and the intermediate spaces maintain very high comfort. The system therefore provides very high comfort for a warm home in winter and cool in summer
Another advantage of the invention resides in the realization of a habitat having a great sustainability, by the high level of the various characteristics above the statutory minima at the time of construction, by the maintenance over time of these qualities and by possible adaptation of said characteristics at low cost several years after the date of construction.

The breathable double jacket designed according to these characteristics offers exceptional qualities to the construction through the natural hygro-thermal comfort offered both in winter and in summer, by the acoustic comfort in the living space against external air noise and by security. fire in this volume of masonry walls and by the rejection of insulation in the intermediate spaces. t
The breathable double jacket designed according to the invention maintains its qualities over time and offers very slow aging by simple, functional, reliable and accessible assemblies in its most fragile points. The masonry of the walls and slabs on the two envelopes breathe and remain healthy.

 Structured systems are in ventilated spaces at a low humidity rate and sheltered from large variations of this humidity. Wood retains its full value. the same applies to insulators whose free breathing and the absence of dry or humid air infiltration maintain its characteristics. The simple and permanent visual control linked to the possibility of immediate local intervention as soon as a problem appears and routine maintenance, facilitated in the intermediate spaces1 of fragile wood and insulating materials means that the service life is greatly increased. it is the same with the wood joinery of the interior envelope which, freed from perishable joints and sheltered from the weather, regains a very long life with minimum maintenance.

 Finally the possibility of adaptation and permanent modification of the characteristics is an additional advantage.

 All these strong points bring to any construction according to the invention an exceptional longevity.

 The design brings a big improvement in the way of life of the inhabitants, all the circulation between the living space and the outbuildings are protected in winter; they benefit from a significant increase in surface area and overall volume, the functions and layout of which are determined by the occupant. The diversity of the intermediate spaces, the wealth of visible materials in facing and the volumetric flexibility of the double envelope brings an architectural improvement. Finally, the possibilities of articulation and distance of living spaces through the annexed spaces linked to the possibility of different orientations from the South bring new urban perspectives and an improvement of the living environment through the social role of these new annexed spaces.

 From a financial point of view, the system is therefore more interesting since the construction cost is lower than a system with quality external insulation and it also offers very great savings in heating and new spaces. The low cost of maintenance and renovation brings a certain added value in the marketing of such a habitat.

 To conclude, the double-envelope construction according to the invention brings definite progress by its advantages in terms of energy savings, on winter and summer comfort, on new spaces on the reliability of techniques and on lower overall cost price.

 This new system is therefore very interesting for all users and decision-makers in countries with limited energy and financial resources.

 Other characteristics of the invention are highlighted in the description which follows and the accompanying drawings. These drawings and the description are not limiting and are given for information only.

 Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic plan and section of the morphology of a double envelope construction.

 Figures 3 and 4 show the organization of the intermediate spaces according to the winter sunshine, accesses and interior views and the different treatment of the interior and exterior envelopes depending on the orientation or non-orientation towards the sunshine winter.

 Figure 5 explains the morphology of the inner envelope according to the climatic orientations.

 Figure 6 specifies the piercing and its spatial organization on the interior and exterior envelopes and in the intermediate spaces.

 FIG. 7 is a partial vertical section in a double envelope construction centered on an intermediate space not oriented towards winter sunshine.

 Figure 8 defines the functional principles and constructive systems of mobile insulation on a facade oriented towards winter sunshine specifying the dynamics of the facade and its adequacy between the outdoor climate and the desired comfort in the habitable interior volume obtained by mobile insulation.

 Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 specify the constructive choices on the mobile insulation in horizontal and vertical section and in axonometry.

Figures 14a and 14b specify the constructive choices for obtaining a controlled permeability of the joinery, by cuts in the frame
joinery of the two envelopes 4 and 5 separated by the spaces 7.

 Figures 15a, 15b, 15c, 1Sd specify the arrangements and the constitution of the heat exchangers of the vertical walls of the inner envelope using partial horizontal sections.

 FIGS. 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e, 16f specify the arrangements and the constitution of the heat exchangers of the low and intermediate high slabs of the interior envelope using partial vertical sections.

 Catfish 17 is a vertical section in a heavy intermediate slab having a heat exchanger.

 FIG. 18 is a vertical section in a western intermediate space showing the heat exchanger on the masonry wall of the exterior envelope, the fixed insulation is removed for clarity of reading.

 Figures 19 and 20 are vertical North-South sections of a double envelope construction specifying the coupling of the heat exchangers with the capturing facade to obtain natural winter and summer thermocirculation around the volume. habitable and in the inner envelope. FIG. 19 is made in a solid part of the interior south wall, FIG. 20 is made in a glazed part South of the interior envelope.

 FIGS. 21 and 22 are two vertical North-South sections of a double-shell construction specifying the coupling of the heat exchangers of the interior envelope with the capturing facade with a view to obtaining forced thermocirculation of winter and summer over the entire interior envelope. FIG. 21 is a section made in a solid part of the interior south wall, FIG. 22 is a section made in a glazed part of the interior envelope South.

 We can thus better understand the "double envelope" from Figure 1 which represents the schematic plan without partitioning of an individual dwelling facing south in the direction of winter sunshine 3 towards the bottom of the sheet, in 2 the envelope curve of cold northeast winds during the winter months whose average frequency in March is 34% for example in St-Nazaire (South Coast of Brittany, West of France) which represents losses and very significant air infiltration for a conventional single-envelope dwelling, in 1 the envelope curve of oceanic humid winds during the winter months whose frequency exceeds 60 Z for the same site taken as an example, all of the dry winds and in frequency exceeds 96 Z in winter on the South Coast of Brittany at 3 am in the afternoon, two thirds of which are medium or strong winds. The coupling of wind, rain and sun represents a very strong attack on the envelope and greatly reduces the reliability and durability of a single envelope isolated from the outside.

 In the case of the invention, a first envelope called "outer envelope" 4 is a closed breathable enclosure, it receives the climatic shock of wind, rain, sun, snow, this outer envelope 4 surrounds a second closed "inner envelope" 5 breathable closed which itself includes the habitable interior volume 6, the partitioning of which is not specified J in the space between the outer envelope 4 and the inner envelope 5 are grouped spaces called "intermediate spaces" 7 whose interior dimensions always allow a easy access to the occupant for various uses. The set 4,5,7 constitutes the "double envelope".

 FIG. 2 is a north-south vertical section in a construction with a double envelope facing south towards winter sunshine 39 the outer envelope 4 is a closed breathable enclosure which includes, the intermediate spaces 7, the inner envelope 5, the double envelope 4,5,7, includes the interior habitable volume 6.

 In FIGS. 1 and 2, the outer casing 4 provides reduced and intermittent daytime comfort in the intermediate spaces 7, the whole of the double casing 4,5,7 provides quality comfort in the habitable interior space6.

The inner envelope 5, itself comprises three parts on the side of the intermediate spaces 7, a fixed insulator 9 or mobile 8, on the side of the living space 6, a heavy masonry wall 10 and located between the two or incorporated into the masonry 10, a heat exchanger II, over the entire surface of the inner casing 5 not oriented towards winter sunshine, the hot air captured in the greenhouses 7a or in outdoor air sensors, is blown into the heat exchanger. heat which heats the whole of the masonry surface 10 of the interior envelope 5 which radiates at low temperature towards the interior habitable volume 6, in summer the system can be used to increase the interior freshness. The thickness of the fixed 9 or mobile insulators 8 is not limited by the mechanical strength due to various loads and overloads.

Figures 3 and 4 show the different treatment of the outer casing 4 and the inner casing 5 according to the climatic orientation. In the direction of winter sunshine 3, the outer envelope is glazed 4a and lets winter sunshine penetrate into the intermediate spaces 7b
East and West facing winter sunshine and 7a facing South. In the other orientations, the outer envelope 4 is glazed 4a for an access 49 or for an interior view 60b not oriented towards winter sunshine 3.

The inner envelope 5 is partially glazed 5a in the direction of the winter sunshine 3, for a view 60b or possibly the access 49. The winter sun 3 therefore penetrates largely into the living space 6 through the outer envelope 4a and the inner envelope 5a. In the other directions, the outer envelope is opaque for the walls 4b and the roof 4c, the same is true for the inner envelope 5b. In the directions not directed towards the winter sunshine 3, the intermediate spaces 7c are grouped together, the outer envelope of which is mainly opaque 4b and the spaces 7 'of which the outer envelope is mainly glazed 4a. The opaque outer envelope 4b is produced preferably made of semi-insulating and breathable honeycomb materials, it provides daytime comfort in the spaces 7b or penetrates the sunshine 3. In all the intermediate spaces 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7 'sections of convection of the wind, air infiltration, humidity, the temperature is higher than the outside temperature which reduces heat loss and improves the heat balance.

 The two envelopes 4 and 5 rest on the ground 42 preferably by a continuous base 43 resting on external 46 and internal foundations 46 ′, optional drainage 13 ensures dry soil 47 under the intermediate spaces and 47 ′ under the habitable interior space .

 A compacted earth floor 32 separates the bottom slab of the ground floor 10d from the ground 47 'possibly completed by a horizontal surface drain 40, a heat changer 11c crosses the compacted earth floor 32. In the vertical section of the figure 4 a balcony 71 corresponding to the first floor is located in the intermediate space 7a, in the intermediate spaces 7c and 7d, the opaque interior envelope 5b comprises the fixed insulation 9, the masonry wall 10, the heat exchanger 11, the inner envelope 5a comprises the mobile insulation 8, the heavy masonry wall 10 in which the main hole 50 is grouped.

 FIG. 5 further specifies the different treatment in the production of the inner envelope 5 according to the orientation. In the direction of the winter sun 3 the inner envelope 5a is produced by alternating solid walls 53 and glazed part 54, the movable insulation 8a in front of the bay windows 54 and 8b in front of the solid walls 53, in the others directions not sunny in winter, the interior envelope 5b includes the insulation 9, the interior masonry wall 10 and the heat exchanger 11.

 Figure 6 characterizes the piercing devices on the inner envelope 5, 5a, 5b, on the outer envelope 4, 4a, 4b and in the intermediate spaces 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7 '. The main hole 50 is grouped in the direction of the winter sun 3, it is closed by fixed or mobile bays 50a and allows views 60a from the interior volume 6 and through the intermediate space 7a and the glazed exterior envelope 4a .For views in different orientations 60b, a glass door 50b is coupled with an insulated flap 50: b hinged in the intermediate space 7 ', when the insulated flap 50'b is opened through the view 60b the glazed door 50b and the glazed outer casing 4a; at night the closing of the insulated flap 50'b ensures the continuity of the insulation 9. The glazed door 50b provides access to the outside through the intermediate space 7 'and the glazed exterior door 50'. Access from the habitable interior volume 6 to the annexes 7b or 7c is provided by isothermal doors 50c. The circulation inside the intermediate spaces is done by interior doors 50d. A fixed or movable partition 58 separates the intermediate spaces 7a and 7D. The entire drilling 50, 50a, 50b, 50'b, 50c, 50d, 511.50, 51 provides internal circulation sheltered from the weather in the intermediate spaces 7 from the living space 6.

The drilling on the outer casing 4, 4a, 4b is carried out by glass doors or not 50 'and by windows 48, finally the main access 49 is through a door 51' on the outer casing 4 then after crossing the intermediate space 7 'through the door 51 coupled to an insulated flap 50'b. All the doors and bay windows 50a, 50b and 51 allow the general views 60 towards the outdoor spaces from the habitable interior volume 6
The dimensions of the intermediate spaces 7 ′ and 7a have spaces 7 in general will always be sufficient for the doors 50 ′, 51 ′ of the outer envelope
4, 4a, and those 50a, 50b, 50c, 51 located on the inner envelope 5,
5a, 5b can be operated separately. In summer, the outer envelope 4,
4a, 4b, 4c receives a very high solar flux, the ventilation of the spaces in
intermediate 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7 'through the openings 50', 51 ', 48, 50d eliminates
this thermal contribution towards the outside, in addition the shadow cast by the surfaces 4b,
-'c, 71, maintains most of the surface of the inner envelope at
shade, the same is true for solid walls 53 protected by insulation 8b, the
best protected environment conditions are met so that the envelope
rieure 5 provides quality comfort in the living space 6. We realize
thus a naturally cool habitat in summer that can be further improved in u-
using the heat exchanger at night 11.

In the intermediate spaces 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7 'suitable for conversion
later, all the functions that do not exist are grouped together
or are very small in a single envelope construction and which have been de
previously written. We organize them towards the winter sun 3 in the case of ser
res or places of activity 7b and in the other directions for annexes 7c
and the 7 'entry airlocks. The spaces 7c and 7t then serve as a thermal buffer
for the interior habitable volume 6 but also for the intermediate activity spaces 7b.

As shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the inner casing 5
is located in a dry environment sheltered from bad weather 1 and 2 and convection
important in the intermediate spaces 7, we use for its realization
materials very permeable to water vapor without risk of humidification or
whether it is for insulation 9 or masonry 10.

Figure 7 shows a partial East-West vertical section in a
double envelope construction centered on the West intermediate spaces 7c, 7b, 7d and the adjacent living space 6. The outer envelope 4 rests on the
foundation 46, the full base wall 43, the vertical wall 4b is made
in semi-insulating cellular masonry, the 4c roof rests on a support
frame 52 directly accessible from spaces 7b, 7c, 7d for a con
direct trolle or an interview. These intermediate spaces 7b, 7c and roof
7d are directly oriented towards the bad weather: wind, rain (see 1, 2 figure
I) and towards the summer sun.The roof 7c keeps rainwater away from the ha area
bitable 6 and intermediate 7, it is channeled and evacuated at 61, a drain 13
possible surrounds the outer envelope 4 and lowers the complete water table
te by a horizontal surface drain 40. This envelope 4, 4b, 4c and the ground 47
intermediate spaces have a high permeability to water vapor 29 and
maintain a calm air in winter in all areas 7, 7b, 7c, 7d.

 In summer all the ventilation devices 50 ', 48 South evacuates the solar thermal flow arriving on 4, 4a, b, 4c, 4d by the ventilation of the intermediate spaces 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7 ( see figure 6).

 The inner envelope 5b is located in a calm air medium and allows the use for its production of materials very permeable to water vapor 29 which ensures total respiration of the two envelopes and eliminates any possible humidification of the walls at level of the insulators 9 or of the masonry 10. In its buried part 47, 47 ′ the interior envelope S is composed of a foundation 46 ′ of a base wall in solid masonry 43 and of a rigid insulator 9c of the external side, in the vertical upper part, an interior wall in solid masonry 1Oa on the habitable side 6, an insulator 9a on the side of the intermediate spaces 7b, 7c and a heat exchanger 1la, inserted between the wall 10a and the insulator 9a, and supplied by a distributor 38b of heat flow 69b, the return of the circuit being made by the collector 70. The inner casing 5b situated under the intermediate space 7d consists of a solid slab of masonry 10b , on one side of the living space 6, of an insulator 9b of the side of the intermediate space under the roof 7'd and a heat exchanger 11a located between the insulation 9b and the slab lOb. At ground level on the ground floor, a masonry slab 10d rests on a compacted earth floor 32 in which is placed a lic heat exchanger, produced by perforated conduits 24 'of the drain type in which a changeable air circulates 23 or 23 'in winter cool in summer.

 Between the ground floor and the upper floor, an intermediate slab 10c in reinforced concrete masonry and hollow body receives a heat exchanger 11h in the voids of the slab.

 The connections between the horizontal surfaces lOa, 10b, 10c or 10d and vertical lOb of the masonry are made by chains 10f, the living space 6 is therefore enclosed in a heavy masonry inner envelope 10 which radiates 65 its heat in winter or its freshness in summer towards living space 6.

 This heavy masonry 10 and breathable inner casing 29 is insulated from the outside by vertical insulators 9c, 9a and horizontal 9b which meet on an airtight belt continuity 9d which eliminates any thermal bridge.

 FIG. 8 is a table composed of a set of eighteen elementary figures explaining the dynamic operation of the surface 5a of the interior envelope (see FIG. 5) in response to the dynamics of the climate. This table is made up of six lines 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,] 9 and three columns 20, 21, 22, each elementary figure is identified by its line and column number; Figure 8-16-21 belongs to row 16 and column 21.

 Line 14 groups together three figures 8-14-20, 8-14-21, 3-14-22, consisting of two vertical sections each made on the solid part 53 of the wall of the inner envelope 5a and the another on the glazed part 54 of this same surface of the interior envelope 5a situated between the intermediate space 7a and the habitable space 6.

 Figure 8-14-20 specifies the mounting of mobile insulation hinged horizontally 8 'for all the figures in column 20. Figure 18-14-21 specifies the mounting of mobile insulation hinged vertically 8 "for all the figures of column 21, finally Figure 18-14-22 specifies the use of mobile insulation aut.es 8 "'can be completely independent and movable for storage in a different intermediate space 7.

 The 15 figures in lines 15 to 19 are horizontal sections in the inner envelope 5a facing the winter sun 3 formed by alternating solid masonry 53.10 and fixed or movable picture windows 54 in front of which are insulated panels mobile 8b in front of the solid parts and 8a in front of the glazed surfaces, these panels are positioned on a structured support 62 (see FIGS. 8-15-21 and 8-15-22). These solid walls 53, 10 and the bay windows 54 of the interior envelope 5a (see FIG. 5) are located between the habitable volume 6 and the intermediate space 7a of the greenhouse type facing the winter sun 3.

 Ne 15 represents a sunny winter day, the facade is completely captivating, the mobile insulation 8'a, 8'b is raised (figure 8-15-20), the mobile iso launch 8 "is open (figure 8-15-21), the movable movable insulation 8 "'is removed over the entire facade and leaves the structured support visible (see figure 8-15-22).

 Line 16 represents a rainy winter day 7'insulation 8'b, 8 "b, 8" 'b is maintained in front of the wall 53, it is removed in front of the bay windows 54 (Figures 8-16-20, 8- 16-21, 8-16-22).

 Line 17, figures 8-17-20, 8-17-21, 8-17-22, represents a winter night, all the insulating panels 8 ', 8 ", 8'X' are arranged in front of the walls 53 and the bay windows 54 ensuring continuous insulation.

 Line 18, figure 8-] 8-20, 8-18-21, 8-18-22, represents a sunny day of trading, the walls 53 are insulated 8b, the bay windows 54 are not insulating .

Line 19, Figures 8-19-20, 8-19-21, 8-19-22, represents a summer night
The mobile insulators 8'a are arranged in front of the openings 54, the non-isolated walls 53 radiate outwards; in FIG. 8-19-21, all the insulators 8 "are removed, in FIG. 8-19-22, only the insulators 8"'a are laid in front of the bay windows 54.

 All of these devices ensure a balance between the climate dynamics and the dynamics of the envelope and provide comfort and energy savings in winter and summer.

 FIG. 9 specifies the mobile isolation device 8 ′, the operation of which is ensured by a horizontal articulation.

 FIG. 10 specifies a mobile insulation device articulated vertically 8 ".

 FIG. 11 represents two sections in a mobile insulator 8 made up of rigid insulating panels receiving a coating 8d and possibly a rigid frame 8c, on one face the coating 8d ′ can be radiant for infrared. These panels can be articulated horizontally 8 '(see figure 9) or vertically 8 "(see figure 10) or be independent and movable 8"' for storage in an intermediate space annex 7.

Figure 12 is a horizontal section through a glass door 50a, 50b or 5 located between the habitable interior 6 and an intermediate space 7. This door receives a double window 28. It is mounted in a solid wall 10a and through the vertical fixed insulation 9a, the heat exchanger 11a is produced by spacing the insulator 9a from the wall 10a using here a structured spacer system 30
A breathable reflective film 55 of the long wavelength radiation is fixed against the insulation, on the side of the intermediate space 7, a removable protection 56 allows the insulation to be checked. In the heat exchanger lia circulates the hot air 23, 23 ′ in winter in cool summer. On winter nights, an insulating flap 50'b, the core 25 of which is a rigid insulator, ensures continuity of the insulation at the door.

 Figure 13 is identical to Figure 12 with the exception of the door 50c which is opaque and therefore the friend is a rigid insulator 25, this door in the closed position ensures the continuity of the insulation 9a.

The figures (14a and 14b) specify the device for renewing the air in the living space. The very high permeability to water vapor of envelopes 4 and 5 eliminates any humidity in the walls and any risk of mold which reduces the rate of air renewal only for the breathing of the occupants. This renewal of the air is done by a controlled permeability at the level of the pairs of openings 50 ′ or Si ′ on the envelope is coupled to an opening 50a, 50b, 50c, 51 executed in the interior envelope 5, both openings being separated by an Intermediate space 7 serving as a pressure relief airlock. The reduced and controlled permeability is ensured by the existence on each door of a decompression chamber 45 executed on the leaf 44b and the frame 44a of the exterior doors 50 ', 51' and the interior doors 50a, 50b, 50c, 51 and isothermal shutters SO'b. The outside air expands in a chamber 45 of an exterior door 50 'or 51' then undergoes a second more significant expansion in the airlock which is the intermediate space 7, the pressure very reduced on profiles 44a and 44b of an interior door 50a, 50b, 50e 51 and the passage through the second decompression chamber 45 ensures a renewal
very reduced air flow and allowing for the living space in winter without
use controlled mechanical ventilation and gaskets
deformable and perishable for joinery.

Figure 15 groups together four partial figures 15a, 15b, 15c7 15d which
are partial horizontal sections in the opaque inner envelope 5b
located between living space 6 and intermediate 7. Hot air 23 or cooler
23 ′ circulates in the exchanger 11a and transmits the heat to the masonry 10a which
heats the living space 6 by low temperature radiation 65. The insulator 9,
9 'can optionally receive a breathable film radiating infrared 55
and a removable mechanical protection 56. In FIG. 15aa the exchanger 11a
is made by a structured retractor 30 fixed to the wall 10, the fixing 57 demon
insulation table is in the spacer. In Figure 15b, the insulation system
carteur 30 is identical to the previous one but the insulation is reinforced 9 'using
always a removable mechanical fixing 57. This reinforced thickness can
between fixed to the construction or after to increase the thermal resistance of
envelope 5b or locally on envelope 5b to correct a difference
temperature between two rooms. In Figure 15c the spacer 30 'is
incorporated into the insulator 9, finally in FIG. 15d the 30 "spacer consists of
isolated studs.

Figure 16 includes six elementary figures: 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16th,
l6f, which represent partial vertical sections on exchangers 11 re-
rows in masonry slabs. Figures 16a and 16b are sections in
a slab located between an intermediate space under the roof 7d and living space
table 6, on the full slab lOb is placed in a set of structured spacers 30 on
which arises the insulation 9b and possibly a removable parquet 64 thanks
to a suitable fixing 57, a radiating film 55 is placed on the inner face
of the insulator 9b. The vacuum created by the spacer 30 constitutes the heat exchanger
lia in which circulates more or less warm air 23, 23 'which heats
the OB slab, in turn this slab 10b heats the living space 6 by
radiateilent 65. In summer, the envelope 10b is conditioned with fresh air. On the
figure] 6b the 11h heat exchanger is integrated in the hollow elements of the
masonry slabs 10b, the insulation 9b then rests directly on the slab 10b with
possibly an intermediate radiating film 55.

Figures 16c and 16d are vertical sections on a solid slab in
intermediate between two lower and upper living levels 6. In the figure
16c, the heat exchanger 11e uses the voids created by the spacer 30 of the built-up joist type supporting a floor 65. In FIG. 16d the exchanger
lld uses the voids created by a 30 "spacer support from a false ceiling 63. These
two assemblies are preferably used for the rehabilitation of old buildings.

 Figures 16e and 16f are sections on a ground floor slab.

Figure 16e defines a masonry floor îOc using hollow bodies whose voids constitute the heat exchanger 11b; FIG. 16f defines a solid masonry slab 10d receiving a possible coating 31, resting on a compacted earth 32 in which is incorporated perforated conduits 24 of the drain type, these conduits constitute the heat exchanger 11c of the low slab in which circulates more or less hot air 23, 23 '.

 Figure 17 shows the section of a reinforced concrete floor and hollow body 10c with exchanger llb incorporated in the voids of the hollow bodies. This slab 10c is located between two habitable levels 6 of a building with a double envelope comprising two intermediate spaces, 7a on the side of the winter sunshine 3 closed by the external envelope 7a and forming a greenhouse 37, and 7 of the other side. The Oc slab rests on a solid wall 53 on the side of the sun 3 and a solid wall 10th opposite to the winter sun 3. The hot air 23 is captured in the greenhouse 37 by a fan 39 which blows it into a distributor 38 located under a balcony 71, the distributor sends the hot air into the pipe 24 embedded in the chaining 10f, it then opens into the voids of the hollow bodies which constitute the heat exchanger 11b, the hot air 23 then passes through the internal chaining 10f to lead into the second part of the slab 10c, the voids of which constitute a second exchanger 11b, the hot air 23 finally passes through the chaining 10f of the wall 10th opposite the winter sun by a conduit 24 at the outlet of which, it encounters a downward flow of hot air 23 which leads to a general flow of thermocirculation 68 in the vertical exchanger Ila located between the insulation 9.9 ′ and the wall 10.10e.

the slab lOt then radiates 65 to the two living spaces 6 heat in winter or cool in summer.

Figure 18 is a north-south vertical section in an intermediate space 7 West, the intermediate spaces 7 located behind the cutting plane surrounds the living space. The fixed insulation 9 is removed to show the island heat exchanger produced by spacers 30 fixed frames on the wall 10a in which a door 50c is open. The flow of hot air 69b coming from the greenhouse 37 located on the side of the winter sun 3 arrives via the conduit 35 passes through the distributor 38b which blows hot air 23 into the exchanger 11a, this air releases heat to the wall lova then emerges cooler 23 'in a collector 70 which returns it to the bottom of the greenhouse 37 through the conduit 36. An identical system exists on the west facade not oriented towards winter sunshine
Figures 19 and 20 are two vertical North-South sections in a double envelope construction 4, 5, 7 surrounding an interior living space 6.

The intermediate spaces 7c to the north, 7d under the roof and 7a to the south of the greenhouse type 37 includes the inner envelope 5. In FIG. 19, the section plane passes through a solid pier 53 on the greenhouse side while the section plane in FIG. 20 passes through the fixed or mobile bay windows 54 located between the habitable 6 and intermediate 7a space in a construction where the exchangers II are formed differently. In FIG. 19, a window 34 is placed in the greenhouse 37 in front of the wall 53 creating a layer of hot air 26 during the winter sunshine 3.

This system constitutes an air sensor 67b inside which a natural thermocirculation 66a begins, the manual opening or not of the flap 41 allows the hot air 26 to penetrate into the heat exchanger llb incorporated in the high slab 10b, it crosses this slab descends 66a between the north wall 10th and the insulation 9a and returns 66b in the exchanger 11h of the low slab 10d, the hot air having released heat returns cooler 23 'to penetrate again at the bottom of sensor 67b. During operation the insulator 8'b is raised. At nights the shutter 41 is closed, the insulation 8b 'is lowered in front of the wall 53.

 In summer, the insulation 8'b remains in front of the wall 53 during the day and the shutter 41 is closed. At night, the insulation 8′b is raised and the shutter 41 is opened, the wall 53 then radiates towards the greenhouse 37, the air space cools, it then creates thermocrculation in the opposite direction 66a opposite to the first 66b. This natural thermocirculation cools the housing envelope.

 In FIG. 20, a window 34 is arranged a few centimeters in front of the bay window 54, in the air gap thus created is unfolded an awning with adjustable blades 27 whose face facing the winter sunshine is absorbent , this assembly constitutes a solar air collector 67a in which a natural thermocirculation 66a of hot air rises, the opening of the shutter 41 leads the hot air blade 26 into the exchanger lia situated between the slab high 1Ob and the insulator 9h, it crosses this exchanger 66a then descends 66a between the north wall 10th and the final 9a in the exchanger Ila and returns in the lic exchanger incorporated in the ground 32, under the low slab 10d in the direction 66a, the air has then released part of its heat and arrives cooler 23 ′ at the bottom of the air sensor 67a or the thermocirculation continues for the duration of the sunshine. The various possibilities of adjusting the blind 27 accelerate or not the thermocirculation and at the same time cause a greater or lesser penetration of the winter sunshine 3 into the living space.

 As in the previous case, the 8'insulation was raised during the winter sunshine. Outside the winter sunshine the shutter 41 is closed and at night the insulator 8'a is lowered in front of the window. In summer during the day the insulation is raised, the shutter 41 is closed and the lowered blind 27 lets a reduced light penetrate, at night the lowered blind coupled with the opening of the shutter 41 radiates outwards which creates a reverse air thermocirculation 66b which cools the inner envelope 5.

Figures 21 and 22 are two vertical North-South sections identical to Figures 19 and 20 but this time characterizing a forced thermocirculation 68 in the heat exchangers 11 of the envelope 5. In Figure 21, the cutting plane passes through a solid wall 53 located between the greenhouse 37 and the dwelling 6, in FIG. 22 the section plane passes through a bay window 54 and the horizontal exchangers 11 are different. In winter, during sunshine, the mobile insulation 8 'a and 8'b in front of the bay 54 and the wall 53 is raised at the top of the greenhouse 37, the hot air rises in the greenhouse 37, it is captured by a fan 39 which sends a main flow 69a into the distributor 38a and two secondary flows 69b, one East and one West, in the conduits 35 which supplies the exchangers
East and West (see Figure 18), the main flow 69a enters the exchanger 11a located between the high slab lOb and the insulator 9b for Figure 21, this flow creates a forced thermocirculation 68 which joins the exchanger lia located between the wall
North 10th and the insulator 9a, it descends 68 and joins the 11th exchanger located under the low slab 10d to emerge cooler 23 'at the bottom of the greenhouse with the return 23' of the East and West exchangers via conduits 36 ( see figure 18).

 In FIG. 22, the vertical section of which passes through a bay window 54, the thermocirculation 68 performs a loop identical to that of FIG. 21 but it crosses the upper slab 10b inside in the exchanger 11h and returns to the slab lower 10d by also crossing it inside I1 by the exchanger 11b.

 The thermocirculation 68 of hot air 23 during the winter, heats the slabs 10b, 10d, the floor 32 and the north wall 10e, the wall 53 is heated directly by the sun 3, the habitable interior volume 6 is therefore entirely in globed by the heavy masonry part 10 of the inner envelope which heats the living space by radiation 65. At night the insulation 8'b and 8'a is lowered.

 During summer nights, the insulation 8'b is raised, the wall 53 and the floor of the greenhouse 37 radiates towards the sky, their temperature drops as well as the air in the greenhouse 37, we can then operate the thermocirculation 68 with this fresh air and cool if necessary the heavy interior envelope 10 to cool the living space 6.

 Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and shown for which other variants can be provided without thereby departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (15)

 1- Construction, in particular for housing, characterized in that it comprises two closed concentric envelopes (4-5), constituted by an external envelope (4) and an interior envelope (5), of possibly different shapes and resting on the ground ( 47,47 ') by a preferably continuous connection (43), These two envelopes (4-5) are separated by intermediate spaces (7) vertically and horizontally; the inner envelope (5) fully encompasses the living space (6) consisting of at least one living cell, the assembly formed by, the outer envelope (4), the intermediate spaces (7) and the 'inner envelope (5) being called "double envelope".  2-- Construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer casing (4) constitutes a closed enclosure very permeable to water vapor, whose general morphology removes water as directly as possible and by gravity rainwater from the living space (6) and external spaces (7) to be collected and evacuated on the periphery (61) of the external envelope (4), any drainage (13) being able to be carried out at the level of the foundations (46, 46 ') ensuring a dry floor (47.47') for the intermediate spaces (7) and the living space (6), moreover the very reduced but permanent air permeability in particular at the level of the roofs of the outer envelope (4), protects from the weather, the intermediate spaces (7), the interior envelope (5) and the living space (6), while cutting air infiltration into the insulators (8 9j of the interior envelope ( 5) thanks to the decompression chambers that are the intermediate spaces (7) and ensuring with ec the controlled permeability of the exterior doors (50 ') minimum and permanent ventilation of the exterior spaces (7).  3- Construction according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized by a different treatment of the outer shell (4) depending on the orientations and the type of semi-comfort sought in each type of intermediate space (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d) by providing, on the one hand, large glazed surfaces (4a) of the greenhouse type in the direction of winter sunshine for the collection of free inputs in the intermediate spaces (7a) and the main piercing ( 50) of the interior envelope (5a) bringing the light and the view (6osa) into the living space (6) but also in other directions such as for an entrance (49) exterior glazing (4a) or for the view and the light (60b) through the bay window (50b), the intermediate space (7s) closes with greenhouse type glazing (4a), finally by oversizing the glazing of the intermediate spaces (7h) and (7d) on the surface of the outer envelope (4) facing the winter sun (4.) causing tempo warming raire of these spaces in winter by greenhouse effect, on the other hand, by ensuring the opacity of the outer envelope (7) on its surface (4bj not oriented towards winter sunshine, this opacity being then achieved by preferably in masonry using semi-insulating hollow elements or in beis, it maintains n daytime average comfort in winter and brings in summer a shadow cast on the surface (55) of the outer envelope (5), combined with ventilation of the spaces external (7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7 ') allowed by the openings (50') of the external envelope (4) and (50d) in the external spaces (7), the coupling of the drop shadow and ventilation of the exterior spaces (7) maintains the interior envelope (5) in an excellent environment for obtaining high-quality summer comfort in the living space (6).  4- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the intermediate spaces (7) are subdivided into three categories; the transition or access spaces of the active (7a) or passive (7 ') greenhouse type depending on the orientation, located between the main hole (50) of the interior casing and the glass surface (4e) of the outer envelope (4) for the first type, the various activity spaces (7b) which require temporary daytime semi-comfort and the various annex spaces (7c), all of these spaces (7a, 7b, 7c) s '' organize according to the geographical orientation: the spaces (7a) and (7b) orienting themselves primarily towards winter sunshine (3) the spaces (7c) serving as thermal buffers to the spaces (7b) and to the volume habitable (6), a partition (58) being provided between the spaces (7a) and (7b), including in the case where these intermediate spaces (7) are delivered gross without layout, these intermediate spaces (7) being of dimensions sufficient for traffic from an outside space to the living space or invariably always to require non-simu ltans of two doors (51 'and (51') or (50) and (50 ').  5- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the inner envelope (5), very permeable to water vapor, consists of three parts  - on the side of the living space (6), a solid masonry (10) includes this vertically (10a) to the foundations (4Ó and horizontally (10b) with the exception of the drilling of the openings (50, 50a, 5Ob, 51), this heavy masonry shell (10) radiates at low temperature (65) the free contributions over all the living space (6),  - on the side of the Intermediate spaces (7), a fixed (9) or mobile (8) insulation which in the closed position, internally and continuously encloses the whole of the solid masonry part 10) the inner envelope (5),  - finally, an air heat exchanger (11), inserted, either between the masonry (10) and the insulation (8-9), or in the voids of the concrete slabs (i lb), or finally in the ground (11c); in these air exchangers circulates hot air (23) coming from greenhouses (7a) or from various air sensors external to the construction or partially integrated.  6- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 5 characterized by a different treatment of the inner envelope (5) depending on the cardinal orientation by performing  - on the one hand for the vertical surface oriented towards the winter sunshine (5a) and entirely located inside the southern greenhouse of intermediate space (7a), an alternation of solid trumeaux (53) in masonry and fixed or movable bay windows (54) of substantially balanced surfaces constituting the main opening (50) of the habitable interior volume (6), receiving on the whole of the surface (5a) and on the side of the intermediate space (7a) a mobile insulation (8) formed of rigid insulating panels, the surface of which is adjusted to each solid (53) or glazed (54) part forming mobile insulated panels (d23 in front of the bay windows and (8b) in front of the full trumeaux; these isothermal panels (8a) and (8b) can be operated independently of each other in the greenhouse (7a) and allowing either the total and continuous insulation of the fa d (Sa), or the absorption of solar radiation by this facade (5a) by removing: the insulation (8), finally the insulation of the p full parts (53) only by panels (3b) in cloudy weather in winter or very sunny in summer,  - on the other hand for the opaque vertical surface (5b) of the inner envelope (5), not oriented towards winter sunshine, by mounting on the side of the intermediate spaces (7) a fixed insulator (9, 9a, 9b, 9c) very permeable to water vapor possibly covering a highly breathable reflective film (55) and a mechanical protection (56), which includes from the outside and in the intermediate spaces (7) the whole of the solid masonry part (10) of the inner casing (5) with continuity (9d) in the junction of the vertical (9a) and horizontal (9b) parts, this insulator descends into the ground (9c) to the foundation (46) possibly changing in nature, we increase even  the thickness of the insulation (9 ') in the direction of the cold winds.  on the other hand finally by coupling to the glass doors (50b) of the inner envelope (5) an insulated flap (50b ') in the core of which is incorporated an isotherm (50) of thermal resistance at least equal to two of such so that during winter @uits, the closing of the insulated shutters (50b ') and the doors (50 @) added to the closing of all the systems of mobile insulation (8a) and (8b) @ r @ orce a continuous and breathable insulation of the entire living space (6) and masonry curved part (10) of the interior envelope (59.  ment for plain doors (50c) of the inner envelope (5) an insulator (21) of thermal resistance at least equal to two,  on the other hand, by incorporating into the core or by tacking against  7- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that for the production and operation of the mobile insulation (8, 8a, 8b) is used a type of rigid insulation forming panels (8) , possibly receiving a frame (8c) and a reflective treatment (8d ') on the interior facing on the side of the interior volume, these isothermal panels are preferably articulated horizontally (8') or vertically (8 ") or even moved to an annex ( 7), these panels (8, 8a, 8b) are preferably fixed on the masonry (10) of the inner envelope (5a) by means of fixed frame supports (62), in the closed position adjusting the isothermal panels mobile (8, 8a, 8b) on the supports (62) ensures continuity of the insulation and an absence of air infiltration, all the devices for operating the mobile insulation (3) allow the facade sunny in winter (5a) to be fully captivating (15) in winter with the isol mobile ation (8) completely removed, either fully isolated 17) in winter nights, or still semi-isolated (16) and (18) leaving only the bay windows (54) not isolated during the winter day without sun or the sunny summer day, or finally partially or fully radiant (19) on summer nights.  8- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the heat exchangers 11) preferably covers the whole, of the masonry surface (10) of the inner envelope (5) of the surface of the ground (32) on the ground floor of possibly existing intermediate slabs (10c), these heat exchangers (11) were constructed by making  - on the one hand for the vertical walls (10b) of the surface of the interior envelope (5b) located in :: spaces ib, 7c, 7 ') and for plain slabs (10b) located under spaces 7d) , uo a few centimeters of insulation (9) and masonry (10) using a spacer incorporated punctually or linearly in the insulation (30 '), or using independent studs (30 ") but preferably by an experienced system (30) fixed to the masonry (10) which creates at least an air space (11a) corresponding to an entire face of the interior envelope (3 @) @@ imi @@ of side by the masonry (10) and on the other by the insulation (9,9 ') very permeable to water vapor and very slightly permeable to air, in which circulates the hot air (25) prevenant greenhouses (7a) or air collectors, the heat is transferred to the masonry (10) then radiated at low temperature (65) to the living space (6),  - on the other hand for the concrete slab (10) using hollow elements carried by prefabricated beams by ensuring the coupling of the axiators voids (11b) of the hollow bodies by @ er @ uits (24) of appropriate dismeter placed in reservation before pouring the chaining (10f), the hot air (23) coming from the greenhouses (7a) or the air sensors and erla @ t in these voids (11b) er exchanging heat with the slab (10c) to be returned (65) by this slab (10c) towards  the living space (6),  - to share also by drowning in the compacted soil (32) located under the low slab (31) of the perforated conduits (24 '), of an appropriate diameter and center distance, in which the hot air (23) circulates, the heat is transferred to the ground (32) then to the slab (31) and finally radiated (65) in the living space (6),  - on the other hand, by using or creating the empty exchangers (lad) between a full slab (10c) and a false ceiling (63) or the empty ones (island) between a full slab (10c) and a parquet (64 ), so that the set of exchangers (11) transfers the heat to a maximum surface of the masonry (10) of the interior envelope (5), of the intermediate slabs (10c) and of the ground (32).  9- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 8 characterized by the existence of a natural winter (66a) and summer (66b) thermocirculation by making  - on the one hand, after removing all of the mobile insulation (8a, 3b), an air sensor (67b) constitutes by glazing (34) fixed on a structured support (69) a few centimeters from the exterior facing walls (53) including The absorption coefficient is high, the glass (34) fe support (62) and the mr  (53) constitute an air space (26) in the upper part of which opens the exchanger (I la) or (1 lb) of the upper slab (10b), and in the lower part of which opens the exchanger (1 le) or (llb) of the lower slab, another type of air sensor (67a) is produced by fixing a few centimeters in front of fixed picture windows of the hole (54) in the sunny surface of winter (Sa) of the inner envelope (5) and on the side of the greenhouses (7a) glazing (34) on the support (62) forms the frame of the hedge (54), which creates an air gap (26) into which the exchangers (11a) or (11b) open in the upper part and in the lower part, the exchangers (1 le) or (11b),  this air space (26) a blind with adjustable slats (27), one face of which is absorbed  bante, the solar radiation heats up through the wall (53) the air gap (26) of the air sensor (67b) and through the adjustable awning (27)  the air gap (26) of the sensor (67a), the hot air (23) rises at the top of the air gap (26) penetrates and passes through the exchanger (11a) or (11b) of the high slab  (lOb) by releasing heat then descends into the exchanger (lla) of the wall (10e) opposite the wall (Sa, 53,54) while still releasing a certain amount of heat at  wall (ive) to the lowest point where the exchanger (1 le) or (they) opens from the bottom slab (iOd), it then completely crosses this exchanger, releasing heat and returns to the bottom of the air space (26) where it is reheated again ((23) which creates a permanent natural thermocirculation (66a) which heats the masonry (10 ;; of the inner envelope (5) which in turn warms fe sar radiation (65) the living space (6), in the absence of sunshine a flap (41) obstructs the top of the air space (26),  - on the other hand, during summer nights, a thermocirculation (66b), by removing the mobile insulation (8, 8a, 8b) and by opening the shutter (41), the radiation from the wall (53), and from the blind (27) towards the greenhouse (7a) cools the air space (86) which this time causes a movement of the fresh air downwards and the existence of a thermocirculation (66b) in the opposite direction to that (66a), in this case we obtain a cooling of the masonry (10) of the inner envelope (5).  10- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by the existence of a forced thermocirculation (68) between the greenhouses (37, 7a) and all of the exchangers (11) of the inner envelope ( 5), by performing  - on the one hand for winter thermocircuiation (68), during the hours of sunshine the removal of the mobile insulation (8, 8a, 8b), part of the solar radiation directly strikes the exterior facing of the walls ( 53) whose absorption coefficient is high, another part enters the habitable interior volume (6) by the bay windows (54) fixed or mobile, the greenhouse effect warms the air in the greenhouse (7a, 37 ) which rises upwards (23), the following preferential coupling is then carried out, a fan (39) collects the hot air (23) in the top of the greenhouse (37), at the outlet thereof. ci the heat flow (69) constituted by the hot air (23) is divided into three: a first main flow (69a) passes through the distributor (38a) which divides it and injects into the exchanger (11a or 11b) the masonry upper slab (10b) then descends into the exchanger (1ic) or (1 lb) of the lower slab and then opens out less hot (23 ') into the bottom of the greenhouse (37, 7a) where it is again reheated (23) and reinsuffed (69a) in the distributor (38a) which constitutes forced thermocirculation (68); a second and third secondary flow (69b) of hot air (23) are directed by the conduits (35) towards the distributors (38b) of the East and West facades of the interior envelope (5b), at the exit of the distributors (38b) , the hot air (23) enters the exchangers (11a) and heats the wall (10a) then leads to a cooler outlet (23 ') in the collector (70) which directs it to the bottom of the greenhouse South (37) by the conduit (36), where it re-mixes and heats up (23) to replenish the forced thermocirculation (68), in the case of the existence of an additional intermediate slab (10c) with exchanger (11b ), it is preferable to connect this exchanger (1 lb) to a distributor ;; 38) advantageously arranged under a balcony (71) located in the greenhouse (37) of the intermediate space (7a), a fan (39) collects the hot air (23) and injects it into the exchanger (! Ibj, passes it through and joins the general thermocirculation (68) in the exchanger (I! a) of the wall (10th) of the rear panel opposite the three forced thermocirculations (68) existing in the exchangers (11) of the possible cumulative inner envelope  ment to that of the interior slab (10c) when it exists, ensure the trans  strong heat from sunny areas in winter (7a) and during  hours of sunshine towards all the interior heavy masonry envelope (10)  and the floor (32) where it is stored and then radiated (65) to the living space (6)  the fan or fans (39) are connected to a differential thermocouple which cuts  walking when the temperature in the greenhouse (37) is insufficient,  - on the other hand for the forced summer thermocirculation (68) during  cool summer nights removal of movable insulation (8, 8a, 8b) to promote  the radiation from the interior facade (5a) towards the space (7a) and by capturing  in the top of the greenhouse (37, 7a) by the fan (39) the fresh air provided by  radiation from the glazed outer envelope (7a) and by injecting it in the same way  mayor than for winter forced thermocirculation (68) in all  changers (11) of the inner casing (5), thus cooling the entire surface  of the inner envelope (5) and the floor (32) which provides air conditioning na  'surelle with interior living space (6).  through the inner casing (5).  total elimination of water vapor produced by occupants through migration  lants (9) more permeable than masonry (10), this provision providing  the use of cement only on load-bearing elements but also by using iso  pirants such as earth especially for the inner envelope (5), reserving  is obtained by preferentially using very res materials and binders  intermediate (7) and soil (32-47 ') of the living space (6), this permeability  very high in water vapor (29) including at ground level (47) spaces  characterized in that the two envelopes (4) and (5) have a general permeability  11- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 10, charac  12- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 11, charac  characterized in that all the opening joinery (50 ', 51') of the envelope  exterior (4) and opening joinery (50a, SOb, 50'b, 50c, S1)  interior (5) having decompression chambers (45), of any shape  ques, included in the profile of the fixed frames (44a) and openings (44b)  on the one hand to ensure a reduced permeability for the openings (50a, 50b, 50'b, 50c, 51) of the inner envelope (5) and on the other hand to ensure the reduced rate of  air renewal of the living space (6) by coupling the exterior doors  doors (50 ', 51'), and interior doors (50a, 50b, 50'b, 50c, 51) and  decompression airlock which are the intermediate spaces (7).  13- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 12, charac  terized in that we have in the intermediate spaces (7), the materials  fragile that are the insulators (8, 9) and the structured systems (52, 62) so that one is a direct access (52, 62) or a removable fixing (57) so  that for these materials one draws either to have a direct visual control (52) and  carry out a possible maintenance either deposit by the removable Eixations (57)  the insulation (9) in whole or in part and carry out a possible resulting check  maintenance and reassembly, or finally modify the thicknesses of iso-  lation (9-9 ').  14- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 13, charac  verified by the existence of a general air heat exchanger (11) between the  masonry (10) and insulation (9), or incorporated into the voids of the masonry  (1 lb) without the existence of intermediate volumes on all or part around the vo  living light, the outer casing (4) then joins the insulation (9) of the envelope  interior lodge.  15- Construction according to any one of claims 1 to 14, charac  that in the case of old constructions to be rehabilitated, the envelope  eg masonry is the heavy part (10) of the inner casing  (5 we then build an outer envelope (4, 4a, 4b) which creates spaces  intermediaries (7, 7a, 7b, 7 ', 7d) in whole or in part, the exchangers (11) around  existing masonry (10) and insulation (9, 8), the assembly constituting  then a "double envelope" construction.