FR2542274A2 - Sailing boat with a submerging keel offset to windward of a supporting sail - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to sailing boats, in particular multihulls, which bring about simultaneously, between the keel offset to windward of the sail and the sail: a balance in rolling by immersion of the keel and support of the sail, and a balance in yawing by relative horizontal displacement between the keel and the sail, function of the point of sailing of the sailing boat. The sail 1 is inclined, the top to windward, and the keels 6 and 7 are inclined, the bottom to leeward. The float 15 is self-orientable and can lift. The sailing boat is displaced obliquely following a direction which is determined by the orientations of the floats 8 and 9. Changing tack is carried out by inversion of the direction of displacement of the floats 8 and 9. The sailing boat according to the invention has a rapid multihull sailing boat design of sporting nature.

Description

 The present invention relates to sail machines, whose sail plan is levator and operates either in relation to the surface of the water, or at altitude as a deer-solent.

 Existing yachts use directly or indirectly the effect of any weight to stabilize at the cottage: ballast, hull, secondary float ...

 There are numerous patents which concern on the one hand: the reduction of the sailboat's pair of gats, generally obtained either by action on the sail which is made, for example, by a lift, or by action on the drift, and on the other hand: lift of the hull by wings with a hydrodynamic profile called wings of hy droptères.La implementation of the means of reduction of the sail boat and of sustentatioi of the hull did not always gave rise to satisfaiaaetes achievements, because Side effects appear and reduce the primary effectiveness of the sail plan and drift plan.

 For example, a provision according to the French patent 2,462,337 amounts to stabilize the boat at the cottage by fins that the configuration presented can no longer simultaneously play the role of drifting which is also incumbent on them, in US Patents No. 3,295,487. and French n01.594.395, there is a contradiction between the use of a sloping wing lift and levellers drifting to the wind of the wing, because the vertical upward force created by the drift tends to promote the heel.

US Pat. No. 4,280,428 shows a favorable evolution because the drift remains merely vertical, without any carrier effect, but the author does not go to the end of the logic underlying his patent because the concept of combining means of immersion of the drift to the means of levitation of the wing is not released.

 Furthermore, the French patent No. 1,494o784 describes an aquatic glider constituting a towed accessory that can limit the gesture of a pre-existing boat, but the means of implementation of this machine when it is an integral part of the sailboat were not envisaged and when it is towed by kite the means described do not correspond to a practical operation.ie concept of immersion of the plane of drift located at the wind of the wing of a sailboat, does not seem to have been cleared because the At first we have been preoccupied with sustenting the hull by hydrofoil wings, which are certainly effective, but whose limits of effectiveness are at present attained.

A sailing craft according to the invention is of the type comprising a plane of drift, which corresponds approximately to the projected surface on a longitudinal plane of all submerged parts such as Xcarènea, fins proper and rudders plane, located in the wind and at a distance of the plane of the plane, characterized in that the plane of drift is associated with the following means:
means for immersing the drift plane, consisting in particular of:
in a substantially horizontal surface, for example fixed the base of a vertical drift, creating a descending vertical hydrodynamic force.

 in the drift itself inclined on the vertical, the lower part being directed on the side of the wing, so indulgent in addition to the horizontal component of drift itself, a downward vertical component of immersion, the intrados of the profile of the drift being located on the side of the leeward wing.

 in a surface disposed at the lower part of the vertical drift, in continuity with the fin to form a dihedron or a progressive connection having a curvature whose concavity is located on the side of the wing.

 in a float inclined on the vertical, constituting in itself its own plane of drift, the wall of the float constituting intrados being substantially flat and vertical, the word constituting the extrados being curved and inclined on the vertical, the section the float being in the form of an inclined V whose average plane is inclined to the vertical, the bottom of the leeward side.

 in weights arranged near or vertically to the plane of drift, eS function of the possibilities of the configuration chosen for the weight weights such as: weights, operators, in particular the drift constituting this ballast.

 one of these means, or a combination of these means, allowing the drift to move horizontally while remaining imaged, while being towed by a lift wing.

means for stabilizing the immersion of the drift in the vicinity of the surface of the water, implemented at the surface of the water to obtain a carrier effect, consisting notably of:
in a load-bearing surface of the water ski type, having a minimum volume to ensure stability at rest.

 in a thicker float, for example of the windsurfing type, with a flat bottom section and rounded edges.

 in a plane inclined on the vertical the inverse of the inclination of the drift, forming dihedral inverse with the drift.

 in a V-shaped section float for presenting a drift plane which is added to that of the drift, the intrados of the float being substantially plane and the extrados curved, the mean plane of the section being either in the extension of the drift to increase its effect, either inclined on the vertical to the opposite of the drift, the top being on the leeward side, to form inverse dihedral with the drift.

 in the float itself if the plane of drift comprises only this float.

means for stabilizing the plane of drift around a pitch axis, consisting notably of:
in the means for stabilizing the immersion of the above-mentioned drift, the shape of which is elongated.
in a beam at the ends of which are placed two floats distant or along which several floats are distributed before each one a vertical axis of rotation-when the derivative forms the inverse diame- ter with the upper plane, in two distant dihedrons and aligned, connected by a floating beam.

 stabilization means author of a rtulis axis, consisting in particular: in at least one beam forming a lever arm the exclusion of any immersed cable, in particular articulated around two vertical axis connected to a float associated with a drift.

 stabilization means around a yaw axis including: in means for adjusting the angle between the float associated with the fin and the beam forming a lever arm.

directional means consisting in particular of:
in the abovementioned means for adjusting the angle between the float and the beam.

 in any means comprising or associating ailerons, rudders and fins, retractable or not, arranged symmetrically with respect to a transverse axis or in a conventional manner, these elements being able to operate in a cut-off manner, or to be enslaved to remain parallel, or to be independent vertical axes of rotation of these elements remaining aligned in the plane of drift.

means for linking and positioning all of the above-mentioned means associated with the drift plane, to all the means associated with the sail plan, consisting in particular of: means for relative horizontal displacement of the two aforementioned assemblies, to balance the hydrodynamic forces
and the tractive aerodynamic forces, which equilibrium
on a horizontal plane, combines with the balance achieved on
a vertical plane between the aerodynamic force on the wing that
has an ascending vertical component, and the hydrodynamic force
drifting which has a descending vertical component; means having both a balancing role for couples in pre-
sence, and control of the direction of movement of the craft.

all the aforementioned means associated with the drift being
designed for tack changes to take place in one of two ways:
or by reversing the direction of movement of the associated floats
on the drift plane, practicable upwind 9 in which case it exists
at least one transverse plane of symmetry concerning :: or the
immersed elements associated with the plane of drift, and / or the beams or platforms connecting the floats
or by a tailwind transfer two conventional non-amphidromic floats, in which case the means of immersion of the drift put in
one edge must be inverted on the other edge, in particular the adjustment of these means making it possible to obtain a maximum immersion force upwind and at a minimum downwind.

Advantageously, these means associated with the plane of drift of a machine with a sail, define a method and a sailboat when they are integral part of a sailboat proper, and are associated with means of sustentatios of the sail plan of cetv @ ilier, put
in reference to the surface of the water, either by establishing a permanent contact or by establishing a simple stability contact at rest or in light wind, the normal operation in this case providing for the take-off of the leeward floats and their stabilization at a short distance above the water.All the means associated with the sail plan including ::
the levitation means of the aforementioned sail plan, consisting in particular of:
in a substantially horizontal bearing surface disposed perpendicular to a substantially vertical propulsive surface
this bearing surface being
wedge or slightly inclined to the wind /, for example located at the base
of the wing, along the elements connecting a float in the wind to a leeward float, this bearing surface being able to be
consisting of a symmetrical wing leading edge and trailing edge
whose roles are / interchangeable, the profile being such that the intrados is practical
plane plane and extrades curve, to exert a lift at zero incidence, two flaps of curvature being arranged symmetrically on each edge of the wing to promote the take-off of the float associated with the sail planSet the assembly forming in operation a single wing to inverse dihedron stabilized in height.

 in terms of inclination to the wind of the sail plan, and of adjustment of this inclination, the upper part of the sail plane being directed towards the drift, so as to induce in addition to the horizontal effect component propellant, an upwardly vertical component, these means comprising: horizontal axes of rotation or ball joints, located at the base or along the span of the wing, against the mast or the wing, or at a distance from the wind at this mast or wing, the angle of inclination can be adjusted by moving a slider that pushes a rod connected to the mast or wing, or by varying the height of a spar of helescope type or a spade with sliding stages, double ladder type.The ro station of the sail plan around two axes or ball joints allows the wing to take any position in incidence and inclination.Notamment a symmetrical sail, whisbone, suspended by the end of the whiskey in front of the m t, is advantageously a vile mounted on a ball joint, this sail having for example a position of horizontal mat to the tailwind, can be inclined at one edge or the other depending on the tack. Advantageously the angle of inclination of the The wing is of the same order as the angle of inclination of the fin, so as to make the plane of wing substantially parallel to the plane of drift, particularly upwind. This parallelism can be obtained by servo, or simultaneous trimming. The inclination can be kept at all speeds by rotation of the sail plan around a vertical axis.

 in a sail comprising a rounded upper part of the spinnaker type, or in a symmetrical triangular sail whose base is arranged horizontally in height.

 in terms of lightening the floats and the rigging, the floats associated with the sail plan being hydroplaning.

means for stabilizing the wing, in contact with the surface of the water, consisting in particular of:
at least one float whose section is advantageously rounded to include a minimum of drift surface compatible with its function;
@@@ - in an inclined plane, the downwind, submerged, having a sufficient volume to ensure equilibrium at rest, arranged in continuity with the plane of the sail or the wing to form an inverse dihedral with it, this plane acting like a hydrofoil wing.

 in a self-orienting float.

 in a float without preferred direction of displacement, of the type aquaplaning thick disc.

stabilization means around a pitch axis, consisting in particular of:
in a float associated with the sail plan, the shape of which is elongated.

 in a beam at the ends of which are placed two distant floats, each having a vertical axis of rotation.

 in two wings of distant hydrofoils and aligned planes, joined by a floating beam.

 in a beam connecting several parallel floats.

 stabilization means around the roll and yaw axes, comprising in particular the beams, platforms, cables, rigging, plays, associated with the plane of flight.

means stabilizing the height of the sail over the water, when the floats associated with the sail plan take off, consisting in particular of:
in horizontal planes before takeoff and that is. are in incidence after takeoff, forming in particular dihedral inverse with the upper plane of the wing or wing.

 in the float disposed at the base of the wing, and whose plan tends, after take-off, to create a vertically downward aerodynamic force, the plane of the float being either horizontal before take-off, or inclined on the downwind vcrticalesle, to form a hydrofoil wing.This hydrofoil wing can be in the continuity of a planar plane already forming dihedral reverse with a higher plane, so as to operate indifferently in water or in the air, the profile of the hydrofoil wing being symmetrical because the intrados in the water becomes the extrados in the air.

 in any device for controlling an aerial glider, such as: curvature flaps, a two-axis stabilizer, etc.

directional means, consisting in particular of:
in any device for trimming the incidence of a sail, of its curvature, in particular by bringing the recess of a sail symmetrical to the side of the luff of the moment, and in any device similar to that of the controls of pitching movements a glider, which in this case determines yaw movements since the plane of the wing is substantially vertical, which device is established symmetrically when the sail plan has a transverse plane of symmetry, and in this case :: or two rudder sails are established symmetrically on either side of the main sail, or two identical sails are arranged symmetrically, one serving alternately of aerial rudder with respect to the other following the tack.

in means of horizontal displacement of the center of vane force with respect to the drift, to align or break the equilibrium between the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces as a function of the speed, and which consist of:
or to incline the wing forward or backward, by rotation around the mast foot, for example as on a windsurf board.

or to rotate the wing around a vertical axis such as a mat disposed vertically of the fin or the wind of the wing, for example the foot of another inclined mast which carries the sail, being constrained to to move on a circular rail whose center is the foot of the vertical mast, the mast carrying the sail describing a cone while moving ;; or the foot of the mast carrying the sail is associated with the float linked to the wing which thus describes a semicircle on the water during its rotational movement around the vertical mast
to rotate the wing around an oblique axis, for example, situated in a transverse plane of symmetry of the sailboat, the wing being vertical and its tack to the wind of the oblique axis when the sail is in the plane of symmetry, the trailing edge being on the side of the oblique axis, advantageously oblique uniaxe consisting of a whisbone makes it possible to have a trailing edge behind the oblique axis without generating the curvature of the sail of a tack on the other.

 to rotate a symmetrical wing, triangular for example, along one of its sides for a tack and around the other symmetrical side for the other tack.

 -s-oit to vary the surface of the sails, for example by arranging reels of sails on the props, or make them retractable from one tack to the other.

in hydrodynamic means related to the floats associated with the wing, these means comprising fins or rudders, the drift surfaces of which remain limited so as to retain the role of main drift plane at the windward plane of drift; these drifts and rudders being effected in the following manner;
-When the float associated with the wing is unique, elongated and amphidromous, two rudders are arranged symmetrically, one at each end of the flitter, retractable, independent or couples
when one has a float associated with the wing and two floats associated with the drift, the float associated with the wing can have a directional drift plane, the control of the rotation of the float around its vertical axis determining this direct effect. tional.

 when there are two floats associated with the wing and a float associated with the drift, the two rubbers associated with each other may each be provided with a directional drift, they may be slaved to remain parallel to each other, or operate independently. in which case one can act as rudder relative to the other, these roles being combined with that of the windward drift.

linkage and positioning means connecting all the means associated with the drift to all the means associated with the wing, consisting in particular:
in means fixing the position of a float associated with the drift relative to the other float associated with the wing, the assembly having a transverse plane of symmetry.

 in means such that a float associated with the drift remains parallel to a float associated with the wing, for example by an articulated parallelogram system, the transverse plane of symmetry of the means associated with the drift coinciding with that of the means associated with the wing, in the middle position.

 in means constituting a platform at the ends of.

which floats pivot about vertical axes, the platform having a transverse axis of symmetry and moving obliquely in any direction determined by the orientation of the floats, the symmetrical wing located at one end of the platform and advantageously to maintain a fi xed position perpendicular to the transverse plane of symmetry.

in such means as the sail plan is arranged advantageously perpendicularly to the central beam which connects the plane of drift to the plane of sail, the beam being articulated in particular on the float of the plane of drifting
in such means as the central beam connecting the plane of drift to the plane of wing, comprises a hinge dlax @ vertical, for example at a place situated at a quarter of the length of the beam of the side of the drift, so that the rotation the drift around this axis of articulation of the beam, is accompanied by a displacement forward or backward which facilitates the search and obtaining a balance between the forces, an additional float, for example autodirectional, being arranged under this articulation.

in some cases
these positioning means can / constitute by themselves the directional means of the sailboat, by relative horizontal displacement of the planes of wing and drift, excluding any saffron.

 Safety stops limit the relative movements of the floats so as not to jeopardize the stability of the assembly.

 Return springs bring the sloping sails down, the weight of which keeps them edged in light wind, in the course of the sail, so that they can be bordered by one edge or the other.

 The inclinations of the planes of drift and wing on the verti eale, decrease with the spacing of the planes of wing and drift, the operation being better when the spacing of these plans is important.

When it comprises only two hulls, such a sailboat is particularly amphibious, the transfers being effected by inversion of the direction of movement, and when it comprises three hulls, such a sailboat being sta
in orientation ble, the hulls can take any position /, and can therefore be of conventional shapes, insofar as the means of immersion of the drift are reversed to changes of tack if they consist of the inclination of the derivative.

 When there is a transverse plane of symmetry, and relative displacement of two hulls, limited by safety stops, it may be difficult to maintain the speed of the tailwind, in which case it is advantageous to pull the trailing edges. .

 The wing can also advantageously consist of a propeller operating by the relative wind, of the autogyrous type, which reduces the stability problems around an axis of the sailboat corresponding to the axis of rotation (free) of the propeller.

Any combination of the aforementioned means associated with the drift and the wing, making it possible to obtain a sailboat according to the invention, for which the balance between the aerodynamic forces tractors, downwind, and the hydrodynamic forces resistant to the wind, is realized at both in a vertical plane and in a horizontal plane, directly between the sail and the drift, so that, preferably, the buoyancy and the weight of the hulls, do not come directly into the equilibrium, to the gite of the boat, the hulls having essentially a pitch stability role of the sailboat, the drift plane providing a hydrodynamic "anchorage" of the sailboat, the adjustment of the horizontal relative displacement between the planes of drift and sail, varying with the the pace of the sailboat, either to obtain this pace or to promote the operation
Advantageously, the wind float, associated with the drift plane, is shorter than the float or the beam connecting the floats 1 downwind, associated with the sail plan, the pitch stability of the sailboat being essentially provided by the float assembly, downwind, so as to obtain, in particular, the following configurations: - the connection between a short float, with the winds and a long float, downwind, parallel to the first, is rigid.

 the connection between two floats of the aforementioned type is articulated, the shells remaining parallel during their relative displacement.

 the leeward float assembly consists of two floats arranged at the ends of a beam, the vertical axes of rotation of these floats and the corresponding axis of the wind float, being arranged at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, beams or a platform connecting these floats.

 the float assembly, under the wind, is constituted by a plurality of floats regularly distributed under a beam, in particular rigidly connected, by another beam, to the wind float, in particular, a plurality of sails being arranged on the beam; which connects the floats.

 the float associated with the wing takes off. The stability in pitch and yaw is ensured after take-off by aerial systems of the glider control type; these control surfaces being able to be arranged on the wing, of the type of curvature flaps, or constituted by empennages, which are arranged symmetrically on either side of the wing with symmetrical operation, acting independently or in a coupled manner, or being retractable in depending on the tack, or the empennage turns around a substantially vertical axis and is oriented in the direction of the apparent wind, the floats may have a dual role, and serve, after take-off, air control, stabilizers in pitch, and directional yaw.

Advantageously, the wind float, associated with the drift plane, is longer than the leeward float associated with the sail plan, the stability of the soilier.in pitch being essentially ensured by the float assembly in the wind, so as to obtain including the following configurations:
the connection between a long float in the wind and a short float, windward parallel to the first, is rigid.

the connection between two floats of the aforementioned type is articulated, the shells remaining parallel during their relative displacement; or the leeward float is of the thick disc type
the wind-float assembly consists of two floats arranged at the ends of a beam, the vertical axes of rotation of these floats and the corresponding axis of the leeward float being arranged at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, beams or a platform connecting these floats
all-float, winds is constituted by a plurality of floats each having its drift 9 regularly distributed under a beam, connected in particular rigid manner by another beam, the float leeward.

 -the float set associated with the wing.lakes off.The stability in pitch remains ensured by the float in the wind.The most advantageous configuration is where there are two floats in the wind, a fixed and symmetrical sail, a transverse plane of symmetry for the sailboat, because everything happens as if the two immersed drifts were the empennages arranged symmetrically, a symmetrical air glider, the sailboat moving obliquely following the path determined by the otientati- otients of the two fins, trimmings Thus, these immersed tail fins effectively provide pitch and yaw stability. Roll stabilization is achieved by means of stabilizing the height of the wing above the batt.

Advantageously, the wind float assembly and the leeward float assembly have comparable lengths, resulting in:
or to configurations having the aforementioned characteristics, when the floats have different lengths, the sails operating in a region. located in a half plane placed on the leeward side of the sailboat, configurations having a transverse plane of symmetry 9 such as in particular:
rigid amphidrome catamaran, the hull with the wind having a plane of drift with effect plunger, the hull under the wind having a carrier effect.

 -catamaran whose two hulls are connected by beams forming an articulated parallelogram.

 sailboat having two floats in the wind and two floats in the wind, or several floats in the wind and several floats in the wind, so as to be connected by beams or platforms forming a rectangle.

or, if there is longitudinal symmetry of the sailboat and the sail operates in the front half of the sailboats configurations such as in particular
-catamaran whose hull in the wind to a drift plane effect while the leeward hull is effecting the roles being reversed to the changes of tack, the inclined drift, the downwind, being established on the float at wind, while the drift symmetrically disposed on the leeward float is raised, the racks being also reversed to the changes of tack
-catamaran whose single central drift is adjustable tilt.

Advantageously, the wind float and the leeward float, and the hull connecting means constitute a single hull, so as to obtain in particular one of the following configurations:
-if the sailboat has a transverse plane of symmetry, and:
-or the sailboat is wide, the shape on plan being for example a circle, an ellipse, or a triangles
-or the sails are deported downwind of the hull, for example by outriggers
or the sailboat is a longitudinal plane of symmetry, of conventional type, with central drift with adjustable inclination for example wing being remote to the outside of the sailboat. wing of drift and
Advantageously, a main hull is arranged between the plans
Original means described in the invention can be implemented on sailboats partially using the conventional effects of buoyancy and weight hulls, and the effects of.

drifting planes of the directional floats placed downwind, while also proceeding from the logic of the invention, in which case they are claimed, even if they are implemented on classic sailboats.
a catamaran according to the invention can work advantageously with a conventional vertical sail, the mat being placed at the front end of the leeward float. In this way, under a tack, the float in the wind is plunging and operates according to the invention, and after conventional tip transfer windward, this float is found on the wind and still works satisfactorily having an opposite effect, ie carrier, the drift having a wing effect d ' hydrofoil when operating downwind.0n may have two retractable fins on the same float, aligned, the drift located behind serving when the float is in the wind, and the forward drift serving when the float is downwind, to better balance the forces involved, or the fins are not retractable, but have an axis of rotation to serve as rudders.

 a conventional sailboat with a longitudinal plane of symmetry and vertical and fixed drift can operate according to the invention, if the wing is sufficiently offset in the wind and lift to mend the sailboat to the opposite of the conventional cottage, in which case this The "against" the sailboat-determines in itself the inclination of the drift plane according to the invention.

 in the particular configuration where one has a wind float and two floats in the wind, and that there is no takeoff of the leeward floats, for reasons of stability and directional efficiency, It is advantageous to give a drift plane role to the directional drifts of the leeward floats, by increasing the surface of these drifts, the drift of the float to the wind, situated behind the displacement, having the directional role, and functions, by analogy , like a steering wheel of sand yachting.

 Advantageously, the operation described for sailboats having at least three hulls, is applicable to the sailing, wheeled or. ice skates, when a fixed or self-steerable fixed or fixed wheel or skid plate is replaced, all the aforesaid means, except those of immersion of the drift, being comparable, the operator weight or a ballast compensating for this immersion effect, the anti-drift effect of the wheels or skids in the wind may be increased. by greater width of the tires or longer skates.

the main advantage of these yachts is that the sail, fixed at the start or bordered, is arranged perpendicular to the transverse plane of symmetry of the chariot, so that the transverse component of the veil force is always effectively combated by the weight of the operator or the tank, regardless of the pace, unlike conventional sailing tanks for which the sail is bordered in the near-tight axis;; the sand yacht according to the invention, moving obliquely thanks to a double adjustment of the orientation of the wheels or shoes, a first trimming of the wheels or glides with anti-drift effect, determines the pace with respect to an apparent wind provided by a second adjustment of wheels or skids with directional effect , makes it possible to obtain, maintain or correct this pace, for example according to
the speed of sand yachting.

Advantageously, the wing consists of an aerial glider operating at altitude, in one of the following ways:
the glider is of the kite type or of the conventional glider type, the wing passing through a horizontal position in the upwind and inclining from one edge to the other depending on the tack, the inci the inclination of the inclined wing determining the speed of the vehicle, the conventional plane being in particular a radiocontrolled glider, for example of the reduced model type, cables connecting the wing to the end of the beam bound to the drift and forming lever arm.

 the glider consists of a wing inclined on the vertical plane stabilizers altitude forming dihedral, noting dihedral reverse, or these plans are arranged across the wing, so as to be horizontal at low altitude and to have a lift negative when the wing rises, the wing having a transverse plane of symmetry, arranged in the direction of the eavergure, so that the leading edge for one tack becomes the trailing edge for the other tack, a tailplane with vertical axis attached to the wing rotates freely in the direction of apparent wind.

 the glider comprises a wing disposed helically, with a thick profile, it is inflated by a gas lighter than air, for example with helium, a weight is placed at the lower end of the wing to maintain the verticality. profile of the wing is symmetrical, the intrados for a tack becoming the extrados for the other tack.

 -The glider is a gyrocopter.

Other features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the description which follows, with reference to the drawings in which:
Figures 1 and 2 show a side view and a top view of a sailboat with three floats, Figure 3 shows a float for which the inclination of a drift is. depending on the orientation of the float.

 Figure 4 shows the balance of a known boat, Figures 5, 6,7,8 show the equilibrium in a vertical plane of a sailboat according to the invention.

 FIG. 9 shows the equilibrium achieved in a horizontal plane as a function of the pitch by an amphidromic sailboat with a transverse plane of symmetry.

 FIGS. 10, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15 show means for immersing and stabilizing the immersion of the plane of drift. FIGS. 16, 17, 18 represent side views of the profile and the top of a float performing the same functions.

 Figure 19 shows a drift plane consisting of two inverse dihedral connected by a floating beam.

 Figure 20 shows a drift plane consisting of a central fin and two rudders.

FIG. 21 represents a plane of drift with a vertical axis of rotation, the float being fixed
Figure 22 shows a plane of drift consisting of two fins rotating simultaneously.

 23 shows a fixed float whose two fins also serve rudders rudders.

 Figures 24,25,26,27,28 represent sailboats for which pitch stability is provided by the float assembly located downwind.

 Figure 29 shows a sailboat.

 30,31,32,33,34,35, represent sailboats for which the pitch stability is provided by the float assembly in the wind.

 Figures 36,37,38,39,40,41, show sailboats according to one invention, catamaran type.

 Figures 42,43, show monohull sailboats according to the invention.

 Figure 44 illustrates a way of deporting the sail under the wind.

Figures 45,46 are a top and side view of a monohull structure. FIGS. 47,48, catamarans,
res 49 and 50.51 and 52, trimarans, fig 53 a sail.

 FIGS. 54, 55, 56, 57 show a craft filled with a gas lighter than the wing profile being symmetrical.

 Figures 58,59,60,61 show a craft inclined wing and vertical plane of symmetry.

 Figures 62 and 63 show a craft pulled by a glider.

 The sailboat shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, comprises a sail 1 with whisker 2, disposed on a mast 3 held obliquely by the spars 4 and 5.The drift plane consists of the fins 6 and inclined, fixed on the floats 8 and 9, amphidromes, whose axes of rotation 10 and 11 are connected by a beam 12.The bars 13 and 14 connect the beam 12 to the float 15 located downwind.This float 15 is automatically oriented in the direction of movement through the presence of a fin 23 disposed behind and away from the axis of free rotation 16.The elastic rope return 17, brings the sail in line, because when the wind is weak, the sail tends to to fold in the position represents tee for which the listening 19 is inoperative. The sail is bordered for a tack by the listening 18 and for other amure by listening 19.The mast 3 can be free rotation to allow the storage of the sail by winding on the mast.The operator is on the platform 20.It controls the orientation of the floats 8 and 9 respectively by the cranks 21 and 22.The axes of rotation 10, 11 and 16 are arranged at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, the rigid assembly connecting these axes. having a transverse plane of symmetry 23.The sail is bordered for a tack, for example so that the horizontal aerodynamic component FER passes near a drift, for example the fin 7, which determines a hydrodynamic force horizontal shell FHH balancing FAH, the drift 6 can then act as a rudder rudder. The sail can be fixed for a given tack, the sailboat moving obliquely along the arrow D, the apparent wind having the direction indicated by the arrow V. The sailboat is shown on the starboard side, a look close to the crosswind. First tack 9 and for a course varying from downwind to close up, the front 25 of the float 8 describes the angular sector 24, and likewise starboard tack, the front 26 of the float 8 dec laughs the angular sector 27.Intrados of the drift and the inclination of the drift on the vertical remaining unchanged at tack tack tack changes becoming leading edge, the float 8-drift 6 and float 9-drift sets 7 each having their own transverse plane of symmetry.

 the change of tack is effected by inversion of the direction of movement of the sailboat and by rotation of the floats to bring the new front 26 into the operating sector 27.A given a given orientation of the floats wind 8 and 9 corresponds uneallure, for example the float 9 is fixed and the float 8 with its drift 6 serves as a rudder to reach and maintain this pace.

 Another operating solution consists in making the floats 8 and 9 parallel, for example by non-representative cables, connecting the pulleys integral with the floats, the simultaneous orientation of the two parallel floats determining the pace of the sailboat, while the fin 23 of the float under the wind rudder, having a rOle similar to that of a front wheel of sand yachting, the float trimming controls 16 being brought back to the platform 20.

 In the first solution described, with self-directional float, this float can take off, without the operation of the sailboat is changed, the height of the sail above the water stabilizing itself when the direction of the force aerodynamic in a vertical plane: FAH, coincides with the direction of the hydrodynamic force in a vertical plane: FHV, the moments being canceled.

 Any combination of rotation control of the floats being feasible, each of the three floats can be: either independently adjustable or self-orientated slave is to be parallel to another float, the parallelisms can be retractable depending on the tack, or be coupled with another float to turn in opposite directions from one another, thus increasing the rudder effect.

 Figure 3 shows a conventional float 28, longitudinal plane of symmetry, which could replace an 8 amphidrome float.

The inclination of the drift 29, made for a tack, is reversed at the other tack, so that the sailboat always works with a drift tooth down is directed to the leeward side. The inclination, and therefore the effect of immersion, is maximum upwind and is inactive in the tailwind, for which the apparent wind is the weakest.Lorque in command the rotation of the axis 30 of the float 28, axis which turns to the inside the beam 31 of the sailboat, the float 28 pivots around a second axis 32, since a member 33 connected to the float comes into contact with an element 34 connected to the beam 31.So, when the float 28 describes the angular sector from the reference 35 to the mark 36, the sailboat being port tack, the plane of the drift 29, inclines from the vertical position marked 37 to the position 38.De also when the float 28 describes the angular sector from marker 35 to marker 39, the sailboat being starboard tack, the plane of the die bank 29 tilts from the vertical position marked 37 to the marked position 40. With floats 28 to replace the floats 8 and islands tacking can for example be carried out without stopping the sailboat, downwind .

 The sail 1 can be fixed, rigid, transverse plane of symmetry, the strings of the sail being perpendicular to this plane.

 The sail 1 can advantageously be cut to reverse the roles of the luff and the trailing edge, the listening point 41 becoming a tack point. Thus, instead of turning under the wind of the mat according to the configuration described on the Figures 1 and 2, the sail turns to the wind of the mast. In this way the horizontal equilibrium between aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces is better realized.

 FIG. 4 shows how the equilibrium of the aerodynamic forces FAV and hydrodynamics FHV is carried out on a known sailboat. The drift 42, located in the wind, is either vertical, or inclined, downwind, in the marked position 43 for which it has a In the existing configurations, the force FAV creates a moment M which induces a vertical force descending to the float 44 downwind, since the direction of FAV passes above the hydrodynamic resistance center 45. In conventional configurations, this moment of heel X being considered from the outset inevitable, the drifting plane, with anti-drifting effect, is, for a catamaran for example, placed on the leeward float, which The sections of the floats correspond to symmetrical sections arranged like those of the floats 44 and 46, to have a drift plane effect in themselves while operating downwind.

 A balance of the forces wAV and FAH, in accordance with the invention, is described with reference to FIG. 5. The float 47 has a section that in itself has an anti-drift plane, the downwind face being flat and substantially vertical. , the wind face being curved and inclined.The drift 48 is inclined downwind, at an inclination angle referenced ID, so that the force FHV has a vertical plunger component referenced FP.The float 49, downwind, a :: is a rounded section so as not to present anti-drift plan to effect of heel or a section, not shown, comparable to that of the float 47, but arranged symmetrically, to have a wind-borne effect; a leeward effect float that can operate with a plunging effect in the wind for the other tack, the roles of the floats and drifts in the wind, being reversible with those of the floats and leeward drift to changes of tack when the sailboat presents a plan long itudinal symmetry.

 When the float 49 takes off, the connecting beam 53 between the floats, acts as a lever arm, whose length is a function of the depth of the drift, the angle of inclination ID of the drift, the direction of the sailing force.

 Figures 6.7 and 8 show the relationship between the inclination angles ID of the fin and IV of the wing, on the one hand, and the length of the beam 53, on the other hand. - Bending ID and IV increase: when the floats 47 and 49 are approaching, so that the equilibrium of forces, according to the invention, is realized, from Figure 6 to Figure 8.The efficiency of the planes of wing and drift decreasing when these planes incline, it is advantageous to have a distanceEimportant these plans, the disposition of Figure 6 being better than that of Figure 8.

Advantageously, the planes of drift and sail are sensitive
in parallel inclination / on the one hand so that each plane works as little as possible possible, and on the other hand so that the equilibrium of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces, which are approximately perpendicular to their respective planes, is realized in good conditions.

 when the wing is a kite and the drift plane is towed by eablesbpar example at a cable anchor point located on a float 49, the gap B is sufficient for the float 49 takes off in normal fenctionnement, and not serve as a fulcrum from which the drift could pivot and exit the water, the connection between the beam 53 forming the lever arm and the float 47, transmitting the moment due aus hydrodynamic forces.

The balance of forces, on a horizontal plane, ie around a yaw axis, is a function of one of the two types of operation defined for the machine:
either the machine is in a longitudinal plane of symmetry, a plane which concerns directly certain elements themselves:: hulls of classic type, rudders ..., that the symmetry of the arrangements of wing and drift of a tack on the the other, the sail plan being "forward" and downwind of the drift plane
or the machine is in a transverse plane of symmetry, a plane which concerns both certain elements themselves, amphidromous carbons, rudders, and the symmetry of the sail and drifting arrangements of one tack on the other, the plan of sail being "on the coast" and leeward of the plane of drift.

 For each type of operation mentioned above, the equilibrium of the forces is still a function of the chosen configuration, which depends in particular on the relative importance of the float assembly associated with the drift and the float assembly associated with the wing, the drift being for example able to be considered as an accessory towed by the sailboat, or conversely ibs wing can be considered as a clean set, turning at a distance from a sailboat having its plan drift.

 Figure 9 shows the equilibrium between the horizontal components of the aerodynamic forces PAS and the corresponding hydrodynamic components FHH, as a function of the course: the near, indicated by the letter P, the crosswind by T, the displacement by L, the direction of displacement being denoted by the letter Dgen refer to an amphidrome float 54, carrying a drift 55.The transverse plane of symmetry 56, determines an operating zone port tack, right of the line 56Det starboard tack to the left of this line 56, for the sail 57.The angulated sector 58 hatched corresponds to a functioning nose zone delimited by the lines 59 and 60 which indicate the maximum positions of upwind. The angular sectors 61 and 62 hatched correspond to paces close to the tailwind, prohibited for example for reasons of instability in roll.

Another scheme of horizontal equilibrium, lo @ squ'il there longitudinal plane of symmetry is described with reference to Figure 43.The sail 63 inclined to the wind and deported leeward by the pole 64 occupies a position referenced P upwind and the referenced position
The drift occupies the position 65 when the sailboat is operating on the stern and the position 66 when the sailboat is working on the starboard tack. On such a sailboat with a longitudinal axis of symmetry, having its own stability in roll, sailboat which can be a catamaran, instead of deporting the sail under the wind, it is planned to leave it in a position centered in relation to the sailboat, and to move the plane of drift in the wind, the latter connected by a hinged beam to the sailboat described a half circle around of the sailboat, while remaining parallel to the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the sailboats and bypassing the sailboat by the rear, the inclination of the drift being reversed at the time of passage to the rear of the boat, in the axis of the boat.

 The means described for a given type of operation, ie: "forward" or "side" sail, are immediately claimed for the other type of operation, if they are applicable to it, after rotation of 900 of these means, the particurarites of each operation being restored after rotation.

 In FIG. 10, a substantially horizontal plane 67 of the plunger 67 is disposed at the base of the rudder 68, this plane 67 is in incidence and creates a descending vertical force in operation, this angle being adjustable according to the speed of sailboat for example.A skid 69, water ski type, maintains the assembly in the vicinity of the surface of the water in operation, the pad having a minimum volume to ensure the buoyancy at the stop.

 In FIG. 11, the immersion effect of the fin 70 is obtained by the lower plane 71 of the fin, which is inclined downward downwind, forming an inverse dihedral. A float 72 limits the immersion of the fin, by its volume, and its hull surface which has a working effect in operation.

 In Figure 12, the previous dihedral is replaced by a regular curvature, the float 73, å V-shaped section inclined, the leeward up, has a carrier effect by its volume and its inclination, and has an effect of drift plane that adds to that of the drift.

 In FIG. 13, the immersion effect is obtained by a simple inclination of the drift, downwind, the mean plane 74 of the float 75 with triangular section is in the continuity of the drift plane 76, to increase the drift surface when the drift tends to immerse, the float 75 retaining a sufficient volume emerged to stay on the surface of the water.

 In FIG. 14, the fin 77 is normally inclined, the downwind is connected to an upper plane 78 forming an inverse dihedron, the inclination of the upper plane 78, referenced 80, on the vertical, being in the opposite direction to the angle 79 of inclination of the lower plane 77, on the vertical. The plane 78 determines a bearing effect which opposes the plunging effect of the plane 77, the assembly stabilizing at a certain depth now emerging the upper part from plan 78.

 The upper plane 78 can be replaced, as shown in FIG. 15, by a float 81 having the same effects as a plane 78, and having in addition a stabilizing volume for immersing the fin 82. The mean plane 83 of the section of the float 81 being dined vertically at an angle 84, in the opposite direction to the angle 85 of inclination of the fin.

 Figures 16,17,18 describe the same float, without drive, which realizes in itself the functions: anti-drift plane, immersion of this plane and stabilization of the immersion.

The drift plane effect is obtained by a section in force of
V, by an edge 86 in the wind of substantially flat shape, by a curve-shaped wind edge 87. The immersion effect is obtained by tilting the mean plane 88 of the section 89 as a drift, the bottom under the The float volume limits the immersion.

 A dihedral according to Figure 14 can not be stable em pitch.

The stability can be obtained by two dihedrons operating in tandem. In FIG. 19, the aligned dihedrons 90 and 91 are connected by a float 92, which remains out of the water in operation. The stability in roll is obtained by the beam. 93 articulated on the float 92 about a vertical axis 94.L1angle 95 between the beam and the float is adjustable by the cables 96 and 97.

 FIGS. 20,21,22,23 show various modes of arrangement of fins and rudders. With reference to FIG. 20, the rudders 98 and 99 disposed at the ends of a hull 100 with a transverse plane of symmetry, are inclined, the downwind, like fins, and rotate around the vertical axes 101 and 102c drifts 109 occupying a central position s the beams 104 and 105 connecting this shell to the hull under the sent associated with the veile.

 FIG. 22 shows a parallelism between two floats 110 and 111 each having an inclined drift 112 and 113, connected by a beam 114, obtained by two bars 115 and 116 disposed at the ends of the floats, these bars forming with the articulated parallelogram floats; 117 joins a winch 118 to allow simultaneous trimming of the orientation of the two parallel floats.

Beams 119 and 120 connect this assembly associated with the drift plane to the leeward assembly associated with the sail plan.

 With reference to FIG. 21, the float 106 is a circular shaped pad, of the aquaplaning thick disc type, it is fixed to the beam 107 which joins a float in the wind. The inclined drift 108 rotates about an axis vertical 109 through @ nt float 106. Drift describes a cane during its movement.

 With reference to FIG. 23, the drift plane consists of two inclined fins 121 and 122 with vertical axes of rotation 123 and 124 situated in the longitudinal plane 125 of symmetry of the float 126 which is amphidromic and therefore has a transverse plane. 127. The fins 121 and 122 rotating independently of each other have a rudder effect, each rudder alternately serving saffron relative to the other, depending on the direction of travel; 122 being arranged symmetrically with respect to a transverse plane of symmetry 127.

 FIG. 24 represents a sailboat for which the drift 128, inclined downwind, is attached to a small float 129 which is connected to the main hull 130, downwind, by a beam 131, the link being rigid. The wing is inclined to the wind and comprises a furling jib 132 and a mainsail 1339. Another jib 134 is wound on the stay 135 and is used for the other tack.

my hull 130 has a bulge 136 to allow to establish the shroud 137 while the mast 1380a hull is è flat bottom and rounded edges to present a minimum of drift surface compatible with the immersed volume, which surface causes a ef ffet of heel detrimental to The tilting of the wing is such that the perpendicular to the sail plane passing through the center of the sailing force passes under the fin, so that the sail has a carrier effect tending to relieve the hull 130 and does not create a torque of deposit tending to bring out the drift of the water.

 The stays 137 and 139 make it possible to regulate the inclination to the wind of the mast 138 which pivots on a ball joint 140. This inclination of the wing can be associated with that of the drift, for example by making the planes of wing and drift parallel by a vertically articulated parallelogram system connecting two points to the base of the two-point mast of the float 129, the latter rotating about a horizontal axis, or the inclinations are carried out in opposite directions, for example by crossed cables connecting two pulleys vertical planes, one linked to the mast, the other to the float 129, self balancing systems of the couples due to the wing and the drift can be defined.

 Two rudders 141 and 142 operate in a coupled manner, the rotations being carried out in opposite directions, one from the other, to increase the directional effect. The sailboat has a transverse plane of symmetry.

 A configuration according to FIG. 24 is also applicable to the establishment of tack sails and leading edges in the wind of an inclined shank 138 constituting an axis of rotation for these vehicles. mast, the sails remaining within the zone between the floats 129 and 130, which has the advantage of increasing the inclinations of the sails upwind with respect to the tailwind where the inclination is zero, and to better balance the sailboat around a yaw axis, in particular to the bearing, and to have a single sail in general.For these sails, létécoute is fixed at the tack point for example. Windsurf sail type, can be established on a mast-whiskey unit, replacing the mast 138, and constituting an axis of rotation for the sail, passing through two points: the end of the whiskey located near the traditional listening point. sail, which comes to occupy the position of the ball joint 140, on the one hand.

and the top of the mast of this mast-whiskey unit, which occupies the position of the summit of the mast 138, the listening being fixed at the point of amu- re where at the other end of the whiskey located against the mast
The coupling of the rudders 141 and 142 makes it possible to reduce the effect of cottages that they induce in operation.
The variation of the surface of the jib 132 has a directional role, particularly upwind. However, this variation does not make it possible, in this configuration of FIG. 24, to dispense with safrane.

FIG. 25 represents a sailboat operating ", sailing on the side", for which the plane of drift moves to the wind of the sailboat, the sailboat admitting a transverse plane of symmetry which also concerns the sail, when the plane of drift is in the median position.The inclined drift 143 is attached to a float 144 which is hinged to the beam 145 about a vertical axis 146, the other end of the beam 145 is hinged to the main hull 147 about a vertical axis 148> cables 149 and 150 connect the shells 144 and 147 so as to form a parallelogram and are arranged symmetrically on either side of the beam 145, so that the shells remain parallel during their relative movement, which is obtained by action on the setting cables 151 and 152.Stands 153 and 154 limit the displacement of the beam 145 for example to 500 on either side of the median position so that the assembly remains stable to the wearing gaits antes.La beam 145 has branches 155 at the ends of which are fixed the struts of the mat 156 now the sail 157.The sail 157 symmetrical, is inclined to the wind and disposed perpendicularly to the beam 145. One end 158 allows to set the luff corresponding to the tack in progress, to bring the hollow of the symmetrical sail forward, while the end 159 is relaxed, and conversely to the other tack. The sail plan is thus secured to the beam 145 and
Fixed wing rotates with it around the axis 148. Such a position / is not always exactly the best, but this arrangement corresponds to a satisfactory operation, and has the advantage of simplifying the trimmings. This sailboat can function-.

Saffron-free, the only displacement of the float 144 determines the lure.However two retractable rudders 160 and 161 are disposed at the ends of the float 147 to allow to reach the pace close to the tailwind, and increase the speed of maneuvering. Gannets are excluded the changes of tack are carried out in the open by inversion of the direction of displacement. The hull 147 is amphidromous, whereas the float 144 does not have a longitudinal plane of symmetry, the windward edge being more curved than the leeward edge. .

 In the case of a configuration similar to that described with reference to FIG. 25, but for the other type of operation: "sail forward", after rotation of 900 of the described means around the main hull, the configuration is following: the sailboat with a longitudinal axis of symmetry, of conventional type, stable in roll, is for example of the catamaran type, the sail plane inclined to the wind is established. On this catamaran which has no fins, a beam is articulated to the middle of the catamaran and connects this boat to the float-drift assembly which is for example of the type described in Figure 3.This float-drift assembly moves behind the catamaran in an area included in the half-plane located at the rear. the point of articulation of the connecting beam on the catamaran, remaining parallel to the hulls of the catamaran, the drift plane bypassing the boat from the rear, the changes of tack can be carried out in the tailwind. tilt of the dice shore is upwind when the binding beam is almost perpendicular to the hulls, it vanishes when the drift passes to the rear of the sailboat, in its axis, and it changes direction to the tack. Parallelism of the float 28, taking into account the passage at the rear of the sail, is achieved by cables 149 and 150 attached to the hulls at symmetrical points with respect to the longitudinal axes, the beam 145 of FIG 25 then being a beam 31 of 3, the sail 157 and its disposition relative to the beam 145 can be preserved, the rudders of the catamaran are preserved.

 The sailboat described with reference to FIG. 26 is of the type comprising a connecting beam between a windward float and the leeward float assembly, which comprises a hinge so that the drift plane rotations on itself 'accompanied by a displacement which favors the search for a position of equilibrium between the drift and the wing around a yaw axis.A float 162 is placed under this articulation 163 to relieve the beam.Ta drift 164 fixed to the The float 165 is connected by the bars 16 and 167 to the float 162.The float 162 forms with the floats 168 and 169 under the wind, a set of three fins float connected by beams 170, 171, 172 forming approximately equilateral triangle, bars 173 17 / :, 175, forming a pyramid, the sail being arranged on the triangular face under the symmetrically feels, the tension on an edge 176 or 177 of the sail 178 can be adjusted according to the Xamurea or well this veil e in semi-rigid material remains fixed in operation.The displacement of the float 165 is obtained by the adjustment of the cables 179 and 18.

The operation is possible without rudder, the floats 162, 168 and 169 being self-directional.However for reasons of stability in wind bearing, of the sail 178, the orientation of the floats 168 and 169 made parallel can be controlled, or Aerials are used to stabilize the sail around a yaw axis of the sailboat, depending on the pace, the sail being considered a substantially vertical glider wing.

Referring to FIG. 27, the sailboat comprises a fin 181 fixed to the float 182 with a transverse plane of symmetry, articulated on an axis 183, connected to a beam 184 joining a beam 185, perpendicular to the beam 184 and located under the wind relative to the plane of the drift, a series of sails 186 being distributed: along the beam 185 and a series of floats 187 being arranged regularly under this beam 185. The ends 188 of the whisks
the sails are 189 connected by a bar 190 so that / bordered simultaneously while remaining parallel to each other. The mats are inclined to the wind.

To work at the other tack, the sails pass into the wind bed, and are bordered on the other side. An operation according to the invention is obtained when the sails 186 are lined to the maximum to have their plans almost aligned on the beam 185, because thus the aerodynamic resultant is substantially aligned with the beam 184, the floats 187 having fins and self-orienting by freely rotating about their vertical axes connected to the beam 185,1 essential directional effect being obtained by rotation of the float 182 about its axis 183, the angle referenced A defining the pace.However to stabilize the pace, it is expected to make integral in rotation the floats 187, made parallel, by parallel cables 191 connecting Bars 192 parallel and fixed to the axes of rotation of the floats 187, the orientation of these floats 187 thus having a rudder role.

This role of rudder can also be obtained, when the floats are self-steerable, by an independent trimming, for each sail, trimming which can further promote the aerodynamic interactions between the sails When the floats 187 have a rudder rudder, their orientation overall relative to the axis of symmetry of the platform constituted by the beams 184 and 1859definit an angle referenced Bget for a fixed position of the sails, the adjustments of the angles A and B make it possible to obtain all the gaits for a given in this arrangement, when the floats 187 have a role of rudder, they also inevitably have a role of drift> and one can then adjust the angle of incidence in the wind, sails, bordering more or less depending on the angle 3, especially to avoid that at a given pace the sails are mutually dislocated, which occurs generally ent for sails forming a grid, and bordered on the inner side of the sailboat relative to the beam 185 ;; operation becoming possible with sails located in the wind of the drift 182, when the surfaces of the fins of the floats 187 are sufficient. to tuck the sails on the inner or outer side of the sailboat with respect to the beam 185, the bar 190 is replaced, for example by two sheets per sail of which only one serves for each tack.

In fact, when one increases the role of drift of the fins of the floats 187> by increasing their total surface relative to that of the drift 183, one gradually moves from one sailboat rigorously according to the invention, to another type of sailboat, secondarily according to the invention, but in itself claimed in view of its advantages and characteristics. For this other sailboat, the principle of operation is similar to that of the sailing tanks, in so far as the The drift 181 essentially has a directional role, like a rear wheel of a three-wheeled sailboat, and secondarily a drifting role, the main drift plane being that of the fins or drifts of the floats 187, with however the essential differences that , in contrast to the chariots for which the sail would be bordered in the axis of a beam 184 by causing a close up close glute effect, the front wheels having a fixed direction, according to the invention :: d1une p art the sail plan is divided into several smaller sails distributed on a beam 185, and the other hand the trimming of the angle E allows the sailboat to operate with a setting of sails practically fixed whatever the pace, the sails being lined close to the axis of the beam 185 so that the pair of heel still exerts around an axis arranged parallel to the beam 185, and that this couple is effectively fought, regardless of the pace by the overall weight drift 181-float 182, or by immersion effect obtained by. a plane plunger similar to the plane 67 of FIG. 10 and disposed on the drift 181. In such a configuration: the float 182 may be of conventional type and the vertical drift 181, the sailboat may have floats 187 fixed angle B is worth 0, transfers can be made end wind, this provision is not the most advantageous, it allows me a robust construction
By returning to the starting configuration in accordance with the deserption made with reference to FIG. 27, the float 182 can be replaced by a float described with reference to FIG. 3, the beam 31 being this FIG. 3 becoming the beam 184 of FIG. 27.

The type of operation: sail forward or sail on the side, sailboat symmetrical symmetrical platform * is differentiated only by the type of wind float, the transverse symmetric flamer defining a functioning of the type: sail on the side, while the float with longitudinal symmetry defines an operation of the type :: sailing forward
The sailboat, described with reference to FIG. 28, allows the floats to be taken off leeward.The operator is placed vertically above the wind float 193, of conventional shape, to which is fixed the vertical drift 194. This drift is simply vertical because it is expected that the weight of the operator is sufficient to maintain the drift immersed when the leeward floats 195 and 196 do not take off ;; and when they take off, the overall rotation of the sailboat around a roll axis immediately drives an inclination of the drift sufficient to ensure, also taking into account the weight of the operator and the float 193, its maintenance immersed.On operation without takeoff the float 195 which has a fin 197, and the float 196, uses this fin: either to self-orient: either in the following manner: a system of cables and pulleys maintains parallel the floats 195 and 196, and allows the adjustment of the angle B by the operator, who rule also the angle A.The wing is a rigid wing 198 articulated at its base around a horizontal hinge axis 199, the inclination of the wing 198 being adjustable by a slider 200 which moves a rod 201 connected to the wing L wing 198 is foldable at rest on the beam 202 which connects the three floats, and is also a wing.

Ailerons 203 and 204 are disposed on the flange 202 which is horizontal at departure before take-off, and likewise fins 205 and 206 are disposed on the flange 198. The assembly consisting of wings 198 and 202 having a transverse plane of symmetry Wing 202 has a substantially flat bottom face and a curved upper face, the profile of the wing 198 has an overall curvature concavity to the wind, the intrados being less curved than ltex-trados.Les fins 205 and 206 determine a yaw movement of the sailboat, this movement being combined with the setting of the angle
A flutter 193, the fins being able to operate independently or coupled.Ailer 203 and 204, the first being lowered, the second being raised create a lift of the wing 202 favoring the take-off of the leeward floats, and after take off, their adjustment determines the value of the angle of rotation of the sailboat around a roll axis, which angle must remain limited for the wing 198 to work well, these fins can operate independently or be coupled. in pitch can be obtained: either by a float 193 long enough; either by giving the floats 195 and 196 brought back in the axis of the hinge 199, a role of rudders; either by realizing a classic glider tail; or when the wind is sufficient to maintain a permanent take-off and the stability at height above the batt is achieved by a negative lift of the wing 202, by action on the fins 203 and 204 which also have a side effect of When the pitch stability problem is solved without the intervention of the floats 195 and 196, the rotations of the latter are free for them to orient themselves in the wind bed thanks to their fins, and also for they quickly move in the direction of the sailboat's movement when they come into contact with the water at high speed.

The aerial rudder effect of fins 205 and 206, which determines a yaw movement that stabilizes the apparent wind angle of incidence on the wing, can be improved by increasing the distance between floats 196 and 197 to increase the width. the base of the wing 198 at the hinge 199, or by arranging symmetrically with respect to the wing 198, air drifts substantially vertical> orientable, placed for example the vertical of the flutters 196 and 197
FIG. 29 shows a sailboat, made by analogy with the sailboats according to the invention. It comprises a wheel 207 whose orientation relative to the axis of the car defines the angle A. The orientation of the wheel 207 is controlled by an operator placed on the seat 208. This operator also controls by the cables 222 and 223 the adjustment of the angle B between the direction of the parallel wheels 209 and 210 and the axis of the ehar, a simple system of cables parallel 211et212 connecting two parallel bars 213 and 214 connected to the vertical axes of rotation of the wheels to ensure the parallelism of the roues.La sail 215 is whisbene.Elle is bordered by listening 224 parallel to the bar 219 which connects the vertical axes of the wheels 209 and 210, bar 219 which is perpendicular to the axis of the char.A further tack the sail 215 is lined on the other side by the 216 listener.Un rappelling cable 217 brings the sail in 11axe of the tank to allow to use the listening 216 which remains e ineffective as long as the sail is not in the axis of the mast mast 218 is placed in the middle of the bar 219.A bar 220 of the type of spreader is disposed under the foot of the mast 218 to cash out the efforts thanks to The bars 225 and 226 form an isosceles triangle with the bar 2190. The wind-inclined mat is held by struts 227 and 228 and a bar 229.

 In operation, the sail 215 is kept edged fixed in the position described. The angle A is set by the operator.This angle defines a pace of the tank relative to the apparent wind.The tire of the wheel 207 is wide enough for this wheel can play the role of anti-drift plane. The trimming of the angle B makes it possible to reach this pace and then to maintain it, the wheels 209 and 210 having more a directional role than an anti-drifting role. .Lc glte couple is thus effectively fought, especially by the weight of the operator,

 whatever the shape of the tank, because the sail remains fixed and perpendicular to the axis of the tank, the tank moving obliquely in any direction imposed by the orientation of the wheels, the sail still operating thus downwind of the wind wheel 207, and the inclination, in the wind, of the wing is justified.

 Of course, nothing prevents this yachting from functioning like a conventional sailboat by giving the wheels 209 and 210, which thus become front wheels, a role of anti-drift wheels of the car, the wheel 207 becoming a rear wheel directional that may be downwind of the sail, the sail being more and more lined in the axis of the tank as the angle B decreases, and the tank moves less obliquely, and the wheels 209 and 210 play an anti-drifting role more and more important, the classic sailboat can then be considered as a special case of a sand yacht according to the invention.

It is expected that the wheels 209 and 210 are self-orienting in the direction of movement when the operator does not exert stress on the controls, the horizontal axis of each wheel being located very behind the axis vertical, or on the contrary forward as for a bicycle front wheel for which the legs of the fork receiving the horizontal axis of the wheel are in front of the vertical axis of rotation of the handlebar, while promoting, in a manner unexpectedly, the directional stability of the wheel
FIG. 30 represents a sailboat for which the fin 230 is on the main float 231, a secondary float 232 being fixed rigidly to this float 231 by beams 233 and 234. A circular rail 235 is fixed to the beams and floats, sound. center corresponds to the foot of the mat 236, which @ is vertical and held by props 237. A whisbone 238 is fixed between the top of the mat 236 and the rail? 35> this whisker 238 describing a cone around the mast 235, when its end lower slide on the rail, the displacement being generally limited to a semicircle, the mast 236 constituting a vertical axis of rotation for the entire sail 239.This whiskey 238 in turn constitutes an inclined axis of rotation for the sail 239 which has a mast 240. Listening 241 is attached to tack 242. The combination of a rotation of the sail around a vertical mat and a relative rotation of this sail around a second axis, oblique, linked to the first axis, the second axis consisting of the whiskey 238 in this case, allows the sail to maintain its inclination to the wind regardless of ltallure and tack, and can always find the balance position of the sailboat around a vertical yaw axis, the rudders 243 and 244 having a secondary directional role.

The fixing of the whiskey 238 on the mast 240, shown, is close to the top of the mast 240, but it can be located for example in the middle of the mast 240, to better distribute the forces on the sail and reduce the traction on the single listening 241. Instead of fixing the upper end of the whisker 238 at the top of the mast 236, one can just as well articulate the top of the mast 240 at the top of the mast 236, the whisker 238 retaining its function on the rail 235, or the foot d mast 240 moves on the rail 235.

The operation of this sailboat is of the type: sailing on the side, the sailboat and the arrangement of the wing with one tack on the other having a transverse plane of symmetry
Such a wing arrangement can be put in place for an operation of the type :: veile advantage rail 235 undergoing a rotation of 90 to be used in front of the mast 236, being for example fixed to hull forming catamaran or trimaran
FIG. 31 represents a particular sail layout, made on a sailboat having a hull 245, in the wind, and a hull 246, smaller, only the wind, rigidly connected by a beam 247. The fins 248 and 249 are safran drifts because they each have a raster axis, 250 for the drift 248 and 251 for the drift 249, independent of one another. Its vertical poles 252 and 253, connected by a bar 254, are maintained by cables arranged at the diagonals of the rectangle formed by the masts, and by bars 256 and 257 which join the float 2460La wing is established on three bars forming a triangle, this triangle being able to occupy the location of the triangle formed by the bars 254, 256 and 257; a listening passes through each vertex of the aforementioned triangle and connects the corresponding vertex of the triangle forming the sail. First tack, the sail occupies the position 258, and one of the symmetrical edges of the sail is fixed against the bar 256 which constitutes a rotational axis For the change of tack, the sail passes through the intermediate position 259, then the other symmetrical edge of the sail is applied against the bar 257 which constitutes a new axis of rotation for the sail which occupies a position 260 Thus, the equilibrium, in yaw, is obtained for almost all gaits, except those close to the tailwind.

 A similar arrangement can be used for a forward type operation.

 With reference to FIG. 32, the sailboat comprises a downwind float 261, which moves parallel to the main float 262, to the wind, to which is attached the inclined drift 269.The cables 263 and 264, arranged at the diagonals of the formed parallelogram by the bars 265 and 266 which connect the floats, allow the trimming of the position of the shell 261 with respect to the shell 262.Cables 267 and 268 are tensioned when the limit positions of movement of the float 261 are reached to avoid overturning A saffron 270 is arranged at each end of the sailboat. The mast 271 carrying the sail 272 whiskey, is connected by its summ @ t to the top of the vertical mast 273, and by its base in the middle of the float 261.

 In operation, which is of the typeOvoile on the caté, the mast 273 constitutes a vertical axis of overall rotation for the sail 272, the mast 271 constituting a second axis, inclined to the wind, rotation, relative, for the sail 272 The yaw motions can be obtained without a rudder, for gaits other than those close to the stern. The float 261 can take off.

 A comparable configuration can be established for an operation of the type: sail forward, the wing shifted forward of the stable sailboat such as a catamaran for example, being established on a secondary float moving forward of the sailboat while remaining parallel to it, or by being auto-directlonnel, or being omnidirectional.

 FIG. 33 shows a sailboat operating on the side, having a secondary float 274 fixed on the beam 275 hinged to the main float 276. The float 274 has a substantially omnidirectional plane shape to be omnidirectional, it has a The sail 277 is fixed relative to the beam 275, inclined to the wind and the rope perpendicular to the beam 275. The sailboat, including sail, has a transverse plane of symmetry when it is inclined to have a hydrofoil wing bearing effect. the float 275 is in the middle position.This position is set by the cables 278 and 279 and limited by the stops 280 and 281.The operation is similar to that of the veil of the previous figure.

 The sailboat described with reference to FIG. 34 represents the preferred configuration of the invention. The fins 282 and 283 are of the inverse dihedral type, they are arranged on the floats 284 and 285 rotating independently of one another around the a vertical axis.The sparger is on the platform 286 located in the middle of the beam 287 which connects the floats.The wing is a wing 288 aerodynamic profile 289 and transverse plane of symmetry di; dared in the middle of the scale, in the sense of a rope.

The downwind float is a hydrofoil wing 290 disposed in continuity with the wing 288.A hydrofoil wing 291 is disposed symmetrically at the other end of the wing.The connecting beams 292 comprise telescopic elements, the same is true of beams 293.

 The operation of this sailboat is comparable to that of the sailboat described with reference to Figures 1 and 2, but it provides that the wing 290 is out of the water in current operation, and the floats 284 and 285.The wing 288 is stabilized above the water, in roll angle, by the hydrofoil wings 290 and 291 forming inverse dihedrons with the wing 288, st which have either a hydrodynamic or aerodynamic operation.The submerged parts of this sailboat do not include the drifts 282 and 283.

Thus, this sailboat is very advantageously an aerial glider with submerged flights, arranged symmetrically,
To change tack, it is expected to turn end wind, the wing 288 being against the wind, the inclination of the wing 288 is then reversed by sliding the telescopic bars 294 inside the bars 292 , so that the wind, lifting the garlic back on the other edge, after overall rotation of the wing about a hinge axis 295, which is separated from the beam 287 for this operation. is restored on the other edge, the bars 294 return to their positions, and the hinge axis 295 is secured to the beam 287 to transmit the roll couples.For the other tack change is the bars 296 that intervene .

The advantage of the operation lies in the fact that the wing 288 thus retains its leading edge and its trailing edge from one tack to the other, the wing being rigid.

 A disadvantage of this otherwise advantageous arrangement lies in the locking of the axis 295 on the beam 287, and in the transmission of the roll torque by the bars 292 and 293 which must be both rigid to serve as a lever arm The difficulty is solved by replacing the floats 284 and 285 with floats of the type of that described with reference to FIG. 34, which comprises: a float 297 proper, connected by a beam 298 to another float 299, whose dihedral plane forms an inverse plane with the plane of the drift 300 which is dispersed on this float 299, the assembly rotating on the axis 301 at the end of a beam 287. In this way, the equilibrium of the FAH and FHV forces is realized as shown in FIG. 35 in which the float-drift assembly which has just been described is represented in a vertical plane.

 The moment of roll due to FAV is supported by the beam 298 which acts as a lever arm, which makes it possible to connect the wing 288 to the beam 287, by simple cables or light bars, which transmit simple pulls, not couples.

The flipping of the wing 288 on the other edge of the sailboat, the change of tack can thus be achieved in 3 operations, without passing end wind: the wing 288 is first rotated along the arrow 302 which the place in a horizontal position, which is also a rest position for the sailboat, then it is translated from the other edge of the boat following the arrow 303, and then it is restored by a rotation along arrow 304.

 General remark: a beam 298 can itself serve as a stabilizing element for the immersion of a drift 300, because when it comes into contact with the water, its inclination and its volume determine a carrier effect, the section 298 can be made for this purpose.

The float 299 allows the stability of the sailboat in roll, because in the latter configuration the float 290 is a float for the wing 288, which does not intervene in the stability of the sailboat.
or Figures 1 and 2
A sailboat of Figure 34 / can be made with means similar to those described in Figure 28, an angle A and an angle B being defined in a comparable manner, the wing 288 may have fins ... Similarly a tank Sailing, not shown, operating by analogy with the sailboat of Figures 1 and 2, or the sailboat of Figure 34, can be achieved with means comparable to those described in Figure 29, including the sand yacht with two wheels in the wind and a wheel under the felt, for example the rotations of the wheels to feel are independent to have a role of anti-drift and directioenelles wheels, the lee wheel being self-orientable, or the two wheels to feel are made parallel and have a role comparable to that of the wheel 207 of Figure 29, their orientation defining an angle A, while the wheel under the directional wind direction, defines an angle B. In the first case the lee wheel can advantageously take off.

 Figure 36 shows a driftless catamaran with a transsersal plane of symmetry.The anti-drift effect is obtained by the hull305, in the wind, having an inclined V-shaped section, downwind, to have a plunging effect in operation. The hull 306, downwind, has no role of drift plane, its sections being flat bottom and rounded edges. The hull 306 may also have, as shown, a longitudinal plane of symmetry. and 308 are disposed at the ends of the wind float 305.Their draft is limited to the float 305.Their operation can be coupled, the rotation of the saffron 307 is effected in the opposite direction to that of the saffron 308.The effect of horizontal displacement of the center of vane force is obtained by a rotarien of a sail 309 around an oblique ase constituted of a m 310> the tack point 311 of the sail 309 being maintained in the wind of the mast 310 by a whisbone 312, listening 313 connecting the tack point 311 to the winch 314. The b Leakage ord 315 of the sail 309 is arranged parallel to the mast 310. The leading edge 316 is stretched by trimming at the level of the whisbone 312. The sail is cut to take account of this particular arrangement. The oblique mast 310 makes support on a vertical mast 317 placed on the float 305, the foot of the mast 310 bearing in the middle of the float 306.

 The operation is simple.The inclination of the plane of the sail 309 is upwind tight and zero in the tailwind. In bordering the listening 313, the sail 309 is placed in the wind bed, the sailboat being at the net in position wind crooked.Nesuite shocking listening 313, the 'roile 309 goes from one edge or the other, this edge corresponding to the choice of the tack and the direction of movement of the boat.

 It is possible to provide a hull in the wind, with a section determining a bearing effect of this hull. To simplify the realization of such a sailboat, the hull 306 is a hull identical to the float 305, arranged symmetrically with respect to a longitudinal plane of symmetry of the hull. sailboat, the bottom of this float 306 being directed to the wind.

 Such a sailboat can also have, arranged on the float 305: either a central drift, or two drifts orientable independently of each other and no rudders, one being behind the other, or two retractable fins, with aligned planes, of course inclined downwind, the drift located behind the sailboat being generally in service, the yaw balance being thus better achieved, the rear of the sailboat being defined in relation to the direction of the displacement in progress, while the drift located at the front of the float 305 is raised, and conversely scared the other tack.

 FIG. 37 represents a front view of a sailboat similar to that of FIG. 36, for which the mast 310 is suspended at the top of the mast 317 by its upper end, the foot 318 of this mast 310 describing a portion of a sphere by moving by means of cables 319 connecting this foot 318 to the four ends of the floats 705 and 306.The sail can be whisbone 320, listening 321 connecting a point near the base of the iat 317 at the listening point of the sail9So the sail can be inclined to the wind, even in the tailwind.

 The mast 310 may be connected to the top of the mast 317 by the end 322 of the whisker 32O, the sail being, for example, symmetrical with respect to a plane supporting the plane of the whiskey.

 A sailing arrangement, with a sail of this type is shown with reference to FIG. 38. The sail 323> symmetrical, is fixed by the end 324 of the whisker 325> at the top of the bars 326. It can take any position in incidence. relative to the wind and inclination with respect to the vertical by the adjustment of cables 327 connecting the ends of the mast 328 to the ends of the hulls 305 and 306.The roles of the tack point located at the lower end of the mast 328 and the halyard point located at the upper end of the mast 328 can be reversed to changes of tack; for example by tilting the sail from one side or the other with respect to a median herizontal position.

 Such a wing arrangement is suitable for a catamaran with sail type operation forward.

 An oblique axis of sail rotation may be constituted by an oblique mast simply supported by cables, this mast may consist of any means having a curvature or an angle, on which the sail is established.For example in Figure 39, the oblique axis of rotation 329, passes through two points 330 and 331 of the yards 332 and 333 on which the sail 334 is established.Jars 332 and 333 are kept apart by a whiskey 335.I) es was 336 maintain the axis oblique 329 inclined to the wind, being fixed at point 330.The end 331 rotates while being connected to the middle of the leeward float.

 FIG. 40 represents a catamaran operating according to the invention, port tack on the sail 337 and the fin 338, and starboard tack according to the reverse carrier effect of the leeward drift, by the same sail 337 occupying the position 339 and by a drift which may be the drift 338 or a retractable drift 340 located in front of the float 341, the drift 338 is also retractable.

FIG. 41 represents a catamaran with a longitudinal plane of symmetry having a hull 342 in the wind tending to immerse itself since its section 343 and the drift 344 are inclined downwindly. The hull 345 in the wind is asymmetrical to the hull 342.1a 346 section being arranged symmetrically to have a carrier effect, the retractable fin 347, which can be held in place to increase the sail carrier effect 348 is deported downwind by
a boom 349, the oblique mast 350 being placed between the end of this pole and the top of the vertical mast 351.The sail 348 is whiskey 352.

 Figure 42 shows a monohull sailboat.The drift 353 is fixed from the windward side of the hull 354 symmetrical transverse plane can be folded against the hull.

The sail 355 is deported downwind by a tangon 477. The assembly rotates about the vertical axis constituted by the mast 356.

The mast 356 is held vertical by a spar 557 and struts 358.

 The system for deporting a leeward wing can be applied to a conventional hull monohull sailboat as shown in Figure 43. Bars 359 maintain the mast 360 vertical.

On a monohull sailboat, for example, the sail deported to leeward can be established as a symmetrical spinnaker, the forestay being for example removed, the mast being maintained by a system of bars and props located in the back half plane relative to At the mast. With reference to FIG. 44, a system of two outriggers 361 and 362 connected by a bar 363 and held by cables 364, allows an overall rotation of the inclined sail.
on a vertical ring 481 365 / The trimming of this sail 366 aleffeetuant by plays 367 and 368.The sail 366 can be cut in a non-symmetrical manner, in which case a slider not shown brings the tack 369, sliding on the bar 363, at the other end 370 of the bar 363, at the change of tack. FIG. 45 and FIG. 46 represent a sailboat with a transverse plane of symmetry
triangular-shaped triangular-shaped frame / hull structure having an extended wind hull 371, and a short hull 372 downwind. Drift 373 is inclined and rudders 374 and 375. Two bars 376 and 377 hold one end 378 of whiskey 379, the other end 380 of whisker 379 being fixed above the hull 372. This whisker 379 thus constitutes an inclined axis of rotation for the sail 381.

 FIG. 47 illustrates a sailboat for which the wind float 382 is hinged about a horizontal axis passing through the ends 383 and 384 of a semi-circular beam 385 attached to the float 386. The sail 387 is integral, in roll , float 382, and turnie lace, around mat 388.

 In operation the sail 387 rises above the batten, tilting the fin 389 until an equilibrium is established.

The float 386 is not lifted and remains in contact with the water.

Cables 390 regulate the yaw movement, the wing relative to the drift OAu rest or low wind the pole 391 bears on the circular bar 385.

 With reference to FIG. 48, it is also planned to establish a drift 392 between two floats 393 and 394 forming a catamaran with a longitudinal or transverse plane of symmetry, and to articulate this drift 392 about a horizontal axis 395. The movement of all of the wing 398 supported, author of this axis 395, is transmitted to the drift 392 by the mast 396 and the spinnaker 397, this rotation being free. The floats 393 and 394 therefore remain in contact with the water whatever the The height of the sail above the water. Of course, when there is longitudinal symmetry, when passing the mat 399 in the plane of symmetry, the drift 392 and the mast 396 must be vertical.

 In general, any combination between, on the one hand, the aforementioned wing arrangements and, on the other hand, the described drifting arrangements, carried out according to the logic of the invention, is conceivable and claimed. In particular, the provisions laid down for a windward drift from a given hull, downwind, and the established provisions for a leeward sails from a given hull, to the wind, these given hulls being principal, may be combined by binding these two hulls given, or considering that these two given hulls merge into one and the same hull, disposed intermediately between the plane of drift and the sail plan.Les means of horizontal displacement of the drift to the wind of this main hull intermediate , can be set independently of the means of horizontal displacement of the leeward wing of this hull.

They can also be combined in a simple manner, such as that which will be described with reference to FIG. 49.Two shells 400 and 401 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the main hull 402, they are in a transverse plane of symmetry.They are connected by a beam 403 at their vertical axes of rotation located in their transverse planes of symmetry. Parallel cables 405 and 406 hold the three floats 400, 402, 405 parallel during their relative horizontal movements, obtained by the setting cables 407 and 408.Des stops 409 and 410 limit the rotation of the beam 403 to not jeopardize the stability of the sailboat at the bearing.

An advantage of this configuration lies in the wide spacing of the planes of drift and wing.As indicated in Figure 50, the hull 401 is out of the water in normal operation and may consider its removal.However a float 401 is a safety element for operation in rough seas for example, in case the drift 411 comes out suddenly of the water. It is necessary to provide at the beginning a slope to the wind, of the wing, higher than that which is normally necessary, to take into account the decrease of inclination of the drift, due to the mechanical deformations in strong wind, the risk of unexpected exit of the drift out of the water increasing with the speed of the wind.

 A configuration with a longitudinal plane of symmetry and central main hull intermediate the fin and the wing leads to a trimaran according to Figure 519 for which the hulls 412 and 413 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the central hull 414 to which they feel fixedly connected by the beam 415, the fins 416 and 417 are thus located in the rear part of the veil, so that the drift 416, wind, operating, balance, yaw, the sailboat is achieved. A circular beam 418 connects the three floats by their front.A circular rail 419 is disposed on the beam 418.The foot of the mast 420 carrying the sail 421 whisbone1coulisse in this rail, its position being adjustable.La drift leeward, 417, is in However, in some cases, its plan, with a lifting effect, may facilitate the resumption of the normal operation of the plunger 416, in the event of an unexpected exit from the calf of the aircraft. this drift 416, a plane 479 ends the drift 417.

 Thus, when it is planned to keep in place the two fins 416 and 417, the arrangement of the three floats 412,413,414 is that shown in FIG. 52, for which the bottom of the fin 417 touches the surface of the water when the drift 416 operates plan 479 being substantially horizontal.

 The use of sails with a large surface area leads to the definition of clean sail surface reduction systems, because the existing systems, for example reducing the sail surface of sailboards, are difficult to apply when the surface is large. According to the invention, cables 422 connect the two ends of the mast 423 to the outermost ends of the whisker 424 so that the whisker 424 retains its position relative to the mast 423 when the earpiece 425 is shocked.

A drum 426 makes it possible to turn the mast 423 on itself, this maneuver being able to be carried out remotely. A sail 427 which forms a sleeve on the mast 423 wraps around the mast 423.

sleeve 428 is integral with whiskey 424, a slot being provided on sleeve 428 to allow passage of web 427, sleeve 428 enclosing mast 423 without being integral therewith; the thrust obtained on the whisker 424 bordering the monitor 425 is thus transmitted to the mast 423.Listening 425 is returned to the base of the mast 423 to create a rotation torque opposing the course of the sail 427, this listening being, for example, wound at the base of the mast 423 in the opposite direction to the winding of the sail 427. Thus, when the operator acts at a distance on the drum 428, the listen 425 is shocked or bordered by a length corresponding to the length respectively of winding or unwinding of the sail 427 on the rat 423.1e mast 423 being substantially cylindrical, the listening 425 passing through a pulley disposed at the end of the whisker 424 located near the listening point of sailing.

 when the control of the winding of the sail 427 on the mast 423 is not carried out distaece, after the winding operation, it is necessary to block the rotation mast 423.1e couple is not impertant, for example compared to a rail 419 ;; or else it is still possible to stabilize the winding of the sail on the mast by locking the listening 425, whose movement is that of a rope stretched between two peulies, for example by a cleat-cam disposed on the course of listening connected to the mast or whisbone.Un simple system is still to stretch the listening 425 at the end of a small bar, having for example a length of the same order as the diameter of the mast 423 , fixed to the mast 423 at its base, this bar forming a lever arm due to the tension of the listening 425, to prevent the sail from unfolding. The cables 422 are fixed on rings 429 and 430 which rotate freely on the mast 423.

 Any sail arrangement described in the text or reference atzdessins is shown, in connection with a given sailboat, as an example, and may be adapted to other sailing boats described.

The original features described in this text are also claimed for themselves, whether they are used on classic sailing boats, on praos, on sailboards, or on sailboats proceeding from the logic opposite to that of the invention. , ie: having their leeward drifting plan
Figures 54 55,56 and 57 represent a machine with wing operating at altitude. The submerged drift 431, inclined the bottom under the sent, is fixed to the float 432, with transverse plane of symmetry, the operator being on this float 432.Beam 433 is articulated around a vertical axis, or approximately vertical axis 434.

The angle referenced A between the beam 433 and the float 432 is regulated by two cables 435 and 436 depending on the pace. A small self-orienting float 437 is attached to the end of the beam 433 to stabilize the set of means. associated with the drifting plane, at rest.eu by low wind.The inclination of the drift 431 and the length of the beam 433 are adjusted so that the resultant of the hydrodynamic forces on the drift 431 has a component in the direction of the towing cables 438 and 439 which balance this tractive force of aerodyeamic origin, and a descending vertical component which tends to immerse the float 432, the drift 431 being inclined a little beyond the position for which its plane is perpendicular to the direction of the cables 438 and 439, a hydrodynamic "anchoring" of the drift 431 thus being réallsé.The tensile angle referenced 440 is the angle between the direction of the cables 438 and 439 and the horizontal.Suivant the value of this angle and depending on the intensity of the tractive force, the float 437 can take off, and the inclination of the drift 431 increase, the immersion force thus advantageously increasing with the traction angle 440. The beam 477 therefore has a important role of lever arm to balance the roll moments of hydrodynamic and aerodynamic origins, and also a stabilizing role of yaw movements. Saffron may be placed on the float 432.

 The role of the angle 440, which is a function of the altitude of the wing is important. For an ideal operation, the planes of drift and wing are substantially vertical, and the angle of traction 440 almost zero. desirable that the wing moves: remaining slightly inclined on the vertical, upwind, or if possible vertical, and remaining at low altitude, if possible constant, the wing thus describing almost a semicircle around the pivot formed by the drift 431, depending on the pace and the tack.

 There are at least four types of wings, according to the invention, operating at altitude: the type with horizontal symmetrical profile, the wing type with horizontal profile with transverse axis of symmetry, the wing type with vertical vertical profile, the type autogyra.

 The wing of FIGS. 55 and 56 is of the type: wing with a symmetric profile, with a vertical plane, the starboard for a tack becoming the extra-back for the other tack. The profile 441 of the wing 442 is thick, so that the wing 442 has a sufficient volume to ensure its own lift by being inflated- by a gas lighter than air, helium for example.To ensure the vertical stability of the wing a ballast is disposed at the lower base of the wing 442, a distribution of the volumes of the wing 442, more important in the upper part, can promote this stability.

An empennage 443 is disposed on the wing: the wing 442 comprises an arrow. There are provided planes 444 and 445 at the ends of the wing 442, freely movable about horizontal axes, to form stabilizing dihedra.These dihedra take from the outset the limit position on one edge, for a wind angle, and the other symmetrical limit position on the other edge when the extrados and extrados roles of the wing profile 441 According to 442 are the inverted FIG. 55. The cable 438 is divided into several cables 446 passing through the leading edge 447 of the wing 442 and connecting the trailing edge 448 bypassing the face of the wing constituting the upper surface. 439 is divided into several cables 449 which join the trailing edge 448. The wing 442 being very light, is flexible, the cables 446 and 449 form a net on the upper surface of the wing, to maintain - Nir rectilinear edges of the wing.The wing 442 has elements giving it its shape and rigidity, such as inner lobes, light bar arranged along the trailing edge 448 on which the cables 446 and 449 are attached. After circumvention of the ex-trados, it is desirable that the cables 446 or 449 constituting a net for the wing 442 are supported on the leading edge 447 at points located opposite the corresponding painted 5 located on the trailing edge 448, so that there is not created a pitch torque hindering the operation. , it is expected that the cables 446 and 449 pass through guides, not shown, fixed on the leading edge 447.Return springs can also fulfill this role.Les cables 446 and 449 have lengths such as the wing 442 has a slight inclination, the upwind, to promote maintaining altitude. The limit positions of the dihedron 444 and 445 can be determined by the lengths of the son 446 and 449 which connect the cables 438 and 439 to these dihedra.

 In operation, the wing 442 starts from an end wind position for the wing, referenced 450, non-tractrice, with reference to FIG. 56. The wing 442 is retained by the cables 446 and 449 fixed on the edge of 448, and remains in the wind bed thanks to the empennage 443.By bordering the cable 438, the wing takes the position 451 corresponding to the close starboard tack. By bordering the cable 439 the wing 442 takes the corresponding position 452 Up close to this cable 439, the wing takes for example the position 453, which corresponds to a pace of largue, indicted by the letter L.The wing 442 describes a circle author of the drift, to substantially constant altitude, which is a function of the rappert :: aerodynamic force on static lift force, the ballast arranged at the base of the wing @ being adjustable according to the force of the wind, and especially increased when the wind weakens, so that the traction angle 440 remains limited, for example to 30. Ure can be carried out at any pace, since the speed of the craft is slowed by putting the wind wing b @; ut, before reversing the direction of movement of the float 432, in modifying the angle A between the beam 435 and the float 432. The trimming of the light is obtained by controlling the angle A, and the angle of incidence of the apparent wind on the wing, obtained by cables 438 and 439.

 The angle A being adjusted by the cables 435 and 436, or by rudders.

The configuration of wing craft operating at altitude, described with reference to FIGS. 58, 59, 60, 61, comprises a set of means associated with the drift with a longitudinal plane of symmetry, and a wing with a transverse plane of symmetry. The drift 454 pivots about a horizontal axis 455 disposed on two beams 456 and 457 connecting two shells 458 and 459 forming a catamaran. The beam 460 feet around an axis 461 located in the plane of the drift 454. Three -cables 466,467,468 connect the end of the beam 460 to the wing. The wing is of the second type stated: wing with horizontal profile with transverse plane of symmetry. The profile 462 of the wing 463 always has the same intrados and the same extrados whatever the tack, the leading edge 464 becoming trailing edge while the trailing edge 465 becomes the leading edge, the change of amure.La lift wing 463 is obtained by tilting the wing, the upwind, by cable trimming 466.The stabilization in al The titude is obtained by plans 469 and 470, which are substantially horizontal at zero altitude, and which are incident when the altitude of the wing 463 increases, thus creating a descending vertical force, which balances the upward vertical force due to the inclination. 4. The stabilizer plane 470 can be omitted and the plane 469 retained, the advantage being that the aerodynamic force on the wing 463 has an upward vertical component which, combined with the descending vertical force created on the plane 469, achieves a pitch stabilizing torque of the wing.This stabilizing torque can be increased by placing a weight at the base of the wing, and increasing the surface of the sail in its upper part. A tandem arrangement of two wings 463 coplanar, can, under certain conditions, promote stability. The wing 463 comprises a empennage 471. The wing had to operate at high incidence, it is planned to leave the empennage free to rotate. around a vertical axis 472 connected to the wing 463, this empennage along the direction of the apparent wind, the horizontal plane of this empennage 472 having a wingspan longer than the wing rope to stabilize the wing rolled at In the near, downwind and downwind, the garlic occupies the weighings referenced P, L, VA, by describing a substantially constant circle around the drift 454. The rudders 473 allow the trimming the angle A. To avoid the instability of the drift 454, inclinaisen, the pace close to the tailwind springs unrepresented return the drift in central pesition when the roll torque exerted on the drift by the beam 460 is weak. the balance being made between the trim and the wing, the trim of the catamaran is stable and independent of the pace and strength of the wind, except possibly in the downwind, if the angle of traction is too important.The setting of cables 467 and 468 determines the impact of the wind on the wing, and therefore the overall position of the wing relative to the boat, the angle
A being set according to this overall position.

 A third configuration is further described by way of example, with reference to FIGS. 62 and 63. It corresponds to a radio controlled controlled model. The floating assembly is that described in FIG. 19. The end of the beam comprises a float 474 having a hydrofoil wing effect.A single cable 475 tows the floating assembly.The hull 92 is out of the water in operation.A radio-c @ mmandé engine, placed inside the hull 92, allows the adjustment of the angle A, referenced 95 in FIG. 19, by action on the cables 96 and 97.The cable 475 is fixed to a radio-controlled glider 476, adjustable in roll, pitch and yaw, operating This glider represents a wing of the above-mentioned type: wing with a classic vertical profile. Such a glider is horizontal in the tailwind, and tilts from one edge to the other depending on the tack, this operation being also that of a kite proper.

 Since the relative wind is weak in the downwind, it is planned to change the tack from the S-course, allowing the glider to recover altitude.

 It is possible to use cenni-type kites, for example, in the form of a series of superimposed staircases, the setting being effected by at least three cables, for example two for the incidence and one for Inclination.Any characteristic of one of the C figurements of gear described can be applied to the other, t.ut system associated with the drift, described, can be applied to the whole float of the machine.By for example, a helium-inflated wing is also suitable for the configuration of FIGS. 58 to 61 and for the configuration of FIGS. 62 and 63.

 Fear better balance the wing-blade assembly, it is planned to move the axis 94 horizontally on the rotor 92, for example by sliding an assembly linked to the axis 94 on ibm rail disposed on the float 92. this horizontal movement alone makes it possible to obtain an angle A between the beam and the float satisfactory, with instabilities close to operation.

 The float assembly of an upper wing craft may comprise a float according to FIG. 3, a beam 93 of FIG. 62 becoming the beam 31 of FIG.

 Drifts 416 and 417 comprise planes 478 and 479 having the role of a hydrofoil wing downwind.

 The cables starting from the drum 426 to reduce -distance the surface of a sail 427 are in particular brought to the foot of the mat 480 which is the center of the rail 419, so that the movement of a sail on the rail 419 can be carried out retaining 1-e trimming of the sail surface, with reference to Figures 51 and 53.

 The floats are provided on the wings and kites to prevent their immersion in case of a fall, and to promote their takeoff, such as the floats 480 of Figure 58.

 A sailboard, in particular amphidrome, is made by applying the means and operating principles of the invention, the mast foot movable horizontally, is downwind of a drift located in the transverse plane of symmetry of the board.

 A sand yacht according to the invention is in particular towed by a wing operating at altitude, the sand yacht being weighted.

 all of the means associated with the drift can constitute in itself a stabilizing glte device of a pre-existing sailboat connect by cables, the end of a beam forming a lever arm of this set to this sailboat.

 From this set, we can make a beach gear, which moves on the water parallel to the movement of the person who tows along the beach, or a bank.

 When one has a platform moving obliquely, the plane drifting in the wind, instead of being distributed between the floats in the wind, can be linked to the flat-farm, on the windward side, in s' orienting around a vertical axis linked to the platform.

 A float 457 of FIG. 57, instead of being self-orienting, can be connected to the float 432 by a device ensuring the parallelism of the two hulls.

 It is also planned to have two flitters 28 of FIG. 3, forming a tilt-hulled catamaran rolled about longitudinal horizontal axes, connected to the transverse beams connecting the hulls; the yaw rotation of a beam forming a lever arm. connected directly or by towing cables to the wing, determining the simultaneous inclination of the two shells 28 and their fins, by a device similar to that of Figure 3 associating the yaw rotation of an axis at the inclination of 'drift.

 The inclined mast carrying the sail being articulated in inclination, around a point situated either at the base of this mast, or along the mast, or at the top of this mast, the device ensuring a relationship between the inclination the wing and the drift: parallelism, self-balancing of couples or any enslavement, is established respectively: either horizontally between the emerged part of the drift and the base of the mast, or obliquely between the drift and the point of articulation along the mast 9 is vertically between the rudder and the apex of the inclined mast which is hinged to the top of a vertical mast located vertically of the rudder. An inclined mast may have a base, which slides on a circular rail in a vertical plane, to adjust the inclination of the sail.

 The devices according to the invention apply equally to sailboats of the type: beach gear, to sailboats of transoceanic races, through gear specially designed to beat sailing speed records, and by fast sailing boats with sporty character.

Claims (10)

 1.Engine sail, according to revenddication 1 of the Patent Application No. 8208 3 @, the type comprising a plane of drift located in the wind and away from the sail plan, characterized in that the plane of drift are associated the following ways.  -is in a substantially horizontal surface, for example fixed to the base of a vertical drift, this surface creating a downward vertical force.  means for immersing the drift plane, consisting in particular of:  -is in the drift itself inclined on the vertical, the lower part being directed from the side of the wing, that is to say downwind, so as to induce in addition to the horizontal component drift itself, a component descending vertical of immersion, the intredos of the profile of the drift being located on the side of the leeward wing.  - Or in a surface disposed at the lower part of the vertical drift, in continuity with the drift, to form a dihedron: inverse or a progressive connection having a curvature whose concavity is located on the side of the wing.  or in weights arranged near or vertically to the drift plane, depending on the possibilities of the configuration chosen for the machine, such as weights, ballasts, operators, in particular the drift which may constitute such ballast.  -is in a float inclined on the vertical, constituting in itself a plane of drift, the wall of the float constituting the intrados being substantially flat and vertical, the word constituting the extrados being curved and inclined on the vertical, the section of the float being in the form of an inclined V whose average plane is inclined on the vertical, the bottom of the leeward side  or in a combination of the aforementioned means.  or in a load-bearing surface type water ski, having a minimum volume to ensure buoyancy at rest.  means for stabilizing the immersion of the drift in the vicinity of the surface of the water, implemented on the face of the water to obtain a carrier effect, consisting notably of:  or in a thicker float, for example of the windsurfing type, of sections with flat bottoms and rounded edges.  or in a plane inclined to the vertical, to the inverse of the inclination of the fin, above the drift, forming an inverse dart with the fin, having a sufficient amount of space for its upper part to remain emerging in operation.  or, when the plane of drift is constituted by a float1 this float in itself.  or in a V-shaped section float to present a drift plane which is added to that of the drift, lintrados of the float being substantially plane and the extrados curve, the mean plane of the section of the float, being either in the extension of the drift to increase its effect, is inclined on the vertical opposite to the drift to form dihedral inverse with the drift,  - or any float: classic, amphidrome or multihull.  or in the stabilization means of the immersion of the drift, mentioned above, whose shape is elongated.  means for stabilizing the plane of drift around a pitch axis, consisting notably of:  either in a beam, at the ends of which are placed the distant floats each having a plane of drift, or along which are distributed several floats each having a plane of drift, these floats being in particular articulated each on an axis of vertical rotation linked to the beam.  or, when the dihedral form drift reverses with the upper plane, in two remote and aligned dihedral units operating in tan dem being connected by a floating beam.  means for stabilizing the drift around a roll axis, consisting in particular: at least one beam forming a lever arm, excluding any immersed cable, in particular articulated about an axis connected to the drift, for example vertical or well located in the plane of the drift, this beam being integral with the drift in rolling motion, the assembly: drift-beam forming lever arm, being either: bound in rolling motion to all floating means associated with the drift, where: disconnected in roll from these floating means, by freely rotating about a horizontal axis parallel to the plane of the drift, and fixed on these floating means, the balance in roll being realized between tractive force exerted at the end of the beam lever arm and the drift, without using the rectifying torque of the floats.  or in means for adjusting the angle between the beam forming a lever arm and the float associated with the fin.  stabilization means around a yaw axis, consisting notably of:  or in horizontal displacement means, parallel to the drift of the point of connection between the beam forming a lever arm and the drift.  or in the stabilizing means around a yaw axis, mentioned above.  directional means including:  or in any means comprising or associating fins, rudders and fins, which may or may not be flanged, arranged symmetrically with respect to a transverse axis or in a conventional manner, these elements being able to operate in an e-coupled manner, or to be capable of being parallel or remain independent, the vertical axes of rotation of these elements remaining ntaii'jnent aligned in the plane of drift.  or in a combination of these aforementioned directional means.  means for linking and positioning all of the above-mentioned means associated with the drift, to all the means associated with the sail plan, consisting in particular in means of relative horizontal displacement of the two aforementioned assemblies, so as to equilibrium between the hydrodynamic forces of the drift plane and the aerodynamic tractive forces of the wing plane, which equilibrium obtained on a horizontal plane around a yaw axis, combines with the equilibrium achieved on a vertical plane around a roll axis, between the aerodynamic force on the wing which has an ascending vertical component, and the hydrodynamic force on the drift which has a descending vertical component, these means having at the same time a balancing function for the couples in the presence , and control of the direction of movement of the machine.  all of the above-mentioned means allowing the drift to move horizontally while remaining immersed in the vicinity of the surface of the water, while being towed by a wing with a carrier effect, the drift plane being inclined: or fixed, or adjustable, or varying in fenction: the tilt or altitude of the sail, or the pace of the craft, or the angle between the beam forming the lever arm and the float.  transverse, and the drift arrangements, possibly retractable from one tack to the other, the operation being of the type wing on the side ".  or by reversing the direction of movement of the floats as they are drifted to the plane of drift, which is feasible, for example, upwind, in which case there is at least one transverse plane of symmetry which concerns: the immersed elements associated with the plane of drift, and / or the beams or platforms connecting the flitters, these floats being able to be amphidremes, that is to say with double symmetry: longitudinal and  all of the above-mentioned means, associated with the drift, being designed so that changes of tack take place in one of two ways:  -sither by backward shifting, or end feel as far as possible, in which case there is at least one longitudinal plane of symmetry which relates to submerged elements associated with the plane of drift, and / or the beams or platforms connecting the flettors and the fins devices, possibly retractable from one tack to the other, in particular the inclination of the fins to be reversed @ the change of tack, the operation being of the type: "sail forward".  all the means associated with the drift plane, performs a hydrodynamic "anchoring" of the drift.  2.Voilier and corresponding method, according to claim 1, characterized in that meyens of hydrodynamic anchoring of the drift plane are an integral part of the sailboat fear which corresponding means of levitation of the sail plan are implemented, this plan of drift in the wind and at a distance from the wing constituting the principal plane of drift of the veil, the hulls associated with the plane of wing operating with reference to the surface of the water, being by remaining in permanent contact with the water, scit while taking off, the hulls remaining at a limited height above the deck, the means associated with the sail plan using the following means:  the levitation means of the aforementioned sail plan, consisting in particular ::  -is in a substantially horizontal bearing surface, arranged perpendicularly to the wing formed by a surfa  this propulsive bearing, substantially vertical or slightly in  windward, the horizontal bearing surface being for example  located at the base of the wing, along the elements connecting a  float to the wind at a leeward float, and can be consti  killed 'of a wing 202 symmetrical, leading edge and trailing edge  whose roles are interchangeable, the profile being such that the in  Trados is substantially planar and the extrados curved, to exert a lift at zero incidence, two bending flaps 203 and 204 being arranged symmetrically on each side of the wing 202 to promote the take-off of the leeward float assembly asso - Cié at the wing 198, the assembly forming in operation a single wing with reverse dihedron, stabilized in height  - Or in inclinaisenen means in the wind of the plane of voi lure, and trimming of this inclination, the upper part of the plane of wing being directed towards the side of the drift, that is to the wind, so as to induce in addition to the horizontal component having a propulsive effect, an ascending vertical component; this inclination to the wind being obtained by horizontal axes of rotation or rtules, located at the base or along the span of the veil, in the plane of the wing 9 or at a distance from the wind of the wing, the angle of inclination being adjustable by the movement of a slider 200 which pushes a connecting rod 201 connected to the tail 198 or to a mast, or by variation of height of a spar 296 of telescopic type or of a spade with sliding stages, type ladder of cabinet. The rotatien of the plane of wing around two axes, or of ball joints allows the wing to take any position in incidence and inclination.Naturally a symmetrical sail ue, whis- bone in the plane of symmetry, suspended by the end of the whis- bone 325 located in front of the mast 328, advantageously constitutes a veile mentée on retule.Les veilures inclined to the wind, compert oblique axes of rotation , such as the mast 138, the whiskers 238,379, around which the sails can in particular: rotate 180. The inclinaisen can still be obtained by outriggers 349,477,64,361 and 362 deporting the wing downwind. This inclination may be constant by rotating the overall plane of the wing around vertical axes such as the masts 236, 273, 351, 356, 365. Or, when the oblique axes are fixed relative to the sailboat, the inclination is maximum upwind and zero at the downwind, axes such as :: 310, of Figure 3b, axis passing through points 330 and 331, axis passing through points 378 and 380.The angle of inclination of the wing is of the same order as the angle of inclination of the drift, so as to make the plane of the wing substantially parallel to the plane of the drift, the angles of inclination of these planes, on the vertical, being all the more important as these planes are close, a perpendicular to the sail plan passing through the center vault also goes upwind by the center of hydrodynamic thrust of the drift, approx apprximately. Net 398 sail and the drift 392 are integral in rolling motion, which determines the inclination of planes of wing and drift, aut 395.Netably the. parallelism of the planes of wing and drift can be obtained by a sys tene forming articulated parallelogram.Notamment, the self-balancing of the couples due to the sail and the drifts starting from a planned position of equilibrium, can be obtained by a device comprising a vertical plane pulley, linked to each plane, the pulleys being connected by a cross cable so that the rotations of the drift plane and the sail plane are carried out in opposite directions from each other.  either: in a sail comprising a rounded upper part of the spinnaker type, levers having a lifting effect which can be arranged at the upper part of the sail; in a sail comprising an upper plane inclined to the wind and forming an inverse dihedron with the sail; in a sail inclined to the wind whose surface is essentially arranged in the upper part, for example a symmetrical triangular sail established base at the top.  or in means of lightening the floats and leeches associated with the wing, these floats having sections or having plans determining, in particular, a carrier effect.  or in a combination of the levitation means of the aforementioned sail plan.  or in at least one float whose section is rounded to include a minimum drift surface compatible with its function, for example the float 306.  means for stabilizing the wing, by buoyancy, especially at rest or low wind, consisting in particular:  or in an inclined plane 290, the downwind, immersed, having a sufficient volume to ensure balance at the stop, arranged in continuity with the plane of the sail or wing 288, for to form an inverse dihedron, this plane acting as a hydrofoil wing.  or in a self-orienting float, for example 16 by means of a fin 23 disposed behind an axis of rotation / of the float.  or in floats 346 or 413, in the wind, the sections of which are load-bearing in order to favor the immersion of the fins in the wind 344 and 416.  -is in a float without preferred direction of displacement, said omnidirectional, of the type disc aquaplanant thick  or in a beam at the ends of which are placed two distant floats, each having 11Il vertical rotation, or along which are distributed several floats 187 each articulated on a vertical axis of rotation connected to the beam 185.  -is a float associated with the sail plan, the shape of which is elongated  stabilization means around a pitch axis, comprising in particular:  - Or two wings of distant hydrofoil and coplanar, working under the wind, in tandem, being connected by a floating beam.  or in the aforementioned means linking the inclination of the car with that of the drift.  means for stabilizing the sail plane around a roll axis, consisting in particular of:  or in means linking to the wing or its floats the beam enclosing the rolling torque of the fin.  or in a float assembly 297 and beam 298, which in itself balances the rolling torque of the fin, so that the sail can freely rotate about a roll axis 295 without having to exert roll torque.  or in horizontal planes before take-off and which are in incidence after take-off determining a negative lift.  or in means for stabilizing the height of the sail over the water, when the floats associated with the sail plan take off, and which consist in particular:  - Or in planes arranged in the upper part of the wing, forming dihedral inverse with the wing, and which are carriers before take-off, the lift canceling and then reversing when the wing rises having an overall rotation relative to a roll axis connected to the plane of drift.  or in any device for controlling an aerial glider, such as: flaps of curvature, a stabilizer with two axes, airfoils.  or in a float 290 disposed at the base of the wing 288, and whose plane tends, after take-off, to create a downwardly descending vertical component aerodynamic force, this plane 290 having a role of float, hydrofoil wing , and stabilizing plane of the height of the sail over the water.This hydrofoil wing being in the continuity of a sail plan 288, so as to operate indifferently in water or in the air , the profile of the wing 290 being for example symmetrical because the intrados in the water becomes the extrados in the air.A plane 291 is disposed symmetrically, when the wing 288 is established after retation, on the opposite edge from the sailboat, to the change of tack,  or in a combination of these means for stabilizing the height of the wing above the water, mentioned above.  or in a combination of the stabilization means of the sail plan around a roll axis, supra.  - Or in elements allowing to regulate the incidence of the wing, such as: plays, masts, spars, whiskers.  means for stabilizing the sail plan around a yaw axis, in particular:  or in means of horizontal displacement of the entire wing with respect to the fin 9 or with respect to the float assembly associated with the sail plane.  or in the stabilization means of the sail plan around a yaw axis, supra.  directional means, consisting in particular;  -in a combination of these means  Fixed tailings relative to the wing, movable about a vertical axis connected to the wing, so as to orient themselves in the direction of the apparent wind.  205 and 206  or in devices of the type of horizontal glider control that determine the pitching movements of this glider, these movements being yaw movements for the sailboat whose wing is substantially vertical, devices such as:  two identical sails arranged symmetrically with respect to a transverse axis of symmetry of the sailboat, and one of which serves, alternatively according to the tack, rudder relative to the other.  two identical rudder sails arranged symmetrically with respect to a main central sail, symmetrically operating from one tack to the other, these rudder sails having an independent or coupled operation.  -Means of trimming above, the incidence of the sail.  or in means for inclining the wing around a pitch axis, forwards or backwards, for example by rotation around the mast foot, in a manner similar to the device installed on a board sailing.  -is in means of horizontal displacement of the center of vane force, with respect to the drift, to align or break the balance between the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces according to the pace, and which consist in particular ::  means for trimming the curvature of a sail, such as ends 158 and 159 bringing the recess of a symmetrical sail 157 along the luff of the moment, the widths of the sail being arranged horizontally to be at an angle on the luff and chut  or between the top of a mast and the end of a pole such as 349.477.397 when the sail is whiskey, or tang @ ns 361 and 362 when the veile is symmetrical.In particular, assembly :: of the mast vertical or related to the tilting drift, of the oblique mast on which is established the sail 2 and the outrigger deporting the lee under the wind, forms a triangle having a rigidity and whose plane revolves around the vertical mast or linked to the tilting drift, the rotation taking place either in the half-plane located, in front of the mast if there is longitudinal plane of symmetry for the sailboat, or in the half-plane situated on the leeward side of the mast if there is transverse plane of symmetry for the sailboat.  either means of rotation of the entire wing around vertical wings such as the masts 236,273,351,356,365, or substantially vertical in operation and linked in rolling motion adrift, such as: 388,396: netly the sails being whiskey: netly the arrangement of the sails is done in one of the following ways:  or between the semmetry of a mast 317 and trimming cables 319 allowing the suspended mast 310 to take a position towards the front or the rear of the float 306.  or between the top of a mast and a semicircular rail disposed horizontally at the base of the mast having in particular the foot of the mat as a center, this rail being a rail 235 disposed on the side of a sailboat to transverse plane of symmetry, or a rail 419 disposed on the front of a sailboat with a longitudinal plane of symmetry, the oblique axis of rotation of the wing being a whisker 238 for example or a mast 420  or between the top of a mast, for example 273 and a fletter, for example 261, or 274, or 401, this float linked to a hinged beam at the base of the vertical mast, describes a semicircle on the water at during its rotational movement around the vertical mast, which is performed either on the side or on the front of the sailboat depending on the type of operation of the sailboat.  the rotations of the sails around these axes are carried out in particular in the half-plane located in the wind of these axes, on the inner side of the sailboat, the listening, in particular unique, such as the listening 313 for example, making it possible to regulate the sail 309 being fixed to the tack of the sail, the sail 309 passing from a shocked listening position for which the sailboat is upwind, to a listening position bordered in the transverse axis of symmetry of the boat for which the sailboat is in a downwind, the sail being established towards the opposite end of the sailboat on the other tack, after a change of direction of the movement of the sail, and in particular when the sailboat has two retractable fins on the float 505 in the wind it is the drift behind the direction of travel which is in service, the sail then being on the bow, the drift in front being raised, and conversely with the change of tack, a sail with tack turning in the wind xe of rotation of the sail thus allowing a better balance in yaw of the sailboat than a sail turning leeward of its axis.  or in oblique axes arranged in the transverse plane of symmetry of the sailboat, such as: 310 of FIG. 36, axis passing through points 330 and 331, axis passing through points 378 and 380, these axes being such that ::  allowing it to have three floats 162,168,169 to turn around a axis 163 disposed on the float in the wind 162  - Or in means of rotation of a sail178 resting  the axis of oblique rotation, that is to say inclined to the wind, can be established between two points of a mast, or between two points of a whiskey, or between a point of a mast and a point of a whiskey, a whisker sail, in particular Whiskey 379 constitutes the oblique axis of rotation of the sail 381.  the oblique axis can pass through two points of a curved mast on which is established the sail of a mast constituted by two bars 332 and 333.  Whiskey 312 can be established from a mast 310 of FIG. 36 to serve to tension the luff 316 of the sail 309, the trailing edge of the sail being along the mast 310.  or in a means allowing a symmetrical triangular sail, to turn around a bar 256 disposed along one side of the sail for a tack, and around a bar 257 disposed along the other symmetrical edge sail for the other tack.  or in means making it possible to vary the surface of the sails 132 and 134 by arranging sail winders on stays, in particular the struts being arranged symmetrically so that one sail is stored while the other is established, and conversely to the change of tack.  or in a bar articulated at one point of the voflier, at the right of the drift or the wind of the sailboat and connected by its other end, for example in the center of the wing, in particular this wing being a propeller moved by the relative wind.  or when the float associated with the wing is unique elongated and amphidromous, such as the floats 130 and 147, two rudders 141 and 142 or 160 and 161 are arranged symmetrically at the ends of the float, and function as being retractable, independent or coupled.  or in hydrodynamic means related to the leeward floats associated with the sail plan, these means comprising fins such as: 23,197, rudders such as: 141 and 142S160 and 161, fins whose drift surfaces are limited to maintain the role of main drift plane to the plane of drift in the wind, the dispositien of these rudders the wind being effected in particular in one of the following ways:  or when there is a float associated with the wing and two floats associated with the drift, the float associated with the wing, such as the float 15, has a plane of drift 23, when the take-off of this float is not envisaged, which serves as saffron rudder when controlling the trimming of the rotation angle of the float 15 around the axis 16, in particular the wind floats 8 and 9 then being made parallel to be oriented simultaneously. In operation, the orientation angle of the floats 8 and 9 is first adjusted according to a planned pace, then the orientation angle of the float 15 is continuously adjusted to maintain, correct and maintain this pace.  or when there are two floats associated with the sail a float associated with the drift, such as respectively 196 and 197, and 193, and that the takeoff of the leeward floats is not envisaged, the fins 197 serve as rudder rudders, in particular the floats 195 and 196 being made parallel to be adjusted simultaneously in orientation. In operation the orientation angle of the float 193 is set according to a planned rate, then the orientation angle of the fl ows 196 and 197 is set permanently to obtain, correct and maintain this pace.The operating principle is the same when one has a plurality of floats 187 distributed under a beam 185.  - Or a central beam hinged to the two floats and two parallel cables stretched, arranged symmetrically on the side and dszztre of the beam on the floats.  -Means ensuring the parallelism of a float 261 on which bears the foot of the mast 271, and a wind float 262, when the sail is deported downwind by resting on a float, which device ensuring the parallelism comprises:  -is in a combination of the aforementioned directional means  or a pulley with a horizontal plane is fixed on each float, these pulleys being connected by a beam welded to their rotatian axes, and by two parallel cables passing through the sheaves, these cables being tensioned and fixed at a point to the sheaves to not slip.  or two parallel bars 265 and 266 forming an articulated parallelogram with the floats 262 and 261  connecting and positioning means connecting all the means associated with the wing to the wind ensemble of the means associated with the drift, allowing the sail trim balance of the sailboat at all gaits.  For such a sailboat, the means associated with the drift plane described in claim 1, are added in particular means ensuring the parallelism between a float associated with the drift plane and a float under. the wind, means comparable to those described above to ensure the parallelism of the floats 261 and 262.  these two hulls form catamarans, for example.  Li together means associated with the drift being established from a hull downwind, all means associated with the wing being established from a hull to the wind, the planes of symmetry of the hulls being transverse or longitudinal , the yaw displacement of the drift plane relative to the leeward hull being realized: either independently S or in a bonded manner, with respect to the yaw displacement of the sail plane with respect to the hull in the wind, in particular:  or they are combined into one and the same shell arranged between the plane of drift and the sail plan.  or, the wind float on which the drift plane is fixed, is rigidly connected to the leeward float on which the sail plan is established.  -seit the hull in the wind for the drift is the hull associated with the sail plan, and the hull in the wind for the wing is the hull associated with the plane of drift, and in this case we have in particular the following provisions  either: the wind float on which is the drift plane, and the leeward float on which is established the sail plan "are articulated on parallel bars so as to form with these articulated parallelogram bars, so that the parallelism of the floats is ensured by performing a relative horizontal movement of these floats, which promotes balance. in lace of the sailboat according to the pace.  or floats 8 and 9 are in a transverse plane of symmetry, the direction of movement being reversed at the tack change, or the floats in the wind are of the float type 28 having a tilt whose inclination is reversed at the change of tack.  -soit: the hull in the wind on which is the plane of drift, and where the hull in the wind on which is established the plane of flight, are divided in at least 2 hulls, netamment the plane of drift being distributed between hulls result of the division of the hull in the wind, each new hull being hinged about a vertical axis welded to a platform which connects these axes, this platform moving obliquely above the water following a direction essentially determined by the Orientas and the wind floats each having a drift, and in particular corrected by the orientations of the leeward floats. For such sailboats, the following provisions are in particular:  the leeward float may not be articulated and may consist of an omnidirectional pad 9 which may have a hydrofoil wing effect, such as the float 290.  the wings of these sailboats, such as: 1,198,288, are arranged in operation so as to have their profiles substantially perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the platforms, these sails retaining this position at all speeds so that the balance in roll of the sailboat always be realized.  either the float of the drift is a pad 106 or the float of the wing is a float 274 of the omnid-irectional thick disc type. When there is a horizontal displacement of the plane of drift with respect to the sail plane , by rotation of a beam 145 or 275, hinged to a float, a symmetrical sail such that 157 or 277 is in particular arranged having its profile perpendicular to the beam 145 or 275 connecting the drift to the oeil, so that the sail serve in this fixed position with respect to the beam, all gaits and tack.  Safety stops: 153 and 154,280 and 281,409 and 410 for example, or cables 267 and 268 for example, limit the relative displacements of the floats so as not to jeopardize the stability of the boat.  Return springs, 17 for example, bring the sails inclined to the wind, in the wind bed, when they are not bored.  Combinations of the aforementioned means for obtaining a sailboat for which the balance between the aerodynamic forces tractors, leeward, and hydrodynamic forces resistant to wind, is realized both in a vertical plane, substantially around a roll axis, and in a horizontal plane, around a yaw axis, directly between the sail and the fin, so that, preferably, the buoyancy and the weight of the hulls, do not intervene directly in the equilibrium at the heel of the sailboat, the hulls having essentially a stability role in pitching of the sailboat, the drift plane achieving a hydrodynamic "anchoring" of the sailboat, the trimming of the relative horizontal displacement between the planes of drift and wing, varying with the look of the sailboat, either to obtain this pace, especially without the help of rudders, or to favor the operation.  3.Voilier according to claim 2, characterized in that the float assembly located at the wind of the sailboat and associated with the drift plane, is shorter than the float assembly located downwind of the sailboat and associated with the sail plan, way to obtain one of the following sailboat configurations:  the connection between a short float 129, in the wind, and a long float 130 under the wind, parallel to the first, is rigid.  the connection between a short float 144 and a long float 147 is articulated, the hulls remaining parallel during their relative displacement, adjustable.  it consists of three beams forming a triangle.  the leeward float assembly consists of two floats 196 and 197 arranged under a beam, the vertical axes of rotation of these floats and the corresponding axis of the wind float 193, being arranged at the vertices of an isosceles rod, beams or a platform connecting these axes, the operator being placed on the platform near the float at the platform ventilator having one of the following features, in particular:  it consists of two perpendicular beams, one in the axis of the platform, the other between the two floats in the wind.  a zone 202 is arranged on the platform to receive the wing 198 when it is folded on this platform by turning around the hinge 199, by means of the slider 200.  the leeward float assembly, is constituted by a plurality of floats 187, regularly distributed along a beam 185, a beam 184 fixed in a particularly rigid manner to the beam 185 connects the leeward assembly to the float at wind 182, in particular a plurality of wind inclined sails 186 being disposed on the beam 185.  the float assembly associated with the wing takes off, the floats 195 and 196 being used after takeoff of the air controls.  4.Veilier according to claim 2, characterized in that the wind float associated with the drift plane is longer than the leeward float associated with the sail plan, the pitch stability of the sailboat being essentially provided by the float assembly in the wind, so as to obtain in particular one of the following configurations:  the connection between a long float 231, in the wind, and a short float 232, downwind, parallel to the first, is rigid.  the connection between the wind float 262 and the leeward float 261 is articulated, the hulls remaining parallel during their relative horizontal displacement; or the leeward float is of the thick disk type, 274 for example.  the float assembly, in the wind, consists of two floats 8 and 9 disposed at the ends of a beam 12, the vertical axes of rotation of these floats and the corresponding axis 16 of the leeward float, 15, being arranged at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, beams or a platform connecting these axes, the operator being located at the wind of the sailboat, between the two floats in the wind, the float 15 being in particular self-steerable, the platform having In particular, the above-mentioned features for the configuration with two floats downwind of the downwind flottenr is a hydrofoil wing 290. In particular, the wind float assembly comprises two float assemblies of the type comprising a float 299 and a float. 297 connected by a beam 298.  -1 'Wind float assembly is constituted by a plurality of floats each having its drift and its axis of rotation2 the axes of rotation being connected by a beam, another beam perpendicular to the first and in the axis of the platform thus constituted joins the leeward float.  the float assembly associated with the wing decolleté stability in pitch remains ensured by the whole wind float assembly nu the flatters 284 and 285., movements and stability in yaw are obtained by the orientation of the floats 284 and 285, roll stability being obtained by planes 290 and 291 forming inverse dihedrons with wing 288 with an airplane wing profile, the sailboat behaving like an air glider with a vertical wing whose empennages are immersed.  A sailboat according to claim 2, characterized in that the wind float assembly and the leeward float assembly have comparable lengths, so as to obtain, in particular, the following configurations:  -the sailboat has a transverse plane of symmetry, and:  -the hulls of the sailboat are rigidly connected, and:  or the hull in the wind has a triangular section, with a plunging drifting effect, and the hull under it is flat and rounded, the hull in the wind constituting in itself an anti-drift plane, the draft being limited. to that of the hulls, a saffron being disposed at each symmetrical end of the float in the wind.  - Or the hull in the wind has drifts, inclined downwind, including two drifts, the one located in the rear being in service, including the hull under the wind being load bearing section.  or the hull 382 forms with the sail 387 and the drift 389 an integral assembly in rolling motion about a horizontal axis.  either the drift-sail assembly, integral in rolling motion is established from a horizontal axis located between the two hulls.  -Either the two shells are identical and ampnidromous to simplify the realization.  -particularly the sails being established from a mast located on the windward float, the bottom of the sail joining a rail or cables or a point in relation to the hull under the wind.  or the hulls are connected by a device ensuring the parallelism of the hulls during their relative horizontal displacement.  either the sailboat has two floats in the wind and two floats in the wind, or several wind floats and several tzars in the wind, so as to be connected by beams or platforms forming substantially rectangle.  -In particular the hull under the wind is lightened to allow its takeoff, when it is attached to the sail, roll.  -Either the sailboat is a catamaran whose hull in the wind to a drifting plane effect while the hull under the wind is the effect, the roles being reversed to the changes of tack, the sail being deported in the wind by a spinnaker pole 349 or turns on a semicircular rail disposed on the front of the sailboat, the sail being in particular whiskey, the fins being located in the rear part of the sailboats 1a drifting in the wind 344 being established while the drift at the Wind 347 is partially or fully raised.  -is the sailboat has a longitudinal plane of symmetry, the wing functioning in particular in the half-front plane of the veil, and:  -is the sailboat is a catamaran with centreboard drift with variable inclination: either by trimming according to the pace and the tack, or by enslavement to the inclinaisen of the sail, and in the case where the drift and the sail are integral in roll a mast 396 is in the plane of the drift 392 so that the drift is vertical to the passage of the sail in the downwind position.  6.Voilier according to claim 2, characterized in that. the float in the wind, the float set in the wind, and the connecting means form a monocoque structure, and:  -if the sailboat has a transverse plane of symmetry, and:  or the sailboat is wide, the shape in plan being in particular substantially circular, elliptical or triangular, in particular a volume 372 under the wind favors the operation, in particular a drift 353 located on the windward side of the sailboat is folded against the hull at the stop to balance the cottage of the sailboat to the port, the drift being notably weighted, including the wing being deported leeward from a mast 356 established on the leeward side of the sailboat.  or the sailboat is an amphidrome windsurf board for which the symmetrical drift is at the wind of the mast foot, the drift being inclined in particular at the lee downwind, the mast foot being able to move horizontally: either on a rail or in being connected by an element: end, bar, .. , at a point of the board located on the windward side, the transfers taking place by in aversion of the direction of movement of the board.  or the sailboat has a longitudinal plane of symmetry, in particular of the conventional type, for which the drift is at a tilting angle, downwind, or, at a time, by servocontrol to the inclination of the sail, a device comprising two booms 361 and 362 rotating around a mat 365 being implemented in particular.  7.Veilier according to claim 2, wherein a shell is disposed between the means associated with the drift and the means associated with the reilurc, characterized in that, the windward means of the hull and the means downwind of the hull are associated to realize the configurations of following sailboats:  -It is when the operation is of the type: sail on this, the sailboat has a beam 403 hinged on the hull 402, disposed between the drift 411 and the whisker sail, the floats 400 and 401 hinged to the ends of the beam 403 remaining parallel to the hull 402 when the beam 403 rotates about the axis located on the hull 402, the mast being established vertically of this axis so that the inclined mast of the whisker sail whose foot is at the level of Articulation of the float 401, describes a cone portion during its movement in an angular sector defined by two abutments 409 and 410. In operation the sailboat pivots around the float 402 so that the float 401 remains out of the water  or when the operation is of the type: sail forward, the sailboat is a trimaran for which the central hull 414 is disposed between the fin 416 and the sail 421 to whiskey, the beam 415 is behind the central hull 414; a substantially semicircular rail 419 is disposed on a semicircular beam 418 connecting the three floats 412, 413, 414, or a spur is arranged to overflow the sail, the central vertical mast whose foot is in the center of the rail 419 being supported by the rear, the struts comprising ds rigid rigid D the fins being fixed or retractable, and when fixed the sailboat is such that it stabilizes in rolling motion by pivoting around the float 414 so that the drift downwind 417 is slightly submerged to have a carrier effect favoring the return immersion of the drift 416 in case of unexpected exit out of the water of the drift 416, while having a minimum drift effect, this which is obtained by arranging in the lower part of the drift a plane inclined with respect to the drift already inclined, this almost horizontal plane being plunger in the wind and carrier leeward; In particular, a device for reducing a whisker sail surface, which can be implemented by an operator located at a distance from the sail, is implemented and comprising cables 422 holding the position of a whisker 424 by a nozzle. relative to a mast 423 when the mast 425 is relaxed, the mast and the sail forming by. example sheath on the mast, passing in a sleeve 428 allowing the sail to be stored on the mast with a diameter greater than that of the mast, a slot in this sleeve 428 allows the passage of the sail, this sleeve is in conjunction with the whiskey, the lane 425 passes through a pulley located at the end of the whiskey and is returned to the base of the mast 423 on which it is wound in the opposite direction to the winding of the sail 427, cables pass on a drum 426 and are brought for example to the base of the central mast of the sailboat where the loperator, not to undergo elongation when the sail moves on a rail 419.  8.Engin sail according to claim 1, characterized in that the wing operates at altitude, including one of the following ways:  or the wing is a vertical wing 442 disposed vertically, symmetrical profile and empennage 443, inflated by a gas lighter than air, a weight being disposed at the lower end of the wing to maintain verticality 444 and 445 planes are articulated to form dihedral stabilizers at each tack, the cables 44b form a net for the flexible wing, they are connected to the trailing edge passing from one side of the profile, the channels 447 form a net for the other tack, the intrados for one tack becoming extrados for the other tack.  or the wing is a wing maintained at altitude by inclination of its plane, the upwind, such as wing 463, and whose altitude is stabilized either by a single lower plane 466, or by a single upper plane 470 either at the same time by these two planes, these stabilizing planes of altitude forming in particular dihedral inverses with the wing, or these planes are arranged across the wing, so as to be horizontal at low altitude and to have negative lift when the wing raises; wing 463 having a transverse plane of symmetry, arranged in the sense of wingspan, so that the leading edge 464 for one tack becomes the trailing edge for the other tack; a stabilizer 471 freely rotates about a vertical axis connected to the wing.  or the wing is of the aerial glider type or the kite type, the wing passing from a horizontal position for which the craft is downwind to an inclined position of one edge or the other following the tack, the the incidence of the inclined wing determining the speed of the vehicle, the conventional glider being in particular a radido-controlled glider in reduced model, a single cable connecting the glider 476 to the beam 93, the trimming of the angle between the beam 93 and the float 92 being effected by radio-control.  or the wing is one of the three aforementioned types, but uses the features mentioned for the other, such as: inflation of the wing by a gas lighter than air, use of a net bypassing the wing, stabilizer weight in the lower part of a wing, free tail in rotation around a vertical axis, inverse dihedrons.  The trimming of the wing includes the adjustment of the inclination, to control the altitude and the trimming of the incidence to obtain the pace, a minimum of three cables being necessary to carry out these operations. The trimming of the whole float comprises the adjustment of the angle between a lever beam ora at the end of which pass the cajoles connecting the wing to this assembly, and the axis of this float assembly, this adjustment being achieved by wedges 435 and 436 for example, or rudders 473.  -is the wing is a propeller driven by the relative wind, of the autogyrous type, which limits the problems of stability  the wings of these machines are equipped with floats, on the one hand not to sink when they come into contact with the water, and on the other hand to raise them in relation to the boat on the windward side so that they can take off as well.  9. Sail sailboat, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is produced by analogy of operation with the sailboats or craft of the invention, a plan of drift of the sailboat or the sailboat. machine, or a directional immersed plane, being replaced by a wheel or an ice skate with anti-drift effect of the tank, or by a wheel or an ice skate with effect of guiding of the tank, the setting means being comparable, except those of immersion which are carried out by the weight of the operator or by a ballast, the sand yacht being in particular towed by a wing operating at altitude, the sand yacht comprising in particular a platform moving obliquely through has a double adjustment of the orientation of the wheels or shoes, a first trimming of the wheels, such as the wheel 207, or anti-drift glides, determines the pace with respect to a predicted apparent wind, a second trimming wheels, for example 209 and 210, or skates with a d irrespective, allows to reach, maintain or close this pace, the remaining wing arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the platform connecting the wheels or the skates close up to the tailwind, to effectively balance the shelter the tank;  10.Voilier according to any one of claims 2,3,4,5,6,7, characterized in that ::  -soitil partially uses the effect of buoyancy and weight of the hulls to ensure its equilibrium at the heel, as a prao, in which case:  -so the plane of drift in the wind is vertical.  -so the sail plan is vertical.  either the planes of wing and drift are vertical.  -If it works according to the invention for a tack, and for the other tack, after tip wind transfer, it works with a float 341 downwind that becomes a carrier effect for this tack, and: either the float 341 n There is no drift, either it has only one central drift, or it has two retractable fins 338 and 340, the drift 740 located in front of the float 341 serving in the wind, the drift 338 located behind, serving the wind, the inclinations of these drifts being of the same order of magnitude, the sail 337 being in particular ertical, or adjustable inclination.  or it operates using logic and symmetrical means of those of the invention, the downwind inclined plane downwind, operating in an angular sector located downwind and forward of the wing.