FR2808542A1 - QUICK COUPLER FOR ATTACHING A TOOL AT THE END OF THE ARM OF A LOADER OR THE LIKE - Google Patents
QUICK COUPLER FOR ATTACHING A TOOL AT THE END OF THE ARM OF A LOADER OR THE LIKE Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2808542A1 FR2808542A1 FR0005606A FR0005606A FR2808542A1 FR 2808542 A1 FR2808542 A1 FR 2808542A1 FR 0005606 A FR0005606 A FR 0005606A FR 0005606 A FR0005606 A FR 0005606A FR 2808542 A1 FR2808542 A1 FR 2808542A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- hooks
- quick coupler
- arm
- locked
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/36—Component parts
- E02F3/3604—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like
- E02F3/3609—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like of the quick acting type, e.g. controlled from the operator seat
- E02F3/3613—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like of the quick acting type, e.g. controlled from the operator seat with means for absorbing any play therebetween
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/36—Component parts
- E02F3/3604—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like
- E02F3/3609—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like of the quick acting type, e.g. controlled from the operator seat
- E02F3/3627—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like of the quick acting type, e.g. controlled from the operator seat with a hook and a longitudinal locking element
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Shovels (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
- Flanged Joints, Insulating Joints, And Other Joints (AREA)
- Hooks, Suction Cups, And Attachment By Adhesive Means (AREA)
- Manipulator (AREA)
- Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
- Automatic Tool Replacement In Machine Tools (AREA)
- Gripping On Spindles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1i 2808542 La présente invention est relative à des perfectionnements aux1i 2808542 The present invention relates to improvements to
attaches rapides pour fixer un outil, tel qu'un godet, à l'extrémité du bras quick couplers to attach a tool, such as a bucket, to the end of the arm
d'un chargeur.of a charger.
De la façon connue, une attache rapide comporte deux parties distinctes, dont l'une est rendue solidaire du bras et sera dénommée organe d'accrochage, tandis que l'autre, qui peut coopérer avec la première, résulte d'une modification de l'outil ou est constituée par une pièce rendue solidaire In known manner, a quick coupler has two separate parts, one of which is made integral with the arm and will be referred to as a hooking member, while the other, which can cooperate with the first, results from a modification of the tool or consists of a part made integral
de l'outil et sera dénommée ci-après "adaptateur". of the tool and will be referred to hereinafter as "adapter".
Plus précisément, I'une des parties comporte un berceau en forme de crochet susceptible de saisir un arbre porté par l'autre partie, les deux dites parties étant appliquées l'une contre l'autre par une rotation judicieuse de l'une d'entre elles autour de l'axe de l'arbre précité. Dans la plupart des cas cette rotation déclenche la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif de verrouillage automatique. Un tel dispositif est décrit, notamment, dans le brevet européen N 438931 ou dans la demande de brevet français N 99 12671 du 12 More specifically, one of the parts comprises a hook-shaped cradle capable of gripping a shaft carried by the other part, the two said parts being applied against one another by a judicious rotation of one of between them around the axis of the aforementioned tree. In most cases this rotation triggers the implementation of an automatic locking device. Such a device is described, in particular, in European patent N 438931 or in French patent application N 99 12671 of 12
octobre 1999.October 1999.
Dans le dispositif décrit dans la demande de brevet français précitée, l'adaptateur se présente sous la forme d'un étrier contre les champs des ailes duquel l'organe d'accrochage prend appui à la fin de sa rotation. Pour s'opposer à la création de jeux entre les deux pièces, les contacts In the device described in the aforementioned French patent application, the adapter is in the form of a stirrup against the fields of the wings from which the fastening member is supported at the end of its rotation. To oppose the creation of games between the two parts, the contacts
s'effectuent selon deux surfaces obliques disposées en vé. take place on two oblique surfaces arranged in a vee.
Ce dispositif ne donne pas entière satisfaction. En effet, comme il est utilisé dans un milieu salissant, composé de terre, de glaise et de cailloux formant un conglomérat susceptible d'adhérer aux parties métalliques, on a constaté qu'il fallait, avant le verrouillage de l'outil, s'assurer de la propreté This device is not entirely satisfactory. Indeed, as it is used in a dirty environment, composed of earth, clay and pebbles forming a conglomerate capable of adhering to the metal parts, it was found that before locking the tool, s' ensure cleanliness
2 28085422 2808542
du dispositif et éliminer toutes les impuretés susceptibles de se trouver entre des surfaces devant être mises en contact. En effet, si le contact n'est pas of the device and remove all impurities likely to be between surfaces to be contacted. Indeed, if the contact is not
total le verrouillage est rendu impossible. total locking is made impossible.
Selon l'invention, qui remédie à cet inconvénient, les contacts entre les deux pièces de l'attache rapide ont lieu en des points qui sont éloignés de According to the invention, which overcomes this drawback, the contacts between the two parts of the quick coupler take place at points which are distant from
l'axe commun de pivotement des deux dites pièces. the common pivot axis of the two said parts.
La présente invention sera mieux comprise par la description qui va The present invention will be better understood from the description which follows
suivre faite en se référant aux dessins annexés à titre d'exemple indicatif, seulement sur lesquels -la figure 1 est une vue en élévation d'une attache rapide conforme à l'invention appliquée à la fixation d'un godet à l'extrémité du bras d'un chargeur; -la figure 2 est une vue, analogue à la figure 1, montrant une phase ultérieure de l'accrochage; la figure 3 est une vue à plus grande échelle et limitée à l'attache montrant celle-ci en position de verrouillage de l'outil; -la figure 4 est une vue en coupe verticale de l'adaptateur; -la figure 5 est la vue de gauche de la figure 4; -la figure 6 est une vue en coupe effectuée selon la ligne VI-VI de la figure 4; -la figure 7 est une vue en élévation de l'organe d'accrochage; -la figure 8 est la vue de gauche de la figure 7; follow made with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of indicative example, only in which - Figure 1 is an elevational view of a quick coupler according to the invention applied to the attachment of a bucket at the end of the loader arm; FIG. 2 is a view, similar to FIG. 1, showing a later phase of the attachment; Figure 3 is a view on a larger scale and limited to the fastener showing the latter in the tool locking position; FIG. 4 is a view in vertical section of the adapter; FIG. 5 is the left view of FIG. 4; FIG 6 is a sectional view taken along line VI-VI of Figure 4; FIG. 7 is an elevation view of the attachment member; FIG. 8 is the left view of FIG. 7;
-la figure 9 est une vue en coupe effectuée selon la ligne IX-IX de la figure 7. FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along line IX-IX of FIG. 7.
-les figures 10 et 11 sont des vues en coupe effectuées respectivement FIGS. 10 and 11 are sectional views taken respectively
selon les lignes X-X et XI-XI de la figure 3, les vues en coupe étant redressées. according to lines X-X and XI-XI of Figure 3, the sectional views being straightened.
Da la façon connue, I'attache rapide comporte deux parties 1 et 2. La partie 1, qui constitue l'organe d'accrochage, est articulée, par un arbre 3 à In the known manner, the quick coupler has two parts 1 and 2. Part 1, which constitutes the attachment member, is articulated by a shaft 3 to
3 28085423 2808542
l'extrémité du bras 4 d'une pelle mécanique et elle peut pivoter autour de l'axe de cet arbre. La partie 2, ou adaptateur, est rendue solidaire, d'un godet the end of the arm 4 of a mechanical shovel and it can pivot around the axis of this shaft. Part 2, or adapter, is made integral with a bucket
, par exemple., for example.
D'une façon générale, les moyens utilisés pour verrouiller la partie 1 sur celle 2 sont identiques à ceux décrits dans la demande de brevet français N 99 12671. Cela signifie que la partie 2 présente une extension 6, en forme de crochet, susceptible de traverser un orifice de la partie médiane 7 de la pièce 1 pour déverrouiller une plaque de verrouillage qui, sous l'action de In general, the means used to lock part 1 on part 2 are identical to those described in French patent application N 99 12671. This means that part 2 has an extension 6, in the form of a hook, capable of pass through an orifice in the middle part 7 of the part 1 in order to unlock a locking plate which, under the action of
ressorts 9 (voir fig.7), s'insère sous l'épaulement 6a du crochet 6. springs 9 (see fig. 7), fits under the shoulder 6a of the hook 6.
La partie 1 présente, au moins, une extension 10 de support d'un arbre 11 s'étendant de part et d'autre de ladite extension. La partie 2 présente deux crochets 12 ménageant entre eux un espace suffisant pour permettre le passage de l'extension 10. Il est à noter que, lorsque l'outil 5 repose sur le sol, les crochets 12 s'ouvrent vers le bas ce qui évite que de la terre stagne Part 1 has, at least, an extension 10 for supporting a shaft 11 extending on either side of said extension. Part 2 has two hooks 12 providing sufficient space between them to allow passage of the extension 10. It should be noted that, when the tool 5 rests on the ground, the hooks 12 open downwards which prevents earth from stagnating
dans les creux desdits crochets.in the hollows of said hooks.
Par une manceuvre judicieuse du bras 4 on engage l'extension 10 entre les crochets 12, puis on soulève le godet (fig.2) tout en faisant pivoter la pièce 1 autour de l'axe de l'arbre 11 pour amener cette dernière dans la position représentée sur la figure 3, qui correspond à celle de verrouillage du By judicious maneuvering of the arm 4, the extension 10 is engaged between the hooks 12, then the bucket is raised (FIG. 2) while pivoting the part 1 around the axis of the shaft 11 to bring the latter into the position shown in Figure 3, which corresponds to that of locking the
godet, la pièce 1 étant appliquée contre celle 2. bucket, part 1 being applied against that 2.
Durant la rotation précitée, il est nécessaire que rien ne s'oppose au contact entre les deux pièces 1 et 2 car, autrement, la plaque de verrouillage During the aforementioned rotation, it is necessary that nothing prevents the contact between the two parts 1 and 2 because, otherwise, the locking plate
ne peut pas s'insérer sous la partie 6a du crochet 6. cannot be inserted under part 6a of hook 6.
4 28085424 2808542
Dans les dispositif connus, le contact entre les deux pièces 1 et 2 s'effectue selon une longueur L (fig.2) qui est très importante et si de la terre adhère à l'une ou l'autre des surfaces devant entrer en contact dans une zone située près de l'arbre 11, le verrouillage entre les pièces 1 et 2 sera impossible. Selon l'invention, le contact entre les pièces 1 et 2, bien que s'effectuant de la façon connue selon deux surfaces disposées en Vé, a lieu In known devices, the contact between the two parts 1 and 2 takes place over a length L (fig. 2) which is very large and if soil adheres to one or the other of the surfaces which must come into contact in an area near the shaft 11, locking between parts 1 and 2 will be impossible. According to the invention, the contact between the parts 1 and 2, although taking place in the known manner along two surfaces arranged in a Vee, takes place
sur une portion très réduite 13 située à l'opposé des crochets 12. on a very reduced portion 13 located opposite the hooks 12.
La pièce 1 présente, sur une longueur au moins égale à la longueur L, des portées obliques 14, I'angle A qui, sur la figure 9, est celui formé par chaque portée oblique et l'horizontale, étant égal à celui B qui, sur la figure 6, The part 1 has, over a length at least equal to the length L, oblique spans 14, the angle A which, in FIG. 9, is that formed by each oblique span and the horizontal, being equal to that B which , in Figure 6,
est celui formé par la surface 13 et l'horizontale. is that formed by the surface 13 and the horizontal.
Chaque surface 13 se prolonge par une surface 15 qui forme avec l'horizontale (fig.6) un angle C supérieur à celui B. Il est à noter que les bords supérieurs des surfaces 13 et 15 correspondante sont dans le prolongement l'un de l'autre. De ce fait, et comme cela ressort des figures 10 et 11, I'espace qui subsiste entre les pièces 1 et 2 assemblées est obturé latéralement de façon à s'opposer à Each surface 13 is extended by a surface 15 which forms with the horizontal (fig. 6) an angle C greater than that B. It should be noted that the upper edges of the corresponding surfaces 13 and 15 are in the extension one of the other. Therefore, and as is apparent from Figures 10 and 11, the space which remains between the parts 1 and 2 assembled is closed laterally so as to oppose
l'introduction intempestive de terre et autres. untimely introduction of earth and the like.
Comme cela ressort de la figure 11, si des impuretés sont présentes sur l'une ou l'autre des surfaces 15 ou 14, celles-ci peuvent se loger dans l'espace 16 subsistant entre les deux pièces 1 et 2 et s'étendant sur la As can be seen from FIG. 11, if impurities are present on either of the surfaces 15 or 14, these can become lodged in the space 16 remaining between the two parts 1 and 2 and extending on the
majeure partie de la longueur de la pièce 2. most of the length of the part 2.
En réduisant l'importance des surfaces en contact on favorise, By reducing the size of the surfaces in contact, we favor,
intempestivement, I'apparition de jeux destructeurs. inadvertently, the appearance of destructive games.
Selon l'invention, on remédie à cet inconvénient en prévoyant des moyens qui s'oppose à tout déplacement relatif entre les crochets 12 et According to the invention, this drawback is remedied by providing means which oppose any relative movement between the hooks 12 and
l'arbre 11 lorsque les deux pièces sont verrouillées l'une sur l'autre. the shaft 11 when the two parts are locked on each other.
Selon un mode de réalisation, la pièce 1 présente, au droit de l'arbre 11, une butée 17 concave formée par une surface cylindrique à directrice circulaire centrée sur l'axe de l'arbre 11. L'un des crochets 12, au moins, présente une portion extérieure 12a constituée par une surface cylindrique à directrice circulaire qui, dans le cas de la figure 2, est centrée sur l'axe de l'arbre 11 et dont le rayon est, au jeu fonctionnel près, égal à celui de la directrice de la surface formant la butée 17. La portion 12a se raccorde, sans solution de continuité, à une portion 12b dont la distance à l'axe précité According to one embodiment, the part 1 has, in line with the shaft 11, a concave stop 17 formed by a cylindrical surface with circular director centered on the axis of the shaft 11. One of the hooks 12, at less, has an outer portion 12a constituted by a cylindrical surface with circular director which, in the case of FIG. 2, is centered on the axis of the shaft 11 and whose radius is, apart from the functional clearance, equal to that of the directrix of the surface forming the stop 17. The portion 12a is connected, without continuity, to a portion 12b whose distance from the aforementioned axis
décroît jusqu'à son extrémité 12c. decreases to its end 12c.
De cette façon et comme cela ressort de la figure 3, lorsque les pièces 1 et 2 sont verrouillées l'une sur l'autre, la portion 12a est disposée en In this way and as is apparent from FIG. 3, when the parts 1 and 2 are locked one on the other, the portion 12a is arranged in
regard de la butée 17 et aucun déplacement n'est possible à ce niveau. look at the stop 17 and no displacement is possible at this level.
Les moyens décrits jusqu'à présent ont pour effet de s'opposer à l'apparition de jeux pouvant entraîner un déplacement des pièces 1 et 2 dans un plan vertical. Comme les surfaces d'appui 13 sont réduites, il importe de The means described so far have the effect of opposing the appearance of games which can cause the parts 1 and 2 to move in a vertical plane. As the bearing surfaces 13 are reduced, it is important to
prévoir des moyens pour compenser le manque de guidage latéral. provide means to compensate for the lack of lateral guidance.
Selon l'invention et comme cela ressort de la figure 8 et 5, les faces externes 18 de l'extension 10 et celles internes 19 des crochets 12 sont fortement dépouillées étant fait observer que la distance d mesurée à la According to the invention and as can be seen from FIGS. 8 and 5, the external faces 18 of the extension 10 and those internal 19 of the hooks 12 are strongly stripped, it being observed that the distance d measured at the
6 28085426 2808542
naissance desdits crochets est égale, au jeu fonctionnel près, à la distance D birth of said hooks is equal, to the nearest functional clearance, to the distance D
mesurée à la naissance de l'extension 10. measured at the birth of extension 10.
De cette façon, on constate qu'un jeu important existe à l'instant o l'arbre va pénétrer dans les crochets 12 et que ce jeu va diminuer durant la rotation de la pièce 1 pour être nul lorsque les deux pièces 1 et 2 sont In this way, it can be seen that a large clearance exists at the instant when the shaft will penetrate the hooks 12 and that this clearance will decrease during the rotation of the part 1 to be zero when the two parts 1 and 2 are
verrouillées l'une sur l'autre.locked to each other.
7 28085427 2808542
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0005606A FR2808542B1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2000-05-03 | QUICK ATTACHMENT FOR ATTACHING A TOOL AT THE END OF THE ARM OF A LOADER OR THE LIKE |
AU2001254902A AU2001254902A1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-04-23 | Fast coupling element for fixing a tool to the end of a loading arm or the like |
AT01928032T ATE290134T1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-04-23 | QUICK COUPLING DEVICE FOR ATTACHING A TOOL TO THE END OF A LOADER BOOM OR THE LIKE |
EP01928032A EP1278915B1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-04-23 | Fast coupling element for fixing a tool to the end of a loading arm or the like |
DE60109149T DE60109149D1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-04-23 | QUICK COUPLING DEVICE FOR FIXING A TOOL AT THE END OF A CHARGER OR DGL |
PCT/FR2001/001235 WO2001083893A1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-04-23 | Fast coupling element for fixing a tool to the end of a loading arm or the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0005606A FR2808542B1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2000-05-03 | QUICK ATTACHMENT FOR ATTACHING A TOOL AT THE END OF THE ARM OF A LOADER OR THE LIKE |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2808542A1 true FR2808542A1 (en) | 2001-11-09 |
FR2808542B1 FR2808542B1 (en) | 2003-03-07 |
Family
ID=8849815
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR0005606A Expired - Lifetime FR2808542B1 (en) | 2000-05-03 | 2000-05-03 | QUICK ATTACHMENT FOR ATTACHING A TOOL AT THE END OF THE ARM OF A LOADER OR THE LIKE |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1278915B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE290134T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001254902A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60109149D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2808542B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001083893A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102005056505B3 (en) * | 2005-11-28 | 2007-02-08 | Robert Riedlberger | Quick-change fixing device for tools has centring discs fixed on catch bolt and a control plate fixed on a counter member so that complete engagement of device is only possible when bolt has reached lowest position in catch hook |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3556323A (en) * | 1968-12-23 | 1971-01-19 | Damian M Heimmermann | Quick-connect coupler for bucket on excavating machine |
NL7904335A (en) * | 1979-06-01 | 1980-12-03 | Bofors Nederland | Implement coupling mechanism to excavator boom - has intermediate piece with clamping lug secured by wedge shaped bar |
US4311428A (en) * | 1979-05-16 | 1982-01-19 | Wain-Roy, Inc. | Connectors |
US4871292A (en) * | 1987-12-17 | 1989-10-03 | Richard Milanowski | System for attaching and locking material handling tools to a dipper boom |
EP0521560A2 (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 1993-01-07 | Methold 's-Hertogenbosch B.V. | A coupling piece |
NL1003097C2 (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 1997-11-18 | Den Heuvel Werkendam B V Van | Coupling between implement, e.g. excavator bucket, and excavator boom |
US5890871A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-04-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Latching mechanism for a quick coupler |
US5915837A (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 1999-06-29 | Caterpillar Inc. | Quick-disconnect coupling device |
-
2000
- 2000-05-03 FR FR0005606A patent/FR2808542B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-04-23 AU AU2001254902A patent/AU2001254902A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-04-23 EP EP01928032A patent/EP1278915B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-23 DE DE60109149T patent/DE60109149D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-23 WO PCT/FR2001/001235 patent/WO2001083893A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-04-23 AT AT01928032T patent/ATE290134T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3556323A (en) * | 1968-12-23 | 1971-01-19 | Damian M Heimmermann | Quick-connect coupler for bucket on excavating machine |
US4311428A (en) * | 1979-05-16 | 1982-01-19 | Wain-Roy, Inc. | Connectors |
NL7904335A (en) * | 1979-06-01 | 1980-12-03 | Bofors Nederland | Implement coupling mechanism to excavator boom - has intermediate piece with clamping lug secured by wedge shaped bar |
US4871292A (en) * | 1987-12-17 | 1989-10-03 | Richard Milanowski | System for attaching and locking material handling tools to a dipper boom |
EP0521560A2 (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 1993-01-07 | Methold 's-Hertogenbosch B.V. | A coupling piece |
NL1003097C2 (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 1997-11-18 | Den Heuvel Werkendam B V Van | Coupling between implement, e.g. excavator bucket, and excavator boom |
US5915837A (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 1999-06-29 | Caterpillar Inc. | Quick-disconnect coupling device |
US5890871A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-04-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Latching mechanism for a quick coupler |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2808542B1 (en) | 2003-03-07 |
EP1278915B1 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
AU2001254902A1 (en) | 2001-11-12 |
DE60109149D1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
EP1278915A1 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
ATE290134T1 (en) | 2005-03-15 |
WO2001083893A1 (en) | 2001-11-08 |
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