FR2872147A1 - Portable rope hosting device, has winch with rotating drum to wind layer of rope around drum surface, and lateral deflector disposed at one lateral end of drum and guiding rope winding around drum on another layer superposed with former - Google Patents

Abstract

The device has a winch for winding a hosting rope. The winch has a rotating drum (9) with a spiral groove (10) for guiding the winding of a layer of the rope around the drum surface (11). A lateral deflector (12) is disposed at a lateral end (13) of the drum opposite to a lateral end (14) where an end of the rope is fixed. The deflector guides the rope winding around the drum on another layer superposed with the former layer.

Description

Portable lifting device comprising a deflector winch allowing

  The present invention relates to portable lifting devices, and more particularly to portable lifting devices comprising: - a lifting cable, - a winch for winding the lifting cable, - means to actuate the winch, - a remote attachment end of the winch and comprising at least one pulley for returning the cable, - a connecting arm between said attachment end and the winch, - means for hooking said end of hanging at a suspension point placed on a rigid structure external to the device.

  The prior art teaches devices of this type, and for example known document FR 1 152 937 which relates to such a lifting device. The devices of the prior art are relatively bulky with respect to the winch, either in terms of width or in terms of diameter, because of the length of cable necessary to which corresponds a winch winding drum. This large size of the winch leads to an additional disadvantage by the excess weight that results.

  The present invention aims in particular to overcome these disadvantages and to provide other advantages. More specifically, it relates to a portable lifting device comprising: - a hoisting rope, - a winch for the winding of the hoisting rope, - means for actuating the winch, - a remote hooking end of the winch and comprising at least one pulley for returning the cable, a linkage arm between said hooking end and said winch, means for hooking said hooking end to a suspension point placed on a rigid structure external to the device, said device being characterized in that the winch for winding the cable comprises: - a rotary drum provided with a spiral groove to allow guiding the winding of a first layer of the cable around the surface of the drum, - at least one first lateral deflector, disposed at a first lateral end of the drum opposite a second lateral end thereof where is fixed one end of the hoisting wire, for guiding the winding of the cable around the drum on at least a second layer superimposed on the first.

  The device according to the invention makes it possible, thanks to a winding of the lifting cable over several layers, to significantly reduce the size of the winch, advantageously both in terms of width and diameter, and therefore to reduce its weight accordingly. The multi-layer winding of the cable is made possible by the cooperation of one or more deflectors, more precisely a baffle for two superposed coiled cable layers, for guiding the hoisting cable when it is wound up when it passes from the first layer to the second layer, this operation to be carried out without jamming the cable to ensure the smooth running thereof, and to guide the beginning of winding of the cable on the second layer directly above the first, the turns of cable constituting the second layer bearing on the turns of cable constituting the first layer.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said winch further comprises a second lateral deflector disposed at said second lateral end for guiding the winding of the lifting cable around the drum on at least a third layer superimposed on the second.

  The presence of a second deflector allows a winding of the hoisting rope over three or more layers, because the two lateral ends of the drum that can jam the cable during the passage of the latter from a layer to the upper layer are provided with a deflector.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said winch further comprises side flanges drum.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, the device according to the invention comprises means for maintaining the lifting cable in pressure against the winding drum.

  This feature ensures a correct winding of the hoisting rope on the drum, that is to say a winding of the cable in its housing on the surface of the drum and then in stable support on the lower layers. In addition, as will be explained in more detail with the description of an exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention, this characteristic makes it possible to prevent an inadvertent unwinding of the cable inside the winch when unwind it by pulling through the free end of the cable.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said means for maintaining the lifting cable in pressure against the winding drum comprise at least one rigid abutment parallel to a generatrix of the outer surface of the drum, able to bear on all the turns of the cable of hoisting wound on the upper layer of winding of the cable around the drum.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, the device according to the invention comprises three rigid stops regularly distributed around the drum, provided respectively with elastic support means against the lifting cable.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, the device according to the invention comprises safety means for preventing the unwinding of all the turns of the hoisting cable wound on the drum.

  This feature makes it possible to ensure that the hoisting rope is started in a suitable manner in its housing formed on the surface of the drum. In addition, it represents a safety cable mooring, the coupling force to the drum can thus be distributed by adhesion to the turns of the cable that can not be unrolled.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said security means comprise a retractable finger disposed in the drum and under a fraction of said spiral winding groove of the cable beyond which the hoisting cable must not be unrolled, so that when the hoisting cable releases as said groove fraction, the finger extends beyond the surface of the drum so as to constitute an obstacle locking means of the rotation of the drum capable of abutting against a fixed portion of the winch.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said at least one first lateral deflector extends over an angular sector of at least 130.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said second lateral deflector extends over an angular sector of at least 90.

  According to an advantageous characteristic, said first deflector or first and second lateral deflectors respectively define two surfaces opposite to each other, said two surfaces opposite one another forming between them a non-zero angle P.

  Other features and advantages will become apparent on reading the following description of an exemplary embodiment of a portable lifting device according to the invention, accompanied by the accompanying drawings, an example given by way of nonlimiting illustration.

  Figures 1 to 5 respectively show perspective views of five mounting steps of an exemplary embodiment of a lifting device according to the invention.

  FIG. 6 represents a view from below of the device according to FIG. 5.

  Figure 7 shows an overall perspective view of the device shown in Figures 1 to 6 at the end of assembly.

  Figure 8 shows a side view of a first enlarged detail of the device shown in Figures 1 to 7, the winch drum.

  FIG. 9 represents a sectional view along the line B-B of FIG. 8. FIG. 10 represents a sectional view along the line A-A of FIG. 8.

  Figure 11 shows an enlarged detail of Figure 8, the first side baffle, in side view.

  FIG. 12 represents a front view of the first deflector shown in FIG.

  FIG. 13 represents a sectional view along the line C-C of FIG. 11.

  Figure 14 shows a perspective view of a second enlarged detail of the device shown in Figures 1 to 7, a winch drum flange.

  The device 1 shown as a whole in FIG. 7 comprises: a lifting cable 2, a winch 3 for winding the lifting cable 2, means 4 for actuating the winch, an end of hooking 5 away from the winch 3 and comprising at least one pulley 6 for the lifting cable 2, - a linkage arm 7 between the hooking end 5 and the winch 3, - hooking means 8 of the attachment end 5 to a suspension point 05 (not shown) placed on a rigid structure (not shown) external to the device, the winch 3 for winding the cable 2 comprising: - a rotary drum 9 provided with a spiral groove 10 for guiding the winding of a first layer of the cable around the surface 11 of the drum 9, as more particularly shown in Figures 9 and 10, - a first 12 lateral deflector, arranged to a first 13 lateral end of the drum 9 opposite e at a second lateral end 14 thereof which is fixed at one end 15 of the lifting cable 2, advantageously via a first side drum flange 16, as more particularly shown in FIGS. 5, 10 and 14, with a view to a guide of the winding of the cable 2 around the drum 9 on at least a second cable layer 2 superimposed on the first, - advantageously a second lateral deflector 17 disposed at the second lateral end of the drum 9, as more particularly shown on Figures 8 and 10, for a guide of the winding of the lifting cable 2 around the drum 9 on at least a third layer of cable 2 superimposed on the second.

  The lifting cable 2 is advantageously metallic, but may also consist of a rope or a strap according to the needs. For example, in the case of a wire rope, its diameter will be a function of the load to be lifted and the safety factor to be applied. The length of the cable is defined according to the needs of lifting height.

  The drum 9 of winch 3 is arranged free to rotate about an axis 20 in a housing 19 to prevent the winding or unwinding of the cable 2 is apparent, as shown in Figure 7. The housing 19 is provided a handle 21 allowing an operator to grip the device 1 for porting or gripping the winch 3 to allow its maneuver.

  The means for actuating the winch 4 include a control 22 of the winch 3, manual in the example shown, which advantageously comprises a right-of-way 23 outside the housing 19 and lateral to it, on the right side and advantageously on the left side to allow manipulation of the winch by a right-handed or left-handed, adopting for example the shape of a winch drive square, on which a crank (not shown) operable by the operator can be engaged in order to wind or unwind the cable 2 on the winch 3.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, the winch 3 comprises a supporting structure composed for example of two lateral plates 41, 42 rigidly connected by spacers 43 on which elements of the device are mounted; the plates 41 and 42 separated from each other by a determined distance defined by the length of the spacers 43 forming a volume 46 within which the various members of the winch will be arranged, as will be developed later. The winch drum 9 is rotatably mounted on the side plates 41 and 42 in respective bores provided for this purpose, as shown in FIG. 1 for one of the side plates, namely the plate 41, with the bore 44. The carrying structure 40 is dressed with the casing 19, as shown in FIG. 7, in order to protect the members placed inside the winch and to confer safety qualities on the device 1 with respect to the user and third parties. . In Figure 1, there is shown the mounting of the drum 9 on the carrier structure 40 with a gear 45 for driving the drum from the control 22 of the winch.

  The drum 9 is provided with two lateral flanges at each of its lateral ends 13 and 14, of which only one 16 has been shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 for the sake of clarity, the flange 16 on which the lifting cable 2 is fixed. . The lateral flanges of the drum make it possible to ensure a better guiding of the cable 2 coming from the attachment end 5 for a winding of the latter in superposed multiple layers.

  The connecting arm 7 is advantageously hollow in order to allow the passage of the cable 2 inside thereof over its length, and fixed rigidly to the carrier structure 40 of the winch, advantageously by means of the spacers 43 as shown in FIG. 5, the inlet of the arm 7 for the cable 2 to be aligned with the drum so that the cable can cross the link arm without rubbing regardless of the winding position of the cable over the width of the drum. The width of the cable passage at the entrance of the arm must be at least equal to the winding width of the cable on the drum.

  The spiral groove 10 formed on the surface of the drum 9 is advantageously a groove with contiguous turns, for guiding the cable 2 by optimizing the winding surface on the drum. The pitch of the groove 10 is a function of its width, which is itself a function of the diameter of the cable 2 to be wound, and determined so that the winding of the cable 2 takes place with joined turns or substantially contiguous turns. The groove may advantageously adopt a substantially semicircular section, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. At the end of the groove on the lateral end 13 of the drum opposite the end 14 of the departure, from the zone where the width groove is smaller than the diameter of the cable, the first deflector 12 comes into action to guide the winding of the cable 2 on the first cable layer already wound. The first deflector 12 prevents the cable from being housed between the flange (not shown) and the cable in the winding end zone of the first layer whose width is smaller than the diameter of the cable.

  The first deflector 12 for this purpose advantageously extends, in the example shown, on an opening or angular sector of about 135, as shown in FIG. 11. The angular opening of the first deflector 12, that is to say its extension along the intercept of the winding groove 9 with the lateral end surface 13 of the drum 9 is a function of the width of the groove and thus the diameter of the cable, and must be sufficient to prevent any jamming of the cable . The first deflector 12 has a bearing surface 46 for the cable which forms an angle θ with the opposite surface 47 of the deflector 12, preferably aligned with the lateral end surface 13 of the drum 9, in order to simplify the manufacture of the side flanges on the drum. The angle [3 of the deflector 12 is a function of the diameter of the cable; it must be determined for the cable 2 to be constrained on the extension of the angular opening of the deflector 12, to adopt the appropriate winding angle defining the appropriate winding pitch so that the cable 2 is wound with contiguous turns on the second layer. It should be noted that the angle (3) may define a winding pitch slightly different from the pitch of the groove 9, which may induce a slight clearance between two successive turns of winding.The first deflector 12 may adopt a shaped section. of L, as shown in Figures 12 and 13, to allow a shift between the winding end of the cable on the first layer and the beginning of winding of the second layer, if necessary.

  The second lateral deflector 17 disposed at the second lateral end of the drum 9 makes it possible to prevent the cable from getting caught between the side flange of the drum and the second winding layer of the cable 2. It is therefore higher than the first in the case where only three layers are stacked for the operation of the device 1. In the example shown, the second deflector 17 adopts an opening or angular sector of the order of 93, this opening being however a function of the necessary length of guiding the cable to accompany its passage from the second layer to the upper winding layer without being able to jam. The second deflector 17 has a bearing surface 48 for the cable which forms a non-zero angle y (not shown) with the opposite surface 49 of the deflector 12 along the length thereof, corresponding to the same functionality as the angle R of the first deflector, the opposite surface 49 being preferably aligned with the lateral end surface 14 of the drum 9, to simplify the manufacture of side flanges drum. The angle y of the deflector 17 is a function of the diameter of the cable; it must be determined for the cable 2 to be constrained on the extension of the angular opening of the deflector 12, to adopt the appropriate winding angle defining the appropriate winding pitch so that the cable 2 is wound with contiguous turns on the third layer.

  The first 12 and second 17 deflectors will advantageously removably attached to the drum 9, for example by means of screws 50 as shown in Figure 10, so that they can be easily replaced when worn.

  As shown in FIG. 14, the cable 2 is advantageously fastened at one of its ends to the lateral flange 16 of the drum so that its position once fixed gives it the appropriate starting angle of winding in order to align with the groove 10 of the drum 9, as shown in FIG.

  The device 1 advantageously comprises means for maintaining the lifting cable 2 against the winding drum 9, comprising three rigid stops 51, 52, 53 parallel to a generatrix of the outer surface of the drum 9, regularly distributed around the and provided respectively with resilient support means 54 against the lifting cable 2, so that these three stops are able to bear on all the turns of the hoisting cable wound on the upper layer of the cable winding around the drum. Generator of the outer surface of the drum means here a cylindrical surface with a right generatrix, enveloping the winding surface of the drum. Such a generator is normally tangent to all the cable turns of the upper winding layer. As more particularly shown in Figures 1 to 3, these stops 51, 52, 53 are advantageously fixed to the winch via the spacers 43 of the carrier structure 40, and are for example each constituted by a support strip 55 on the cable 2, placed at the end of a rotary lever, and kept in contact with the wound cable by means of a wound wire spring acting on the rotary lever. FIG. 3 shows the assembly of two stops 51 and 52 grouped on the same support 57, the latter being fixed on two spacers 43 of the carrying structure 40.

  The device shown in the figures advantageously comprises security means 56 for preventing the unwinding of all the turns of the lifting cable 2 wound on the drum 9, these safety means advantageously comprising a retractable finger 58 disposed in the drum 9 and under a fraction 59 of the spiral winding groove 10 of the cable beyond which the lifting cable is not to be unrolled, so that when the hoisting cable releases the groove fraction, the finger 58 extends beyond the surface of the drum 9 so as to constitute an obstacle locking means of the rotation of the drum capable of abutting against a fixed portion of the winch. Figure 10 shows the drum 9 with the finger 58 in the deployed position. In the example shown, the turn fraction 59 in which the retractable finger 58 is installed is located in the third turn from the beginning of the winding, as illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10.

  The retractable finger 58 is articulated on the drum 9 by means of an axis 60 so that the finger 58 can adopt two extreme positions: - a first in which it is entirely arranged under the groove fraction 59 at which it acts and a second position in which it is deployed out of the groove 10 so as to constitute a lever projecting from the surface of the drum connected to the latter and adapted to constitute in this position an obstacle to the rotation of the drum when the projecting lever a suitable stop 61 is located on the fixed part of the winch 3, for example an abutment fixed on the spacers 43 of the carrier structure 40 of the winch 3, as represented in FIG. 2 which illustrates the mounting of this abutment 61 on the winch 3 .

  The finger 58 is advantageously maintained, under the tension of a return spring 62, under the groove 10, under the effect of the pressure exerted by the cable 2 passing through the groove 10 above the fraction 59, and when the part of the cable 2 located above this groove fraction 59 is unwound, the deployment of the finger 58 is made possible by the effect of the return spring 62. Once deployed, the rotation of the drum 9 for the unwinding of the cable 2 is continues until the finger 58 deployed encounters in its stroke the stop 61 and thus immobilizes the drum, preserving about three turns of cable which remain wound on the drum 9. An axis 63 implanted in the drum 9 can allow to limit the moving the finger 58 between the two extreme positions explained above, by means of a slot 64 made in the finger around the axis 63, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. If, however, the three cable turns of which the unfolding The fingertips 58 must be used, for example to use the corresponding cable length, the device 1 will advantageously comprise means making it possible to make the retractable finger 58 inoperative, for example a pin or the like (not shown) locking, but releasably, under the effect of a specific action of the operator, the finger 58 in its retracted position under the groove 10 so that the release of the groove fraction 59 by the cable does not cause the deployment of the finger 58.

  Figure 4 illustrates the mounting of the control 22 of the winch 3 on the carrier structure 40 of the winch. The control 22, or the winch 3, may advantageously be provided with any known load limiting system (not shown), and / or load holding security (not shown), and / or a 24 declutching system (Not shown) of the winch drum to release the drum so that it can rotate freely to extract the cable more quickly by pulling directly on it. The control 22 has on its axis a drive pinion 65 of the gear 45, as shown in FIG. 4.

  The remote attachment end 5 of the winch 3 and comprising at least one pulley 6 for returning the cable 2 is connected to the winch 3 via the connecting arm 7, rigid in the example shown. The hooking end 5, the winch 3 and the connecting arm 7 form a rigid assembly always in the case of the example shown, the hooking end 5 being fixed rigidly to the connecting arm 7. It is note that the attachment end can adopt any known shape, appropriate as needed, such as that described below.

  The attachment end 5 advantageously comprises two flanges 25 and 26 and side-mounted fixed on either side of the linkage arm 7 at its end 27 distal of the winch 3, by means of two bolts 28 for example, as shown in FIGS. FIGS. 5 or 7. The return pulley 6 is rotatably mounted between the flanges 25 and 26. The two flanges 25 and 26 are furthermore advantageously fixed together by spacers 39 making it possible to maintain a constant spacing between the flanges and to ensure appropriate rigidity of the hanging end.

  The device 1 advantageously comprises fastening means 8 comprising a rigid element 70, adopting for example a clevis shape articulated at a first end around the axis of rotation 71 of the pulley 6 of return, and defining at its second end a hooking point, for example adopting the shape of a hole 29 through it. The rigid element 70 is for example constituted by a U-shaped element forming a fork, the end of the legs of the U being hinged about the axis 71 of the pulley 6 of return and the base of the U being provided with a finger 30 mounted free to rotate on the base of the U to allow a freedom of rotation of the device 1 around a vertical or a straight line of a vertical, thereby defining a hooking point related to the attachment end 5 by a link having two degrees of freedom in rotation, namely a first around an axis parallel to the branches of the U and a second around the axis of rotation 71 of the pulley 6 return. In the example shown, the finger 30 is in fact rotatably mounted about an axis parallel to the branches of the U, perpendicular to the axis of the pulley 6 return, and intercepting the latter.

  The flanges 25 and 26 advantageously adopt a plate shape whose distal end of the winch 3 is preferably semicircular, as shown in the figures, so that the rigid element 70 in the form of a yoke can freely rotate for example over an amplitude. around 180 about the axis of the return pulley, so that a straight line defining a rotation amplitude of 180 advantageously forms a right or substantially right angle with a longitudinal axis of the link arm 7 between the end 5 3. As shown in FIG. 5 or 7, the U-shaped portion of the rigid element 70 encloses the flanges 25 and 26 which are thus advantageously located inside the branches of the U. The device 1 comprises advantageously means for adjusting the position of the attachment point on the attachment end 5, which advantageously comprise a plurality of indexing points of the attachment means 8 on the end of 5, each of the indexing points conferring on the link arm a determined angle a different, defined between a longitudinal axis of the link arm 7 and a vertical 73. These indexing points are defined by a plurality of holes 31 formed respectively in the end flanges 25 and 26, aligned in pairs between the flange 25 and the flange 26 to allow the insertion of a pin 18 through the two flanges in two aligned holes. The rigid element 70 has two holes 32, in the two branches of the U respectively, in correspondence of two indexing holes on the flanges 25 and 26. the holes 32 in the rigid element will be advantageously aligned with the hole 29 of attachment and the axis of rotation 71 of the idler pulley, as shown in FIG. 5 or 7. The pin 18 is intended to make it possible to prevent the rotation of the rigid element around the axis of rotation of the idler pulley. return, and to immobilize it in a determined indexation position chosen by the operator. The axis of the spindle 18 is advantageously parallel to the axis of rotation of the pulley 6 of return. The indexing holes on the flanges 25 and 26 are advantageously distributed respectively on two half-circles centered on the axis of the return pulley so that the corresponding holes of the rigid element and the indexing holes can be in position. facing each other when the rigid element rotates about the axis of the pulley 6 and that the operator can thus choose the desired angle a between the longitudinal axis of the connecting arm 7 and a vertical fixed point hooking, namely when the portable lifting device 1 is not suspended, the line defined by the axis of rotation of the finger 30 parallel to the branches of the U and intercepting the axis of rotation 71 of the pulley. The indexing holes are for example regularly spaced but may equally have an appropriate distribution according to the needs.

  It should be noted that the deflection of the rigid element around the axis of rotation of the return pulley 6 will also be made according to the needs, and may for example correspond to a clearance of the order of 90, thereby conferring an angle has adjustable between 90 and 180, while a deflection of the rigid element 180 gives the device an adjustable angle between 90 and 270. In the example shown, a flange 25 or 26 has eight indexing holes regularly spaced 25 giving the rigid element a clearance of 175 for an angle of between 90 and 265.

  Pin 18 consists of a shaft 35 at one end of which a handle 36 is disposed to allow an operator to introduce the pin into the indexing holes or extract them. Pin 18 may include any appropriate security system to prevent accidental removal. The indexing holes will be arranged on a radius such that the shaft 35 of the spindle is very close to the periphery of the return pulley 6, as shown in FIG. 4, in order to guarantee proper retention of the cable 2 in the pulley groove 6.

20 25 30 35

Claims (11)

  1. Device (1) portable lifting comprising: - a cable (2) for lifting, - a winch (3) for the winding of the lifting cable, - means for actuating (4) the winch, - one end fastening device (5) remote from the winch and comprising at least one pulley (6) for returning the cable, - a linkage arm (7) between said hooking end and said winch, - hooking means (8) from said hooking end to a suspension point placed on a rigid structure external to the device, said device being characterized in that the winch for winding the cable comprises: - a rotary drum (9) provided with a groove (10) spirally to allow guiding the winding of a first layer of the cable around the surface (11) of the drum, - at least a first (12) side deflector, arranged at a first (13) ) side end of the drum opposite a second (14) lateral end thereof where is fixed e an end (15) of the hoisting cable, for guiding the winding of the cable around the drum on at least a second layer superimposed on the first.   2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that said winch further comprises a second (17) lateral deflector disposed at said second (14) lateral end for guiding the winding of the hoisting rope around the drum (9) on at least one third layer superimposed on the second.   3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said winch further comprises side flanges (16) to the drum (9).   4. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises pressure maintaining means (51, 52, 53) of the cable (2) for lifting against the drum (9) winding .   5. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means for holding the lifting cable in pressure against the winding drum (9) comprise at least one stop (55) rigid parallel to a generatrix of the outer surface of the drum. , able to bear on all the turns of the hoisting cable wound on the upper layer of winding of the cable around the drum.   6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises three rigid stops (51, 52, 53) regularly distributed around the drum (9), respectively provided with resilient support means (54) against the cable (2). ) lifting.   7. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises safety means (56) for preventing the unwinding of all the turns of the cable (2) lifting wound on the drum (9).   8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that said security means (56) comprise a retractable finger (58) disposed in the drum and under a fraction (59) of said groove (10) spiral cable winding (2) beyond which the hoisting rope is not to be unrolled, so that when the hoisting rope releases said groove fraction as it passes, the finger extends beyond the drum surface (11) ( 9) so as to constitute an obstacle locking means of the rotation of the drum able to abut against a fixed part (61) of the winch (3).   9. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that said at least one first (12) lateral deflector extends over an angular sector of at least 130.   10. Device according to any one of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that said second (17) lateral deflector extends over an angular sector of at least 90.   11. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that said first (12) deflector, or said first (12) and second (17) side deflectors respectively define two surfaces opposite to each other (46, 47) and / or (48, 49), said two surfaces opposite to each other forming between them a non-zero angle ((3). 25 30 35