FR2908783A1 - ADDITIVE COMPOSITION, LUBRICANT COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME, AND METHOD FOR THEIR USE - Google Patents

Abstract

An additive composition comprising a detergent, an additive selected from a phosphorus compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant.The invention also relates to a lubricant composition comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of this additive composition.Application: Use of the additive composition and lubricant composition for the operation of a machine to reduce thin film friction and increase fuel economy.

Description

The present invention relates to lubricant compositions comprising

  a base oil and an additive composition comprising, for example, a detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant and, as a further example, a friction modifier and a dispersant. Methods for the use of the additive compositions and lubricant compositions are also disclosed.

  In recent years, there has been a growing need to produce energy-saving lubricated components. In addition, modern engine oil specifications dictate that lubricants provide improved fuel efficiency in standard engine tests. It is known that the thickness and friction characteristics of thin films of lubricants have an effect on fuel performance properties, for example crankcase oils and gear oils. Improved fuel efficiency is achieved when thin film friction is reduced. Thin film friction is the friction generated by a fluid, such as a lubricant, generating a thrust between two surfaces, where the distance between the two surfaces is very small. It is known that various additives usually present in a lubricant composition form films of different thicknesses, which may have an effect on thin film friction. Certain additives, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), are known to increase thin film friction when added to a base oil. These additives must be present in lubricants to protect motors and gears; however, increasing thin-film friction may be detrimental to fuel efficiency.

  In addition, it is also known that certain additives are very expensive.  In addition, the use of additional amounts of an additive in a lubricant composition to reduce thin-film friction can be very expensive for the manufacturer.  A lubricant composition that is inexpensive and can provide at least one of reduced thin film friction and increased fuel economy is required.  In accordance with the present invention, there is disclosed an additive composition comprising a detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant, the additive composition having at least one of reduced friction in a thin layer and an increase in fuel efficiency compared to an additive composition which is devoid of detergent and additive.  In another aspect, there is disclosed an additive composition comprising a friction modifier and a dispersant, said additive composition having at least one of reduced thin film friction and increased fuel efficiency, by comparison with an additive composition which is devoid of the friction modifier and the dispersant.  In a further aspect, there is disclosed a method for reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, comprising the step of providing the fluid with a lubricant composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition. comprising a detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant.  Further, there is disclosed a method for reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, including the step of providing the fluid with a lubricant composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition. comprising a friction modifier and a dispersant.  Further disclosed is a method for increasing fuel efficiency in a vehicle, comprising the step of providing a vehicle with a composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition comprising a detergent and an additive selected from a carrier. phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant.  In various aspects, there is disclosed a method for increasing fuel efficiency in a vehicle, comprising the step of providing a vehicle with a composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition comprising a friction modifier and a Dispersant.  Additional advantages of the embodiments will be set forth in part in the following description and may be gained by the practice of the present invention.  The benefits will be realized and achieved by means of the elements and combinations indicated in particular hereinafter.  It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are illustrative and explanatory only and are not limiting of the present invention as protected.  The present invention relates to lubricant compositions comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive composition comprising a detergent, an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a wherein the additive composition exhibits at least one of reduced film friction and increased fuel efficiency, compared to an additive composition which is free of detergent and has a low carbon content. 'additive.  In one aspect, the additive composition may comprise a friction modifier and a dispersant.  The base oil may be present in the lubricant composition in any desired or effective amount.  For example, the base oil may be present in a dominant amount.  It is understood that the term "dominant amount" refers to an amount greater than or equal to 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.  By way of further example, the base oil may be present in an amount of greater than or equal to 80% and, by way of other example, greater than or equal to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the base oil. composition.  Base oils suitable for use in the formulation of the disclosed lubricant compositions may be selected from any of synthetic or mineral oils or mixtures thereof.  Mineral oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (eg, castor oil, lard oil) as well as other mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and mineral lubricating oils treated with petroleum oils. a solvent or treated with an acid, paraffinic type, naphthenic type or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic type.  Oils derived from coal or shale may also be suitable.  In addition, oils derived from a gas-to-liquid process may also be suitable.  Non-limiting examples of synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, etc.). ); polyalphaolefins (eg poly (1-hexenes), poly (1-octenes), poly (1-decenes), etc. and mixtures thereof); alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, di-nonylbenzenes, di- (2-ethylhexyl) benzenes, etc .; ); polyphenyls (eg, biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylpolyphenyls, etc. ); alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and their derivatives, analogs and homologs, and the like.  Accordingly, the base that can be used to prepare the compositions as described in the present invention can be selected from any of the Group I to IV base oils specified in the American Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. Petroleum Institute (API).  These groups of base oils are as follows: Group I contains less than 90% saturated compounds and / or more than 0.03% sulfur and has a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; Group II contains greater than or equal to 90% saturated compounds and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and has a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; Group III contains 90% or more of saturated compounds and less than or equal to 0.03% of sulfur and has a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 and Group IV consists of polyalphaolefins (PAO).  The test methods used in the definition of the above groups are ASTM D2007 for saturated compounds; ASTM D2270 for viscosity index and ASTM D2622, 4294, 4927 and 3120 for sulfur.  Group IV base oils, i.e. polyalphaolefins (PAOs), comprise hydrogenated oligomers of an alpha-olefin, the most important oligomerization processes being free radical processes, Ziegler catalysis. and cationic catalysis of Friedel-Crafts.  The polyalphaolefins usually have viscosities in the range of from about 2 to about 100 cSt at 100 ° C, for example from about 4 to about 8 cSt at 100 ° C.  They may be, for example, branched-chain or straight-chain alpha-olefin oligomers having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms; non-limiting examples include polypropenes, polyisobutenes, poly-1-butenes, poly-1-hexenes, poly-loctenes and poly-1-decene.  Homopolymers, interpolymers, and mixtures thereof are included.  Base oils that can be suitably used in the present invention can be prepared using a variety of different processes including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen treatment, oligomerization, and the like. re-refining.  A base oil can be an oil derived from hydrocarbons synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process.  Hydrocarbons synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process can be prepared from a synthesis gas containing H 2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.  These hydrocarbons usually require additional processing in order to be useful as the base oil.  For example, the hydrocarbons can be hydroisomerized using the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 6,103,099 or 6,180,575; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized using the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 4,943,672 or 6,096,940; Dewaxed using the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 5,882,505; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed using the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 6,013,171, 680, 301; or 6,165,949.  Unrefined oils, refined oils and re-refined, mineral or synthetic oils (as well as mixtures of two or more of any of these oils) of the type previously described may be used in the base oils.  Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a mineral or synthetic source without additional purification treatment.  For example, a shale oil obtained directly from autoclaving operations, a petroleum oil derived directly from primary distillation or an ester oil obtained directly by an esterification process and used without further treatment would be a unrefined oil.  Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils except that they have been further processed in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties.  Most of these purification techniques are known to those skilled in the art, examples being solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, etc.  The re-refined oils are obtained by methods similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils that have already been used.  These re-refined oils are also known as regenerated or reprocessed oils and are often further processed by techniques for the removal of spent additives, contaminants and oil degradation products.  Some of these types of base oils may be used for the specific properties they possess, such as biodegradability, high temperature stability or non-flammability.  In other compositions, other types of base oils may be preferred for reasons of availability or reduced cost.  Thus, those skilled in the art will recognize that although various types of base oils described above may be used in the lubricant compositions of the present invention, they are not necessarily equivalent to the others in each application.  In one aspect, the detergent for use in the additive composition described may be a metallic detergent.  A suitable metallic detergent may include an oil-soluble, neutral or overbased salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal formed with one or more of the following acidic substances (or mixtures thereof): (1) a sulfonic acid, ( 2) a carboxylic acid, (3) a salicylic acid, (4) an alkylphenol, (5) a sulfated alkylphenol and (6) an organic phosphorus acid characterized by at least one direct carbon-phosphorus linkage.  Such an organic phosphorus acid may include those prepared by treating an olefinic polymer (e.g., a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight of about 1000) with a phosphorus agent such as phosphorus trichloride, heptasulfide, and the like. phosphorus, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride and sulfur, white phosphorus and a sulfur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride.  The overbased term in relation to metal detergents is used to refer to metal salts in which the metal is present in amounts stoichiometrically greater than those of the organic radical.  The methods commonly used to prepare the overbased salts include heating a solution in a mineral oil of an acid with a stoichiometric excess of a metal neutralizing agent, such as oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or metal sulfide at a temperature of about 50 C, and filtration of the resulting product.  The use of a promoter in the neutralization step to facilitate incorporation of a large excess of metal is also known.  Examples of compounds useful as promoters include phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulfated alkylphenol and condensation products of formaldehyde with a phenolic substance; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol and cyclohexyl alcohol; and amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenylbetanaphthylamine and dodecylamine.  A particularly effective method for the preparation of the basic salts comprises mixing an acid with an excess of alkaline earth metal base neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol promoter, and carbonating the mixture with a high temperature such as a temperature in the range 60 C to 200 C.  Examples of suitable metal-containing detergents include, but are not limited to, neutral and overbased salts of such substances as neutral sodium sulfonate, overbased sodium sulfonate, sodium carboxylate, sodium salicylate, sodium phenate, sodium sulphide phenate, lithium sulphonate, lithium carboxylate, lithium salicylate, lithium phenate, lithium sulphide phenate, calcium sulphonate, calcium carboxylate, calcium salicylate calcium phenate, sulphurized calcium phenate, magnesium sulphonate, magnesium carboxylate, magnesium salicylate, magnesium phenoxide, sulphurized magnesium phenoxide, potassium sulphonate, potassium carboxylate, potassium salicylate, potassium phenate, sulphuretted potassium phenate, zinc sulphonate, zinc carboxylate, zinc salicylate, zinc phenate and a sulphurated zinc phenate.  Additional examples include a calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesium salt of a hydrolyzed phosphosulfurized olefin having from about 10 to about 2000 carbon atoms or a hydrolysed phosphosulfurized alcohol and / or an aliphatic substituted phenolic compound having about 10 to about 2000 carbon atoms.  Additional examples include a calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesium salt of an aliphatic carboxylic acid and an aliphatically substituted cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid and many other similar alkali metal and alkali metal salts. -terrous organic acids soluble in oil.  It is possible to use a mixture of a neutral or overbased salt of two or more different alkali and / or alkaline earth metals.  Similarly, it is also possible to use a neutral and / or overbased salt of mixtures of two or more different acids.  As is well known, overbased metal detergents are generally considered to contain overbased amounts of inorganic bases, generally in the form of microdispersions or colloidal suspensions.  Thus, the oil-soluble expression as applied to metal detergents is intended to refer to metal detergents in which inorganic bases are present which are not necessarily wholly or truly soluble in the oil. in the strict sense of this term, since these detergents, when mixed with base oils, behave essentially in the same manner as if they were fully and completely dissolved in the oil.  Collectively, the various metal detergents mentioned above in the present invention are sometimes referred to as organic acid salts containing neutral, basic or overbased alkali or alkaline earth metals.  Processes for the production of oil soluble, neutral and overbased alkaline earth metal containing detergents and detergents are well known to those skilled in the art and have been described in detail in the literature. patents.  See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 2,081,075; 2,095,538; 2,144,078; 2,163,622; 2,292,205; 2,335,017; 2,399,877; 2,416,281 2,451,346; 2,485,861; 2,501,731; 2,501,732 2,671,758; 2,616,904; 2,616,905; 2,616,906 2,616,924; 2,616,925; 2,617,049; 2,695,910 3,367,867; 3,496,105; 3,629,109; 3,865,737 10,400,085; 4,129,589; 4,137,184; 4,184,740 4,617,135; 4,647,387 and 4,880,550.  The metal detergents used in the present invention may, if desired, be boron-containing, oil-soluble, borated, neutral and / or overbased alkaline or alkaline earth metal-containing detergents.  Methods for the preparation of borated metal detergents are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,480,548; 3,679,584; 3,829,381; 3,909,691; 4,965,003 and 4,965,004.  The detergent may be present in the lubricant composition in any desired or effective amount.  In one aspect, the lubricant composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.8% by weight, for example about 0.05% to about 0.6%, and, by way of additional example, about 0%. From about 0.9% to about 0.4% by weight of detergent, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.  In one aspect, the additive composition may comprise about 0.06% to about 5% by weight, for example about 0.30% to about 3.6% and, as an additional example, about 0.54% by weight. % to about 2.38% by weight of detergent, based on the total weight of the additive composition.  However, those skilled in the art will understand that any quantity can be used.  The additive composition disclosed may comprise a phosphorus-containing compound.  In one aspect, the phosphorus-containing compound can be a phosphorus-containing, metal-containing compound.  For example, the phosphorus-containing, metal-containing compound may be metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate.  The metal in the metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate may be an alkali or alkaline earth metal or aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel or copper.  It is possible to use zinc salts, for example zinc dialkyldithiophosphates.  The metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates can be prepared according to known techniques by first forming a dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acid (DDPA), usually by reacting one or more alcohols or a phenol with P2S5 and then neutralizing the formed DDPA with a zinc compound.  For example, a dithiophosphoric acid can be prepared by reacting mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols.  Alternatively, it is possible to prepare multiple dithiophosphoric acids comprising both hydrocarbyl groups which are completely secondary in nature and hydrocarbyl groups which are of a totally primary nature.  To prepare the zinc salt, any basic or neutral zinc compound may be used, but oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are most commonly used.  The zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates may be oil-soluble salts of dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acids and may be represented by the following formula: ## STR5 ## wherein R and R 1 may represent identical or different hydrocarbyl radicals containing from about 1 to about 18, e.g. about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms and including radicals such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl and cycloaliphatic radicals.  In one aspect, the groups R 1 and R 1 may be alkyl groups of from about 2 to about 8 carbon atoms.  Thus, the radicals can be, for example, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, dry radicals. butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, butylphenyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl, propenyl and butenyl.  In order to achieve solubility in the oil, the total number of carbon atoms (i.e., in R and R1 in dithiophosphoric acid) may be generally equal to or greater than 5.  The zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate may therefore comprise zinc dialkyldithiophosphates.  In addition, the phosphorus-containing compound may comprise oil-soluble amine salts of a phosphoric acid ester, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,354,484 and US Pat. 5,763,372, cited for reference; and reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and a thiophosphoric acid.  The amine salts of a phosphoric acid ester can be prepared by reacting a phosphoric acid ester with ammonia or with a basic nitrogen compound, such as an amine.  The salts can be formed separately, and then the salt of the phosphoric acid ester can be added to the additive composition.  The phosphoric acid esters useful in the preparation of the amine salts of the present invention may be characterized by the formula: R 10 (X) (X) H (1) R 20 wherein R 1 may represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group, R2 may be hydrocarbyl and both X groups may be O or S.  An exemplary process for the preparation of compositions containing (I) comprises reacting at least one hydroxyl compound of formula ROH with a phosphorus compound of formula P2X5, wherein R can be a hydrocarbyl group and X can represent O or S.  the phosphorus-containing compounds obtained in this manner can be mixtures of phosphorus compounds and are generally mixtures of mono- and dihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphoric and / or dithiophosphoric acids depending on the choice of the phosphorus-containing reactant (e.g. that is P2O5 or P2S5).  The hydroxyl compound used in the preparation of the phosphoric acid esters of the present invention may be characterized by the formula ROH wherein R may be hydrocarbyl.  The hydroxyl compound reacted with the phosphorus compound may comprise a mixture of hydroxyl compounds of the formula ROH wherein the hydrocarbyl group R may contain from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.  However, it is necessary that the amine salt of the finally prepared substituted phosphoric acid ester be soluble in the lubricant compositions of the present invention.  In general, the group R contains at least about 2 carbon atoms, usually about 3 to about 30 carbon atoms.  The group R may be aliphatic or aromatic, examples being alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and alicyclic hydrocarbon groups.  Non-limiting examples of useful hydroxyl compounds of formula ROH include, for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, nonyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, amylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, methylcyclohexanol, alkylated naphthol and similar alcohols.  In one aspect, the ROH alcohols may be aliphatic alcohols and, for example, primary aliphatic alcohols containing at least about 4 carbon atoms.  Accordingly, examples of illustrative ROH hydroxyl alcohols which may be useful in the present invention include amyl alcohol, 1-octanol, 1-decanal, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, and the like. , 1-octadecanol, oleyl alcohol, linoleyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, phytol, myricyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and the like. behenyl alcohol.  Commercial alcohols (including mixtures) are contemplated in the present invention and such commercial alcohols may include small amounts of alcohols which, although not specified in the present invention, do not preclude achieve the main purpose of the present invention.  The molar ratio of hydroxyl compound ROH to phosphorus-containing reactant P2X5 in the reaction should be in the range of about 1: 1 to about 4: 1, an illustrative ratio being 3: 1.  The reaction can be carried out simply by mixing the two reactants at an elevated temperature such as temperatures of greater than about 50 ° C up to the decomposition temperature of any of the reactants or desired product. .  In one aspect, the temperature may range from about 50 ° C to about 150 ° C and may most preferably be less than about 100 ° C.  The reaction may be conducted in the presence of a solvent which facilitates temperature control and reaction mixture mixing.  The solvent may be any inert fluid substance in which one or both of the reactants are soluble, or the product is soluble.  These solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, naphtha, diethyl ether, carbitol, dibutyl ether, dioxane, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, carbon tetrachloride. and chloroform.  The product of the aforesaid reaction is acidic, but its chemical composition is not precisely known.  However, evidence indicates that the product is a mixture of acid phosphates mainly comprising phosphoric acid mono- and diesters (or thiophosphoric acid), the ester group being derived from ROH alcohol.  The amine salts of the present invention may be prepared by reacting the above-described phosphoric acid esters such as those represented by Formula I with at least one amino compound which may be primary or secondary.  In one aspect, the amines which are reacted with the substituted phosphoric acids to form the amine salts are primary hydrocarbylamines having the general formula R'NH 2 wherein R 'may be a hydrocarbyl group containing up to about 150 carbon atoms and will most often be an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group containing about 4 to about 30 carbon atoms.  In one aspect, the hydrocarbyl amines which are useful in the preparation of the amine salts of the present invention may be primary hydrocarbyl amines containing from about 4 to about 30 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group and, for example, about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms. carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group.  The hydrocarbyl group can be saturated or unsaturated.  Representative examples of saturated primary amines are those known as aliphatic primary fatty amines.  Typical fatty amines include alkylamines such as n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-pentadecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine (stearylamine ), etc.  These primary amines are available as distilled quality and as technical grade.  Although the distilled quality provides a purer reaction product, desirable amides and imides will form in reactions with technical grade amines.  Mixed fatty amines are also suitable.  In another aspect, the amine salts of the phosphorus-containing compound may be those derived from tertiary-aliphatic primary amines having at least about 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.  In most cases, they may be derived from alkylamines having a total number of less than about 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.  Generally, tertiary-aliphatic primary amines are monoamines represented by the formula: R (CH 3) 2 CNH 2 wherein R can be a hydrocarbyl group containing one to about 30 carbon atoms.  These amines can be exemplified by tert-butylamine, primary tert-hexylamine, 1-methyl-1-aminocyclohexane, primary tert-octylamine, primary tert-butylamine, primary tert-dodecylamine, primary tert-tetradecylamine, primary terthexadecylamine, primary tert-octadecylamine. , the primary tertiotetracosanylamine and the primary tert-octacosanylamine.  Amine mixtures are also useful for the purpose of the present invention.  Examples of amine mixtures of this type are a mixture of primary C 11 -C 14 tertiary alkyl amines and a similar mixture of primary C 18 to C 22 tertiary alkyl amines.  Primary tertiary alkylamines and processes for their preparation are well known to those skilled in the art and, therefore, further description is unnecessary.  The primary tertiaryalkylamine useful for the purposes of the present invention and methods for its preparation are described in US Pat. No. 2,945,749, which is hereby incorporated by reference in respect of its teaching therefor. respect.  Primary amines in which the hydrocarbon chain includes olefinic unsaturation are also very useful.  Thus, the groups R 'and R "may contain one or more olefinic unsaturations depending on the length of the chain, usually not more than one double bond per 10 carbon atoms.  Representative amines are dodecenylamine, myristoleylamine, palmitoleylamine, oleylamine and linoleylamine.  The secondary amines include dialkylamines having two of the foregoing alkyl groups comprising such commercial fatty secondary amines and also mixed dialkylamines wherein R 'is a fatty amine and R "may be lower alkyl (1 to 9 carbon atoms). carbon) such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl and the like, or R "may be alkyl having other non-reactive or polar substituents (CN, alkyl, carbalkoxy, amide, ether , thioether, halo, sulfoxide, sulfone) such that the essentially hydrocarbon character of the radical is not destroyed.  Fatty polyamines consisting of diamines include mono- or dialkylamines, symmetrical or asymmetric ethylene diamines, propanediamines (1,2 or 1,3) and polyamine analogs of the aforementioned amines.  Suitable polyamines include N-coco-1,3-diaminopropane, N-soya-alkyltrimethylenediamine, N-tallow-1,3-diaminopropane and N-oleyl-1,3-diaminopropane.  The oil soluble amine salts can be prepared by mixing the phosphoric acid esters described above with the amines described above at a temperature equal to or greater than room temperature.  In general, mixing at room temperature for a period of time up to about one hour is sufficient.  The amount of amine reacted with the phosphoric acid ester to form the salts of the present invention is at least about one equivalent by weight of the amine (based on the nitrogen) by equivalent of phosphoric acid, and the ratio of equivalents is generally about one.  Methods for the preparation of these amine salts are well known and described in the literature.  See, for example, United States Patents 2,063,629; 2,224,695; 2,447,288; 2,616,905; 3,984,448; 4,431,552; 5,354,484; Pesin et al. Zhurnal Obshchei Fhimii, Volume 31, No. 8, pp. 2508-2515 (1961); and PCT International Publication No. WO 87/07638, cited for reference.  Alternatively, the salts may be formed in situ when the acidic phosphoric acid ester is blended with the amines described above when forming a gear oil concentrate or the gear formulated oil itself. called.  Another phosphorus-containing compound for use in the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises the reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and thiophosphoric acids, also referred to herein as dicyclopentadiene dithioates.  The thiophosphoric acids have the formula: ## STR3 ## wherein R can be hydrocarbyl having from about 2 to about 30, for example about 3 to about 18 carbon atoms.  In one aspect, R comprises a mixture of hydrocarbyl groups containing from about 3 to about 18 carbon atoms.  In one aspect, the phosphorus-containing compound is at least one of neopentyl glycol phosphite compounds, a neopentyl glycol phosphite containing sulfur and a salt of a neopentyl glycol phosphite containing sulfur.  The dicyclopentadiene dithioates can be prepared by mixing dicyclopentadiene and dithiophosphoric acid for a period of time and at a temperature sufficient for the reaction of the thioacid with dicyclopentadiene.  Typical reaction times can range from 30 minutes to 6 hours, although suitable reaction conditions can be readily determined by those skilled in the art.  The reaction product may be subjected to conventional reprocessing after reaction, including vacuum stripping and filtration.  The phosphorus-containing compound may be present in the lubricant composition in any desired or effective amount.  In one aspect, the lubricant composition may comprise about 0.05% to about 3% by weight, for example about 0.2% to about 1.5%, and by way of additional example about 0.3% to about 1% by weight. % By weight of the compound, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.  In one aspect, the additive composition may comprise about 0.3% to about 18% by weight, for example about 1.2% to about 8.9%, and, as a further example, about 1.8% about 6% by weight of the compound, based on the total weight of the additive composition.  However, those skilled in the art will understand that any quantity can be used.  The additive composition disclosed may also include a friction modifier compound.  The friction modifier for use in the described additive composition may be selected from a variety of suitable compounds and substances useful for imparting this function to lubricant compositions.  The friction modifier can be used as a single type of compound or as a mixture of 2908783 different types of compounds.  Non-limiting examples of friction modifiers include a nitrogen compound, an ash-containing compound, and a non-nitrogen containing compound.  In one aspect, the described lubricant compositions may include a non-nitrogen containing compound and a molybdenum-containing compound.  The nitrogen-containing compound may be any compound that comprises a basic nitrogen atom.  In one aspect, the nitrogen-containing compound may be a long-chain alkyleneamine.  Long chain alkyleneamine friction modifier compounds include, for example, N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl substituted trimethylenediamines in which the N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl substituent is at least one straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl group free of acetylenic unsaturation and having about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms.  A non-limiting example of such friction modifier compounds is N-oleyltrimethylenediamine.  Other suitable compounds include N-tallow-trimethylenediamine and N-coco-trimethylenediamine.  A group of friction modifiers includes N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted diethanolamines wherein the N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl substituent is at least one straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl group lacking acetylenic unsaturation and having from about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms.  As used in the present invention, the term hydrocarbyl substituent or hydrocarbyl group is used in its usual sense, which is well known to those skilled in the art.  More specifically, it denotes a group having a carbon atom attached directly to the rest of the molecule and having a predominantly hydrocarbon character.  Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include: (1) hydrocarbon substituents, i.e., aliphatic (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents and aromatic and substituted substituents aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic, as well as cyclic substituents in which the ring is supplemented by another part of the molecule (for example two substituents together form an alicyclic radical); (2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of the present invention, do not modify the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent (e.g. halo (especially chloro and fluoro) hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso and sulfoxy); (3) heterosubstituents, i.e., substituents which, although having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of the present invention, contain atoms other than carbon atoms in a ring or chain made up of carbon atoms.  The heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and include substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl substituents.  In general, a number no greater than two, for example not greater than one,

  Non-hydrocarbon substituents will be present for each group of ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; usually there will be no non-hydrocarbon substituent in the hydrocarbyl group.  As described above, the friction modifier may comprise a mixture of different compounds, such as a combination of at least one N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted diethanolamine and at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted trimethylenediamine. N-aliphatic wherein the N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl substituent is at least one straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl group lacking acetylenic unsaturation and having from about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms.  Further details regarding this association of friction modifiers are set forth in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,372,735 and 5,441,656, which are hereby incorporated by reference.  The friction modifier may be a compound containing ash.  In one aspect, the ash-containing compound may be a molybdenum-containing compound.  The molybdenum-containing compound for use in the lubricant compositions described in the present invention may be free of sulfur and / or phosphorus.  A sulfur and phosphorus-free, molybdenum-containing compound can be prepared by reacting a source of sulfur and phosphorus-free molybdenum with an organic compound containing amino groups and / or alcohol.  Examples of sulfur and phosphorus free sources of molybdenum include molybdenum trioxide, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate and potassium molybdate.  The amino groups can be monoamines, diamines or polyamines.  The alcohol groups may be monosubstituted alcohols, diols or bis-alcohols or polyalcohols.  For example, the reaction of diamines with fatty oils gives a product containing both amino groups and alcohol groups that can react with the source of sulfur and phosphorus-free molybdenum.  Examples of sulfur and phosphorus-free molybdenum-containing compounds appearing in patents and patent applications which are fully incorporated by reference include: compounds prepared by reacting certain basic nitrogen compounds with a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,259,195 and 4,261,843.  Compounds prepared by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxyalkyl amine with a molybdenum source as defined in US Pat. No. 4,164,473.  Compounds prepared by reacting a phenol-aldehyde condensation product, a monoalkylated alkylene diamine and a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,266,945.  Compounds prepared by reacting a fatty oil, diethanolamine and a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,889,647.  Compounds prepared by reacting a fatty oil or a fatty acid with 2- (2-aminoethyl) aminoethanol and a molybdenum source as defined in US Pat. No. 5,137,647.  Compounds prepared by reacting a secondary amine with a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,692,256.  Compounds prepared by reacting a diol, a diamino alcohol or an amino alcohol with a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 412130.  Compounds prepared by reacting a fatty oil, a monoalkylated alkyleneamine, a molybdenum source as defined in European Patent Application EP 1 136 496 A1.  Compounds prepared by reacting a fatty acid, a monoalkylated alkylenediamine, glycerides and a molybdenum source as defined in European Patent Application EP 1 136 497 A1.  Compounds prepared by reacting a fatty oil, diethanolamine and a molybdenum source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,889,647.  In one aspect, a sulfur-containing molybdenum-containing compound may also be used in the lubricant compositions described in the present invention.  The sulfur-containing, molybdenum-containing compound can be prepared by various methods.  One method comprises reacting a source of sulfur and phosphorus-free molybdenum with an amino group and one or more sources of sulfur.  Sulfur sources may include, but are not limited to, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sodium sulfide, and elemental sulfur.  Alternatively, the sulfur-containing molybdenum-containing compound can be prepared by reacting a sulfur-containing source of molybdenum with an amino group or a thiuram group and optionally a second source of sulfur.  By way of example, the reaction of molybdenum trioxide with a secondary amine and carbon disulfide produces molybdenum dithiocarbamates.  Alternatively, the reaction of (NH4) 2M03S13 * n (H20) f wherein n is about 0 to 2 with tetraalkylthiuram disulfide produces a tricyclic molybdenum dithiocarbamate containing sulfur.  Non-limiting examples of sulfur-containing, molybdenum-containing compounds appearing in patents and patent applications include the following: compounds prepared by reacting molybdenum trioxide with a secondary amine and carbon disulfide, in the manner as defined in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,509,051 and 3,356,702.  Compounds prepared by reacting a sulfur-free molybdenum source with a secondary amine, carbon disulfide and an additional sulfur source as defined in US Pat. No. 4,098,705.  Compounds prepared by reacting a molybdenum halide with a secondary amine and carbon disulfide as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,178,258; compounds prepared by reacting a molybdenum source with a basic nitrogen compound and a sulfur source as defined in US Pat. Nos. 4,263,152, 4,265,773, 4,272,387, 4. 285,822, 4,369,119, 4,395,343.  Compounds prepared by reacting ammonium tetrathiomolybdate with a basic nitrogen compound as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,283,295; compounds prepared by reacting an olefin, sulfur, an amine and a molybdenum source, as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,362,633; compounds prepared by reacting ammonium tetrathiomolybdate with a basic nitrogen compound and an organic sulfur source as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,402,840; compounds prepared by reacting a phenol compound, an amine and a molybdenum source with a source of sulfur as defined in US Patent No. 4,466,901; compounds prepared by reacting a triglyceride, a basic nitrogen compound, a molybdenum source, and a sulfur source as defined in US Patent No. 4,765,918; compounds prepared by reacting alkali metal alkylthioxanthates with molybdenum halides as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,966,719; compounds prepared by reacting tetraalkylthiuram disulfide with molybdenum hexacarbonyl, as defined in US Patent No. 4,978,464; compounds prepared by reacting an alkyldixanthogen with molybdenum hexacarbonyl as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,990,271; compounds prepared by reacting alkali metal alkyl xanthates with dimolybdenum tetraacetate as defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,995,996; compounds prepared by reacting (NH4) 2M03S13 * 2H20 with an alkali metal dialkyldithiocarbamate or tetra-alkylthiuram disulfide as defined in US Pat. No. 6,232,276; compounds prepared by reacting an ester or acid with a diamine, a molybdenum source and carbon disulfide as defined in US Pat. No. 6,103,674; compounds prepared by reacting an alkali metal dialkyldithiocarbamate with 3-chloropropionic acid and then with molybdenum trioxide as defined in US Pat. No. 6,117,826.  Non-limiting examples of molybdenum-containing compounds include molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum amides, molybdenum thiophosphates, molybdenum thiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, and the like.  Additional examples of ash-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, titanium-containing compounds and tungsten-containing compounds.  Another suitable group of friction modifiers includes non-nitrogen containing compounds, such as polyol esters, for example glycerol monooleate (GMO), glycerol monolaurate (GML) and the like.  The friction modifier compound may be present in the lubricant composition in any desired or effective amount.  In one aspect, the lubricant composition may comprise from about 0.05% to about 3% by weight, for example about 0.2% to about 1.5% by weight, and, by way of further example, about 0%. 3% to about 1% by weight of the compound, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.  In one aspect, the additive composition may comprise about 0.3% to about 18% by weight, for example about 1.2% to about 8.9% by weight and, as a further example, about 1% to about 18% by weight. From 8% to about 6% by weight of the compound, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.  However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that any quantity can be used.  The dispersant for use in the described additive composition may be selected from any of the ashless dispersants known in the art.  Suitable ashless dispersants may include ashless dispersants such as succinimide dispersants, Mannich base dispersants, and polymeric polyamine dispersants.  Hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agents can be used to prepare hydrocarbyl substituted succinimides.  The hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agents include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acids, hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides, hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid halides (e.g., acid fluorides and chlorides). acids) and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid esters of lower alcohols (eg, those containing up to 7 carbon atoms), i.e. hydrocarbyl-substituted compounds which can act as carboxylic acylating agents.  Hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agents can be prepared by reacting a chlorinated polyolefin or polyolefin having an appropriate molecular weight with maleic anhydride.  Similar carboxylic reactants can be used to prepare the acylating agents.  These reactants may include, but are not limited to, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, and the like. citraconic anhydride, mesaconic acid, ethylmaleic anhydride, dimethylmaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, hexylmaleic acid and similar reactants, including the corresponding lower aliphatic acid halides and esters. .  The molecular weight of the olefin may vary depending on the intended use of the substituted succinic anhydrides.  Usually, the substituted succinic anhydrides may comprise a hydrocarbyl group of about 8 to 500 carbon atoms.  However, substituted succinic anhydrides used to prepare the lubricating oil dispersants may typically comprise a hydrocarbyl group of about 40 to 500 carbon atoms.  With high molecular weight substituted succinic anhydrides, it is more accurate to refer to the number average molecular weight (Mn) since the olefins used to prepare these substituted succinic anhydrides may comprise a mixture of constituents having molecular weights. various resulting from the polymerization of low molecular weight olefinic monomers such as ethylene, propylene and isobutylene.  The molar ratio of maleic anhydride to olefin can vary widely.  It may vary, for example, in the range of about 5: 1 to about 1: 5 or, for example, in the range of about 1: 1 to about 3: 1.  With olefins such as polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 7000 or, as a further example, from about 800 to about 3000 or more than 3000 and ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers, the maleic anhydride may be used in a stoichiometric excess, for example in an amount of 1.1 to 3 moles of maleic anhydride per mole of olefin.  Unreacted maleic anhydride may be vaporized from the resulting reaction mixture.  Polyalkenylsuccinic anhydrides can be converted to polyalkylsuccinic anhydrides using standard reduction conditions such as catalytic hydrogenation.  For catalytic hydrogenation, a suitable catalyst is a palladium on carbon catalyst.  Similarly, polyalkenyl succinimides can be converted to polyalkylsuccinimides using similar reduction conditions.  The polyalkyl or polyalkenyl substituent on the succinic anhydrides used in the present invention may be derived generally from polyolefins which are polymers or copolymers of monoolefins, particularly 1-monoolefins, such as ethylene, propylene and the like. butylene.  The monoolefin used may have from about 2 to about 24 carbon atoms or, as a further example, from about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms.  Other suitable monoolefins include propylene, butylene, especially isobutylene, 1-octene and 1-decene.  Polyolefins prepared from these mono-olefins include polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutene and polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-decene.  In some aspects, the ashless dispersant may comprise one or more alkenyl succinimides of an amine having at least one primary amino group capable of forming an imide group.  The alkenyl succinimides may be formed by conventional methods, for example by heating an anhydride, acid, acid ester, acid halide or alkenyl succinic lower alkyl ester with an amine containing at least one primary amino group.  The alkenyl succinic anhydride can be readily prepared by heating a mixture of a polyolefin and maleic anhydride at a temperature of about 180 to 220 ° C.  The polyolefin may be a polymer or copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, isobutene and the like. having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 300 to about 3000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).  Amines that can be used in forming the ashless dispersant include any amine that has at least one primary amino group that can react to form an imide group and at least one additional primary or secondary amino group and / or or at least one hydroxyl group.  Some representative examples are: N-methylpropanediamine, N-dodecylpropanediamine, N-aminopropylpiperazine, ethanolamine, N-ethanolethylenediamine, and similar amines.  Suitable amines may include alkylene polyamines, such as propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine, di- (1,2-butylene) triamine and tetra (1,2-propylene) pentamine.  A further example includes ethylenepolyamines which may be represented by the formula H 2 N (CH 2 CH 2 -NH) nH, wherein n may be an integer from about one to about ten.  These amines include: ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), and the like. , as well as their mixtures, in which case n represents the average value of the mixture.  These ethylene-polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so that they can form monoalkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides.  Commercially available ethylenepolyamine mixtures may contain small amounts of branched species and ring entities such as N-aminoethylpiperazine, N, N'-bis (aminoethyl) piperazine, N, N'-bis, and the like. (piperazinyl) ethane, and similar compounds.  The commercial blends may have approximate total compositions within the range corresponding to amines ranging from diethylenetriamine to tetraethylenepentamine.  The molar ratio of polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride to polyalkylene polyamines may range from about 1: 1 to about 3.0: 1.  In some aspects, the dispersant may comprise the reaction products of a polyethylene polyamine, for example triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine, with a hydrocarbon-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride prepared by reacting a polyolefin, such as polyisobutene, having a suitable molecular weight, with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, for example maleic anhydride, malic acid, fumaric acid, or a similar compound, including mixtures of two or more than two of these substances.  Polyamines which are also suitable in the preparation of the dispersants described in the present invention include N-arylphenylenediamines, such as N-phenylphenylenediamines, for example N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-1,3-phenylenediamine. and N-phenyl-1,2-phenylenediamine; aminothiazoles such as aminothiazole, aminobenzothiazole, aminobenzothiadiazole and aminoalkylthiazole; aminocarbazoles; amino indoles; aminopyrroles; amino-indazolinones; aminomercaptotriazoles; aminopyrimidines; aminoalkylimidazoles, such as 1- (2-aminoethyl) imidazole, 1- (3-aminopropyl) imidazole and aminoalkylmorpholines such as 4- (3-aminopropyl) morpholine.  These polyamines are described in more detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,863,623 and 5,075,383, which are hereby incorporated by reference.  Additional polyamines useful in the formation of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides include polyamines having at least one primary or secondary amino group and at least one tertiary amino group in the molecule, as described in the US Pat. No. 5,634,951 and 5,725,612, cited for reference.  Non-limiting examples of suitable polyamines include N, N, N ", N" -tetraalkyldialkylenetriamines (two terminal tertiary amino groups and a central secondary amino group), N, N, N ', N "-tetraalkyltrialkylenetetramines ( a terminal tertiary amino group, two internal tertiary amino groups and a terminal primary amino group), N, N, N ', N ", N'" - pentaalkyltrialkylenetetramines (a terminal tertiary amino group, two internal tertiary amino groups and a terminal secondary amino group), tris (dialkylaminoalkyl) aminoalkylmethanes (three terminal tertiary amino groups and a terminal primary amino group) and similar compounds, wherein the alkyl groups are the same or different and usually contain no more than about 12 carbon atoms each, and which may contain about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms each.  As a further example, these alkyl groups may be methyl and / or ethyl groups.  Such polyamine reactants may include dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and N-methylpiperazine.  Suitable hydroxyamines in the present invention include compounds, oligomers or polymers containing at least one primary or secondary amine capable of reacting with the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride.  Examples of hydroxyamines suitable for use in the present invention include aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA), aminopropyldiethanolamine (APDEA), ethanolamine, diethanolamine (DEA), partially propoxylated hexamethylenediamine (eg, HMDA-2PO). or HMDA-3PO), 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and 2-amino-1,3-propanediol.  The molar ratio of amine to hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride may be in the range of about 1: 1 to about 3.0: 1.  Another example of a molar ratio of amine to hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride may range from about 1.5: 1 to about 2.0: 1.  The above-mentioned dispersant may also be a post-treated dispersant prepared, for example, by treating the dispersant with maleic anhydride and boric acid as described, for example, in the US Pat. No. 5,789,353, or treating the dispersant with nonylphenol, formaldehyde and glycolic acid as described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,137,980, cited in their entirety for reference.  The Mannich base dispersants may be a reaction product of an alkyl phenol, usually having a long-chain alkyl substituent on the ring, with one or more aliphatic aldehydes containing from about 1 to about 7 carbon atoms (e.g. formaldehyde and its derivatives) and polyamines (especially polyalkylene polyamines).  For example, an ashless dispersant of the Mannich base type can be formed by condensing approximately a molar proportion of a long chain hydrocarbon substituted phenol with about 1 to about 2.5 moles of formaldehyde and about 0.5 to about 2 moles of a polyalkylene polyamine.  Hydrocarbon sources for the preparation of the Mannich polyamine dispersants can be those derived from substantially saturated petroleum fractions and olefinic polymers, such as monoolefin polymers having 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.  The hydrocarbon source may generally contain, for example, at least about 40 carbon atoms and, as a further example, at least about 50 carbon atoms to give the dispersant substantial solubility in the oil.  The olefinic polymers having a number average molecular weight, determined by GPC, in the range of about 600 to 5000 may be suitable.  However, higher molecular weight polymers can also be used.  Suitable hydrocarbon sources may be isobutylene polymers and polymers prepared from a mixture of isobutene and a raffinate stream.  Suitable Mannich base dispersants can be Mannich base type ashless dispersants formed by condensing approximately a molar proportion of a long chain hydrocarbon substituted phenol with about 1 to about 2.5 moles of formaldehyde. and about 0.5 to about 2 moles of a polyalkylene polyamine.  Dispersants of polymeric polyamines suitable as ashless dispersants are polymers containing basic amine groups and oil solubilizing groups (eg, pendant alkyl groups having at least about 8 carbon atoms).  These substances are illustrated by interpolymers formed from various monomers such as decyl methacrylate, decyl vinyl ether or relatively high molecular weight olefins, with aminoalkyl acrylates and aminoalkylacrylamides.  Examples of polymeric polyamine dispersants are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,493,520; 3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849 and 3,702,300.  The polymeric polyamines may include hydrocarbyl polyamines in which the hydrocarbyl group consists of the polymerization product of isobutene and a raffinate stream 1 as described above, a PIB-amine and PIB-polyamines may also be used. to be used.  Methods for the production of ashless dispersants as described above are known to those skilled in the art and are described in the patent literature.  For example, the synthesis of various ashless dispersants of the aforementioned types is described in patents such as US Pat. Nos. 2,459,112; 2,962,442; 2,984,550; 3,036,003 3,163,603; 3,166,516; 3,172,892; 3,184,474; 3,202,678 3,215,707; 3,216,936; 3,219,666; 3,236,770; 3,254,025 3,271,310; 3,272,746; 3,275,554; 3,281,357; 3,306,908 2908,783 3,311,558; 3,316,177 3,346,493; 3,351,552 3,399,141; 3,413,347 3,442,808; 3,444,170, 3,451,933; 3,454,497 3,461.172; 3,467,668 3,539,633; 3,541,012 3,565,804; 3,567,637 3,591,598; 3,600,372; 3,634,515; 3,649,229 3,704,308; 3,725,277 3,736,357; 3,751,365 3,798,247; 3,803,039 36 3,331,776 3,355,270 3,415,750 3,448,047 3,454,555 3,493,520 3,542,680 3,574,101 3,630,904 3,697,428 3,725,441 3,756,953 3,804,763 3,340,281; 3,341,542 3,368,972; 3,381,022 3,433,744; 3,438,757 3,448,048; 3,448,049 3,454,607; 3,459,661 3,501,405; 3,522,179 3,543,678; 3,558,743 3,576,743; 3,586,629 3,632,510; 3,632,511 3,697,574; 3,703,536 3,725,480; 3,726,882 3,793,202; 3,798,165,836,471; 3,862,981 3,872,019; 3,904,595; 3,936,480; 3,948,800; 3,950,341; 3,957,746; 3,957,854; 3,957,855; 3,980,569; 3,985,802 3,991,098; 4,006,089; 4,011,380; 4,025,451; 4,058,468 4,071,548; 4,083,699; 4,090,854; 4,173,540; 4,234,435; 4,354,950; 4,485,023; 5,137,980, and Re 26,433, cited for reference.  An example of a suitable ashless dispersant is a borated dispersant.  Borated dispersants may be formed by boration of an ashless dispersant comprising basic nitrogen and / or at least one hydroxyl group in the molecule, such as a succinimide dispersant, a succinamide dispersant, a dispersant, and the like. succinic ester type, a succinic ester-amide dispersant, a Mannich base dispersant, or a hydrocarbyl amine or polyamine dispersant.  Methods which can be used for the boration of the various types of ashless dispersants described above are described in U.S. Patents 3,087,936; 3,254,025; 3,281,428 3,282,955; 2,284,409; 2,284,410; 3,338,832; 3,344,069; 3,533,945; 3,658,836; 3,703,536; 3,718,663; 4,455,243 and 4,652,387, all cited in their entirety by way of reference.  The borated dispersant may comprise a high molecular weight dispersant treated with boron such that the borated dispersant comprises up to about 2% by weight of boron, for example, an amount of approximately equal to or less than 0.8%. by weight of boron, by way of further example an amount of from about 0.1 to about 0.7% by weight of boron and, by way of further example, from about 0.25 to about 0, 7% by weight boron and, as another example, from about 0.35 to about 0.7% by weight boron.  The dispersant can be dissolved in an oil of suitable viscosity to allow easy handling.  It should be understood that the weight percentages given herein relate to the pure dispersant without any added diluent oil.  A dispersant may be further reacted with an organic acid, an anhydride and / or an aldehyde / phenol mixture.  Such a process can increase compatibility with elastomeric seal seals, for example.  The borated dispersant may further comprise a mixture of borated dispersants.  By way of further example, the borated dispersant may comprise a nitrogen-containing dispersant and / or may be free of phosphorus.  In one aspect, the dispersant for use in the lubricant composition described may be an ethylene-propylene dispersant.  In particular, the dispersant may be an ethylene-propylene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride and reacted with n-phenylphenylenediamine.  Low molecular weight ethylene alpha-olefin anhydride anhydride dispersants described in US Pat. Nos. 5,075,383 and 6,117,825, incorporated by reference, may also be conveniently used in the art. present invention.  Polymers also suitable in the present invention are ethylene-alpha olefin polymers disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 266,223; 5,350,532 and 5,435,926, cited for reference.  Ethylene propylene diene polymers, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,952,637, 5,356,999, 5,374,364 and 5,424,366, also incorporated by reference, are also suitable.  A crosslinked low molecular weight succinic ethylene-propylene-succinic anhydride dispersant can also be conveniently used in the present invention.  These crosslinked dispersants are similar to the low molecular weight ethylene-alpha-olefin-succinic anhydride dispersants described above, but additionally contain a multifunctional polyamine to achieve advantageous crosslinking, as described in the US Pat. United States No. 6,107,258, cited for reference.  Suitable dispersants are derived from ethylene-alpha-olefin polymers having a molecular weight ranging from about 300 to about 25,000, for example from about 1,000 to about 15,000; as a further example from about 5,000 to about 15,000.  In a further aspect, the dispersant may be a functionalized, amine derivatized, highly grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer as described in detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,139,688 and 6,107,257. cited for reference.  In one aspect, the dispersant may be a functionalized olefinic copolymer.  The substrate polymer or copolymer may be prepared from ethylene and propylene or may be prepared from ethylene and at least one higher olefin in the range of C3-C23 olefins.  Non-limiting examples of polymers for use in the present invention include copolymers of ethylene and at least one C3-C23 alpha-olefin.  In one aspect, copolymers of ethylene and propylene can be used.  Other suitable alpha-olefins in place of propylene to form the copolymer or to be used in combination with ethylene and propylene to form a terpolymer include 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, and the like. -pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and styrene; α,--diolefins such as 1,5-hexadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene; branched chain alpha-olefins such as 4-methylbutene-1,5-methylpentene-1 and 6-methylheptene-1 and mixtures thereof.  More complex polymeric substrates, often referred to as interpolymers, may be prepared using a third component.  The third component generally used to prepare an inter-polymer substrate may be a polyene monomer selected from non-conjugated dienes and trienes.  The nonconjugated diene component may be a component having 5 to 14 carbon atoms in the chain.  For example, the diene monomer may be characterized by the presence of a vinyl group in its structure and may include cyclic compounds and bicyclo compounds.  Representative dienes include 1,4-hexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-methylene-2-norbornene, 1,5-heptadiene and 1, 6-octadiene.  A mixture of several dienes can be used in the preparation of the interpolymer.  In one embodiment, a non-conjugated diene for the preparation of a terpolymer or interpolymer substrate may be 1,4-hexadiene.  The triene component may have at least two unconjugated double bonds and up to about 30 carbon atoms in the chain.  Typical trienes useful in the preparation of the interpolymer of the present invention may be 1-isopropylidene-3a, 4,7,7-tetrahydroindene, 1-isopropylidenedicyclopentadiene, dihydro-isodicyclopentadiene and 2- methylene-4-methyl-3-pentenyl) (2. 2. 1) bicyclo-5-heptene.  Ethylene propylene or higher alpha-olefin copolymers may comprise about 15 to 80 mole percent ethylene and about 85 to 20 mole percent C 3 to C 23 alpha-olefin with, for example, molar amounts of about 35 to 75 mole percent of ethylene and about 65 to 25 mole percent of a C3 to C23 alpha-olefin with proportions of, for example, 50 to 70 percent by weight. moles of ethylene and from 50 to 30 mole percent C 3 to C 23 alpha-olefin and, by way of further example, from 55 to 65 mole percent ethylene and 45 to 35 mole percent one hundred mole of C3 to C23 alpha-olefin.  Terpolymer variants of the above polymers may comprise from about 0.1 to 10 mole percent of a non-conjugated diene or triene.  The terms polymer and copolymer may be used generally to refer to ethylene copolymers, terpolymers or interpolymers.  These substances may include small amounts of other olefinic monomers as long as the basic characteristics of the ethylene copolymers are not materially modified.  Those skilled in the art will know how to prepare these functionalized olefinic copolymers.  For example, U.S. Patent No. 6,107,257, incorporated by reference, describes processes for the preparation of functionalized olefinic copolymers.  The dispersant may also be an alkyl poly (meth) acrylate copolymer comprising units derived from: (A) from about 12 to about 18 percent by weight of methyl methacrylate; (B) from about 75 to about 85 percent by weight of C10-C15 (meth) acrylate (s) and (C) from about 2 to about 5 percent by weight of a nitrogenous monomer serving as a dispersant.  The alkyl poly (meth) acrylate copolymers may include the reaction products of: (A) from about 12 to about 18 percent by weight of methyl methacrylate; (B) from about 75 to about 85 percent by weight of C10-C15 alkyl (meth) acrylate and (C) from about 2 to about 5 percent by weight of a nitrogenous monomer serving as a dispersant.  As used in the present invention, the term C 10 -C 15 alkyl (meth) acrylate means an alkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid having a straight or branched alkyl group of 10 to 15 carbon atoms per group including, but not limited to, decyl (meth) acrylate, isodecyl (meth) acrylate, undecyl (meth) acrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, myristyl (meth) acrylate, dodecylpentadecyl methacrylate and mixtures thereof.  The alkyl (meth) acrylate comonomers containing 10 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl group can be prepared generally by standard esterification procedures using technical grades of long chain aliphatic alcohols, and these Commercially available alcohols are mixtures of alcohols having varying chain lengths in the alkyl groups.  Accordingly, for purposes of the present invention, the term (meth) acrylate alkyl is intended to refer not only to the individual alkyl (meth) acrylate product mentioned, but also to mixtures of the (meth) acrylates of alkyl with a predominant amount of the particular alkyl (meth) acrylate mentioned.  Nitrogen dispersing monomers suitable for use in the present invention include dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides such as N, N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide; N, N-diethylaminopropylmethacrylamide; N, N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide and N, N-diethylaminoethylacrylamide and dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate; N, N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl thiomethacrylate.  In one aspect, the alkyl poly (meth) acrylate copolymers consist essentially of the reaction products of (A), (B) and (C).  However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that small amounts of other monomers, polymerizable with the (A), (B) and / or (C) monomers described in the present invention, may be present as long as they are present. have no adverse effect on the low temperature properties of fully formulated fluids.  Usually, the additional monomers are present in an amount of less than about 5 percent by weight, for example less than 3 percent by weight and, by way of further example, less than 1 percent by weight. weight.  For example, the addition of small amounts of monomers, such as C 2 -C 9 alkyl (meth) acrylates, hydroxy or alkoxy-functional alkyl (meth) acrylates, ethylene, propylene, Styrene, vinyl acetate and similar monomers are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.  In one aspect, the sum of the 20 percentages by weight of (A), (B) and (C) is 100%.  The copolymers can be prepared by various polymerization techniques including radical polymerization and anionic polymerization.  Conventional radical polymerization processes can be used to prepare the copolymers.  The polymerization of the acrylic and / or methacrylic monomers can be carried out under different conditions, including bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, usually in a solvent.

  organic, preferably mineral oil, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and non-aqueous dispersion techniques. The dispersant may be present in the lubricant composition in any desired or effective amount. In one aspect, the lubricant composition may comprise from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, for example about 1% to about 7% and, by way of further example, about 2% to about 5% by weight. weight of the dispersant, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. In one aspect, the additive composition may comprise about 0.6% to about 59.5% by weight, for example about 5.95% to about 41.7% and, as a further example, about From 9% to about 29.8% by weight of the dispersant, based on the total weight of the additive composition.

According to various embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of the additive composition comprising a friction modifier and a dispersant, wherein the additive composition has at least 15 one of the properties consisting of reduced thin-film friction and increased fuel efficiency, as compared to an additive composition which is devoid of the friction modifier and the dispersant. Optionally, other components may be present in the described lubricant and / or additive compositions. Non-limiting examples of other components include antiwear agents, detergents, diluents, defoaming agents, demulsifiers, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, seal swelling agents. antioxidants, pour point depressants, antirust additives and friction modifiers. In one aspect, an engine, transmission, or gear can be lubricated with the described lubricant compositions. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the described lubricant compositions can be used to lubricate any part, for example any surface, such as those where thin film friction can occur. In one aspect, there is provided a method for lubricating a machine such as a motor, a transmission, an automobile gear, a gear train and / or an axle, including the step of providing the machine the lubricant compositions described.

In various aspects, there is provided a method for reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, comprising the step of providing to the fluid a lubricant composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition comprising detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant. In a further aspect, there is provided a method for reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, comprising the step of providing the fluid with a lubricant composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition. comprising a treatment modifier and a dispersant. In various aspects, there is provided a method for increasing fuel efficiency in a vehicle, comprising the step of providing a vehicle with a composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition comprising a detergent and a selected additive between a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant.

In other aspects, there is described a method for increasing fuel efficiency in a vehicle, comprising the step of providing a vehicle with a composition comprising a base oil and an additive composition comprising a friction modifier. and a dispersant. Also disclosed in the present invention is a method for lubricating a machine such as a motor, a transmission, an automobile gear, a gear train and / or an axle with the disclosed lubricant compositions.

In a further aspect, there is described a method for improving the fuel efficiency in a machine, such as a motor, a transmission, an automobile gear, a gear train and / or an axle, comprising the step of placing the lubricant compositions described in the machine, such as a motor, a transmission, an automobile gear, a gear train and / or an axle. It is further contemplated that the described lubricant compositions can be supplied to any machine for which fuel economy is a problem. EXAMPLE 1 - Effect of individual additives on thin film friction The effect of individual additives, such as a detergent, a phosphorus-containing compound (PA (containing phosphorus and containing a metal) and PB (containing phosphorus) and not containing metal), a friction modifier (FM-A (containing nitrogen), FM-B (not containing nitrogen) and FM-C (not containing nitrogen)), and a dispersant (DA (succinimide) and DB (polymer)) on the thin film friction upon addition to two base oils, Group II (G2) base oil and base oil Group IV (PAO4) is shown in Table 1. Thin-film friction was measured at 100 C / 20N load with a 20% to 1.5 m / s slip-to-rolling ratio. Table 1 also shows the percentage change in thin film friction as a function of the base oil, as can be seen, all additives except DA da ns G2 caused an increase in thin layer friction. However, D-A may cause an increase in thin film friction upon addition to PAO4.

TABLE 1 Coefficient% of variation of friction friction in thin film layer as a function of base oil G2 0.030 G2 + DETERGENT 0.069 130% G2 + PA 0.074 147% G2 + PB 0.050 68% G2 + FM-A 0.038 27% G2 + FM-B 0.035 17% G2 + AD 0.029 -3% G2 + DB 0.056 87% PAO4 0.027 --- PAO4 + AD 0.041 52% PAO4 + FM-A 0.035 30% PAO4 + FM-C 0.036 33% EXAMPLE 2 Effect of Additive Composition on Thin Film Friction of G2 Base Oil Table 2 shows the effect of an additive composition comprising a detergent and a additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound (PA and PB), a friction modifier (FM-A, FM-B and FM-C) and a dispersant (DA and DB) in a base oil G2 on the layer friction slim. The actual and calculated percentages of variation in thin-film friction are also listed in Table 2. When additives are combined in a base oil, a calculated percent change in the thin-film friction of the base oil 2908783 47 each individual additive, as listed in Table 1. For example, the calculated percent change in thin-film friction for detergent and PA combination in RLOP 100 base oil would be 5,277% (130%). + 147%). Table 2 shows these calculated percentages of variation in the thin-film friction determined from the effect of individual additives. If the actual percentage of variation in the thin-film friction for the additive combination is less than the calculated percentage percent of the thin-film friction, then the measured thin-film friction is surprisingly low and the combination of additives would exhibit better fuel economy properties, compared to planned properties.

TABLE 2 Coefficient of% variation of frictional variation in frictional friction in thin layer thin layer by thin layer relative to oil ratio base base oil REAL CALCULUS G2 + DETERGENT + PA 0.083 177% 277% G2 + DETERGENT + PB 0.053 77% 198% G2 + DETERGENT + FM-A 0.048 60% 157% G2 + DETERGENT + FM-B 0.059 97% 147% G2 + DETERGENT + DA 0.036 20% 127% G2 + DETERGENT + DA 0.049 63 % 217% In all the cases listed in Table 2, the additive composition comprising a detergent (Detergent) and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound (PA and PB), a friction modifier (FM-A and FM-B), and a dispersant (DA) in the G2 base oil showed a true percentage of variation in the thin-film friction less than the calculated percent percentage of the thin-film friction. As a result, the additive composition comprising a detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier, and a base oil dispersant exhibited surprisingly better thin-film friction, and thus fuel efficiency surprisingly better than expected. EXAMPLE 3 Effect of Additive Composition on Thin Film Friction of PAO4 Base Oil Table 3 shows the effect of an additive composition comprising a friction modifier (FM-A and FM-1). C) and a dispersant (DA) in a PAO4 base oil on the thin layer friction. The actual percentage of variation and the calculated percent change in thin-film friction are also listed in Table 3. In all the cases listed in Table 3, the additive composition comprising a friction modifier (FM-A and FM-C) and a dispersant (DA) in a PAO4 base oil exhibited a lower effective percentage of thin film friction variation than that calculated from the effect of the individual additives.

TABLE 3 Coefficient of% variation% of friction variation in frictional friction in thin layer thin layer in thin layer by oil ratio function base base oil CALCULE REAL PA04 + DA + FM-A 0.016 -42% 81% PA04 + DA + FM-C 0.013 -53% 85% In many places throughout this description, reference has been made to a number of United States of America, published foreign patent applications and published technical articles. All these documents mentioned are expressly mentioned in their entirety. For purposes of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, it is to be understood that all numerical values expressing quantities, percentages or proportions, and other numerical values used for the present invention are modified in any case by the term about . Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, the numerical parameters for the present invention are approximations which may vary depending on the desired properties sought to be achieved in the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents, each numerical parameter must at least be considered in the light of the number of significant digits indicated and by applying the usual rounding techniques. Despite the fact that the numerical intervals and parameters indicating the broad framework of the present invention are approximations, the numerical values given in the specific examples are mentioned as precisely as possible. However, any numerical value inherently contains some errors necessarily resulting from the usual difference existing in the respective test measurements. Furthermore, it should be understood that all the ranges described in the present invention include any and all of the sub-ranges contemplated in the present invention. For example, an interval less than 10 may comprise any and all of the subintervals between (and including) the minimum value zero and the maximum value 10, i.e., any one and the all subintervals having a minimum value equal to or greater than zero and a maximum value equal to or less than 10, for example 1 to 5. It should be noted that, in the manner used for the present invention, the forms in singular n, the, the, and the include the references to the plural except express and unequivocal limitation to a reference. Thus, for example, reference to an antioxidant includes reference to one or more different antioxidants. As used in the present invention, the term includes and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, so that mention of items in a list is not indicated to the exclusion of other similar articles. which may be substituted or added to the listed items. The present invention may be subject to considerable variation in its practice. Accordingly, the present invention is not intended to be limited, and should not be construed as being limited, to the particular illustrations set forth above.

It goes without saying that the present invention has been described for explanatory purposes, but in no way limiting, and that many modifications can be made without departing from its scope. An additive composition is characterized in that it comprises: a detergent; and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier, and a dispersant; the additive composition having at least one of reduced thin film friction and increased fuel efficiency, as compared to an additive composition which is free of detergent and additive. 2. The following additive composition may be characterized in that the phosphorus-containing compound is a phosphorus-containing compound containing sulfur. 3. The following additive composition can be characterized in that the sulfur-containing phosphorus-containing compound is selected from thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, a sulfur-containing neopentyl glycol phosphite and a phosphite salt thereof. neopentyl glycol containing sulfur. 4. The following additive composition may be characterized in that the friction modifier is at least one of non-nitrogen containing compounds, a nitrogen compound and an ash containing compound. 5. The following additive composition can be characterized in that the nitrogen compound is diethanolamine. 6. The following additive composition can be characterized in that the dispersant is at least one of succinimide, borated succinimide, Mannich dispersant, functionalized olefinic copolymer and poly (meth) copolymers. ) acrylate.

Claims (33)

  An additive composition, characterized in that it comprises: a detergent; and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier and a dispersant; the additive composition having at least one of reduced thin film friction and increased fuel efficiency, as compared to an additive composition which is free of detergent and additive.   2. Additive composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the phosphorus-containing compound is a phosphorus-containing compound containing a metal.   3. Additive composition according to claim 2, characterized in that the phosphorus-containing compound containing a metal is a metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate. 20   4. Additive composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate is a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.   An additive composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the phosphorus-containing compound is a phosphorus-containing compound containing sulfur.   6. Additive composition according to claim 5, characterized in that the sulfur-containing phosphorus-containing compound is selected from thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, a neopentyl glycol phosphite containing sulfur and a neopentyl glycol phosphite salt. containing sulfur.   An additive composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the friction modifier is at least one of non-nitrogen containing compounds, a nitrogen compound and an ash containing compound.   8. Additive composition according to claim 7, characterized in that the compound not containing nitrogen is a polyol ester. 5   9. Additive composition according to claim 8, characterized in that the polyol ester is chosen between glycerol monooleate and glycerol monolaurate.   10. Additive composition according to claim 7, characterized in that the nitrogen compound is a long-chain alkyleneamine.   11. additive composition according to claim 10, characterized in that the long-chain alkyleneamine is selected from N-oleyl-trimethylenediamine, N-tallow-trimethylenediamine, coco-trimethylenediamine and mixtures thereof.   12. additive composition according to claim 7, characterized in that the nitrogen compound is diethanolamine.   13. Additive composition according to claim 7, characterized in that the ash-containing compound is a compound containing molybdenum and comprising sulfur.   14. Additive composition according to claim 11, characterized in that the molybdenum-containing compound is selected from molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum amides, molybdenum thiophosphates, molybdenum thiocarbamates and mixtures thereof.   15. Additive composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the dispersant is at least one of succinimide, a borated succinimide, a Mannich dispersant, a functionalized olefinic copolymer and poly (meth) acrylate copolymers. .   16. Additive composition according to claim 15, characterized in that the dispersant is a functionalized ethylene-propylene copolymer derivatized with an amine and highly grafted.   A lubricant composition, characterized in that it comprises: a major amount of a base oil; and a minor amount of the additive composition of claim 1.   Motor, transmission or gear train, characterized in that it is lubricated with the lubricant composition according to claim 17.   A method of lubricating a machine, characterized in that it comprises the step of providing the machine with the lubricant composition of claim 17.   20. The method of claim 19, characterized in that the machine is a gear.   21. Process according to claim 19, characterized in that the machine is a motor. 15   22. Additive composition, characterized in that it comprises: a friction modifier; and a dispersant; the additive composition having at least one of reduced thin film friction and increased fuel efficiency, compared to an additive composition which is free of a friction modifier and a dispersant . 25   23. Additive composition according to claim 22, characterized in that the friction modifier is at least one of compounds consisting of a nitrogen-free compound, a nitrogen compound and an ash-containing compound. 30   24. Additive composition according to claim 22, characterized in that the dispersant is at least one of succinimide, a borated succinimide, a Mannich dispersant, a functionalized olefinic copolymer and poly (meth) acrylate copolymers. . 35   25. Lubricant composition, characterized in that it comprises: a major amount of a base oil; and a minor amount of the additive composition of claim 22.   26. A motor, transmission or gear train, characterized in that it is lubricated with the lubricant composition of claim 25.   27. A method of lubricating a machine, characterized by providing the machine with the lubricant composition of claim 25.   28. The method of claim 27, characterized in that the machine is a gear.   29. The method of claim 27, characterized in that the machine is a motor.   30. A method of reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, characterized in that it comprises the step of: providing the fluid with a lubricant composition comprising: a base oil; and an additive composition comprising: a detergent; and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier, and a dispersant.   31. A method for reducing the thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces, characterized in that it comprises the step of: providing the fluid with a lubricant composition comprising: a base oil; and an additive composition comprising a friction modifier and a dispersant.   32. Process for increasing fuel efficiency in a vehicle, characterized in that it comprises the step of. Providing a vehicle with a composition comprising: a base oil; and an additive composition comprising a detergent and an additive selected from a phosphorus-containing compound, a friction modifier, and a dispersant.   33. Process for increasing the fuel efficiency in a vehicle, characterized in that it comprises the step of. providing to a vehicle a composition comprising: a base oil; and an additive composition comprising a friction modifier and a dispersant.