FR2497044A1 - Iconoscope display using HF signals replacing CRT - uses flat display screen with light points controlled by semiconductor switches with associated inductive circuits - Google Patents

Abstract

The iconoscope display has a hybrid circuit forming the flat display screen which incorporates a high number of image points provided by LED's liquid crystal elements, or incandescent or gas lamps, which are selectively energised. Each image point is controlled by a respective controlled switch, e.g. a transistor, which only conducts when an associated inductive circuit is in resonance. The coil within each inductive circuit lies adjacent a control coil coupled to a HF generator providing a varying frequency which at each instant corresponds to the resonance frequency of one of the resonance circuits. Pref. the screen has 600 horizontal switches and 265 line switches to provide a high definition image.

Description

The subject of the present invention is, as a new industrial product, an iconoscope wafer made on a silicon wafer, the size of which varies according to the various forms adopted for the production and a plate of larger size giving a moving image. The two types of apparatus, operating on the same principle, both give an image comparable to that given by an iconoscope tube or a cathode television tube in the second case. Two other devices operating on the same principle as the previous devices will be described.

The advantages of such devices not using cathode ray tubes are as follows
They have a very low consumption, of the order of a few tens of milliwatts, a few watts for the screen,
They are much smaller, the dimension of the plate can be of the order of the cm and of 5 to 10 cm, when on the screen its size can according to the various forms of manufacture to have a thickness of 2 to 0,5 cm , the surface of the image can be as large as that given by a "large" television cathode ray tube.

The reliability of these devices is much greater than that of the tubes normally used, there is no heated filament,
The images transmitted or received by these devices can be in color or white and white following a slight modification in the components of the diagram,
These two devices have a much lower weight than normal cathode tubes and are much stronger, this being due to the materials used, the weight of the iconoscope being a few tens of grams for the iconoscope with its case,
The iconoscope plate and the plate giving an image are of very costly manufacture that those used to manufacture the normal cathode ray tubes, one of the forms of the iconoscope plate with its case forming a complete camera, or one must join the food and the connections for the transmission of signals will cost around 300 frans and maybe less,
The scheme used for the iconoscope plate allows to integrate twice as many definition points as using the method using RCA CCDs, which is currently one of the means to obtain the maximum of points of definitions, the The new method used in the previous devices makes it possible to integrate 160,000 definition points on a 150 mm chip.
The following description of the iconoscope plate is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and is given by way of non-limiting example.

To fully understand the operation of the iconoscope plate (and flat screen) it is necessary to explain the principle on which it operates.

Let an oscillation circuit (I) oscillation seat maintained by a maintenance generator (D) of frequency N, of period T, of pulsation (fig.I).

In the vicinity of the coil B1 there is another coil B2 belonging to an oscillating circuit (II), so that the induction lines created by B1 pass through the turns of B2. A thermal ammeter A accuses the passage of a current.

The coil B2 receives indeed, sent by the coil B1 a flow of the form
Insin t (m: maximum stream received)
In its circuit, the variations of this flux will derive an induced electromotive force
e = d = - Imcos t whose effective value is: E = Im
2
For a high value of, this electromotive force can be large, even
m, because of the flux losses between the inductive coil and the induced coil is itself very large. Since the circuit (II) is subject to Ohm's law, the effective intensity I is given by the formula
I2 = E2 (Z impedance).

Z2
This intensity is maximum if Z is minimal, ie when L2 -I = 0, and since = 2II / T, this occurs when
T = 211 L2C2
Or 2II L2Crepresents the proper period of the circuit (II) and T is that of the sustained oscillations of the circuit (I).

The frequency of the pilot circuit (I) being fixed, it is imposed on the receiver circuit (II). In the latter, the intensity goes through a maximum when the two circuits are tuned to the same frequency this effect is the resonance effect.

There is also an apparatus operating on this principle, it is mainly used to determine the inductance L of some coils, it is the "grid-dip" (a diagram is in Figure 2). Its operation is the following under the effect of obsorptions (during the resonance) of HF on the LC circuit the "disturbances" in the oscillatory state of the transistor appear in the form of a variable intensity in the emitter resistance R5 in other words, a voltage drop which is itself variable at the limit of this resistance. With the NPN transistor, it is a positive potential that occurs at X, at the emitter of the transistor, thanks to a potentiometric divider constituted by the set and R1 we obtain a reference voltage, X ', almost equal to X , from which one can highlight between the variable voltage and the fixed voltage X'.A transistor (bipolar) has between the transmitter and the collector a capacitance. Now a transistor can serve as a photodiode; if light falls on the transistor on the base it can pass a current from the transmitter to the collector. But the capacity between the terminals of the transmitter and the collector being variable depending on the intensity of the light that falls, if we now place a transistor
T connected only to the transmitter and the collector, a capacitance C in parallel and a coil B of inductance L in parallel. We obtain a circuit (fig.3a) that vibrates on a frequency determined by Thomson's formula
T = 2II LC
C is the total capacitance therefore the sum of the capacitance between the emitter and the collector and the two capacitor capacitor C connections.

If this circuit is placed in front of the coil of the grid-dip which vibrates on a frequency identical to that of the circuit then there is resonance (assuming for example the unlit transistor) and the needle of the microampermeter G deviates (likewise a microampermeter placed between A and B indicates a voltage if we put light on the basis of the total capacitance transistor C changes and (assuming that the grid-dip vibrates on the same frequency initlal) there will be no resonance therefore the intensity will be smaller between A and B or zero (this absorption remains unique on the only real frequency of the induced circuit without any harmonic issue) if the voltmeter is amplified and has a high input resistance does not disturb the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates.If a phototransistor begins to have fluctuations from 100KHz, we replace the phototransistor to overcome this defect by the following circuit (fig.3.

a photodiode E whose anode is connected to the base and the cathode on the collector of the transistor (NPN) not sensitive to light.

The operation of the flat iconoscope on the tablet (and the flat screen display) is then the following, the generator (HF) which can be a gridétant running, it operates on a given frequency, if this frequency is identical to that of the induced circuit (formed of TBC in parallel) there is then resonance from which an intensity I and an induced electromotive force are formed whose effective value between the terminals A and B is given by the forest and
Im being the maximum flux received by the induced circuit TB C. = 2IIN, where N is the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates. (We assume then that the light does not fall on the photodiode). If the light strikes the photodiodi the total capacitance of the circuit changes and the resonance hardly any longer takes place (from or decrease in the intensity measured between the terminals A and B. This decrease is proportional to the quantity of light received by the photodiode
But the phenomenon may also be perceived by the microampermeter of gray.

dip however this process will probably be abandoned because it offers the disadvantage: following - the grid-dip even very well developed is less sensitive to absorption than
if we measure the intensity itself, which is created in the induced circuit, - the grid-dip when we vary the frequency on which it operates offers practically always a small drift of the needle 'microamperme of the grid-dip which is not the case for the measurement between'A and B of the circuit
TB C. To overcome these difficulties the final circuit of the grid-dip becomes larger and therefore more voluminous, moreover there is no precise calculation allowing to calculate exactly the Variation measured on the microampermeter of the grid-dip.

When the grid-dip changes frequency, the initial induced circuit T B C no longer has induced current to be measured against the following inductive circuit is hole.

next to it (formed of T1 B C1 in parallel) goes when the generator vibrates on the actual frequency of the induced circuit creates a current between the terminals A and B of the induced circuit T1 B C1, the variation due to the light received by the photodiode will be as in the previous measured circuit, and so on. To make the circuit simpler the collector of chaoue circuit ind
TBC is connected to the emitter of the induced circuit along T'B'C 'located next to the induced circuit TBC and the collector of the circuit T'B'C' is connected to the emitter of the induced circuit T "B" C Next, Fig. 4. The current is then measured at the terminal d and B. Naturally all the induced circuits vibrate on a different frequency and such that the margin on which they vibrate (due to the uncertainties, generally low in manufacturing and also to the variations the photodiode capacitance) do not have an intersection, so to be able to measure the amount of light received by a photodiode a relatively small potential difference is measured, variation with respect to a constant potential Vb, this variation is measured by a differential amplifier, at one of the two inputs is set a constant potential equal to the potential that the induced circuit TBC must have when the generator vibrates exactly on this frequency and that the photodiode does not re oit no light) when light is received by the photodiode, it will have a power reduction to be measured (this is the armature current of the TBC system arriving at the terminals C and D of the differential amplifier Fig. 5.

The sensitivity of the flat iconoscope may vary depending on the value of R. But for the measurement to be exact, it must be taken only at a given instant, because while the frequency on which the grid-dip vibrates varies and approaches the real frequency of an induced circuit TBC, intensity of the current in the circuit TBC increases, likewise, when the frequency of the grid-dip moves away from the frequency on which the TBC circuit vibrates, the induced voltage decreases. Thus, the current will only be measured at a given moment; exactly at the moment when the frequency on which the generator vibrates is exactly the one on which the induced circuit TBC vibrates (when the diode does not receive light) it is necessary to set up a switch between the terminals H and I, for example, which closes the circuit according to the frequency on which the generator vibrates; if a line of the iconoscope has 600 definition points and 265 lines, the switch at the terminals
H and I will close the circuit every 0.2 sec. If we are dealing with a single line of the iconoscope, the time taken to vary the frequency of the grid-dip from a minimum frequency N1 to a maximum frequency N2 for a line is 0.2 x 600 or 120 s The moment when the circuit is open is 600 times shorter than the time taken to vary the frequency of the generator from N1 to N2 for a line. To understand how will operate the switch between H and I see how the frequency of the high frequency generator varies.

In an integrated circuit, an inverse biased diode D has a certain capacitance which is maximum when the voltage is minimal and minimum when the voltage is maximum. The variation of voltage in the generator will thus create a variation of the frequency on which it operates, one can thus vary this frequency thanks to another generator which varies the voltage arriving at the terminals of the diodes polarized in inverse. The voltage supplied by the generator varying the voltage arriving at the gate of the diode of the grid-dip (the diode to the role of variable capacity) at the pace given by the curve of FIG. 6. It will be assumed that the capacity varies according to an affine function as a function of the inverse voltage.

One of the possible curves that we can have (for four elements of a line) at terminals Z and I is given in fig. 7. I and II correspond
o at a very low intensity light, I2 medium and 13 a high intensity light, I corresponds to the intensity of the current at the terminals Z and
not
I when no induced circuit creates current, so when the generator does not vibrate on any frequency identical to that of an induced circuit. In order to obtain a signal only every 0.2 s, a high-frequency multivibrator with a period of 0.2 s is used. The two generators are switched on simultaneously (by a synchronizer), for t = 0.4 s, for example, the multivibrator closes the switch K between terminals H and
I, then opens it, and 0.2 s later, for t = 0.6 s, the switch is closed again and so on, the theoretical diagram of the circuit formed by the high frequency generator, the multivibrator (part C ) and the frequency-varying generator of the high frequency generator (part B) are in fig. 8.

The signals are taken at the terminals Z and I which are animated towards the outside of the circuit R'5 gives to the terminals C and D, the voltage that must have a circuit when the light does not fall on the photodiode, it is the potential reference. The value of some components especially that of capacities
C "1 and C" 2 which determine the frequency on which vibrates the multivibrator (low and integral values seen the high frequency of work). In these diagrams the bipolar transistors used may also be replaced by MOS and C / MOS which makes the circuit less bulky. To the output
Z and I may be associated with a DC amplifier to amplify the received signal, all transistors are HF

But a diagram such as that given in Figure 4, must undergo slight changes, because we must consider the possibilities of integration on a silicon wafer, so we must take into account the frequency of operation of the HF generator, the frequency on which the induced circuits must vibrate must be of the order of IGhz, but if one wishes to occupy as little space as possible, the total capacitance of an induced circuit TBC may be equal to the capacitance of the polarized diode in reverse on the transistor and a capacitance placed in parallel with the collector and the emitter of the transistor, if the additional capacitance occupies a place equal to that of the photodiode is 30 x 20 n, if the inductances placed in series have in total an inductance of 4.8.10.11 Henry.In applying the Thomson formula, the actual frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates is (Ctotal = O, lOpf)
This frequency is too high for a generator.

A diagram more adapted for the integration is given in figure 9. Here its operation, the previous major trouble was, the value too weak of the capacities and the inductances, in the diagram of the figure 4b, all the capacities C of the circuits induced TBC are put in parallel, and all the inductances of the coils B of this column are put in series, the two "ends" of this total inductance being put in parallel with the capacities in parallel of this same column. In the first column all the inductances are identical, in the second column similar to the first, the total capacitance is slightly smaller, the total inductance remains the same (the frequency on which the second column therefore vibrates is therefore slightly higher), in the third column, the total capacity is smaller than in the second column, the inductance remains the same and so on for 600 columns. Since the capacity decreases, the inductance remaining the same, the frequency on which each column vibrates (which is the equivalent of 265 circuits
TBC with parallel capacitances and series inductances) is different and increasing as the columns are moved away from the first one. If we now examine a single column that has 265 photosensitive diodes, in the case where a coil of a generator would be placed on the reels in series of a column, the generator vibrating on the same frequency as the induced circuit formed by the column, one will measure across the capacitors in parallel a voltage (the voltmeter has a high resistance of 'Entrance). If light of variable intensity falls only on one diode, the others not receiving light, the value of the voltage will vary according to the light received by the diode, but if all the diodes are struck by the light, that it being of variable intensity at each point, the variable voltage measured across the capacitor would give no information.

It is therefore necessary to put a switch K, which is made of such a kind that the photodiodes can or not be in operation, so for a column so that a diode only is sensitive to light it will be necessary to close the interrupter K attached at this diode the other interrupters will be open to them.

The same thing can also be done for the other columns, we will then have for a line of definition points of the iconoscope a line of switches
K will be closed, all other K switches of the other lines will be open. If the frequency of the generator (whose coil is in front of all the coils of all the columns) is then varied, we will not measure at the terminals A and B, when the frequency on which the high frequency generator vibrates is equal to the frequency on which the first column vibrates, that the variation of the intensity of the light falling on the diode of the first column (whose switch K is closed), when the frequency on which the generator vibrates is equal to the frequency on which the second column vibrates, the variation of the voltage measured at the terminals A and B is equal to the variation of the intensity of the light received by the photodiode of the second column and of the same line as that of the first column; column, and so on for the other columns. (The terminals A and B will be connected to the differential amplifier to which the multivibrator Fig. 8 will be connected). Once the line is analyzed, the switches K on this line will be open and the switches K on the line below will be closed, all other switches in the line areas will be open and so on. The switches K photodiodes of a line can be contacted simultaneously by putting the contact between the terminals A and B of this line.But before coming to the means of closing one after another the K switches of each line check that the frequency on which vibrates each column (formed of 265 circuits
TBC) is of the order of IGHz. The total inductance of the coils of the column is 265 x 4.8.10-11 = I, 2.10-8 Henry.

The maximum total capacity is 265 x O, I = 26.5 pf. By applying Thomson's formula
This high frequency is acceptable for an integrated generator, this minimum frequency of the high frequency generator, taking a margin of 2MHz for each column, the maximum frequency will be 1200 + 280 = I, 4 GHz, which is the frequency maximum on which the high frequency generator operates, and which is still acceptable for an integrated generator (the frequency margin for each column can be lowered). But we must also take into account the rms value of the electromotive force that is created in the induced circuit formed by the column, this value is given by the formula Im being the maximum flux received.
N being the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates and therefore the generator
HF when there is resonance B is the induction of the magnetic field formed by the coil of the generator, S being the total area occupied by the coils placed in series of a column S = 265x4,14.10-10 = II.IO- 8m. The coil of the generator in this case will occupy all about half of the surface of the pastil] is 0.5 x I, 5x10-4m, it will be a flat coil, which will have approximately the shape of a right triangle. A value of this inductance is L = 2.30.IO-t
Henry (the inductance of a rectangular coil of a turn of length L = 10 cm and width 1 = 0.5 cm has inductance L = 3.7 × 10 -7 Henry, the inductance being prop ~ tional to the length and with the width one obtains the preceding result). The flow I = Li = SB (B being the value of the induction of the coil, S the total surface occupied by the coil of the generator, L the inductance of the coil and i the intemsitd of the current pass in the coil of the generator HF). According to the previous relationship B = L i
So we have and
We have

The generator coil can vibrate on this minimum frequency N = 280MHz, if the capacity (variable so as to be able to vary the frequency on lacquer vibrates the coil of the generator which is in parallel with the coil) is of the order of 9pf , such a junction capacitance occupies a surface of the order of 0.04 mm which is still acceptable because the remaining space for the generator circuits, the differential amplifier, the multivibrator and the trem generator (providing signals sawtooth) can occupy an area of 15 mm.

Let us return to the effective value of the electromotive force volt (i being the intensity of the current passing in the coil of the generator).

Assuming that i is an intensity on the order of one-tenth of Ampere, the measured f.e.m. is E = 2.2.IO-3 volts which is perfectly measurable.

But the maximum voltage measured on each column is as indicated by the formula (where N is the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates) proportional to the frequency and therefore increasing as a function of an oscillation of increasing frequency, if Im = SB; the maximum stream received is constant. So that the value of the maximum fem measures each column remains constant, the surface facing the coils of each column and the coil of the generator can be decreased as the frequency on which the formed induced circuit vibrates. by a column is increasing, is created differential proportionally to the growth of the frequency on which the HFP generator vibrates to obtain this result this circuit decreases the current passing through the differential amplifier in proportion to the voltage received at the generator terminal which provides signals sawtooth-polarized diode reverse on the HF generator

Because if the frequency of the generator believes it is due to the growth of the voltage which arrives at the terminals of the diode polarized in inverse (figure 8 part A), this increasing tension being provided by a generator of ramp (whose ramp lasts the time for a line to be analyzed) it is therefore easy by taking the voltage at the terminals of the ramp generator to vary the voltage arriving at the terminals of the ramp generator to vary the voltage arriving at the terminals of the differential amplifier according to the increasing frequency of the HF generator, but such a circuit if it is in principle easy to design has several defects - it is an additional circuit and therefore the total area needed is more
great.

- It must also be taken into account that the capacity of reverse biased diodes really varies as an affine function depending on the reverse voltage that passes. For these reasons it is simpler to give the coil of the generator a shape which is such that the further the column is from the first (thus the higher its actual frequency of the induced circuit formed by the column), the higher the surface area. look of the coils of the column and the coil of the generator is decreasing fig. I (C and D being the terminals going to the HF generator, in Figure lton only sees the coils put in series of each column to simplify the scheme). If the maximum voltage is measurable, it is necessary to be able to measure the variation of the voltage due to the variation of the capacitance of a diode as a function of the light received. For this, let us return to FIG. 1 which gives the voltage measured at the terminals A and B. as a function of time in the case of the figure (As shown in the figure, Vm is the maximum voltage when there is no resonance, I corresponds to a small variation of the frequency on which the circuit vibrates and therefore, at a low intensity light, corresponds to a higher intensity light, I2 and I3 are even higher luminous intensities, and the variation between a low intensity light and a high intensity intensity light. variation of the voltage at the terminals A and B is very small, however, if we slightly shift back the moment when the voltage is read or measured for example by a micro-second, the difference of the voltage in
A and B depending on the intensity of the light is larger fig. 12. as seen in the figure. It will therefore be important to phase out the frequency of the multivibrator, since it will depend in all the sharpness of the image. The variation of the voltage due to the variation of the capacitance of the diode is of the order of one-tenth of the maximum voltage created in the induced coil, which is therefore perfectly measurable if the latter is of the order of 1000 volts. Now let's return to the means of closing the switch K of each line connected to the points An and Bn and then opening and closing the switch K of the line below the previous one at points An + 1 and Bn + l, but the switches K of the other lines are all open. To understand the schema having the preceding function it is necessary to see the function of the schema given in fig. I3. If a current for a very short time is put at the terminals A and B, one will notice practically instantly a current on milliampermèt
G and this current remains even when the current at the terminals of A and B ceases to be. This current measured on the milliampermeter G remains as long as one does not touch anything to the circuit, it disappears only when the current feeds both the circuit (a battery having a + and - terminal) is interrupted by the switch K 'which is open for a very short time, and then if the switch
K is closed again and if there is no current at terminals A and B then there is no current to be measured on the milliampermeter. The diagram given in fig. 13 is equivalent to the diagram given in FIG. I4 (when a current flows in the coil B, the circuit where is the coil
B2 continually passes a current even when the current flowing in the coil B1 interrupts). The diagram required for 4 lines of the iconoscope, the diagram is then the same for the following lines.The letters A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, B3, A4, B, Bd> E, F, G, H are in reference with those in the figure
As explained above, the induced circuits created by each column are resonant one after the other beginning with the first column when the generator frequency varies. When the frequency of the generator approaches the frequency on which the first vibrates column there is created at the terminals of E and F an induced current, which is connected to terminals E and
F of the apparatus of FIG. 15 circulates the current in the circuit formed by the transistors T2, T3, T5, this current flowing in the circuit even when the current is interrupted makes it possible to make the collector and the transmitter of the tran tor T4 conductive, since a current passes on the collector and the emitter of transistor T5 (a resistor (R = 1000O) is placed between the collector of transistor T and the base of transistor T4 so that the transistor
T4 is not always driving, this is indeed possible because even
If current does not pass across E and F, the difference in potent increases only when the current goes to terminals E and F, this increase remains even when the current arriving at terminals E and F stops) Since the collector and the emitter of transistor T3 are conducting the switch
K of the first line is closed, so only the variations of the capacity of the diodes of the first line are measured at the terminals A and B (FIG 2).
T6 is a depletion MOS that is to say that it is conductive when current does not pass to the gate, when current, positive here arrives at the terminals of the gate
G, the transistor becomes no longer conductive and the switch K of the first line is open, the gate G of the depleted MOS receives positive current erasing the signal in the circuit when in the circuit formed transi tors T'1 , T'2, T'3, T'4, T'5, T'6, R 'circulates a current, this current can circulate in the preceding circuit only if at the terminals of G and H appears during even a very short instant a current, this current being created by the last column which comes into resonance creates an induced current, in this way: the transistor T'4 becomes conductive and therefore the switch K 'of the second line is closed, the switch K of the first line being like the interrupte of all the other open lines, the transistor T 'being conductive only until the moment when the current arrives at the terminals of E and F, the current flowing in the circuit T "1, T" 2, T "3, T" 4, T "5, T" 6, R ", and therefore the current leaving transistor T" 5 makes the transis tor T'6 non-conductive and at the same time the transistor T "4 becomes conductive closing the switch K of the third line and so on for the other lines. After the switch K of the third line and so on for the other lines.

of the last line is closed (the number of lines being even), this being due to the current passing at the terminals E and F, the terminals G and H will receive induced current at the moment when the last point of the image will be examined, this current will go to the terminals of a circuit of the same type as those described above but the current leaving the collector of the transistor which occupied the same place as the transistor T5, T'5, T'6, would pass not in the gate of a transistor which occupies the same place as the transistor T6, T'6, ..., T "6, but it would pass in the gate G of a depletion MOS or a JFET named in the figure.

3, this will have the effect of interrupting the current arriving at all the circuits formed of 6 transistors T "1, T" 2, T "3, T" 4, T "5, T" 6, after the switch
K of the last line will have been closed. In this way, only in the circuit formed of the transistors T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 (will circulate at the terminals E and F and therefore) the switch K of the first line will be closed when a current will go to the terminals E and F. The total diagram of the iconoscope is given in Figure I6. Terminals A and B switch with the coil (triangular shape) of the generator which will be below the coils of all the columns, the capacitors will be above the coils, and the reverse biased diode with respect to the transistor will be above the capacitor. The connections for the switches K of each line will be above the diodes and the transistors. The part A (HF generator), B (differential amplifier), C (multivibrator), D (diagram allowing the switching of all the photodiodes of a line, each switch of a line being closed one after the other) are made on the same face of the pellet; the face where the photodiodes appear (to make them insensitive to light, a layer of silica will be deposited on the circuits not to be sensitive to light). A large part of the schemes (part A, B, C, D) may use MOS instead of bipolar transistors, or both. The electrical signals which translate the image are taken at the Z and I terminals. This circuit as described can instead of a diode and a replaced the photosensitive element by capacitor of the MOS type, which under the impact of the photons creates the presence of electron-hole pairs, which thus slightly modifies the total capacity of a column, which is also measurable at the terminals A and B when the generator and the column are in resonance.

Now that the principle has been established, here is one of the ways for the integrated on a silicon wafer, in this case, it is to integrate 160,000 definition points with the reading system, composed of the differential amplifier , and the high frequency multivibrator, as well as the high frequency generator and the ramp generator (including a hard ramp
2 2
The whole on a pellet of 15x11 mm2 is 165 mm. But before the beginning of the description of the manufacturing process, recall some technical processes whose films are given in the various figures that the realization of a polyplane transistor in epitaxial version of Harris (fig.17 and dielectric isolation, technology known as EPIC (fig.) Also remember that the two-level interconnection makes connections in two different planes, which is equivalent to A double-face printed circuit is used to form a connection assembly in a plane and then cover it with silica on which a second connection plane is made.

It is then necessary to create holes in the silica to reach the first plane formed. The method makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the pellet at the expense of additional surface oxidation. The various phases and operations that the silicon pellet undergoes are indicated with reference to the appended drawings.

- I phase: starting from a silicon wafer with a thickness of 250 m (Fig. 19. I) it receives an epitaxial layer with a thickness of about 10 (Fig. 22.2), the substrate being positive and the epitaxial layer being negative - 2 phase: a zone P is created by diffusion, then the surface is slightly oxidized (FIG 19.3) - 3 phase: by a chemical etching, of the same type as that used in the EPIC process, one create channels and then re-oxidize everything (Fig. 19.4) - 4 phase: the wells are filled with polycrystalline silicon, the depth of the wells is about 20 m (Fig. 19.5) - 5 phase: the polycrystalline silicon in too much is removed by honing and polishing until the surface of the epitaxial layer is flush (Fig. 19.6), fig. 19.6.b shows the shape of the zones and the channels seen from above (all the descriptions which follow indicate how a TBC circuit is constructed as the transistor, the photodiode, one above the other, the whole above a capacitor and a coil, as well as the necessary connections for the switches K of each line) - phase: by an attack of the same type as that of the third phase of the crevices are created by chemical etching which are in their perpendicular length with the crevices already covered with polycrystalline silicon, then these cracks are covered by a slight oxidation (Fig. 19.7) - 6 phase: after oxidation, holes are created in the oxide at points A and
B (Fig. 19.8) a layer of Al is deposited. then silica - 7 phase: after depositing an aluminum layer on the surface it is partially removed so as to form loops placed in series which form spirals (Fig 19.9), which form the inductance of the circuit TBC of a column - 8 phase: connections of the spirals to put them in series and to join the transistors of the same color in parallel and the coils in series, inductace of a coil 4, 8.10H (Fig. 19.10) - 9 phase: the cracks are covered with an oxidation by a polycrystalline growth, which being insulating does not create a short circuit with the already established aluminum connections on the other cracks which were already filled with polycrystalline silicon and on the silica (fig. 19.II) - 9 phase: the plate is turned on the other side, then the ground of the substrate P is ground and polished to the outcrop of the grooves (Fig. 29.12) - 10 phase: by diffusion one dope what was the substrate in certain area
P by several photogravure operations, the layer A is the emitter of the transistor, C is the collector, the layers D and F form the diode (Fig. 19.13 - II phase: the whole surface is oxidized by a photoengraving process. removes the oxide located on the entire surface of the photodiode constituted by the layers C and F except at the points where an aluminum connection connecting the base of the transistor (layer B) to one of the terminals of the layer diode will be deposited. D and we will put the connections for the switches K of each line (Fig. 19.14).

This is the method used to be able to integrate on the chip a diode above a transistor which themselves will be above a capacitor and above two bobins, naturally the process can be used for all circuits TBC simultaneously. The coil of the generator which will have the shape of a triangle will be an aluminum wire whose width will be about 20 m wide so as to be able to withstand higher intensities, and thus to create a higher induced current in the columns when In places where a portion of the generator coil wire will pass, a capacitance C will be placed in the place where normally a C oxidation is only present on the transmitter, on which the coil of the column is located at this point. location will be arranged directly, the connections going to the collector and the emitter of the transistor as well as the one concerning the putting in series of the coils will be made, one will deposit a layer of silica on this coil and the connections, one will then deposit a layer of aluminum which will drill a wire of 20 m width as the wire of the coil of the generator passes only on two parts of a single column two capacities per column will be removed, which represents Feel enough can out of 264 abilities.
R (Fig. 9) coming from each column will be as well as the connections connecting all the collectors will be made from the face where will be made the coils of the columns, the resistances will be made by usual processes, the points A and B will join the face or are the photodiodes and the circuits (formed of the parts A, B, C, D) by the process indicated in fig. 20. This iconoscope will be able to transmit images in color, one places on each line, in a determined order for example first a diode sensitive to the red light, next to the first diode will be put a diode sensitive to blue, then a third to the green and this on the same line and so on for all lgns.The electrical signal obtained at the exit of the iconoscope is firstly the measurement of the intensity of the red light at one point, the second signal is the measure of the Intensity of the blue light at the same point and the third signal the measurement of the intensity of the green light at the same point, a tube whose electron gun first goes through a point which can be illuminated in red , the next one in blue then in green, the image is then restituted again.

The shape of the case is given in Figure 21, it is the exploded view of an integrated circuit, the case is n plastic or ceramic <5), the open plan reveals the chip (2) silicon scale is given by the lugs whose spacing is 2.54 mm (I) is the plate of plastic or transparent plexiglass allowing the photosensitive cells to receive light, we also see the son connecting the CI to the legs.

The display screen works on the same principle as before.

If we have at the terminals of each capacitor C a coil B and a lamp A in parallel which can be illuminated under a very low voltage, and if the coil is placed close enough in front of the coil Bbl, of a generator, if the generator G vibrates on the frequency on which vibrates the tuned circuit, there is then resonance or creation of current induced in the circuit made of the capacitor, the coil, and the lamp, this lamp will thus light up and it does not illuminates that at this moment fig. 22 (Sa (Fig. 2) Now we place a large number of circuits of the preceding type (coil (B), capacitor (C), lamp fL), and for each circuit induces the frequency on which it vibrates is different. the generator vibrates on the same frequency, for example, that the circuit induces (Bg, C1, L1) the lamp L to light, when the changing frequency shifter will be on the same Frequency as the induced circuit (B, C, L) the lamp L2 will light up and the lamp of the preceding circuit will be extinguished since the preceding circuit is no longer in resonance, and so tie the following lamps.This process therefore makes it possible to light one after the other of the lamps, this system is relatively inexpensive and simple. If we now put 600 circuits (B, C, L) their coil facing the generator coil: the lamps go, if the frequency on which the generator vibrates is variable, the frequency of the beginning being minimal (equal to a frequency of the first circuit B, C, L) and the final frequency being maximum (frequency of the last circuit B, C, L) the lamps go one after another to light. If during the moment when the frequency changes, the switch K is opened, the coil of the generator when it should vibrate on a frequency, for example the frequency on which vibrates the 10th induced circuit B, C, L the lamp of the le circuit will turn on.Grace at this switch so it becomes possible when the lights come on after the au to yet do so that one (or more by opening multiple switches at the right time) lamp (s) comes on (ent) not. The place where the lamps do not light can be chosen exactly by choosing the moment when the switch K. is opened. The most important factor in this circuit is the effective value of the emf created in the induced circuit. B, C,
The value of the emf in a circuit B, C, L must be high enough to be able, for example, to light electrolumiscent diodes which have a relatively short access time of the order of a microsecond, thus making it possible to create a screen of visualization of the order of 40,000 points of definition which is certainly little but here the problem is only in the access time of the electroluminescent material, the means for lighting one after the other diodes is here it is possible to instead order a light-emitting diode in a microsecond to control the operation of four light-emitting diodes simultaneously
This is possible, and thus provides an image of 160,000 definition points although the access time of a light emitting diode is of the order of a microsecond. The method employed is as follows, the diagram of the cricuit is given in FIG. 24. The diagram represents only the elements constituting a line. The circuit is this time made up of four generations, each of which has a switch K which makes it possible to put the coil of the generator yes or not in contact with the generator so yes or no to put it in resonance with an induced circuit. All the generators for simplify the scheme, operate simultaneously on the same frequency. In this case the first four coils vibrate on the same frequency, the other four that follow vibrate on the same frequency, the other four which follow also vibrate on a frequency which is identical but different from that on which vibrate the four previous inductive circuits and so on for other induced circuits. When, for example, the generator vibrates on the same frequency as that on which the first induced circuit B, C, L vibrates.

The lamp of this circuit will light up, since the four generators vibrate simultaneously on the same frequency and the first 4 induced circuits vibrate on the same frequency, if the switches K, M are open, and
K is closed then the lamps of the 2nd and 3rd inductive circuits are off while the fourth lamp is on, if these four switches can be controlled simultaneously it becomes possible to simultaneously control the ignition of four light emitting diodes in the time that would be necessary to light a diode. But when an iconoscope transmits an electric image, there is only one and only one signal, therefore one channel and not four. It is therefore necessary from one channel to simultaneously control four different channels which is done in the circuit S (separator) FIG. 24. Naturally in the real scheme, the switches K, K, K, K are replaced by transistors T, T, T, T placed at another point of the generator circuit. The transistor interrupts only the operation of the generator and not that of the apparatus varying the frequency on which the generator vibrates. As the four generators vibrate on the same frequency, the apparatus which varies the frequency on which the generators vibrate is the same fig. 25. A circuit for passing an electric signal corresponding to the intensity of light at one point by one way, the following by another way (way 2), the third by a third way (way 3) and the fourth way by a fourth Ivoie lane 4) already exists, this circuit is represented by the circuit V in the fg. 25, this circuit exists in the form of an integrated circuit, each electrical signal is spaced by approximately 0.2 s, in the case where the number of definition points is 160.000 points
When for example an electrical signal arrives in the first channel, it is memorized by the circuit B (part B, Fig. 23) The memory consists of a capacitor C and three transistors, and if necessary resistors, the electrical signal for the illumination of a light point is recorded in the capacitance C (thanks to the transistor TI which becomes conductive, nlus or less, between the collector and the emitter). The reading of the load in the capacitor is made using a transistor (T3) MOS (high input resistance). To erase this memory, the capacitor is discharged by injecting at one of its terminals a voltage (thanks to the transistor T2) which makes the two plates of the capacitor under the same voltage. Naturally memories of another type but having the same function can also be used. These memories will be manufactured in hybrid technology on a hybrid circuit or on an integrated circuit (bipolar, MOS). When the four memories have memorized a signal, these four signals will be sent simultaneously to the switches (K1, K2, K3, K4j, which adjusts the intensity of the light sent by the diodes as a function of the intensity of the current. memorized by the memory circuits, these signals will be sent to the switches K1, K2, K3, K4 during the time necessary for the ignition of a light emitting diode is about 0.8 us.Mais since the time required for the ignition of a diode (therefore four simultaneously) is about 0.8 us, it will pass during this time four electrical signals that will be stored in the meantime by memory circuits (of the same type as above) part B 'of Fig. 27 ). Since it is necessary to memorize only four signals (or more if the time necessary for the lighting of a diode is longer), circuit is quite simple and will be in the form of an integrated circuit. These circuits for the memorization of The signals are of the same type as those in Part B, fig. 26; the first signal arrives via channel I 'and is stored, the second signal arrives via channel 2' is stored, the third and fourth signals arrive via channels 3 'and 4', when these signals have been stored in light-emitting diodes will have had time to light up thanks to the four other signals that had been memorized previously, and just then we will erase the signals stored in parts B of Figure 27 (which constitute memory circuits) by sending for a very long time. short negligible in front of 0.2 us, a current at the terminals C and D, at this moment more no signal will arrive at the switches K1, K2, R3, K4, and the frequency on which vibrate the four generators H. (which is for each identical) will have to change and vibrate on the same frequency as that on which vibrate the other four induced circuits following, and at the same time the four signals memorized in the memory circuits (parts B 'in Fig. 27) will be sent to the switches K1, K2, K3, K4 for the time required to light a diode (thus four simultaneously), during this time the other four memory circuits (here parts B of fig. 27) will memorize the next four signals and so on. Naturally other circuits equivalent to the memory circuits described above are also usable. The diagram of the screen is given in fig. 26. The diagrams of Figures 26 (Part A), 25, 27 and 28 (Part A) are integrated on a silicon wafer. All other components are on the hybrid circuit substrate (glass, plastic, or ceramic, materials refractory).

The light-emitting diodes or any other means which can be used for illumination are represented by L. The operation of the diagram is as follows
G is an HF generator whose frequency varies, thanks to another generator that provides sawtooth signals across a capacitance which is variable depending on the voltage output from the generator providing signals to the sawtooth, plus the voltage output from the generator (providing sawtooth signal) is increasing, the lower the capacity (integrated diode in reverse) not integrated capacity can vary from a few to a hundred pf, which is very sufficient).

The generator H. FG has a coil B1 which is placed in front of all the coils of the induced cricuits (T, 2xD, C, D) will resonate the induced circuits one after the other in resonance as and when As the frequency on which the generator G varies, this will have the effect of making the switch T (a transistor) of each line of the conductor screen and thus of passing current (here negative) to one of the diodes electrolumines which constitute a line.While the switch T of one of the 265 lines is conductive, thanks to the method described in FIGS. 25, 26, 27 four induced circuits (but this time lying in the horizontal plane of the ecria will more or less go into resonance simultaneously depending on the intensity of the current that must pass in the light emitting diodes and that during the time four light-emitting diodes will be illuminated more or less the following four light-emitting diodes will in turn be more or less illuminated (this being because the current passing through the coil of one of the HF generators, the Fig. 28 has a greater or less intensity depending on the illumination that is to be given to the diode, which is done thanks to the current passing through the switches K1, K2, K3, K4) .When the line has been done, the switch T will be closed (that of the line below) and the transistor T of the line below will become conductive (this thanks to the frequency of the generator HF (G) which varies and enters resonated with the circuit induced from the line below) and as before the light emitting diodes will be four by four on this line and so on for all other lines. The switch T of a line will therefore remain for about 120 us drivers, the time required for all the diodes of the line have more or less been able to illuminate. The diagram of the generator G is identical (apart from the value of certain components) to that of FIG. 8 part A. But it will be, if it turns out to be possible much better if the variable voltage coming out of the generator varying the frequency on lacquer: operates the generator HF (G), to the form that is given in fig. 29, the voltage is a step function as a function of time, each step for the time necessary for all the LEDs of a line could illuminate more or less, or about 120 us. For the generator u '(varying the frequency on which the generator operates)
HF G) is exactly in phase with the generator u "(varying the frequency on which the four HF generators of Fig. 28 are operating which are in the horizontal plane of the screen) it will be necessary to enter between u 'and u" a synchronizer Sy.

Here is one of the means of manufacturing the screen, the description being given by way of non-limiting example.

The manufacturing means, is inspired by "Panaplex II" fig. As applied by Burroughs as early as 1971, a display circuit comprising hollow (channels) for receiving either an ionizable gas or liquid crystal or any other product which can be used in the display is completely developed in a thick layer.
Transparent electrodes are used with tin oxide pastes deposited on a glass substrate if necessary. And in order to avoid reactio conductors with the mercury vapors of an ionizable gas, it uses either refractory materials such as molybdenum, tungsten and nick either compositions usual to silver but nickel or coated of turntables.

This method will therefore be used to have light-emitting diodes, or liquid crystals or any other product that can be used for illumination.

The transistors (T) will be on the hybrid circuit. For example, thin film transistors (often called TFTs from the English initials of "Thin Film Transistor" developed by CNET in Liannon to control displays) could be used. deepen the physics of the component and realize practical circuits.

The structure that has been adopted for the TFT is given fig. . The CNET used a standard evaporator with a multicell electron gun and a vacuum mask changer. The transistor was made in a single pumping cycle. The constitutive materials are the selenium of cadmium, alumina and molybdenum respectively as semiconductor (I), insulator (2) and metal (3). The substrate is glass. The diodes D and D1 will also be deposited on the substrate of the hybrid circuit, as well as for the capacitances and inductances of the coils B and B1.The screen can be made on a hybrid circuit with a thick layer, but to obtain a very high definition and a great duration as well as a constant value of the thickness of the mask, one can have recourse to screens (for the manufacture of the mask) metallic engraved and not more in tolle. It is then preferred to make a methalic mask from a 50 to 80 μm thick sheet of molybdenum. By photogravure, holes are made which will be made to mid-depth by chemical bonding FIG.

38. Then the plate is turned over and receives on its other side and always by photogravure the drawing of the circuit. A chemical attack is used to join the holes at mid-thickness. In this way strokes of 75 to 100 m are compressed and even 50 μm in width can be achieved.

Choose the value of the components so that the results obtained are acceptable. The rms value of the emf creates in an induced circuit.

Im: Maximum flux received, (N being the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates). If the coil of an induced circuit (on the horizontal or vertical part of the diagram in Figure 28) is approximately a loop of radius r = 10 m, S = IIR = 3, 14.I0 m inductance-is then L = 2II.IOS, from where L = 6,28.IO 3,14.IO = 2.IO Henry.

R 10-3
Such an inductance is still very small compared to the maximum inductances of 6 uH which can be placed on a hybrid circuit. The inductance of the generator coil, in the smallest case n = 26 (number of lines) where L = 265.IO
Henry approximately, or L being approximately equal to the inductance of one of the coils placed in series of the generator coil (here G), L being approximately equal to the inductance of a coil of an induced circuit (2.10H ) from where
By putting in parallel with each coil a capacitance having a minimum value of Ipf (the value of the capacities in the hybrid circuits can reach (0,2 uf). The maximum frequency on which the induced circuits vibrate is then of the order of the GHz , from where the emf creates in the vibrating induced circuit on the maximum frequency is
But in order for the maximum emf created in each induced circuit to be the same although the frequency on which they vibrate is lower, the surface facing the coils of the HF generator must be larger, ie to say that the surface facing the coils of an induced circuit vibrating on a high frequency with the generator coil must be smaller than the surface facing a coil of an induced circuit and the coil of the vibrating generator on a As the frequencies on which the induced circuits will vibrate will range from approximately 50MHz to IGHz, the maximum frequency is 20 times greater than the minimum frequency, the surface facing a coil of an induced circuit and one of the vibrating generator coils on the maximum frequency is 20 times smaller than the surface facing a coil of an induced circuit and the coil of the vibrating generator on the minimum frequency. As the surface of the coils of the induced circuits is always identical, the inductance of the coil of the induced circuit does not change. But this has an effect on the value of the emf created in the induced circuit so the emf is proportional to the surface facing the coils. Or if the surface facing the coils (of which that of the induced circuit vibrates on the maximum frequency ) is 20 times smaller than the total surface opposite the inductance of the coil of the induced circuit, the emf created in the induced circuit is 20 times smaller than or by applying this formula for the value found previously. Applying this formula for the value found previously, we have the intensity of the current flowing in the coil of the generator. If i = 2, 3A, E = IO Volts, which is sufficient to light a light-emitting diode
The value of the effective intensity created in the induced circuit BCL is given by the formula
Where C is the capacitance in the induced circuit and N is the frequency on which the induced circuit is vibrating, from where the value of the current passing through the generator coil is 23 A. The results show that with such intensity transistors T and TI which form switches can work very well. It would also be possible not to use a switch T and TI but the adjustment of the intensity of the image would be more or less affected (we vary the light intensity of the image by varying the intensity of the current arriving at the terminals M and N) and this could disturb the frequency on which the induced flux works. As regards the number of induced circuit vibrating on a different frequency which is equal to the number of lines plus the number of definition points per line by 4 is 265 + 660 = 411 induced circuits (having a frequency on which it vibrates which is for each different from the others) this one depends on the number of the different values of the capacities (and the inductances) which in the hybrid circuits can have values of Ipf at 0.2 uf, which is a relatively large range of values, but the capacitances (as well as the inductances) will have to be much more precise, of the order of 2 or 3% at most. Thanks to this range of values it is therefore largely possible starting for all the induced circuits of an inductance of the same value and having capacities to reach 411 circuits each vibrating on a different frequency. Naturally these circuits will be arranged in such a way that the one vibrating on the minimum frequency is at one end of the series (here in line) of the circuits induced to that vibrating on the maximum frequency being at the other end, the other circuits being between the two and arranged in an order such that the frequency on which they vibrate is increasing as it is closer to the vibrating circuit on the maximum frequency. The screen in one of these forms will be made on a hybrid circuit or connections that will be made must have a total width of the order of 75 um maximum. The size of the surface occupied by the transistor (T or TI), the diodes, the capacitance and the inductance of an induced circuit is such that it is a rectangle close to Imm of width and Icm of length (at maximum). The light-emitting diode or any other means allowing the illumination of the point shall have a length of Imm in the vertical direction and a width of 0.5 mm in the horizontal direction of the screen, which gives the screen an image of a dimension of about 40x35cm, because it is necessary to add the spacings between the light-emitting diodes. The integrated circuit (s) representing in part or in whole FIGS. 25, 26, 27 will be placed on the hybrid circuit by organic materials (or by another method). The use of liquid crystals is recommended because the "color" is either black or white, and the power consumption is very low (even if an external light source has to be added to get an image). On the other hand, the light-emitting diodes can very well be used for the color images, for that we deposit on the screen when it is completely made a screen or a plastic film which is placed so that when a diode lights up (normally a white color) the point is illuminated in red for example because of the plastic film, the next point on the same line illuminating in green for example and the third point in blue (if the order of the colors is the one employed by the liconoscope, and so on for the following points: other methods may be employed such as depositing on the substrate first a light-emitting diode illuminating in red then one illuminating in green then one illuminating in blue and so on the whole line. (The first method for color television thus makes the color screen as expensive as the black and white screen.) Fig. 33 shows the screen without the color film, O and O 'being the input of the signals coming from the iconoscope.

The different forms of the screen (made on a thick-film hybrid circuit during the different phases are given in Fig. 34. The phases representing each of the figures are the following: - 10) phase: hollow furrows which will be used for diodes are dug in the substrate (2) of the hybrid circuit (ceramic) according to the same method as that used by Burrough in the "Planaplex" fig. 34.a - 2 phase, is deposited on the hybrid circuit of the transistors (3) (thin film for example) fig. 34.b.

- 30 phase, the connections (4) are deposited which will serve only for the induced circuits which are in the horizontal plane, and vertical one puts at the same time the inductances proper to each induced circuit (a loop whose approximate value of the inductance has been given Fig. 34.b) - 40 phase: the diodes (5) are deposited on the substrate of the hybrid circuit fig.34 - 50 phase: the capacitors (6) are deposited on the substrate (which are placed on the connections each of the induced circuits Fig. 34.d - 60 phase: the hybrid circuit is subjected to all the operations that are necessary to fill the crucibles with an ionizable gas (or liquid crystals or any other electroluminescent material) and to cover the grooves containing the ionizable gases.Then the connections (8) between the light-emitting diodes are created with the induced circuits located in the vertical plane of the screen only Fig. 34.e - 70 phase: some connections are covered (8) at certain points with an insulator (9) (SiO2 for example) so that the connections that will be made the next phase are not in contact with the connections already made fig. 34.e - 80 phase: the final connections (IO) can be put on the hybrid circuit fig. 34.F - 90 phase: only the inductances (loops of the same size as those used in the induced circuits, put in series) which form the coil of the HF generator (here G) which put one after the other the induced circuits being in the vertical direction of the resonance screen (for the induced circuits being in the horizontal direction of the plane will successively deposit a multilayer paste and the inductors which form the coil of one of the 4 generators, then we will put over another layer of multilayer and over again series of loops that will form a coil of one of the generators and so on four times in total Fig. 34.F - IIO phase: we put down the (s) integrated circuit (s) where the connections are put with the hybrid circuit and is deposited on the entire hybrid circuit a fairly thick layer of transparent resin of the same type as that used to make the displays ages, it is then deposited if you want the film to: get a color image and is deposited again on top of the transparent resin. The same screen can be made in thin film on a hybrid circuit if this is possible and quite economical.

It will be quite interesting to use a generator that sends t into the generator coil when there is resonance (only for induced circuits lying in the horizontal direction) a current whose intensity follows a rather special function that allows a liquid crystal to give more light and that for a short time, this also allows to be able to illuminate a liquid crystal in less time than it is normally necessary, this reme allowing to give several kinds of colors so of degree of Illumination (the nO of the invention is at the IsNPOI)
But the flat screen can very well be used for measuring devices such as oscilloscopes (it is then necessary to make a slight modification in the diagram of the integrated circuit laid on the hybrid circuit and in the number of coils deposits one above the other on the hybrid circuit substrate.

But the cost of such a screen remains practically the same as that of a screen that can give a television image. The operation of the screen is then the following; on a cathode-ray tube used in an oscilloscope, there are inside four plates (two in the horizontal direction, two in the vertical direction) which are intended to deflect the electron beam, or we have already seen through apparatus described in fig. Part A It was possible to vary the frequency on which vibrates a generator only as a function of the value of the voltage of the curtain (which passes across a diode reverse biased acts as a variable capacitance depending on the reverse voltage passing in the diode), the diagram of the screen that can be used in an oscilloscope is given in fig. 35, this screen has only 650: 4 + 264: 4 = 216 induced circuits whose frequencies on which they vibrate are different, in fact there is in total 216x4 = 864F induced circuits (with a switch that closes and lets pass a current when the circuit is in resonance) OI and OIg are the inputs for the horizontal deflection of the luminous point. If, for example, a current of a certain frequency 50Hz for example reaches the terminals 0, O ', O' and 0 ', the frequency on which the HF generator which has a coil in front of all the induced circuits will change, since the HF generator has a frequency which is variable as a function of the voltage of the current which passes to the terminals O and OI '(which is the voltage of the current passing to the vertical deflector plates of the cathode ray tube) so one of the induced circuits (at a given moment since the frequency varies all the time, the voltage being alternative) will be in resonance with the coil of the generator and therefore the The switch of this line will be closed, from which the current will pass to one of the two terminals of the light-emitting diodes which constitute a line. But the alternating current at 50 Hz also passes through the input O and O 'and therefore another HF generator will have a frequency that varies as a function of the voltage at the terminals 0 and 0'. At the same time as before, one of the induced circuits lying in the horizontal direction will thus be able to be in resonance and the interrupting switch in the induced circuit will be closed, allowing current to flow to one of the two terminals. vertical row of light emitting diode. From which the diode which by these two terminals passes a current will light, and only this diode will illuminate but a moment later the voltage that reaches the terminals OI and O 'will have changed, and therefore the frequency on which vibrates the generator whose outer coil is in the vertical direction of the screen will change or another induced circuit will be in resonance and thus close the switch K or let current flow in each of one of two terminals of all the diodes constituting a line, but as previously the voltage passing to the terminals O and O 'also at the same time will have changed and therefore the frequency on which the generator vibrates is different from or another induced circuit which is located in the horizontal direction will resonate and the switch K will pass a current to one of the two terminals of all the diodes that constitute a column, and as previously the diode that will receive current at these two terminals (this diode e st unique) will light up and so on for the next diodes, but here it will be easier to use instead of electro-diode diodes another material that takes much less time to be illuminated. A screen that gives an image of the holographic type in motion can also be developed, this screen being flat. The operation of this screen is the following is put on one and the same image 5 or more if possible images that are superimposed but which are all taken from a different angle. To obtain this result we use for example 5 iconoscopes (I) which "film" the same object but of an angle for each different, if the cameo has to move (the object being in horizontal or vertical movement) we maneuver all the cameras simultaneously in the same way. fig.39.The scanning of all the iconoscopes is synchronized and for all identical, which is possil by synchronizing the current that creates a magnetic field in the iconoscopes to deflect the electron beam, then each of the cameras sends in the form of signals When the picture is taken, the signals are taken in such a way that the signal coming from the iconoscope is taken and passed in 0,0 ', then just after the signal from the iconoscope is taken and then goes through O and
O ', likewise for the 30, the 40 and the 50 iconoscope, then the signal which follows from the iconoscope goes through O and O' and so on, this process is possible and thanks to one of the schemes described in this patent ( device (A) allowing to put several signals coming from several channels in a single channel). If the signals coming from 0 and 0 'pass on a screen which can be a cathode ray tube or a flat screen, we will have on the screen 5 images taken from the same object but from a different angle that will be superimposed. But such an image would practically not give any information, but if the screen is slightly modified we can obtain an effect that is similar to that created by the photos phies holographic indeed, on the five successive points more or less illuminated screen , the first comes from the first iconoscope, the 20th from the second iconoscope, the 30 from the third iconoscope, the 40 from the fourth iconoscope, the 50 from the fifth iconoscope, and so on for all the following five points.To make the information given by the screen analyzable by 'l'oi3 one uses the deviation of the light created in a point of light, in fact one makes (thanks to an optical process) to deflect the light coming from the IO point (which corresponds to the analysis of a point of an image coming from the first iconoscope so that it is visible only for an eye which for example makes an angle of 300 with the plane of the screen, the light coming from the second point is deviated so that that it is visible only for an eye at an angle of 450 to the plane of the screen, the light coming from the third point is deflected so that it is visible only by an eye in front of the screen, the light from the point is deflected so that it is visible only by an eye at an angle of 1350 to the plane of the screen, for the fifth point this angle is 1500. This way in modifying the angle between the eye and the screen we see the object on the screen seen from several sides from where the impression of a holographic image. The more camera there is, the more the impression of a holographic image is accurate.

A means of manufacturing such a screen made with reference to the accompanying drawings is given by way of non-limiting example (Fig.40). The screen undergoes all the phases necessary for the constitution of a normal flat screen display, but before we put the transparent resin that covers the entire shield we create small prisms transparent resin (I or another material that will be coated on one side with an aluminum layer (2) that acts as a mirror, the angle between the cosine and the hypothenus are for the five different points.To ensure that the person looking at the screen can to see a correct image he must stand at a certain distance (determinable) from the screen
Other devices can operate on the same principle, (an induced current is created in an induced circuit when it is in resonance), in particular an apparatus which is constituted on a hybrid circuit whose dimensions do not exceed 5 to 6 cm or even less, this device allows a lamp on an entire row of lamps to come on, then the next lamp will turn off the lamp that was lit, and so on for all lamps, this device will control A row of lamps can exceed 100 lamps. The diagram of this apparatus is given in fig.

36G is a generator whose frequency varies, the speed at which the lit lamp seems to move is variable depending on the speed at which the frequency of the generator changes, which depends on the length of the sawtooth. The diagram of the generator G is identical to that of FIG. 8 part
A. This circuit can be used to constitute giant viewing screens, or to indicate in circulation that a turn is on a road, for publicity, for carnivals. Another apparatus operating on the principle of resonance allows having two transmitters operating on two different frequencies which may be close to control in a receiver up to a hundred separate circuits. The theoretical scheme is given in FIG. 37; one of the receivers varies (as a function of the signals sent by the emitter) the voltage arriving at the terminals A and B, which thus varies the frequency on which the generator operates, and thus causes the resonance of the induced circuits to occur. thus puts a switch to close and this switch can modulate the signal passing in the induced circuit by varying the intensity of the current flowing in the generator coil (or induced circuit) this intensity is variable depending on the signals sent by one of the transmitters (part A is created on a hybrid circuit, part B is created on a silicon chip of less than 4 mm surface that will be placed on the hybrid circuit, the total size of this plate may not exceed 10Ocm in the case of 100 routes). By applying the principle of resonance one can have an apparatus for dividing the signals coming from one channel into four (or even more) channels; the IO signal goes through one channel, the signal goes through a 2nd channel, the signal goes through one channel, the 40 through a channel, and so on. The theoretical scheme is given in fig. 38. Part A is an HF generator whose frequency varies due to the generator which provides sawtooth signals, as the frequency of the generator changes, the induced circuits have one after the other an induced current whose intensity is proportional to the current flowing in the generator coil, therefore to the amplitude of the signal that passes through the single channel. So each of the four channels has a quarter of the signals. A device that puts signals coming from 4 channels into a single channel to a similar operation.

Claims (8)

CLAIMS I. Control system characterized in that it can be used by four different methods (or a compound of the four processes) and that it is formed by one or more generators (s) HF whose power can vary depending a modulated current (the HF generator being sensitive to the abso tion phenomenon in the second method). The frequency on which the generator operates is variable (depending on a voltage if desired). This HF generator has a coil (inductor) which comes either from the capacitor-inductance loop of the generator or from a generator output, this coil of the inductive circuit -by facing the coils of the induced circuits each formed of one (or more) capacities (variable) and one (or more) inductors (variable) set in parallel (the order in which the induced circuits are ranked according to the frequency on which they are tuned being increasing or decreasing, or in another order according to the desired effect). In the first control method is added a transistor (or more in parallel but the power supply to the collector and to the emitter of the transistors of each row parallel to another row of transistors can be modulated separately) as well as diodes and a resistors which are intended to let a current flow when the induced circuit is in resonance, this current passing through the emitter of the transistor being adjustable, between the collector and the current flowing towards the collector is coupled either a speaker, a memory, a lamp, a display, or a device that turns on (a typewriter key), this device being turned on when the induced circuit is in resonance (or opposite) .At this same circuit constituted by a transistor can be coupled a batch of resistors or capacitors of different values or not, one of the terminals of each is connected to the collector of the transistor by performing the reading e the voltage across the resistor or capacitance not in contact with the collector and the terminal or a voltage goes to the collector one after the other for each resistor or capacitor, we obtain a sequence of information by flange by circu induced resonance. In the second control method, where the RF generator is sensitive to abso tion, a circuit is added to each induced circuit (in parallel or in series with the capacitance and the inductance which varies the resistance, the capacitance or the capacitance). total inductance of the induced circuit, that is to say a photodiode, a photosensitive diode reverse biased on a transistor, memories, a microphone (whose resistance or capacitance or inductance varies according to the speech), a device sensitive to the heat, the humidity, or a combination of these devices. In this way, when there is a measurable absorption phenomenon by the HF generator, it is possible to measure the variation of the signals which make the signal vary. frequency on which the induced circuit is tuned from where the intensity of the absorption measured on the HF generator, the measurement of variation of a channel is obtained on a channel (that where the measuring apparatus is located), then another way and so of this variation can itself be the modulation of an HF current in the third control method, the induced circuits are identical to those used in the first method, to the circuits which consist of a tran stor of the diodes and a resistance thereafter differs: the current flowing through the collector 3 'emitter3 of the transistor (when it occurs) is modulated by devices such as microDhones, elements sensitive to light, to heat, to the moisture, this being done at the collector <or the emitter) of each transistor of each induced circuit.IJne of the terminals of the apparatuses cited being joined to the collector (or transmitter) the other being put in contact with all the others Apparatus terminals described that are not on the collector of the transistors. In this way, if we obtain on one channel (the terminal coming from the power supply going to the collector, the other terminal coming from the union of all the devices by one of their terminals, these two terminals going towards a measuring apparatus) first the variations of a channel, then the variations of another channel and so on, but the measured variation coming from a channel can itself be the modulation of a current HF this being obtained by sending in The emitter of each transistor of each circuit induces an RF current whose frequency can be different for each induced circuit. In the fourth method, which is a combination of the first and third methods, the RF generator has a coil (which vibrates on a high level). frequency) in front of which is a large number of induced circuit coil, which are associated with a circuit provided with transistors and diode and a resistor, when the generator operates on a frequency detects At the end, an induced circuit comes into resonance by applying Method 3, by placing a microphone between the collector and the voltage going to the collector of each transistor, and connecting all these microphone terminals not in contact with the collector together and by measuring the current passing between these microphone terminals and the voltage passing to the collectors, we obtain on a single line the signals of several communications, but we also obtain the opposite simultaneously, that is to say the dissociation of the signals of several lines coming from one channel to the different lines, putting in parallel with each transistor of each circuit induces another transistor; when the induced circuit is in resonance one has at the same time putting on the collector of this second transistor in parallel with the first. The modulation of the current of the transmitter comes from the signals coming from the only way carrying the signals of several telecommunications, the signals being able to be the modulation of a current HF This system can be repeated as many times as one wishes while adding as much transistor in parallel with the transistor already in place coupled to each induced circuit. Control system according to claim 1, characterized in that the choice of the controlled point, and therefore of the circuit which comes into resonance, is determined by the frequency over which the current passing through the inductive coil is tuned (the distance between the inductive coil and the RF generator can be any) or by the frequency on which the generator operates, this frequency being variable if desired by a variation of a voltage (which varies the capacity of a polarized diode in reverse of where varies the frequency on which the HF generator). There can be several inductive coils to control several points. 3. Control system according to claim 2, characterized in that the four methods (of claim 1) made on integrated circuit, hybrid, printed, or with a compound of insulation and materials (semi) conductor, or with a combination of its four techniques) have among others the following applications in the first method - this control system serves as a timer, the time for which one device is switched on after another is determined by the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates. which is tuned to the device, hence the value of the capacitance and the inductance which form the induced circuit. A choice can be obtained in the time for which the apparatus is switched on, by choosing the speed at which the frequency of the generator varies or by putting a variable capacitance or induc tance in the induced circuit - this control system is used for the control of light spots, one or more lamps being associated At each induced circuit, this can be used for carnivals, for the control of billboards, the speed at which the light point (s) is moved by the speed at which the frequency of the generator varies. the luminous intensity of the point being determined by the power of the current supplied to the transistors or by the power of the generator - this control system serves for the dissociation or separation of the signals of several channels which pass through a single channel, for example the first signal coming from of a channel (that which varies the power of the generator or which modulates the current going towards the emitter of the transistors) is felt in a first induced circuit (equipped with a loudspeaker), the second signal is felt in the second induced circuit, because in the meantime the frequency on which the generator operates has changed and thus put the second circuit induced resonance, and so on and this p or n, nEN circuits induced and therefore, n, nEN * channel passing through a single line. - this control system serves as an automatic switch for telephone networks, when a signal coming from a channel is an RF current which is modulated <a whose amplitude is modulated) and that it arrives in the inductive coil (a HF amplifier on integrated circuit can be placed with the inductive coil and in front of the latter are the coils of n, nEN * induced circuits), the modulation of the HF current passes only in an induced circuit, the one that vibrates on the same frequency than that over which the current HF is tuned, when another HF current arrives by the same channel, but whose frequency is different it is in another induced circuit that passes the modulation of the current HF and so on and this for n, nEN * circuits induced hence n, nEN * lanes. - this control system serves by having a single control device used in the fourth method to decode the signals coming from multiple channels and simultaneously put the signals from multiple channels in a single channel (telephone) - this control system is used to the remote control: from a two-way transmitter to control a large number of indiuti circuit from where different channels (100 or more) although the receiver is only two channels. (or the transmitter and the receiver operate in frequency modulation). In the receiving apparatus is the control system, one of the receiver's channels varies the frequency on which the inductive coil associated with the generator (in function of the signals sent by the transmitter), the other channel modulates the current created in the resonance-induced circuit (as a function of the signals sent) - this control system is used to transmit telex messages and to decode them, the receiving apparatus being formed of a typewriter where the operation of each key is given to an induced circuit, which when it comes into resonance (thus at the moment when the two circuits (inductive and induced) are tuned to the same frequency) controls the of a key, each induced circuit being tuned to a different frequency and to a different key, the machine that sends the messages is a typewriter or each key makes an RF generator on a determined frequency, this frequency being for each different key, the signals are sent by two wires (one channel) to the coil of the inductive circuit in the receiving typewriter - this control system serves as a switch automatinue feed several signals coming one after the other but which belong <a line 'teledomonic) determined, the next several signals coming corresponding to another line. To obtain this several circuits induced one for one signal, the next for the second signal, the 30 for the signal k, of the same line) are associated together for a single line. All the induced circuits which receive the first signal and which come into resonance are associated with a circuit armature which closes a switch allowing the 20 and 30 signals to pass through the circuit induced in resonance with another apparatus (having the same switches as this ux being in the control system which receives the first sIgnal) and this even when the first signal which brought the first induced circuit is no longer in resonance, the interrupter allowing the signals of the same channel, to go through a specific channel being closed to let the signals of the same line, but when the signals coming from another line arrives the inductive circuit whose frequency is determined the first signal resonates another induced circuit which, at the same time opens the switch that allowed the previous signals to go through one channel at the same time closes the switch that allows the following signals to go through the secolnde line To obtain this result we can use the diagram of fig. 15. In the second method and in the third method - this control system is used to pass several communications (telephone, itself may be the modulation of an HF current and provided with different signals which advance the modulated HF current) on a single and the same line (where the ammeter is in these processes), in this case all the induced circuits are equipped with a microphone. - This control system serves as memory, induced circuits are printed on a sheet, the reading through the second control method gives the signal measuring apparatus as a function of the various induced circuits entering into resonance. The memory function can also be obtained by using the second possibility of the first method (the voltage is read one after the other at the terminal of each resistor) - this control system is used for reading an image point by point. The induced circuits are provided with photosensitive elements. 4. Control system according to claim 3, characterized in that it can be applied for the control of light spots which form a television screen that can also be used for an oscilloscope (the screen being made on a hybrid circuit! one after another a light point (light-emitting diode, liquid crystal, filament lamp, arc lamp, ionizable gas lamp) are constituted by a series of switches (265 for the lines) and 600 (or more) switches horizontal, each of its switches are closed only when the induced circuit with which the switch is associated is in resonance, which is possible because in front of each coil of each circuit induces a coil of a generator HF (4 or n, nEN * inductive coils for horizontal induced circuits) operates on a frequency that varies and is at a certain time identical to that on which one of the induced circuits is tuned. iner only if a vertical switch and a horizontal are voltage passing through the switch, formed of diodes and transistors and resistors, or depending on the power dissipated by the H.F. generators. 5. Control system according to claim 4, characterized in that an integrated circuit (or not) and a particular arrangement of inductive circuits allows a television screen to have 160 000 definition points or more, the image variant every 1/25 s, although the light points have a sufficient time to illuminate, which is of the order or greater than a micro-secone The integrated circuit controls (in time it is necessary for a light-emitting material or a liquid crystal has time to "light up" the step of 4 light points (or n, nEN * points, depending on the time required for a point reacts according to the current sent). This is obtained first by putting instead of a single inductive circuit for the control of points forming a line 4 (or n, nEN *) generators is arranged such that it does not is in front of only one quarter (or one nth, nE N *) of the coils of the induced circuits controlling the running of the points forming a line The first 4 (or n, nE N *) induced circuits vibrate on the same frequency, the 4 (or n, nE N *) second induced circuits also vibrate on the same frequency but this one is different from the one on which the 4 (or n, n EN *) previous induced circuits operated and so on for all 4 (or n, n EN *) induced circuits that control the points of a line. But the muissance on which the four (or n, n EN *) generators (or the power supply going towards a quarter of the transistors forming a quarter of the switches which control the running of the points of a line) operate is for each independent, therefore by varying the power on which one of the 4 (or n, n EN *) generators (or the power supply going to a quarter of the switches) operates, the luminous intensity of the point is varied (when there is resonance). associated with one of the four (or n, n EN *) induced circuits (lying next to each other and vibrating on an identical frequency. By controlling the power of the 4 (or n, n E N *) generators simultaneously but more or less differently it is possible to control the step of 4 (or n, n E N *) points differently but simultaneously. The integrated circuit then aims to pass the first signal (which corresponds to the luminous intensity of the first point) in a channel, where the amplitude of this signal is then stored (it charges more or less a capacity, the quantity current in the capacitance is proportional to the amplitude of the signal), the second signal passes in a channel 2 and is also stored, the 3rd signal goes in a channel 3 and the 4th in the channel 4, the signals being stored ( and so on n times n EN *, in the case of induced circuits). When the 4 (or n, nN *) capacitances have stored a certain amount of electricity which is proportional to the amplitude of the signal, then one carries out the simultaneous reading of the quantity of electricity contained in the 4 (or n, n N *) capacitors (or memories), without discharging them, (this being obtained by using a MOS transistor) having a very high input resistance) . The reading of its 4 (or n, n N *) electrical signals of a certain intensity passes in these switches K1, K2, K3, K4, Kn (n N *) for the time required for the electroluminescent material (or liquid crystal, or ionisahle gas lamps) to have time to illuminate.But while 4 (or n, n N * ) light point are more or less being illuminated simultaneously, it passes other electrical signals which are also stored in other capacities (or memories), (4 or n, n N *). When these 4 (or n, n N *) capabilities have memorized the 4 (or n, n N *) signals that came as the 4 (or n, n N *) light points  previous lighted up more or less but simultaneously, we interrupted the 4 (or n, n N +) signals that came from the 4 (or n, n N *) memories that first controlled 4 (or n, n N *) light points Simultaneously, then we erase the data that was in the first memories (this is obtained by unloading the capacities), when this is done we simultaneously send the 4 (or n, n t1 *) signals that were stored in the second memories ( formed of a capacity that loads more or less) to the switches K1, K2, K3, K4, Kn (n + j which then control the operation of the 4 (or n, n N *) light bridges according to the 4 Icu n, n N * i light points previously ordered (lying on the same line, there also the signals sent for the time necessary for the electroluminescent material has time to illuminate more or less depending on the amplitude of the signal sent.While these 4 fou n, n N *) points are ordered the next 4 (or n, n N *) signals are memorized by the 4 (or n, n N *) memories and the cycle begins again. 6. Flat screen according to claim 5, characterized in that the screen can also give a relief image by putting on the bright point a transparent substance whose general shape is a prism whose angle between the cosine and the hypothenus is variable, and on one of the faces of the prism a layer of aluminum (or other material that plays the role of mirror, the angle of these mirrors relative to the screen can send the light point only in a specific direction that can only be seen by an eye looking at the screen at a certain angle is one of the 5 (or more) images taken from the same object (moving or not) but from a different angle by 5 cameras (or with the help of a camera that can give a relief image). For example, 5 successive points, one of the five months comes from the analysis made by one of the 5 iconoscopes that have a synchronized scan. The signals sent by the cameras one after the other are sent in a single channel. 7. control system according to claim 6, characterized in that applied for a flat television screen (or a flat iconoscope), the transmitted image is in color or black and white in the case of a color image , the first light point of a line being for example red, the second green, the third blue, the fourth red and so on, this being possible either by placing electroluminescent materials of this color or by using a film which colors the light emitted by the luminous points. The signals that arrive for the modulation of the brightness of a point corresponding firstly to the signals for a red dot, the second for a green dot, the third for a red dot and so on. In the case of an iconoscope the same thing is done (replace bright spots by photosensitive capabilities, or photosensitive diode (whose sensitivity ranges from infra-red to ultra-violet) associated with a transistor in the previous lines. 8. Control system according to claim 7, characterized in that applied to an iconoscope for the analysis of each point the light rays received by a photosensitive diode are received in the induced circuit where is the photosensitive diode (or the capacity or photosensitive resistance, sensitive to radiations going from infra-red to ultra-violet) by a variation of the capacitance, or the resistance or the total inductance found in the induced circuit, hence the frequency on which the induced circuit where the photosensitive element is located is modified which has the effect when measuring the current created in the induced circuit when the generator operates on the frequency on which vibrates the induced circuit when there has no light falling on the photodiode to measure a drop (or increase) of the voltage that is proportional to the light received by the photosensitive diode, or by any other sensib capacitor in the light, but the second, third and fourth methods of claim I are also usable. 9. Control system according to claim 8, characterized in that applied oo an iconoscope (integrable on a silicon wafer) capabilities forming a column (a column being in total made of 265 (or more) induced circuits with photosensitive diodes located one above the other) are put in parallel while the inductances of this same coloi are put in series. Each column vibrates on a different frequency. By varying the frequency on which the HF generator operates, each of the columns resonates one after the other (the frequency on which one of the columns operates being increasing or decreasing as and as one moves away from the first), in doing so one analyzes each point constituting a line using the method of the preceding claim. The method for passing from one line to another is different from that for analyzing the points one after the other of a line. The last method is such that when the last point of a line is analyzed this last induced circuit closes a switch which opens the inserteur to switch all the photosensitive elements of the line where the last point was analyzed and which at the same time closes the switch that switches all the photosensitive elements of the line from below) from where to analyze them one after the other and so on for the other lines. 10. Control system according to claim 9, characterized in that to integrate the iconoscope using the new control system, the photosensitive diode is above the transistor, the whole being above a capacitor and a inductance all below the coil of the inductive circuit. This is achieved by using monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon to obtain total isolation chambers using the EPIC method and to obtain polysilicon bridges by taking inspiration from the method employed for the epitaxial epitaxial-type transistors of Harris. The successive phases undergone by the monocrystalline silicon wafer are as follows: I phase: starting from a silicon wafer with a thickness of 250 μm (FIG 19I) it receives an epitaxial layer of a thickness approximately 10 μm (Fig. 19.2), the substrate being positive and the epitaxial layer being negative (or contrary) - 2 phase: a zone P is created by diffusion, then the surface is oxidized (Fig.19 - 3 phase: by a chemical attack of the same type as that used in the EPIC process channels are created and then the whole is re-oxidized (Fig. 19.4) - 4 phase: the wells are filled with polycrystalline silicon, the deep wells are about 20 m (Fig. 19.5) - 5 phase: the excess polycrystalline silicon is removed by breaking-in and polishing until the surface of the epitaxial layer is exposed (Fig.19.6.a) Fig. 19.6.B shows the forms zones and channels seen from above (all the descriptions that follow show how a circuit T B C is built with the transistor, the photodiode, one above the other, all over a capacitor and a coil, and the necessary connections for the switches K of each line. - 6 phase: by attack of the same type as that of the 3rd phase, crevices are created by chemical attack which are in their perpendicular length with the crevices already covered by polycrystalline silicon (Fig. 19.7) - 7 phase: after oxidation on creates holes in the oxide at points A and B (Fig. 19.8) is deposited a layer of aluminum then silica (Fig 19.8.b) - 8 phase: after depositing a layer of aluminum on the silica surface it is partially removed so as to form loops placed in series that form spirals (Fig. 19.9), which form the inductance of the circu TBC of a column and the connections of the spirals to put them in series and to join the transistors of the same column in parallel and the coils in series - 9 phase: the cracks covered with an oxidation are filled by a polycrystalline growth, which being insulating does not create a short circuit with the already established aluminum connections on the other crevices which were already filled with polycrystalline silicon and on the silica (Fig. 19.II) - IO phase: the plate is returned from the other On the side, say there is lapping and polishing on the side of the substrate P until the outcrop of the back of the grooves (Fig. 19.12) - II phase: by diffusion one dope what was the substrate in certain zone P by several photogravure operations, layer A is the emitter of the transistor, C is the collector, layers D and F form the diode (tig.19.13) - 12 phase: the entire surface is oxidized by a photoengraving process . The oxide is removed on the entire surface of the photodiode formed by the layers C and F except at the points where an aluminum connection connecting the base of the transistor (layer B) to one of the terminals of the diode will be deposited. layer D and we will put the connections for the Z switches of each line (fig.19.14).