FR2501480A1 - dynamic shock absorbing shoe structure - has sole and upper made of flexible material, establishing resilient cup shape - Google Patents

Abstract

The shoe incorporates dynamic shock absorbing members which adapt to the foot in a prescribed manner. These control heel 'strike' and weight bearing loads, establishing a cup- shape to 'catch' the heel and foot to stabilise it. They balance and maintain the sub-talar joint in a neutral attitude and the mid-tarsal joint locked, enabling the foot and ankle to maintain optimum integrity as an efficient support and propulsion system. They resist the symptomatic tendency for the sub-talar joint and foot to overcompensate and overstress the anatomy.

Description

 Prior art shoes are designed based on aesthetics rather than biomechanical anatomy requirements, and orthotic control has been limited to individual problems, without comprehensive treatment of important biomechanical factors. Thus, the attitude taken by the shoe has an important influence on pathological difficulties to which the anatomy is subject and implying displacements and the general arrangement of the internal organs. The problem lies in the sole of the shoe, in its attachment to the upper and in the design of its support part. The fundamental shape of the foot or "shape" is of primary importance, and soles which do not flex linearly have been attached to such a shape.

In addition, since the sole controls the way in which the whole shoe reacts on the ground surface which is generally hard and does not flex, the object of the invention is, in general, a construction of shape and orthotic action sole, compensating for the hardness of the ground surface and irregularities while assuming natural biomechanical functions directly through the anatomy of the foot and ankle processes.

 The orthopedic surgeon or the podiatrist specialist uses many variables to develop control and correction devices specially designed to deal with particular problems. However, the specialist must find a compromise to replace the shape and functions of the dynamic sole of a conventional shoe with corrective devices, or else to insert these corrective devices. This is the case, for example, with added and shaped soles for plantar arches applied to a conventional sole which does not flex linearly. This is a factor of comfort and stabilization, but has only a limited effect on the ability to control the powerful lever forces appearing continuously with each step. The invention therefore relates to an improved shape and sole, which produce biomechanical effects while forming supplements to the anatomy via the ankle and leg processes.

The invention relates generally to the stabilization of the processes of the ankle, and more particularly of the posterior astragalocalcaneal joint from which the calcaneus leaves, and to the anterior astragalocalcaneal joint from which the remaining part of the foot. The invention provides protection which naturally stabilizes the foot in order to protect it from fatigue and also to prevent violent movements of pronation or supination which may otherwise cause stress and / or cause injury. The term "pronation" used in the present thesis is "a flattening of the longitudinal arch (medial arch) op a mistletoe movement returns the sole of the foot", and the term "supination" means @ a motion of the foot which returns the sole "or" which turn the foot inward n,
The dynamics of a walking or walking cycle invariably involve the "striking" of the foot on the support or playing surface formed by the ground, the "blow" of the heel when the plant flattens at the heel, "pronation "when the plantar surface of the foot faces the playing surface in order to be supported, and" supination "when the foot moves towards a propelling and" sticking out of the toes "position before leaving the playing surface. Consequently, the object of the invention is to carry out the above-mentioned dynamic functions by blocking the heel at the time of striking and stabilizing the processes of the foot during the dynamic functions which follow and which are constituted by striking or striking the heel, pronation, supination and detachment of the toes. In practice, the plant can deform in a calculated and determined manner in order to react under a certain pressure and to flex under the force of the strike and to absorb the shock of the blow. This deformation and the support reaction increase proportionally with the loads.

 The material used for the production of a shoe, in particular the sole, not only determines its shape, but also its action, namely stiffness or flexibility. The object of the invention is to choose materials allowing the biomechanical functions described in this specification and, for this purpose, the shoe according to the invention uses a solid or other elastomeric material, the thickness of which varies according to a system in order to allow a controlled elasticity and deformation and to establish a support in beam and ribs. The material according to the invention can also comprise a system of cells connected to each other and not connected to each other, filled with gas, for example by means of layers of flexible material, selectively connected and linked to each other in order to prevent the flow of retained gases and to control the deformation resulting from both damping and flexibility.

 The sole of the shoe protects the foot from playing surfaces and has qualities of grip, for example by the use of various means such as the formation of certain patterns on the contact surface of the sole with the ground, by the use of crampons, spikes, etc. For example, a shoe is not necessary when the playing surface is made of soft, loose sand. The finer and firmer the sand, until finally it is hard (see Figures 4A to 4C of the accompanying drawings and described below), the more the need for compensation systems protecting the feet becomes apparent. In soft and soft sand, the lower ankle and posterior astragalocalcaneal joint and anterior astralocalcaneal joint, or astralocalcaneal joints, of a stable foot can maintain their neutral and strengthened attitude and structural integrity, and the forces of strike or shock are dispersed directly through a "blocked and rigid" foot and into the sand, long enough for the muscles to maintain balance and strength in the foot and ankle processes during the entire step. Therefore, sand behaves like a natural shock absorber.

 When the sand becomes harder, it is necessary to compensate more for the forces of the strike, because the subtalar system (ankle) is not always strong enough to resist the load corresponding to a shock and reduced in time, and this system is vulnerable to a significant movement of supination or pronation. Consequently, the shoe according to the invention constitutes a dynamic orthotic device which adapts the foot in a carefully controlled manner, at the time of striking, when the weight of the loads to wear is the largest, the shoe according to the invention having for this purpose a cup or "retainer" shape which retains the heel and stabilizes it by preventing any tendency of the posterior calcaneal joint to leave its neutral position , or the astragalo-calcaneal anterior joint to be released, which stabilizes the foot by preventing it from any undesirable movement of pronation. Thus, each phase of the pace, from standing to running and jumping, is controlled.

 The forces exerted on the heel can be very intense and of short duration during the striking contact, at which moment the processes of articulation of the foot are most subject to overloads. Consequently, the foot deforms to absorb the striking forces on each contact with the ground and, when the forces dissipate, the heel cup returns to the neutral position and is fully dynamic, always adapting to the loads which directly depend on the tendency of the foot to distort or execute a pronation movement.

FIGS. 3A to 3E of the drawings represent a sequence of percentages of the walking cycle, in which the main functions of the heel of the shoe are as follows:
AO%, immediately before striking, the posterior astragalo-calcaneal joint is in slight supination or in neutral position; the anterior talar-calcaneal joint is blocked; and the two joints are reinforced and ready to absorb the shock;
at 10%, immediately after striking, the stop mechanism of the foot is deformed in a predetermined manner in order to retain or accommodate the heel and to maintain the subtalar system in a neutral and locked position, while attenuating or dissipating the forces due to shock;
at 25%, the positive action of the heel cup absorbs and dissipates the forces of shock and load, like a spring, while the plantar surfaces of the front part of the foot begin to come into contact with floor
at 50%, the entire sole of the foot is in contact with the ground as the weight moves forward, substantially in the middle of the foot. The heel of the shoe remains active to cushion the weight of the individual and react with the ground, while the other parts of the shoe assume their control functions. At this time, the functions of the shoe are identical to those which would occur if the individual struck the ground with the middle of the foot or with the anterior part of the foot, or else if he stood upright
at 95%, the plantar surface of the shoe is raised and ready for the toes to detach. It is important to note that, during the entire walking cycle, the subtalar system remains neutral.

 This shoe deforms little or not at all during the following standing position, for example, the weight which it must carry and how the individual distributes this weight between his feet, the weight of the individual being a variable which is coordinated with the flexural module of the materials used and which is completed by the configuration of the sole.

 As shown in Figure 7 of the accompanying drawings, a "blow" is very likely to occur in normal shoes, immediately after striking the heel, which often triggers the activation of a very powerful lever system tending to flatten the sole on the generally flat and hard playing surface, with a violent click. This snap is a stress that is transmitted directly to the anatomy, twisting and tending to break the neutral and reinforced position initially taken by the foot before striking.This stress is often too great for the anatomy to resist and it is transmitted from pronation to tibial rotations, hips and the rest of the anatomy, These movements result in instability of the foot during the entire phase of walking, which also creates an ineffective lever system to ensure the propulsion of the foot, and excessive movement and mobility accelerate fatigue and the ineffectiveness of the transmission of forces between the individual and the surface.

 The object of the invention is to minimize the characteristics of excessive mobility and instability of the foot and ankle processes, affecting the majority of the feet and occurring during the walking cycle, between striking and detachment of the toes or the propulsion, including during standing. These instabilities are of an anatomical nature and are often exaggerated by pathological, genetic and environmental influences and in particular by the design of shoes. The shoe according to the invention absorbs energy and presents functional variations for each aspect of the foot and its support by controlling the integrity of the posterior and anterior calcaneal calcaneal joints, which is essential to control the overall anatomical integrity of the foot and3 therefore, attitude and functions from the body.

The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of non-limiting examples and in which: - Figure 1 is an elevation of the shoe according to
the invention; - Figure 2 is a bottom view, along line 2-2 of
Figure i; - Figures 3A to 3E are schematic views showing the
functions, in percentage, of the heel of the shoe - Figures 4A to 4C are schematic views showing
the dynamic action of a person's foot landing on
sand of various thicknesses; - Figure 5 is a view similar to that of Figures 4A to
4C, showing the dynamic action of a person's foot
laying on concrete - Figure 6 is a view similar to that of Figures 4A to 4C
and 5, showing the dynamic action of a person's foot and
of the sole of the shoe according to the invention lying on
a hard playing surface - Figures 7A to 7C are schematic views showing the
functions, as a percentage, of a person's step, these views
showing in particular the phase preceding the strike, the phase of
blow and the phase of the toe detachment - Figures 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A, 10B, 11A, 11B, 12A and 12B
are sections along lines 8-8 to 12-12 of the
Figure 1, schematically showing the shoe in
no load and no load conditions respectively; FIG. 13 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2,
schematically showing the cells filled with gas
being part of a second embodiment of the
sole of the shoe according to the invention - Figures 14 and 15 are cross sections
partial, enlarged scale, showing the design of
cells and channels used in the sole shown
in figure 13 - figure 16 schematically represents the anatomy of the foot
in its dynamic application to orthotic shoes
according to the invention - FIG. 17 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2,
showing a continuous rib which has the characteristics
control of the invention - Figure 18 is a section along line 18-18 of the
FIG. 17, showing the cap of this shoe - FIG. 19 is an elevation, with partial section,
similar to that of Figure 1, showing a form of
first for the shoe according to the invention; and - Figure 20 is a section along line 20-20 of the
figure 19.

The invention therefore relates to a fully dynamic shoe, continuously adapting to the forces of loads which are directly proportional to the tendency of the feet to compensate, deform, move or enter into pronation. The shoe according to the invention is therefore intended to be adjusted on the foot of an individual, this shoe generally comprising a sole S which extends under the plantar surface of the foot, and an upper
U that rises from the sole to surround the foot while leaving the ankle free. The sole S is an elongated element made of flexible, compressible and elastic material, this element being intended to deform under a force and to return to its initial shape at a predetermined speed.

The upper U is intended to keep the sole S fixedly and comfortably applied to the foot, and it essentially constitutes a radial envelope which surrounds a large part of the sole S and of the individual's foot in order to assemble them tightly, this upper can be made in one piece with the sole, as is the case in one embodiment.

 The elongated sole S of one embodiment is made of flexible elastomer which can be compressed elastically, or of a similar material or also of rubber, and it consists of a part 10 located under the toes, of a part il located under the metatarsal eminence, a part 12 located under the arch of the foot and a part 13 located under the heel. These parts are made in one piece and / or come from molding with each other in order to extend under the sole of the individual, plant to which they correspond in a complementary manner. In other words, said corresponding parts of the sole and of the foot of the individual extend over the same surface in order to be in contact. As shown, the sole adjusts to the shape of the foot of the individual, on the right and on the left, so as to correspond to the front part X of the foot, to the arch of the foot Y and to the heel Z, in each case.

 The vamp U can have a variable style and can be made of various materials, and it includes a flexible covering in leather or woven material, adjusted on the profiled shape of the foot of the individual, in order to cover the toes, the metatarsal prominence and the arch of the foot and in order to surround the heel of the foot while marrying the configuration of the latter. As shown, the upper U is fixed to the sole S in order to project upwards from the peripheral edge of the latter. It is important that the curvatures of the surface of the sole S supporting the foot are continuously and smoothly extended by internal profiled curvatures of the vamp. The upper U is reinforced and maintained in the shape of the foot, in particular around the heel, in order to remain tightly fixed and maintained on the foot, for example by means of laces 14. As shown, a double lacing extends over all the length of the arch of the foot and up to the toe area, above part 11 of the sole S located under the metatarsal eminence. The upper U is flexible so that it can be folded and rotated with the sole S and, in practice, it closely follows the anatomy of the foot, according to the tightening carried out by means of the laces 14.

According to the invention, the plantar surface has the particular shape shown in FIG. 2, on which a longitudinal rib A extends from part 10 of the toes to part 13 of the heel and a circumferential rib B surrounds the part 13 of the heel, these ribs delimiting a cavity C of camber located below the part 12 of the arch and of a certain portion of the part 13 of the heel. The ribs A and B extend one into the other, projecting below the body of the sole, these ribs being produced with one another. As shown, the nominal thickness of the sole
S is approximately 1/8 of its maximum width and the ribs A and B protrude downward. These ribs A and
B are relatively narrow at the parts of the sole corresponding to the arch and the heel; they gradually widen and flatten towards the parts of the sole corresponding to the metatarsal eminence and the toes. In practice, the rib A is integrated into the part 10 of the toes so as not to be able to be distinguished from this part, then it takes on a dimension allowing it to be identified at the level of part 11 of the metatarsal eminence (thus from a comparison of FIGS. 8S, 8B and 10A, 10B). Consequently, the height of the rib A increases towards the rear (see figures i lA, i lB) and this rib merges with the rib
B outside the sole, the center line a of the rib A being arranged diagonally and preferably being curved so as to pass under the center line of the middle of the foot to constitute a suitable support towards the front part of the foot. B has a substantially uniform height on the periphery of the part 13 of the heel, this rib having a semi-circular or U-shaped shape, and ending at a short distance from the part 12 of the arch of the foot, inside the sole. , as shown in FIG. 2, in which case the cavity C extends towards the front of the heel to open inwards, at the level of the part 12 situated under the arch of the foot. As indicated, the continuous plantar surfaces of the ribs A and B are coplanar, except at the locations where these surfaces are coded, as described below. The rib B can extend across the arch cavity in order to join the sole, as shown in FIGS. 17 to 20, without the relative positions of the ribs A and B, described above, being modified.

 Figures BA and 8B show the part of the sole S located below the anterior part X of the foot, and in particular below the toes, in unloaded and loaded conditions. The upper surface 20 of this part takes a concave shape and curves upwards on each side in order to end in the upper U, and the lower plantar surface 21 has a concavity below the big toe in the absence load, so that a concavity is formed for this toe when the latter is subjected to a load, which creates a footprint of the same design below this part of the foot of the individual, footprint in which the foot is This change of profile in the cross-section of the shoe simulates a run in the sand or the like, so that the risk of dislocation of the foot is less and that the foot becomes hypermobile.

 Figures 9A and 9B show respectively without load and load the part of the sole S corresponding to the front part X of the foot, and more particularly to the part of the metatarsal eminence. The upper support surface 20 of the foot takes a concave shape in the absence of load and curves upwards, on each side, to end in the vamp U, and the lower plantar surface 21 of the sole S is convex in the absence of a load and curves upwards, on each side, to end up in the upper U of the shoe, so that the surfaces 20 and 21 become parallel under the effect of a load, which forms a normally flat plateau below the part of the metatarsal eminence of the individual's foot, this part being thus well maintained. This change in the profile of the straight section of the shoe simulates a run in the sand or the like. so the foot is less prone to dislocations and becomes hypermobile.

 FIGS. 10A and 10B respectively show no load and no load on the transient zone between the part of the sole S corresponding to the metatarsal eminence and that corresponding to the arch of the foot. The upper support surface 20 of the foot is convex in the absence of load and it curves upwards, on each side, to terminate in the uppers, and the lower plantar surface 21 of the sole S is substantially convex in the absence of load and it curves upwards, on each side, to end in the vamp U, so that, in load, one obtains a raised support for the arch, constituting a transverse plate inclined au- below the arch or the Y part of the arch of the individual's foot which is thus well maintained. This change in the profile of the right section of the shoe simulates a run in the sand or the like, so that the foot n is not prone to dislocations and becomes hypermobile.

 FIGS. 11A and 11B show without load and load the part Y of the arch of the sole S. The upper surface 20 for supporting the foot presented by the sole S bends transversely in the absence of load, between its convex outer edge and its concave inner edge, and it curves upwards on each side in order to be extended by the upper U, and the lower plantar surface 21 of the sole S curls transversely between the inside of the rib A and the inside of the sole S in the absence of load, and curves upwards, at the camber, so as to be extended by the upper U, so that the arch is raised and supported between the rib A and / or spaced sections of the rib B, in load or in the absence of load, which forms a platform inclined transversely, below the arch or the arch ien front of the heel X) of the foot of l individual who is so maintained. The profile in cross section of the shoe is modified in a controlled manner, because the ribs A and B are deformed to simulate a run in the sand or other, so that the foot is not subject to dislocations and that it becomes hypermobile .

 Figures 12A and 12B show without load and load the part Z of the heel of the sole S. The upper support surface 20 of the foot takes a concave shape and curves upwards on each side in order to end up in the upper U and, moreover, this part of the sole is of a certain thickness in order to present a controlled flexibility, in its dimension extending transversely between the opposite sides of the rib B, in order to constitute a cup-shaped plate pronounced below the heel Z of the individual's foot to block and maintain this heel. There is a reduced, but nevertheless controlled, change in the cross-sectional profile of the shoe, because the rib B deforms to simulate a run in the sand or the like. The Z part of the heel, under load, has a slightly higher upper surface concave, supported by rib B.

 The embodiment of the sole described above is made of flexible and compressible material, for example of rubber-like elastomer, the elasticity and hardness of which are determined according to the conditions required, in order to functionally control the configuration changes mentioned. previously. In other words, the material determines according to the thickness of the sole the flexibility and compressibility or the softness of this sole, which allows the deformations establishing the various degrees of deviation compared to the initial form of simulation of race in sand or whatever. It is thus possible to achieve a very natural alignment of forces along the b axis of the tibia and by the posterior astragalocalcaneal joint and by the anterior astralocalcaneal joint blocked.

 As shown in FIGS. 13 to 15, the desired orthotically dynamic function of the sole S 'can be assumed by a system of ribs under controlled gas pressures. Some gases can move freely along the S sole and others are enclosed in cells to produce the desired control effects.

The gas pressures are obviously chosen with care and the surface of the sole can be flat. This gas distribution system is a very functional shock absorption device and has other advantages such as insulation, breathing (by expansion and contraction) and configurations designed to adapt flexibly to the individual. By welding or bonding two sheets of airtight plastic material and not drilled in various configurations, one can obtain various orthotic control effects, a typical configuration being shown in Figure 13. By bringing the welds together to make a firm support, the material between the welds is less likely to expand and flex.

Long stiffening welds reduce the possibility of the swollen material to adapt and the manufacturer therefore has linear control or great flexibility. By using several sheets, as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, for example three sheets of plastic material, a first type of gas is for example sealed in a sealed manner by means of two sheets 3, under a determined pressure, in cells 25 , so that you cannot move. A third layer of plastic material, superimposed on the cells 25, forms channels 26 controlling the flow of another gas, under a certain pressure, this gas being able to flow freely and dynamically under the weight exerted by the individual. The supporting effect of bubbles and channels depends on their size, gas volume and pressure, and final control is determined by three-dimensional manufacturing that can be used both in a shoe sole and in applications to uppers, as well as boot liners. A particularly useful application is an orthotically dynamic lining for various types of boots used, for example, for skiing, walking, motocross, movement in snow and lumberjack boots, etc.

As shown in Figures 17 and 18, the desired orthotically dynamic functions of the sole
S "can be obtained by means of a continuous rib B situated at the location of the arch and merging into the lower plantar surface 21 in order to delimit a closed cavity CC situated below the part 12 of the plantar crust and under a large portion of the heel part 13. A characteristic of this embodiment is the presence of a plug P made of relatively soft and easily compressible material, for example of polyethylene foam, occupying the cavity C as shown. plug P is permanently fixed in cavity C and its hardness, measured at
Durometer, is chosen in accordance with the various weights of the people and the sizes used. The sole S "and the plug P can be protected by a lower sole, and the assembly avoids the accumulation and the retention of foreign bodies and / or damage such as those caused by uneven terrain or obstacles.

 As shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, the orthotically dynamic and desired functions of the IS sole can be obtained in a conventional shoe fitted with this sole as shown in FIG. 20. The sole shown, which then constitutes a first IS insert, has all the characteristics described above for the embodiments S and S "of the sole according to the invention, and this sole is molded, for example, from closed cell polyethylene foam or else, as another example, it can be injection molded with polyurethane with an open cell structure or with latex foam, depending on the conditions required.The first IS is complementary to the plantar surface of the individual's foot and follows the shape of the inside of the shoe and upper, and it includes a lining 31 of breathable textile fabric, or the like, for example of "Nylon" knit, fixed to this sole by a thin strap. foam shell 32 with open cell structure. As shown, the first I-S comprises the rib A and the circumferential rib B which surrounds the part 13 of the heel and which joins the plantar part 21, arranged in front, so as to assume an orthotically dynamic function, as described in the present specification.

 The upper U of the shoe is necessary to hold the sole S, S ', S "or I-S securely and comfortably on the user's foot, and it is very important for the optimal functioning of the shoe.

Without actually sticking the sole on the foot, the vamp is preferably rolled up on the sole and applied in a single block to the individual's foot. In other words, the sole and the upper form a single-piece system, the upper protecting and isolating the foot from the various external elements.

The laces 14 effectively wind the sole on the foot by pulling the walls of the vamp tangentially towards the upper surface 20 of the sole or towards the plantar surface 21, which leaves an effective latitude of traction when a deformation occurs.

 The propelling effect of the sole will now be considered, the leverage of the individual's toes being insufficient, in many cases, and often significantly reducing the propelling potential, since the toes simply lack the strength to produce the leverage required in the absence of mechanical support. In other words, a dorsiflexion occurring across the part 11 located under the metatarsal eminence (metatarsal head) causes deformation and early fatigue. This problem is solved by the sole according to the invention by the projection of an action of rocker applied to the longitudinal formation of the parts 10 and it located under the toes and under the metatarsal eminence (see Figure 16), and the assembly can be combined with stiffeners and / or with the intrinsic flexibility of the materials used for the realization . The parts 10 and it of the sole are essentially semi-rigid and behave like a cam from half the pitch until the toes detach, which allows a smooth and efficient transmission of the propelling energy. As shown, the effective leverage effect L of propulsion is increased by the tilting cam action of the sole, and it is maximized in the detachment position of the toes.

It appears from the above description that the orthotic shoe according to the invention simulates the natural conditions of walking or running on earth or loose sand. It should be noted that ideally
-immediately before the striking contact, the posterior astragalo-calcaneal joint is neutral; the anterior talar-calcaneal joint is blocked; and the entire foot is reinforced and ready to absorb the force of the shock. Immediately after the strike, the rib B deforms in a predetermined manner in order to "stop" the heel, and the cup C of the heel maintains the posterior tal-calcaneal joint and the anterior talar-calcaneal joint in neutral position and blocked. The sole dissipates or absorbs the stresses of the shock, which allows the posterior and anterior calcaneal-calcaneal joints to maintain their prior integrity, without being twisted out of position by the forces of the strike. This simulates the dissipation action of soft surfaces such as grass, loose soil or sand, by directing or guiding the application of forces along the curved midline from the heel to the toes, throughout the step. It is important to note that during the entire cycle of the step, the subtalar system remains neutral and that the transfer of forces along the tibial axis passes directly through the anterior talar-calcaneal joint which is blocked, with a load or minimal lateral constraints. The sole reacts to the applied weight, statically or dynamically, and it adapts continuously to the needs of the individual who requests it.

 The term "orthotic" used in the present specification indicates a function which consists in supporting and strengthening the weak or ineffective joints or muscles.

 In FIG. 13, the high pressure, low pressure and medium pressure zones are indicated respectively in HP, BP and PM.

 It goes without saying that many modifications can be made to the shoe described and shown without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (34)

REYENDICATIONS  1. - Dynamic sole with orthotic action for a shoe comprising a vamp (U) made of flexible material which extends the peripheral edge of the sole (S) and closely surrounds a person's foot, from the heel to the front part, this sole adapting to loads directly proportional to the tendency of a person's foot to deform and being characterized in that it comprises an element made of flexible and elastically compressible material, this element being complementary to the plantar surface of the foot a person and extending below this surface, the plantar surface. (21) of the element comprising a rib (A) which projects downwards and of increasing height, from the part (10) of the sole located below the toes to the outside of the part <13 ) located below the heel, the rib extending peripherally (B) around the heel to delimit an underlying cavity (C).  2. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into a part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so as not to be distinguished.  3. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) follows a curvilinear and diagonal center line (a) passing through the middle of the foot, from the part (10) located under the toes to the outside of the sole.  4. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the section (B) of the rib (A) extending towards the heel extends along the sides of the arch, at the arch of the foot, and joined the part (10) of the sole located below the toes.  5. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into the part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so as not to be distinguished, the rib according to a diagonal curvilinear center line (a) passing through the middle of the foot, from the part located under the toes to the outside of said sole.  6. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into the part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so as not to be distinguished, the section (B ) of the rib (A) extending towards the heel extending along the sides of the arch of the arch and joining the part (10) of the sole located below the toes.  7. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into the part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so as not to be distinguished, the rib following a diagonal curvilinear midline (a) passing through the middle of the foot, from the part located under the toes to the outside of the sole, the section (B) of the rib (A) extending towards the heel extending along the sides of the arch, at the arch, and joining the part of the sole located below the toes.  8. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) has a width substantially equal to a quarter of the width presented by the sole (S) under the heel and the arch, the width of the rib increasing across from the middle of the foot to join the part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so that it cannot be distinguished.  9. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) has a certain height under the heel and the arch and this height decreases towards the middle of the foot so that the rib joins the part (10) of the sole. (S) located below the toes so that it cannot be distinguished.  10. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the rib (A) has a certain height and a width substantially equal to a quarter of the width of the part of the sole (S) extending under the heel and the arch. , the height of the rib decreasing and its width increasing towards the middle of the foot, so that the rib merges into the part (10) of the sole (S) situated below the toes so that it cannot be distinguished from it.  11. - Dynamic shoe with orthotic action adapting to loads directly proportional to the tendency of a person's foot to deform, characterized in that it comprises a sole (S) made of flexible and elastically compressible material, this sole being complementary to the plantar surface of a person's foot and extending below this plantar surface, an upper u) of flexible material which extends from the peripheral edge of the sole and which closely surrounds a person's foot , from the heel to the anterior part, the plantar surface 121) of the sole comprising a rib (A) which projects downwards and the height of which increases from the part (10) of the sole located under the toes up to outside the part (13) located under the heel, this rib being extended by a peripheral section (B) which passes around the heel and which delimits an underlying cavity (C).  12. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into a part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so as not to be distinguished.  13. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) follows a diagonal curvilinear midline (a) passing through the middle of the foot, from the part (10) located under the toes to the outside of the sole.  14. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the section (B) of the rib (A) extending towards the heel extends along the sides of the arch, at the camber, and joins the part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes.  15. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib IA) is integrated into a part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes so that it cannot be distinguished, the rib along a curvilinear median line diagonal (a) which passes through the middle of the foot, extending from the part located under the toes to the outside of the sole.  16. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into a part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes so that it cannot be distinguished, the section (B) extending the rib (A) around the heel stopping a short distance from the arch, on the side of the sole facing towards the arch.  17. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) is integrated into a part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes so that it cannot be distinguished, the rib following a diagonal curvilinear midline (a) which passes through the middle of the foot, extending from the part located under the toes to the outside of the sole, the section (B) of the rib (A) surrounding the heel s '' stopping a short distance from the arch, on the side of the sole facing towards the arch.  18. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) has a width substantially equal to a quarter of the width of the part of the sole located under the heel and the arch, the width of the rib increasing towards the middle of the foot and the rib merging with a part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes so as not to be distinguished.  19. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) has a certain height under the heel and under the arch and decreases in height towards the middle of the foot in order to join a part (10) of the sole ( S) located under the toes so that it cannot be distinguished from it.  20. - Shoe according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib (A) has a certain height and a width substantially equal to a quarter of the width presented by the sole under the heel and the arch, the height of the rib decreasing and its width increasing towards the middle of the foot so that said rib merges with a part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes so that it cannot be distinguished from it.  21. - Shoe with orthotic action which follows the shape of a person's foot while adapting to the forces of the loads which are directly proportional to the tendency of the foot to deform7 characterized in that it comprises a sole (S) made of flexible material and elastically compressible, which when empty, has a shape complementary to that of the plantar surface of a person's foot and extends below this plantar surface, an upper (U) made of flexible material which extends from the edge sole of the sole and closely surrounds the foot of a person, from the heel to the front part of the foot, the plantar surface 821) of the sole (S) in contact with the ground comprising a rib (A) which projects towards the low and whose height increases from the part <10) of the sole located below the toes to the outside of the part <13) located below the heel, this rib extending by a peripheral section (B) which surrounds the heel and which dices limits an underlying cavity (C), the sole when loaded, being deformed in order to adapt to the loads exerted by the pressure of the person's foot and opposite to a support surface against which the plantar surface bears of the sole.  22. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (10) of the sole (S) located under the toes has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is concave in the transverse direction and which is intended to support the foot, and a lower surface (21), substantially convex and comprising a transverse concavity situated below the big toe of the person's foot, the part 5101 located under the toes, when in charge, having upper and lower surfaces which are flattened transversely and a transverse concavity located in the upper surface, below the big toe.  23. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (of the sole (S) located under the metatarsal eminence has, when empty, upper and lower surfaces (20, 21) which have transversely a concavity and a convexity, respectively, this part (11), when loaded, having substantially straight and parallel upper and lower surfaces.  24. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the transition part between the part (11) located under the metatarsal eminence and the part (Y) of the sole (S) located under the arch of the foot present, when empty , an upper surface (20) which is planar in the transverse direction and which is intended to support the foot, and a lower surface (21) which is convex in the transverse direction and which is intended to bear on a support, the part transition, when loaded, having an upper surface which is convex in the transverse direction and a lower surface which is planar in the transverse direction.  25. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (Y) of the sole (S) located under the arch of the foot has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is inclined inward and which is convex in the transverse direction, in order to support the arch of the foot, and a lower surface (21) which is substantially concave and which extends from the rib (A) to a point situated below the arch of the foot , said part (Y) having, under load, a substantially flattened upper surface and a parallel lower surface, inclined towards the camber.  26. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (Z) of the sole (S) located under the heel has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is concave in the transverse direction in order to support the heel by means of the peripheral rib (B), the cavity (C) being located below the lower surface (21) of this part (Z), the latter having, when loaded, an upper surface slightly flattened, supported by a compressed peripheral rib.  27. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (10) of the sole (S) located below the toes has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is concave in the transverse direction in order to supporting the foot, this surface curving upwards on each side so as to be extended by the internal surface of the upper <U) 1 said part (10) having a substantially convex lower surface (21) which comprises a transverse concavity located below the big toe of the person's foot, said part (10) located under the toes having, in load, upper and lower surfaces flattened transversely, the upper surface comprising a transverse concavity located below the big toe.  28. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the transition part between the part (11) located below the metatarsal eminence and the part (Y) of the sole (S) located below the arch of the foot has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is planar transversely in order to support the foot, this upper surface curving upwards on each side so as to be extended by the internal surface of the vamp (U), said transition part having a lower surface (21) which is convex in the transverse direction and which is intended to bear on a support surface, this transition part having, under load, a transversely convex upper surface and a transversely lower surface plane.  29. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (Y) of the sole (S) located below the arch of the foot has, when empty, an upper surface (20) inclined inwards and convex in transverse direction, in order to support the arch of the foot; this upper surface (20) stincurving upwards, on each side, in order to be extended by the inner surface of the upper (U), said part (Y) also having a substantially concave lower surface (21) which extends from the rib (A) below the arch of the foot, said part (Y) located under the arch having, under load, a substantially flattened upper surface and a lower surface parallel and inclined towards the arch of the foot.  30. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (Z) of the sole (S) located below the heel has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is concave in the transverse direction, which is intended to support the heel and which curves upwards, on each side, in order to be extended by the inner surface of the vamp (U), this surface being supported by the peripheral rib (B) so that the cavity (C) is delimited below the lower surface (21) of the part (Z) located under the heel, this part (Z) having, under load, a slightly flattened upper surface, supported by the compressed peripheral rib .  31. - Shoe according to claim 21, characterized in that the part (Z) of the sole (S) located under the heel has, when empty, an upper surface (20) which is concave in the transverse direction, which supports the heel and which curves upwards, on each side, in order to be extended by the inner surface of the vamp (U) and to define a cup surrounding the heel of the person and supported by the peripheral rib (B) so that the cavity (C) is delimited below the lower surface (21) of said part (Z) located under the heel this part (Z) having, under load, a slightly flattened upper surface which is supported by the compressed peripheral rib.  32. - Sole according to claim 1, characterized in that the cavity (C) is occupied by a plug (P) made of flexible and elastic material, substantially more compressible than the material of the sole forming the cavity, the sole and the plug deforming under load in order to adapt to the forces exerted by the pressure of a person's foot against a support surface against which the plantar surface (21) of the sole and of the plug bears.  33. - Sole according to claim l, characterized in that it comprises a large number of ribs constituted by first and second layers of flexible material, welded to one another to form cells (25) gas tight in the sole, a third layer of flexible material covering the cells of the first and second layers in order to form gas flow channels (26) to establish gas pressures adapted to the plantar surface of the person's foot! an upper (U) made of flexible material extending the peripheral edge of the sole and closely surrounding the heel of the person's foot.  34. - Sole according to claim 33, characterized in that the ribs constitute. throttling elements which limit the flow of gas between the gas-tight cells.