LU83983A1 - CONSTRUCTION AND INTEGRATION SYSTEM OF A SOLAR HEATING BUILDING - Google Patents

Description

- 1 -

CONSTRUCTION AND INTEGRATION SYSTEM OF A SOLAR HEATING BUILDING

The present invention relates to a construction and integration system 5 of a building and more particularly of a dwelling house or a group of dwelling houses with solar heating in order to obtain a balance of necessary energy consumption. to the lowest possible heating while ensuring a valid thermal comfort.

10 We have already taken care to reduce the energy consumption to be expected for heating, in particular by improving insulation, for example by providing a layer of insulating material such as glass wool in the walls, or even double glazing. also already proposed the use of solar energy recovered by collectors to provide part of the calories required by heating; However, so far the practical results have been very disappointing because having recourse only to good insulation of a house is not enough to very significantly reduce the calorie requirements and we are obliged to plan on the one hand, a very large number 20 of solar collectors, which requires a laying surface often exceeding the possibilities, and on the other hand, the use of auxiliary heating means whose capacity remains large and which are brought to provide much more than 30 % of the annual energy consumption usually necessary for heating a house located 25 in a country with a temperate climate.

The system according to the present invention overcomes these disadvantages, and a much more favorable balance is obtained while nevertheless limiting the surface area required for the placement of the solar collectors as well as the number thereof.

The construction and integration system according to the invention is characterized by the combination of a construction comprising, first of all, a basic system, said to be passive, of orientation and arrangement of surfaces, of total insulation of the walls, floors, floors, roofs, glazing, and partial of the entrance door (s), thermal mass effect of walls, floors and ceilings, secondly, a complementary system, called active, essentially a battery of forced air solar collectors, as well as a vertical storage area for calories, preferably centered in the building and of the type with rolled river pebble beds, and incidentally collects by greenhouse effects, 5 calorie transfers , solar reflections, tertio, an auxiliary heating system preferably electric convectors »with regulated interlocking, quarto, means of regulation - ventilation of calories required, and construction integrated in architectural elements outside favorable, elements adjoining the construction, location in unheated areas of garages, entrance doors, roof slopes forming drifts upwind, and elements close to construction, low walls and plantations forming screens at winds and creating a more favorable micro-climate.

To arrive at a balance of at least 75% energy savings, each point and element of the above combination should be perfectly studied, each contributing in part to the desired result and thus according to the invention, preferably, provision is made, for example, in the layout and orientation of the rooms: that the 20 living rooms will be adjacent to the south face and around the storage area, and, on the other hand , that the service rooms, the garage and possibly the attic surmounting it, will be contiguous to the north face or possibly east or west, moreover the garage can be used to form a screen, moreover most of the glazed area will be provided on the south face; in the total insulation of the walls which will be double and built one after the other, so as to place between them the layer of insulating material, which will be built as such.

The walls like the floor slab and the ceiling will be oversized in thickness so as to obtain the favorable effect of thermal mass, the glazing will of course be double forming a greenhouse effect, for those located on the sunshine side, they will be fitted with shutters with night closings.

The forced air solar collectors will be placed vertically, which has the advantage of reducing the effect of summer sunshine, moreover, in this position they integrate aesthetically much better than the inclined collectors generally provided. The vertical sensors will, of course, be placed on the south face, of which only part will be used for their installation; this is made possible by all 5 of the other planned measures which tend to make the home benefit from a minimum heat loss, as well as the solar collectors incidental to the sunshine face, by double glazing, a coating in dark gray slates which in cold weather and sunshine, cause the rear air space to heat up and 10 there, slow, suppress or reverse the transfer of calories from the inside to the outside.

The storage area, a rectangular parallelepiped, placed vertically, will be perfectly insulated both at the bottom, at the top and on the sides; this storage area will be at the center of gravity of the house so that its losses benefit the home completely.

It is still necessary to perfectly distribute or keep the necessary calories according to the needs of the house, but also according to whether there is sunshine or not, that is to say an intake or not of calories which can be used directly if necessary, or on the contrary can be stored.

In addition to these internal arrangements in the dwelling, it is planned to protect it on its sides exposed to unfavorable winds north, northeast, northwest by tight rows of plantations and high hedges; similarly we plan on these sides to place the garage there! . 25 will constitute an ideal windbreaker, as well as the front door which will be i preceded by a covered courtyard forming an airlock; the courtyard may also be provided with an awning.

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In order to better understand the invention, it will now be described in an explanatory manner and with reference to an attached drawing, which shows: FIG. 1: a schematic plan of the arrangement on the ground of the surfaces; Figure 2: a schematic view of the south facade of a dwelling; 1 35 Figure 3: a schematic side sectional view along line A / Λ of Figure 1; Figure 4: a partial schematic view in vertical section ri’nn detail of realization in the foundation and an exterior wall starting from the foundation; 5 Figure 5: a partial schematic view in vertical section of a detail of realization of the roof; Figure 6: a diagram of the regulation - ventilation system.

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown the floor plan of a dwelling comprising a living room (1), a dining room (2), a kitchen (3), adjoining the side facing south (S ), that is to say all the living rooms; while the entrance hall (4) and amenities (5), the laundry room (6) and the garage (7) are adjacent to the north side (N), these rooms forming a thermal buffer.

On the south side (S) (see also FIG. 2) there is also 15 most of the double glazing, windows (8) and French windows (9)> on this side is also provided a reflecting terrace (10) taking up all the width and which is bordered laterally, that is to say both east and west side, by a reflective white wall (11, 12).

20 North side (N) we see that the entrance door (13) is preceded by an airlock (14); the garage (7), placed outside the plane of the dwelling proper, forms a thermal buffer and windbreak like walls (15) determining a real entrance courtyard (16) possibly partially covered by greenery (17; Figure 25 3) and thus forming a gazebo and partially by a canopy (18; Figure 3) movable to the right of access to the entrance.

Referring to Figure 3, we see that the garage (7) is surmounted by an attic (19) whose roof (20) extends and fits into the slope of the northern part of the roof (21) of the the house itself, 30 and we thus manage to deflect upwards the north winds (arrow 21a).

Figures 1 and 3 show the arrangement and the shape of the storage area (22) in the center and over the entire height of the actual part of the house.

35 In order to ensure a particularly high energy gain - 5 - but also to avoid as much as possible any loss of the calories gained, there are more particularly a certain number of provisions, called passive insofar as they do not create calories .

5 The foundations, part buried under the line fi) of the ground (see Figures 3 and 4) of the exterior walls, on all four sides (E3, 24, 25, 26; Figure 1) of the dwelling itself are formed (Figure 4 ) of two walls (27, 28) separated by a moisture-resistant insulation (29) which is not modified in its insulating capacity 10 when it is in contact with the moisture of the ground, for example glass cellular. This insulator (29) is placed in continuity with the insulator (30) of the exterior walls (27, 28) in order to completely eliminate the thermal bridge at the level of the floor slab under the ground floor. The insulation (29) in the foundation wall will preferably descend from 15 1 to 1.20 m below the level of the exterior land (31) in order to lengthen the path of the loss of calories from the ground of the ground floor and thus considerably reducing losses at this level.

The ground floor (figure 4) is made up as follows, starting from the top down: a tile (32) and about 6 cm 20 of laying concrete (32a), a concrete slab (33) of about 10 cm thick, a layer of groomed sand (34) from 1.10 to 1.30 m in height approximately. These elements will allow storage of calories in a reserve of heavy materials forming thermal mass.

The exterior walls (FIG. 4) consist of the interior 25 towards the exterior: of a wall (27), a block of heavy concrete full about 14 cm thick ensuring a maximum mass allowing a significant storage of calories; an insulator (30) about 15 cm thick in backelized glass wool bonded in two crossed layers over the entire surface of the inner part (27) of the wall before erection 30 of the outer part (28) of the walls, the choice of glass wool or rock wool is dictated by its non-hygroscopicity, the placement of glass wool before erection of the external part (28) makes it possible to check the quality of its placement, that is to say if the joints are tight, the joints of the two layers are perfectly alternated and no object comes to cause a thermal bridge; of a wall (28) - 6 - insulating concrete block, aerated concrete of about 17.5 cm, ensuring two functions: its own stability, given its thickness, which eliminates the steel hooks which form a multitude thermal bridges, the displacement of the dew point towards the exterior 5 thus ensuring maximum efficiency of the insulation (30) of the wall, in fact any insulation impregnated with moisture (if only in the form of relative humidity of the air) sees its power of insulation decrease very clearly; externally there is also a plaster (not shown) adapted to the block of cellular concrete and composed of synthetic materials 10 · ques agglomerating expanded polystirene beads, this plaster provides good sealing against rain and further increases the insulation of the wall.

For the roof (FIG. 5) a concrete slab (35) is provided topped by an insulator (36) about 26 cm thick, which is ensured that it perfectly joins the insulator (30) of the walls. exteriors; the roof frame (37) is reduced to the strict minimum and a roof covering made of black asbestos-cement (not shown) is provided; the attic (38) located above the insulation (36) on the slab (35) covering the floor, forms a thermal buffer. Indeed, the temperature 20 in the attic (38) will very often be higher than the outside temperature because the slates form a black body and heat the attic space at the slightest ray of sunshine. A slight ventilation of the attic ensures a good humidity level of the air contained in the insulation (36).

. 25 The interior walls (39; Figure 3) are made of heavy concrete blocks, about 0.14 m thick, full. The slabs on the ground floor and on the upper floor will be made of heavy reinforced concrete about 20 cm thick, so as to increase the masses of heat accumulation and thus give the walls a temperature close to the room air temperature. We thus manage to reduce the comfort temperature to + 17.5 ° C, depending on the occupants, instead of + 21 ° C usually provided in homes of known type.

The exterior joinery (not shown) will be fitted with particular care. They will be placed in the same plane as the insulation (30) of the walls, the edge remaining seen from the insulation being hidden by a wooden panel.

The windows (not shown as such) are double-glazed and provided with insulating interior shutters, for example made of polystirene, approximately 6 cm thick. All opening windows and patio doors, as well as entry doors, will be fitted with a complete frame with low cross members. They will be provided with a very flexible peripheral seal and the closure is effected by means of devices with 3 anchoring points 10 ensuring perfect crushing of the seal over its entire perimeter. The exterior door handles will be made of nylon, thus reducing the thermal bridge in their place.

Externally to the dwelling by tall and tight plantings provided on the side of the cold winds and from the west, the effect of the removal of calories due to the winds is reduced. Windbreak walls further increase protection, especially at the front door. On the other hand, on the southern facade, terraces with light tones will be erected, increasing the sunshine of the sensor glazing by reflection.

If most of the provisions indicated above are na-ture to decrease energy losses positively by glazed surfaces to the south allowing solar radiation to enter the building, by the formation of greenhouse effect calories will be distributed in the structural elements of the dwelling which thus form a thermal accumulator. These calories will be redistributed when the sunshine disappears. This great inertia makes it possible to obtain very flat temperature curves inside the building while avoiding both rapid heating when there is strong sunlight, the calories being quickly absorbed by the walls, and sudden cooling when the sunshine disappears.

As regards the elements directly linked to the creation of calories or their conservation, a certain number of so-called active provisions are more particularly provided for: the battery of solar collectors (40; FIGS. 1 and 2) are of the air-formed type. by an outer transparent wall (41) made of synthetic materials with a high power for transmitting solar radiation and by a metal absorber (42) with a high black body coefficient, for example copper-denti-tric. The transparent outer wall (41) will be separated from the absorber (42) by a static air gap of 4 to 5 cm. At the rear of the absorber (42) will be located air passage channels char-5 gates to extract the calories from the absorber and transport them to the interior of the dwelling or area storage (22). The absorbers (42) will be thermally insulated by an insulating layer (43).

The storage area (22) is made using rolled river pebbles (44). It includes a lower plenum (45) and an upper plé-10 num (46). It is insulated at the bottom and on the sides by a thermal insulator (47) about 15 cm thick and at the top by about 30 cm of the same insulation. II. has a shape of a rectangular parallelepiped placed vertically. This storage area (22) is at the center of gravity of the house so that its losses benefit the house 15 '.

For a good functioning of a house with solar heating, it is necessary to consider when the house needs calories that either, if there is sunshine, the calories of the collectors will be directly transmitted in the house, or either if there is no sunshine, 20 either there is a stock of calories in the stones, the air from the house passing through them can send these calories back into the house or, either there is no stock of calories, we will use a backup heater.

On the other hand, if the dwelling does not require calories and either there is sunshine, then the calories from the sensors will be transferred directly to the storage area (22), or, there is no, ' sunshine, and of course nothing happens.

To obtain this correct operation indicated above, a regulation-ventilation system must be provided, a diagram of which has been given in FIG. 6 and where the battery of sensors (40) and the storage area (22) have been shown. ), an auxiliary heater, an electric convector (48), a first regulator (49) between the battery of sensors (40) and the storage area (22) regulating the circulation of air coming from the lower part of the storage area (22) by the sheath (50) to the battery of sensors (40) and then through these by passing through a filter (51) to a fan (52) and a sheath (53) again towards the storage area (or directly the dwelling); the fan (52) fitted with a motorized valve (54) is controlled by the regulator (49) which depends on the data supplied by two temperature probes, one (55) placed in the battery of sensors (40), the other (56) in the storage area (22).

Another regulator (57) which depends on the data which are there. supplied by two temperature probes, one (58) at the outlet and the other (59) at the entrance to the storage area (22), as well as a thermo-10 ambient stat (60 ) from the living area represented by the rectangle (61), regulator (57) which regulates the circulation of air coming through a duct (62) from the living area (6l) to the storage area ( 22) and then going therethrough passing through a filter (63) to a fan (64) and a duct (65) again in the living area (61); the fan (64) fitted with a motorized valve (66) is controlled by the regulator (57) which, in addition, by means of a time relay (67) will also control an auxiliary electric convector ( 48) which will only be started if there are no more calories sufficient for heating the home and can be supplied directly by the battery of sensors (40) and / or by absence of sunshine indirectly by the calories stored in the storage area (22).

The devices necessary for the ventilation described above, ie the fans (52, 64), the departure of the air ducts towards the premises represented by the duct (65) in the diagram in FIG. 6 , the hot air inlets from the sensor battery (40) represented by the sheath (53) in the diagram in Figure 6, the table of regulators (49 and 57) can be accommodated above the area storage (22) so that the distribution of air in the housing area 30 t entails the use of a minimum length of ducts.

On the south side (FIGS. 2 and 3), a glazed surface may be provided which is possibly greater than the requirements for lighting the rooms, in particular between the parts provided by the batteries of sensors (40) at the level of the first floor (see FIG. 3). determines an interior volume (68) above the dining room (2) forming a greenhouse, that is to say a sort of calorie trap which the adjoining rooms will take advantage of thermally, for example by including a flower box (69), it is also possible to increase the volume of calories storage.

5 Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiment described and shown above and it would not go beyond its scope by making modifications, more particularly one could be led to renounce or modify one or the other provision, called passive, because of the existing environment, or not modifiable 10 for a dwelling.

On the other hand if provision is made for the construction of a group of semi-detached dwellings, which is favorable for those between gables, one of which may be useful as a thermal buffer for the other; on the other hand, those at the extremities will be disadvantaged and / or 15 special arrangements could be made, for example placing the garage in thermal buffer on the west or east side, as the case may be, rather than the north.

Other adaptations are also foreseeable, for example in the choice of coating materials and colors, both of the exterior and interior elements which, depending on whether they are essentially intended for reflection, will preferably then be clear or, otherwise dark to increase the absorption of calories; this will be the case, for example, with static storage areas for calories such as ceilings; on the other hand, it will be advantageous for the walls and floors to be half-absorbent, half-reflective and any arrangement which could reduce the absorption power, such as for example plaster coverings, will be avoided.

Claims (10)

1. Construction and integration system of a building and more particularly of a residential house or a group of 5 residential houses with solar heating in order to obtain an energy consumption balance necessary for heating on as small as possible while ensuring a valid thermal comfort characterized by the combination of a construction which comprises, firstly, a basic system, said to be passive, of orientation and arrangement of surfaces, of total insulation of the walls (23 , 24, 25, 26), floors, floors, roofs (20, 21), glazing, and partial of the entrance door (s) (13), thermal mass effect of walls, floors and ceilings, secondly , a complementary system, called active, essentially a battery of forced-air solar collectors (40), as well as a vertical storage area (22) for calories, preferably centered in the building and of the type with pebble beds. rolled river (44), and incidentally greenhouse catchments, transfers s of calories, solar reflections, tertio, a backup heating system preferably electric convectors (48) with regulated engagement, quarto, 20 means of regulation (49, 57) - ventilation (52, 64) of calories necessary, and construction integrated into favorable exterior architectural elements, elements adjoining the construction, location in unheated areas of garages (7), entrance doors (13), slopes of the roof forming drifts upwind, and 25 elements close to the building, low walls and plantations forming wind shields and creating a more favorable micro-climate. 2. Construction and integration system according to claim 1, characterized in that in the plane of the arrangement and orientation of the rooms, the living rooms (1, 2, 3), that is to say living 30 adjoining the south face and around the storage area, on the other hand, the service rooms (4, 5, 6) as well as the garage (7) and possibly the attic (19) surmounting it, , are adjacent to the north face or possibly east or west, the garage as the attic are used to form a screen and most of the over-35 glazed face is provided on the south face. - 12 - 3. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the walls (23, 24, 25, 26) are double (27, 28) and built one after the other, so as to place therein between them the layer of insulating material (29), which is constructed as such. 4. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the walls (23, 24, 25, 26) like the floor slab (33) and the ceiling (35) will be over dimensioned in thickness so as to obtain the favorable thermal mass effect, the glazing is double forming a greenhouse effect, for those located on the sunshine side, the glazing is provided with shutters with night closings, placed internally. 5. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the forced-air solar collectors (40) are placed vertically on the south face, of which only one is used. part for their installation and that accessory solar collectors are carried out on the sunshine face, by double glazing, a coating in dark gray slates which in cold weather and sunshine, cause the rear air space to heat up. and thereby slows, suppresses or reverses the transfer of calories from the inside to the outside. 6. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the storage area (22) is a rectangular parallelepiped, placed vertically, perfectly insulated both at the bottom, at the top and on the sides and located at the center of gravity of the house so that its losses benefit the house completely. 7. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the sides 30 exposed to unfavorable winds north, northeast, northwest are protected by tight rows of plantations and hedges high and that on these sides is placed the garage (7) which constitutes windbreak, that the entry door (13) is preceded by a covered courtyard forming an airlock (14), courtyard (16) provided with a canopy (18). 8. Construction and integration system according to any one of claims 3 and 4, characterized in that the insulation of the exterior walls (23, 24, 25, 26) like that of the foundations and roofs are placed in continuation of one another, in the same way the joinery is placed in the insulating plane. 9. Construction and integration system according to claim 1, characterized in that the regulation - ventilation system comprises at least a first regulator (49), between the battery of sensors (40) and the storage area ( 22), which regulates the circulation of air coming from the lower part of the storage area (22) and the battery 10 of sensors (40), and then through these, passing from them through a filter (51) and a fan (52) again to the storage area (22), fan (52) provided with a motorized valve (54) which are controlled by the regulator (49) which depends on the data provided by two temperature probes, one (55) placed in the bat-15 of sensors (40), the other (56) in the storage area (22), and a second regulator (57) which depends data supplied to it by two temperature probes, one (58) at the outlet and the other (59) at the entrance to the storage area (22), as well as a thermostat for atmosphere (60) in the habitat ion, second regulator (57) which regulates the circulation of air from the living area (61) to the storage area and then from this by a filter (63) to a fan (64), again towards the living area (61), fan (64) provided with a motorized valve (66) which are controlled by this second regulator (57) which also controls one or more electric convectors 25 (48). 10. Construction and integration system according to claim 9, characterized in that the fans (52, 64), the departures or arrivals of the ducts (65, 53) provided to conduct air from or to the areas of dwelling (61) and the battery of sensors (40), the panel comprising the regulators (49, 57), are housed above the storage area (22).