FR2491662A1 - HF coupling type controller for display panel - uses array of integrated phototransistors with resonant circuit elements providing light output when one is excited by incident light - Google Patents

Abstract

The device uses resonance between two coupled resonators in a solid state grid with each point activated by high frequency electromagnetic waves in optical wavelengths. The integrated circuit has each grid point made up of a phototransistor with associated resonant components and these activate an integrated light emitting diode when excited by incident light, giving an amplified light output at a particular point. The device can be used for stationary or moving pictures, controllable displays, and optical control of multiple devices. The columns of the display have the integrated circuit components manufactures so the whole column is responsive to a given frequency and an integral switch transistor associated with each grid row gives access to a partic. point.

Description

The subject of the present invention is, as a new industrial product, an iconoscope plate made on a silicon wafer whose size varies according to the various forms adopted for manufacturing and a plate of greater tension giving a moving image. The two types of apparatus, operating on the same principle, both give an image comparable to that given by an iconoscope tube or a cathode-ray tube for television in the second case. nety other devices operate on the same principle as the previous devices will be described.

The advantages of such devices not using the cathode ray tubes are the following they have a very low consumption, of the order of a few tens of milliwatt, of a few watts for the screen, they are much smaller, the dimension of the plate can be of the order of d cm and from 5 to 10 cm, when on the screen its size can, depending on the various manufacturing forms, have a thickness of 2 to 0.5 cm, the surface of the image possibly also being large than that given by a cathode ray tube television, one "large", the reliability of these devices is much greater than that of the standard tubes LEMENT employed, there is no heated filament, the images transmitted or received by these devices can be in color or black and white following a slight m @ fication in the components of the diagram, these two devices have a weight much lower than normal cathode ray tubes and are much more solid, this being due to the materials used, the weight of the iconoscope being of some ten s of grams for the iconoscope with its be tier, the iconoscope plate and the plate giving an image make manufacturing much less expensive than those used to make normal cathode ray tubes, one of the forms of the iconoscope plate with its case forming a complete camera, where one must join the power supply and the connections for the transmission of the signals will cost about 300 francs and can be less, the diagram employed for the iconoscope plate makes it possible to integrate twice as many points of definitions than '' by using the PCA CCD method, which is currently one of the means allowing to obtain the maximum of dition points, the new method used in the previous devices allows to integrate 160,000 definition points on a 150 mm pad
The following description of the iconoscope plate is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and is given by way of non-limiting example.

To fully understand the functioning of the iconoscope plate (and the flat screen) it is necessary to explain the principle on which it works.

Or an oscillating circuit (I) seat of oscillation maintained (by a maintenance generator (D)) of frequency N, of period T, of pulsation (Fig.I).

In the vicinity of the coil B1 have another coil B2 belonging to an oscillating circuit (11), so that the induction lines created by R1 cross the turns of B2. A thermal emitter A shows the passage of a current.

The coil P2 receives in fact, sent by the coil R1 a flow of the form
@@ = @ msin #t (@m: maximum stream received)
In its circuit, the variations of this flux will derive an induced electromotive force e @ = - d @ = - # @ mcos # t @@@@ whose effective value is: E @ = @ m #
V2 For a high value of #, this electro: motive force can be large, even if @ m, due to the losses of flux between the inductor coil and the induced coil is not itself very large. The circuit (11) being subject to Ohm's law, the effective intensity
I is given there by the formula
1 = E @ / Z @ (Z impedance).

This intensity is maximum if Z is minimal, i.e. when
L @ # - I = 0, and since # = 211% T, this happens when
T = 2 @ 1 # L @ C @.

Now 2II # L @ C @ represents the natural period of the circuit (II) and T is that of the maintained oscillations of the circuit (I).

The frequency of the pilot circuit (I) being fixed, it is imposed on the receiver circuit (II). In the latter, the intensity goes through a maximum when the two circuits are tuned to the same frequency this effect is the resonance effect.

There is also a device operating on this principle, it is mainly used to determine the inductance L of certain coils, this is the "grid-dip" (a diagram of which is in Figure 2). operation is as follows: under the effect of HF absorptions (during resonance) on the L'Cv circuit, the "disturbances" in the oscillatory state of the transistor appear in the form of a variable intensity in the resistance d emitter R5, in other words a voltage drop itself variable at the terminal of this resistor. With the NPN transistor, it is a positive potential which is present in X, at the emitter of the transistor, thanks to a divider potentiometer constituted by the set R. and R @ we obtain a reference voltage, X ', almost equal to X. from which we can highlight the between the variable voltage and the fixed voltage X'. (bipolar) has a capacitance between the emitter and the collector. Or a transistor can be used as a photodiode; if light e falls on the transistor on the base it can pass a current from the emitter to the collector. But the capacity between the terminals of the emitter and the collector being variable according to the intensity of the light-which falls on the base, or if we now place a transistor T connected only to the emitter and the collector, a capacitor C in parallel and a coil B of inductance L in parallel, we obtain a circuit (fig. 3) a ) which vibrates on a frequency determined by the Thomson formula
T = 2IIVLC
C being the total capacity therefore the sum of the capacity being found between the emitter and the collector and the two connections of the capacitor C. If this circuit is placed in front of the b coil of the gxid-dip which vibrates on a frequency identical to that of the circuit there is then resonance (assuming for example the transistor not lit) and the needle of the microampermeter G deviates (similarly a microampermeter placed between A and B indicates a tension if one puts it light on the base of the transistor the total capacity C4 changes and (assuming that the grid-dip vibrates on the same initial frequency) there is no more resonance then the intensity will be less between A and B or zero (this absorption remains unique on the only real frequency of the induced circuit without intervening any harmonic question) if the voltmeter is amplified and has a high # input resistance does not disturb @ t in any way the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates. a phototransistor comm Pregnancy to have fluctuations from 100KHz, we replace the phototransistor to overcome this defect by the following circuit (fig.3.b), a photodiode E whose anode is connected to the base and the cathode to the collector of the transistor (NPN) not sensitive to light.

@m étant le flux maximale reçue par le circuit induit T 3 C, #=2IIN,Nétant la fréquence sur laquelle vibre le circuit induit.The operation of the flat iconoscope on the patch (and of the flat estimate screen) is then as follows, the generator (HF) which can be a grid-dip being in operation, it operates on a given frequency, if this frequency is identical to that of the induced circuit (formed of TBC in parallel) there is then resonance from which an intensity @ and an induced electromotive force are formed whose effective value between the terminals h and B is given by the formula

@m being the maximum flux received by the induced circuit T 3 C, # = 2IIN, Nétant the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates.

(We then assume that the light does not fall on the photo-diode). If the light hits the photodiode, the total capacity of the circuit changes and the resonance is therefore almost no longer taking place (hence
decrease in intensity measured between terminals A and B. This reduction is proportional to the quantity of light received by the photodiode. But the phenomenon could as well be perceived by the microampermeter of the grid-dip however this process will be probable -mentdécaissé because it offers the following disadvantages :: -the grid-dip itself very well developed is less sensitive to absorption than if we measure the same intensity, which is created in the induced circuit, -the grid-dip when we vary the frequency on which it operates offers almost always a small drift of the needle of the microampermeter of the grid-dip which is not the case for the measurement between A and b of the circuit TB C. To overcome these di -fficulté the final circuit of the grid-dip becomes larger therefore more bulky, moreover there is no precise calculation perm - while waiting to calculate with precision the variation measured on the microampermeter of the grid-dip,
When the grid-dip changes frequency, the initial induced circuit
TBC no longer has induced current measured by conte the following induced circuit located next to (formed by T1 B1 C1 in par llèle) goes @ when the generator vibrates on the actual frequency of the induced circuit creates a current between the terminals A 'and B' of the c induced circuit T1 B1 C1, the variation due to the light received by the photodiode will be as in the previous circuit measured, and so on.

To make the circuit simpler, the collector of each induced circuit TB c is connected to the emitter of the following induced circuit T @ B'C 'located next to the induced circuit TBC and the collector of circuit T'B'C' is connected to the transmitter of the following induced circuit T "B" C ", fig. 4.The current is then measured at terminal d @ and B.

Naturally all the induced circuits vibrate on a different frequency and such that the margin on which they vibrate (due to the uncertainties, generally weak of manufacture and also to the variations of the capacity due to the photodiode) have no intersection. To be able therefore to measure the quantity of light received by a photodiode, it is necessary to measure a potential difference which is relatively small, variation compared to a constant potential.
Vb, this variation is measured by a differential amplifier, at one of the two inputs is put a constant potential equal to the po -pential that must have the induced circuit TBC when the generator vibrates exactly on the frequency of the induced circuit @ ( when the generator vibrates exactly on this frequency and the photo-diode does not receive light) if light is received by the
photodiode, it will have a decrease in current which will be measured (it
this is the induced current of the TBC circuit arriving at terminals C and
D of the differential amplifier Fig. 5.

The sensitivity of the flat iconoscope may vary depending on the value of R @. But for the measurement to be exact it should only be taken at a dunne time, because while the frequency on which the grid vibrates- dip varies and approaches the actual frequency of a TBC induced circuit, the intensity of the current in the TBC circuit increases, also when the grid-dip frequency moves away from the frequency on which the TBC circuit vibrates the induced voltage decreases. We will therefore measure the current @ only at a given time @ exactly when the frequency on which the generator vibrates is exactly that on which the TBC induced circuit vibrates (when the diode does not receive light) it must therefore set up a switch between terminals H and I, for example, which does not close the circuit according to @ @ ee @ the frequency on which the generator vibrates; if a line of the ico -noscope has 600 definition points and 265 lines, the switch on terminals H and I close has the circuit every 0.2 s.

If we deal with a single line of the iconoscope, the time taken to vary the frequency of the grid-dip from a minimum frequency N1 to a maximum frequency N2 for a line is 0.2 @ 600 or 120 s The moment when the circuit is open is 600 times shorter than the time taken to vary the frequency of the generator - @ ur from N @ to N @ for a line.
nner the switch between H and I see how the frequency of the high frequency generator varies. In an integrated circuit a diode D
reverse biased has a certain capacity which is maxi
-mal when the tension is minimal and, minimal when the ten
-sion is m aximal.The voltage variation in the generator
will thus create a variation of the frequency on which it functions -tionne, one can thus make vary this frequency thanks to another generator which varies the tension arriving at the terminals of the diodes polarized in reverse. The tension provided by the ge-generator making vary the voltage arriving at the terminal of the grid-dip diode (the diode has the role of variable capacitance) at the pace given by the curve of fig. 6. We will suppose that the capacitance varies according to an affine function according to the reverse voltage.

One of the possible curves that we can have (to quntre
elements of a line) at terminals Z and I is given in fig. 7.

 I @ and I @ corospond to a light of very low intensity, @ I2 of medium and I2 a light of strong intensity, I @ corrospond to I the intensity of the current at terminals Z and I when no induced circuit creates current, so when the generator vibrates on a frequency identical to that of an induced circuit. To obtain a signal only every 0.2 s, we use a multivibra-tor operating at high frequency and having a period of 0.2 The two generators being started simultaneously (by a synchronizer), for t = 0.4 s, for example, the multivibrator closes the switch K between the terminals H and I, then opens it, and 0.2 s later, for t = 0.6 s, the switch is closed again and so on, the theoretical diagram of the circuit formed by the high frequency generator, the multivibrator (part C) and the generator making the frequency glass of the high-frequency generator f (part B) can be found in fig. 8.

 THE signals are taken at terminals Z and I which are animated towards the outside of the circuit. R @ gives at terminals C and D, the voltage that a circuit must have when light does not fall on the photodiode, reference potential. The value of certain components, in particular that of capacitors C1 "and C @" which determine the frequency on which the multivibrator vibrates (low and integrable values given the high working frequency) @ in these diagrams the bipolar transistors used can also be replaced by MOS and C / MOS which makes the circuit less bulky. At the output Z and I can be associated a DC amplifier to amplify the received signal, all the transistors are HF

But a diagram such as that given in FIG. 4, must undergo slight modifications, because it is necessary to take into account the possibilities of integration on a silicon wafer, it is therefore necessary to take into account the operating frequency of the HF generator, the frequency on which the induced circuits must vibrate must be of the order of IGhz, or if we want to occupy the least possible space, the total capacity of a TBC induced circuit can be equal to the capacity of the diode polatized in reverse on the transistor and of a capacity put in parallel with the collectaur and the emitter of the transitor, if the additional capacity occupies a place equal to that of the photodiode is 30X20Ym2, @@ if the inductances put in series and which have at total inductance of 4.8.10 @ Sonry.EN applying Thomson's formula, the actual frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates is (Ctotal = 0.10pf)

This frequency is too high for a generator.

A more suitable diagram for integration is given in figure 4.9. Here is how it works, the previous major boredom was, the value too low of the capacities and inductances, in
diagram of figure.4b, all the capacities C of the circuits induced TBC are put in parallel, and all the inductances of the @ coils of a column are put in series, the two "ends" of this total inductance being put in parallel with the capacities in parallel of this same column. In the first column all the inductances are identical, in the second column analogous to the first the total capacity is slightly smaller, @ the total inductance remains the same (the frequency on which vibrates done the second column is therefore slightly higher).

in the third column the total capacity is smaller than in the second column, the ind @ and @ nce remains the same, and so on for 600 columns. Since the capacity decreases, the inductance remains the same, the frequency on which vibrates each column (which is the equivalent of 265 TBC circuits whose capacitances are in parallel and the inductances in series) is different and increasing as the columns are moved away from the first.Bi we now examine only one column which has 265 photosensitive diodes, in the crs or a generator coil would be placed on the coils in series of a column, the generator vibrating on the same frequency as the induced circuit formed by the column, we measured across the capacities in para-alleles a voltage (the voltmeter has a high input resistance)
If light of varying intensity only falls on one diode and the others do not receive light, the value of the voltage will vary according to the light received by the diode, but if all the diodes are struck by light, that -this being of variable intensity at each point, the variable voltage measured at the terminals of the capacitor would not give any information. It is therefore necessary to put a switch K, which is made in such a way that the photodiodes may or may not be in operation, therefore for a column so that only one di @ is sensitive to light, it will be necessary to close the switch X attached to this diode, the other switches will be open. The same can also be done for the other columns, we will then have for a line of iconoscope definitions point a line of switches
K which will be closed, all the other switches K from other lines will be open. If it does so at this time Vary the frequency of the generator (whose coil is located opposite all the coils of all the columns) we will not measure at terminals A and fi, when the frequency on which the high-frequency generator vibrates is equal to the frequency on which the first column vibrates as the variation of the intensity of the light falling on the diode of the first column (including 1 switch K is formed), that when the frequency on which the generator vibrates is equal to the frequency on which the second column vibrates, the variation of the voltage measured at terminals A and B is equal to the variation of the intensity of the light received by the photodiode of the second column and of the same line as that of the first column, and so on for the other columns. (At terminals A and B will therefore be connected the differential amplifier auq @ el scra connected the multivibrator fig. 8). once the line analyzed the switches K of this line will be open @ rts and the switches K of the line below will be closed @, all the other switches of the other lines will be open @ 6 and so on.

The switches K of the photodiodes of a line can be put in contact simultaneously by putting the contact between the terminals
A and B of this line. @ Sia before coming to it by means of closing one after the other the switches K of each line check although the frequency on which vibrates each column (formed of 265 TBC circuits) is of the order of IGHz. The total inductance of the column coils is 265 @ 4.8.10 @ = 1.2.10 Henry.

The @@ total capacity @ maximum is 265x0.1 = 26.5pf. By applying the
Thomson formula
T = 6.28 @ 1.1.10-4x5 @ 5.10-6 = 3.6.10-9S @ = I .10 @@ = 280MHz.

3.6
This frequency which is high is acceptable for a generator
integrated, this minimum frequency of the high frequency generator,
taking a margin of 2 @ Hz for each column, the frequency
maximum ser, from 1200 + 280 = 1.4GHz, which is therefore the frequency
maximum on which the high frequency generator operates,
and which is still suitable for an integrated generator (the
frequency margin for each column can be lowered).

But you also have to take into account the effective value of the force
electromotive which is created in the induced circuit which forms the
column, this value is given by the formula
E = Im #. ,
@ 2.

ta being the maximum flux received
@ m = SB and # = 2IIN.

@ being the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates and therefore
the HF generator when there is resonance, B being the induction of the
magnetic fields formed by the generator coil, S being the
total surface occupied by the coils placed in series of a column S = 265 @ 4.14.10-10 = 11.10-9m2. The generator coil in the
present case will occupy about half of the surface of the
pellet is 0.5x1.5 @ 10- @ m2, it will be a flat coil, which will
approximately the shape of a right triangle.
of this inductance is L = 2.30.10-8 Henry (the inductance of a coil
rectangle of a turn of length L = 10cm and width 1 = 0.5cm a
for inductance L @ = 3,7.10- @ Henry, the inductance being proportional
the length and the width you get the previous result).

The flux # = Li = SB (Bétant the value of the induction of the coil,
S the total area occupied by the generator coil, L in
inductance of the coil and i the intensity of the current pass nt in
the coil of the HF generator). According to the previous relation B = L @
B = 2.30.10-8 = 1.7.10-4 Tesla.

1.5.10-4
So we have
# m = 11.10-8x3.6.10-4 = 3.9.10-11 Weber
and # = 6.20x2.8.108 = 1.7.109.

We have
E = 1.7.10-11 1.7.109i = 2,2.10-2i Volt ..

V2
The generator coil can vibrate on this minimum frequency
@@ = 280 @ Hz, if the capacity (variable so that it can be varied
the frequency on which the generator coil vibrates which is
parallel to the coil) is around 9pf, such
capacity in connection occupies an area of the order of 0.04mm2 ce
which is still acceptable because the space left for the circuits
generator, differential applicator, multivibrator
as well as the frame generator (providing tooth signals
can occupy a surface of 15mm2.

Let us return to the effective value of the electromotive force E = 2,2.10-2
volt (i being the intensity of the current pass don the coil of the
Assuming that i is an intensity of the order of one tenth of an amp the measured fem is E = 2.2.103 volts which is very measurable.

But the maximum voltage measured on each column is as indicated by the formula E = @ m2IIN
V2 (N being the frequency on which vibr @ the ind circuit @@@@) proportional to the frequency and therefore increasing as a function of an oscillation of increasing frequency, if @ m = SB; the maximum flux received is constant. as the value of the maximum fem measured in each column remains constant, the surface facing the coils of each column and the coil of the generator g can be reduced, as the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates by a column is increasing, or creates a circuit which decreases the current passing through the differential amplifier proportional to the growth of the frequency on which the HFP generator vibrates To obtain this result this circuit decreases the current passed by the differential amplifier proportional to the voltage received at the terminal of the generator - which supplies sawtooth signals to the polari-diode - reversed in the HFCar generator if the generator frequency believes this is due to the growth of the voltage which arrives at the terminals of the reverse polarized diode (fig. 8) part A), this increasing voltage being for @@ it by a ramp generator (of which a ramp lasts the time taken for a ligna to be analyzed)
It is therefore easy, by taking the voltage taken across the terminals of the ramp generator, to vary the voltage arriving at the terminals of the ramp generator to vary the voltage arriving at the terminals of the differential amplifier as a function of the increasing frequency of the HF generator, but such a circuit if it is in its principle easy to design has several faults; -it is an additional circuit st therefore the total surface area required is greater, -it must also be taken into account that the capacity of the reverse biased diodes really varies as a finer function as a function of the reverse voltage which passes there: For these reasons it is simpler to give the generator coil a shape which is such that the further the column is away from the head (therefore the higher its actual frequency of the induced circuit formed by the column), the higher the surface area. look of the coils by the column and of the generator coil is decreasing fig.10 (C and D are the terminals going to the HF generator, in the figure we only see the coils put in series of each column for simplify the diagram) .If the maximum voltage is measurable 11 it is necessary to be able to measure the variation of the voltage due to the variation of the capacity of a diode according to
light received. For that let us return to figure @@ which gives the voltage measured at terminals A and B as a function of time in the case of the figure. @@ 2As shown in the figure, Vm is the Mexican voltage when there is no resonance, I @ corresponds to a weak
variation of the frequency on which the circuit vibrates and therefore
to a light of low intensity, I1 corresponds to a light of
higher intensity, I2 and I3 are still light intensity
but the variation that exists between a light of
low intensity and high intensity light as it
concerns the variation of the voltage at terminals A and B is very
small on the other hand if we slightly offset the moment when the voltage is read or measured by for example a micro-second, the difference of 1 voltage in A and B depending on the intensity of the light is Ipus large fig .12, as can be seen in the figure. It will therefore be important to properly phase the frequency of the multivibrator, because from there will depend all the sharpness of the image. The variation of the voltage @ due to the variation of the capacity of the diode is of the order of a tenth of the maximum voltage created @ in the @@ induced bine which is therefore perfectly measurable if the latter is of the order of a millivolt. Now let's return to the means of closing the switch K of each line connected to the points An and Bn then to open and close the switch K of the line is located below the previous point Aox points An + 1 and Bn + 1 @ but the switches K of the other lines are all open. To understand the scheme having the previous function, you have to see the function ction of the diagram given in fig. 13. If a current for a very short time is put on terminals A and B, we will notice almost instantaneously a current on the milliempermeter G and this current remains even when the current at the terminals of A and B ceases to be
This current measured on the milliampermeter G remains as long as nothing is touched on the circuit, it disappears only when
the current supplying the circuit (a battery having a + and - terminal)
is interrupted by the switch K 'which is open for one
very short time, then if the switch K is closed again and if it does not pass current to terminals A and B then there is no current to be measured on the milliampermeter.
fig.1 @ is equivalent to the diagram given in fig.14 (when a current passes through the coil B * the circuit where the coil B is located @, continuously leaves a current even when the current passes through the coil B1s '' interrupts) The schema necessary for
4 lines of the iconoscopic, the diagram is then the same for the following lines.The letters A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, B3, A4, B4, E, T, G, H are in reference with those of the figure. @@. As explained above, the induced circuits created by each column are one after the other in resonance, starting with the first column when the generator frequency varies. When the generator frequency approaches frequency on which @ vibrates the first column it creates at the terminals of E and F an induced current, which being connected to the terminals E and F of the apparatus of fig.15 makes circulate the current @ nt in the formed circuit by transistors T2, T @, T5, this current flowing in the circuit even when the current is interrupted makes the collector and the emitter of transistor T4 conductive, since a current pa @ squ @ on the collector and l emits from transistor T5 (an r resistance (R = 1000 #) is placed between the collector of transistor T3 and the base of the transistor stor T @ so that the transistor T @ is not all the time conductive, this is indeed possible because even if current does not pass across E and F, the potential difference only increase when the current flows to terminals E and F, this increase remains even when the current arriving at terminals E and F stops)
Since the collector and the emitter of transistor T3 are conduc-tor the interrupter K of the first line is formed, therefore the variations of the capacity of the diodes of the first line are measured at the terminals A and B (fig. @) .The transistor T @ is a depletion @OS that is to say that it is conductive when current does not pass to the gate, when current, here positive arrives at the terminals of gate G, the transistor does not become any more conductor and the switch K of the first line is open, the gate G of the depletion LOTOS receives positive current erasing the signal in the circuit only when in the circuit formed by 3 transistors T @ ',
T2 ', T3', T4 ', T5', T6 ', R' circulates ## a current, this current can circulate in the preceding circuit only if axubornes of G and H appears for even a very short instant a current, this current being created by the last column which has just entered in resonant - this creates an induced current, in this way the transistor T '@ becomes conductive and therefore the switch K' of the second @ line is closed, the switch K of the first line are like the switch K of all other open lines, the transistor T @ 'being conductive only until the moment when the current arriving at the terminals of
E and F, the current flowing in the circuit T1 ", T 2", T3 ", T4",
T5 ", T6", R ', and therefore the current flowing from the transistor T5 "makes the transistor T6' nonconductive and at the same time the transistor T4" becomes the conductor closing the switch K of the third line and so on for the other lines. After the switch K of the third line bet so on for the other lines. After the switch K of the last line is closed (the number of lines being even) this being due to the passing current at terminals E and F, terminals G and H will receive induced current at the time when the last point of the image will be examined, this current will go to the terminals of a circuit of the same type as those described above but the current leaving the collector of @@ - transistor which occupied the same place as transistor T5, T5 ', ..

T3 ", would not pass in the gate of a transistor which would occupy the same place as the transistor T6, T6 ', ..., T6", but it would pass in the gate G of a depletion MOS or a JFET named on figure.3, this will have the effect of interrupting the current arriving at all the circuits formed of the 6 transist @ rs T1 ", T2", T3 ", T4", T5 ", T6", after the switch K of the last line has been closed.

In this way, only in the circuit formed by transistors T1, T2, T3, T4,
T5, T6 (will circulate at the terminals of E and F and therefore) the switch K of the first line will be closed when a current will flow at the terminals
E and Pe total diagram of the iconoscope is given in figure 16
Terminals A and E switch with the coil (@ triangular shape) of the.

generator which will be below the coils of all the columns, the capacitors will be above the coils, and the diode reverse biased with respect to the transistor will be above the condensate @ r
The connections for switches K of each line will be above the diodes and transistors. Part A (HF generator),
B (differential amplifier), C (multivibrator). D (diagram allowing the switching of all the photodiodes of a line, each switch of a line being closed one after the other) are made on the same side of the pastille ;; the face where the photodiodes appear (to make them insensitive to light. a layer of silica will be deposited on the circuits which should not be light-sensitive). A large part of the diagrams (part A, B, C , D) may use MOS instead of bipolar transistors, or both. The electrical signals which translate the image are taken from terminals Z and I. This circuit as described may be in place of a diode and a, replaced the photosensitive element by MOS type capacitor, which under the impact of photons creates the presence of electron-hole pairs, which therefore slightly modifies the total capacity of a column , which is also measurable at terminals A and B when the generator and the column are in resonance.

Now that the principle of the circuit has been established, here is one of the means for integrating it on a silicon pasitlle, in this case, it is a question of integrating 160,000 points of definition with the reading system, composed of the differential amplifier, and the high frequency multivibrator, as well as the high frequency generator and the ramp generator (of which a ramp lasts I s) 25x265
The whole on a pellet of 15x11mm2 is 165mm2. But before the description of the manufacturing process begins, let us recall certain technical processes whose films are given in the different figures; the realization of a polyplanar transistor in epitaxial version from Harris ( fig. @@, and dielectric isolation, technology known as @ PIC (fig. @@) also remember that the two-level interconnection allows connections to be made in two different planes, which represents - feels the equivalent of a double-sided printed circuit. 0n forms ànn: a set of connections in a plane, then we cover it with silica on which we make a # second plane of connections. We must then create holes in the silica to reach the first plane formed. The process makes it possible to reduce the size of the pellet at the cost of additional surface oxidation.

 The different Phases and operations that the silicon wafer undergoes are indicated with reference to the attached drawings.

~ I phase: using a silicon wafer with a thickness of 250 m (fig.19. @) It receives an epitaxial layer with a thickness of about 10 m (fig.1 @ .2). substrate being positive and the epitaxial layer being negative -2 phase: we create a zone P by diffusion, then we slightly oxidize the surface (fig.19.3) -3 phase: by a chemical attack, of the same type as that used in the process EPIC, onis creates channels, then re-oxidizes everything (fig.19.4) ~ 4 phase: the then are filled with polycrystalline silicon, the depth of the then is around 20 m (fig.19.5) -5phase :: le excess polycrystalline silicon is removed by lapping and polishing until the surface of the epitaxial layer is flush (fig. 19.6), fig. 19.6.b shows the shape of the zones and channels seen from above (all descriptions which von @ @suivre indicates how a circuit @ BC is built with the transistor the photodiode, one above the other, all above a capacity and a @ obine, as well as the conn exions necessary for the interupteuo K of each lignA - phase: by an attack of the same type as that of the 3 phase of the crevices are created by # chemical attack @ which are in their perpendicular length with the crevices already covered by polycrystalline silicon then these crevices are covered by a slight oxidation (fig.19.7) -6 phase:: after oxidation ##### we create holes in the oxide -: - fig.19.8 at points A and B (fig.19.8) we deposit a layer of Al. then of silie -7 phase: after having deposited a layer of aluminum on the surface this is partially eliminated so as to form loops put in series which form spirals (fig. 19.9), which form the inductance of the circuit TBC d 'a column - (8 phase:

connexions des spirales pour les mettre en série et pour joindre les transistors de la meme colonne en parallèle et les bobines en séries,inductace d'une bobine 4,8.10H@@ (fig.19.10) -9 phase::on remplie les cr@vasses reconverte d'une oxydation par une creissance polycrist@lline,qui ét nt isolant ne crée pas de court circuit avce les connexions en alu@inium déjà ét@blies sur les auters crevasses qui étaient déjà remplie de siliciu@ poly -critallin et sur la silice(fig.19.11)
-9 phase:la plaque est retourné de l'autre coté,puis il y a rodage et polissage du coté du substrat p jusqu'à l'affleure@ent du dos des sillons (fig.19.12)
-10 phase:par diffusion on dope ce qui était le @ubstr t en
certaine zone P par plusieurs opération de photogravure,la couche
A est l'émetteur du transistor,C est le collecteur,les couches
D et P forme la diode(fig.19.13)
-11 phase::on oxyde toute la surface pars un procédé de photogravure.On enlève l'oxyde se trouvent sur toute la surface de la photodiode constitué par les couches C et @ sauf aux points ou l'on déposera une connexion d'aluminium reliant la base du trau -sistor(conche B) à une des bornes de la diode couche D et l'on mettra les connexions pour les interupteurs K.de chaque ligne (fig.19.14)
Ceci n'est le procédé utilisé pour pouvoir intégrer sur 1 pastille une diode au dessus d'un transister qui eux meme se tro -veront au dessus d'un condensateur et au-dessus de deux bobines, naturellement le procédé pourra etre employé pour touse les cir -cuite T B C simultanément.La b@bine du générateur qui aure la for@e d'un triangle sera un fil en aluminium dont la largeur aur@ environ 20 m de largeur de façon à pouvoir supporter des intensités plus élévé,et done de crée un courant induit dans les colonnes plus élévé lorsquéil y a résonance.Aux endroits on passera une partie du fil de la bobine du générateur,on mettra à la place ou se trouve normalement une capacité C seulement une oxydation sur l'émetteur,sur laquelle la bobine de la colonne se trouvant à est emplacement sera disposé directement,les connexions allant v@rs le collecteur et l'émétteur du transistor ainsi que celle concer -nant la mise en série des bobines seront faites,on déposer@ une couche de silice sur cette bobine et les connexions,on déposera alors une couche d'aluminium qui former@ un fil de 20 m de largur
Comme le fil de la bobine du générateur ne passe que bur deux parties d'une colonne seule duex capacités par colonne seront donc supprimés,ce qui représente assez peut sur 264 capacités.Les résistances R(fig.9) venant de chaque colonne seront ainsi que les connexions reliant tous les collecteurs seront faites de la face ou seront fait les bobines des colonnes,les résiet n@es se -ront faites par des procédés Labituelles,les points A et B rejoin dront la face ou se trouvevles thotobiodes et les circuits(formés des parties A,B,C,D) par le proçédé indiqué dans la fig.20.

connections of the spirals to put them in series and to join the transistors of the same column in parallel and the coils in series, inductace of a coil 4,8.10H @@ (fig.19.10) -9 phase :: we fill the cr @vasses reconverte from an oxidation by a polycryst @ lline creece, which being insulating does not create a short circuit with the aluminum connections already established on other crevices which were already filled with silicon @ poly-crystalline and on silica (fig. 19.11)
-9 phase: the plate is turned over on the other side, then there is lapping and polishing on the side of the substrate p until it is flush with the back of the grooves (fig. 19.12)
-10 phase: by diffusion we doped what was @ubstr t in
certain area P by several photoengraving operations, the layer
A is the emitter of the transistor, C is the collector, the layers
D and P form the diode (fig. 19.13)
-11 phase :: the whole surface is oxidized by a photogravure process. The oxide is removed from the entire surface of the photodiode consisting of layers C and @ except at the points where an aluminum connection will be deposited connecting the base of the trau-transistor (conche B) to one of the terminals of the diode layer D and we will put the connections for the switches K. of each line (fig. 19.14)
This is not the process used to be able to integrate on 1 chip a diode above a transistor which themselves will be found above a capacitor and above two coils, of course the process can be used for all the TBC circuits simultaneously. The generator b @ bine which will have the shape of a triangle will be an aluminum wire whose width will be about 20 m in width so as to be able to withstand higher intensities, and therefore creates a higher induced current in the columns when there is resonance. In places we will pass part of the wire from the generator coil, we will replace or normally have a capacity C only oxidation on the transmitter, on which the coil of the column located at its location will be placed directly, the connections going to the collector and the emitter of the transistor as well as that concerning the placing in series of the coils will be made, we deposit @ a layer of silica on this coil and the connections, we will then deposit a layer of aluminum which will form @ a 20 m wide wire
As the thread of the generator coil only passes through two parts of a single column, two capacities per column will therefore be removed, which represents quite a few on 264 capacities. The resistors R (fig. 9) coming from each column will thus be that the connections connecting all the collectors will be made from the face or will be made the coils of the columns, the resiet n @ es will be made by usual methods, the points A and B join the face where the thotobiodes and the circuits are (formed from parts A, B, C, D) by the process indicated in fig. 20.

This iconoscope can transmit color images, or place on each line, in a determined order, for example first a diode sensitive to bright light, next to the first diode sre put a diode sensitive to blue, then a third green and this on the same line and so on for all the lines. The electrical signal o @ held at the output of the iconoscope is therefore firstly the measurement of the red light tensite at a point , the second signal is the measurement of the intensity of the blue light at the same point and the third @ signal the musure of the intensity of the green light at this same point, a tube whose electron gun first of all point which can light up in red, the following
in blue then in green, the image is a @ brs again
The shape of the case is given in Figure 2 @, it is the exploded view of an integrated circuit, the case is plastered or ceramic (5), the open plan lets appear the chip ( 2) the scale of silicon is given by the tabs with a center distance of 1.54mm (1) is the transparent plastic or plexiglass plate P allowing light-sensitive cellulosics to receive light, we also see the wires connecting the CI to the legs.

The display screen works on the same principle as before. If we have at the terminals of each cond @@@@ tor C a coil B and a lamp A in parallel that can light up @ i @@@ ou a very low voltage , and if the coil is placed ass @ z close to the coil B1 of a generator, if the generator G vi @ r on the frequency on which the tuned circuit vibrates, there is @ resonance of creation of current induced in the circuit made of the capacitor, the coil, and the lamp, this lamp goes into lighting up and it only lights up at that moment fig.28.Si (fig.2 @ now we place a large number of circuits of the previous-tooth type (coil (B), capacitor (C), lamp (L)) but for each induced circuit the frequency on which it vibrates is different. When the generator vibrates on the same frequency by example that the induced circuit -cuit (B1, C1, L1,) the lamp L1 will light up, when the generator-frequency changing frequency vibrate @ on the same frequency as the induced circuit (B2, C2, L @,) the lamp L2 will light up and the lamp of the previous circuit will be extinguished since the previous circuit n is no longer in resonance, and so on for the following lamps
This process therefore makes it possible to light up one after the other of @ lamps this system being relatively inexpensive and simble. If now we thus put 600 circuits (B, C, L) their coil B being e @ face of the coil of the generator :: the lamps go, if the frequency on which the generator vibrates is variable, the frequency of the beginning being minimal (equal to the frequency of the first circuit BCL) and the final frequency being maximum (frequency of the last circuit B, C, L) the lamps go one after the other # go on @ mmer, If during the mo- ment or varies the frequency we open the switch K, the generator coil when it should vibrate on a frequency, for example the frequency on which the 10th induced circuit vibrates B, C, @ the generator coil will no longer vibrate on this frequency and therefore the lamp of the 10th induced circuit will not light up, as soon as the frequency on which vibrates the generator invest higher @ the frequency on which the cirguit vibrates B, C, L (10th) the int is formed again switch K, the lamp of the 10th circuit will not have lit and when the generator frequency becomes equal to
it on which vibrates the II induced circuit B, C, L the lamp of
The second circuit will light up. Thanks to this switch K it therefore becomes
possible when the lamps light up one after the other dde yet make such a siren that one (or more by opening
several the switch at the right time) lamp (s) does not light up or the lamps do not light up can be chosen @ with
accuracy by choosing the moment when the switch K is opened
What matters most in this circuit is the effective value
of the fem created in the induced circuit B, C, L. It is necessary that the v
value of the fem in a circuit B, C, L is high enough to be able for example to light up electrolumi @ centes diodes which
having a fairly short access time of the order of a microsecond
would thus create a display screen of the order of
40,000 points of definition which is not a lot but here the problem
-me is only in the access time of the electrolu ines material
-cente, the means allowing to ignite one after the other l @ s others the diodes is not more difficult or very expensive here. But it is possible @ instead of ordering an electro @ uni- -nescente diodes in a microsecinde to control the running of four light-emitting diodes simultaneously. this is possible @, @ t therefore makes it possible to obtain an image of 160,000 defanition points although the access time of a light-emitting diode is of the order of a microsecond, The method used is the following @ nt, the circuit diagram is given in figure 24. The diagram represents only the elements constituting a line. The circuit is this do constit @ ed of qu @@ re generators, each of which has an inter-switch K which allows the generator coil to be brought into contact with the generator or not, therefore yes or no, the meter resonates with an induced circuit. All generators to simplify the diagram, operate simultaneously on the same frequency.

In this case the first four coils vibrate on the same frequency, the other four which follow also vibrate on a frequency which is identical but different from it on which vibrate the four preceding inductive circuits and so on for the other induced circuits. example the generator @@@@, for example vibrates on the same frequency as the one on which vibrates the first induced circuit B, C. The co-circuit lamp will light up, since the four generators vibrate simultaneously on the same frequency and that the first 4 induced circuits vibrate on the same frequency, if the switches K1, K3 are open, and K, is closed # then the lamps of the 2nd and 3rd induced circuits are off while the lamp of the fourth is on, if these four switches can be controlled simultaneously - it therefore becomes possible to be able to simultaneously control the ignition of four light-emitting diodes in the time that would be necessary when switching on a di But when an iconos @ ope transmits an electrical image, there is only a single signal, therefore only one channel and not four. It is therefore necessary to damage four different channels simultaneously from one channel what is done in circuit S (separator) fig. 24.

Naturally in the real diagram the switches K1, K2, K3, K4, are replaced by transistors T1, T2, T3, T4, placed at another point of the generator circuit. The transistor @n only interrupts the generator operation and not that of the device varying the frequency on which the generator vibrates, As the four generators vibrate on the same frequency, the device (#) which varies the frequency on which the generator vibrates is the menefig.25. circuit making it possible to pass an electrical signal, corresponding to the intensity of the light at a point by a way, followed next by another way (way 2), the third by a third way (way 3), and the fourth by a fourth channel (channel 4) already exists, this circuit is represented by the circuit
V in fig. 26, this circuit exists in the form of integrated circuit, each electrical signal is spaced by about 0.2 juices, in the case where the number of definition points is 160000Point @
When, for example, an electrical signal arrives in the first channel, this is memorized by circuit B (partB fig.2 @). The basic diagram of part B in fig.26 is taken from fig13.

The operation of circuit p rtie B of fig. 26 is as follows when current (that of an electrical signal) arrives at the terminals of E and F the current emanating from the s @ urce s, circulated in the tran -istors TI , T2, T3, T4, T5, therefore become conductive to the signals of the emitter and the collector and therefore the current is present across the collector, but the transistor T6 also has a
a positive current across its collector, and the intensity
of this voltage is a function of the current arriving at the terminals
E and F, and therefore the current arriving at the switches (KI, K2, K3, K4,)
receive uu run whose intensity value is a function
of the intensity of the current received at :: 'terminals fl and F (and this cne
when the current arriving at terminals E and F is interrupted), When
the four memories will have memorized a signal, these four signals
will be sent simultaneously to the switches (K1, K2, K3, K4),
which regulates the intensity of the light sent by the @ diodes according to f the intensity of the current memorized by the circuits
memory, these signals will be sent to switches K1, K2,
K @, K4, for the time necessary for the lighting of a diode
approximately 0.8 juices, but since the time
necessary for the lighting of a diode (therefore four if @ later-) is approximately 0.8 juices approximately, it will pass during this time
quntre electrical signals which will be memorized meanwhile by
memory circuits (of the same type as before,) part B 'of the
fig.2 @) Since only a few signals must be memorized (or more if
the time required to light a diode is longer), this circuit is quite simple and will be in the form of an integrated circuit
These circuits for memorizing the signals are of the same
type as those of part B fig. 26; the first signal arrives by
channel I 'and is memorized, the second signal arrives by channel
2 'e # t is memorized, the third and fourth singal arrive via channels 3' and 4 ', when these signals have been memorized
the light emitting diodes have had time to light up
thanks to four other signals which have been memorized
previously, and just then we will erase the memorized signals
in parts B of fig. 27 @ (which constitute memory circuits) by sending for a very short, negligible time
in front of 0.2 juices, a current at terminals C and D, at this time no longer
signal will not arrive at switches K1, K2, K3, K4, and the frequency on
which vibrate the four generators H. @ (which is for each
identical) will change and vibrate @ ts on the same frequency as that on which the following four other induced circuits vibrate, and
at this same inst @ nt the four signals memorized in the circuits
memories (parts B 'of fig. 2 @) will be sent to the int
-switches K1, K2, K3, K4, during the time required for ignition
of a diode (done of four simultaneously), during this time the
four other memory circuits (here partB in fig. 2 @) will memorize four other following signals and so on.

Naturally other circuits equivalent to memory circuits
previously described can also be used.
is given in fig. 28.The diagrams concerning figures 26 (part A), 2 @, and ZB and 8 (part A) are integrated on a patch
All the other components are on the hybrid circuit substrate (glass, plastic, or ceramic, refractory materials)
Light emitting diodes or any other means that can be used
for illumination are represented by L. The operation of the
diagram is as follows; ; G is a HF generator whose frequency
varies, thanks to another generator that provides teeth signals
b @ rnes saw with a capacity which is variable depending
of the bensin coming out of the generator providing signals @n teeth
saw, the higher the voltage coming out of the generator (providing s
sawtooth signals) the more is increasing, the more the capacity is
weak (diode integrated in reverse,) not integrated the capacity can vary
from a few to a hundred pf, which is very sufficient).

The HF G generator has a coil B1 which is placed opposite all the coils of the induced circuits (T, 2xD, C, D) will cause the induced circuits to enter into resonance one after the other in resonance as and -measured. as the frequency on which the generator G varies, this will have the effect of making the switch T (a transistor) of each line of the screen conductive and therefore allowing current (here negative) to pass to one of the light-emitting diodes which constitute a line. While the switch T of one of the 265 lines is conductive, thanks to the process described in figures 25,26,27 four induced circuits (but this time being in the horizontal plane of the screen go more or less enter into resonance simultaneously according to the intensity of the current which must pass in the light-emitting diodes and this during the time necessary for the lighting of four diodes simultaneously (approximately I) then once these four diodes will be lit more or less the following four light-emitting diodes will in turn be more or less illuminated (this being here due to the fact that the current passing through the coil of one of the HF generator, of figure 28, has an intensity more or less large depending on the illumination you want to give to the diode, which is done thanks to the current passing through the switch K1, K, K ,, K4). When the line has been made, the switch T will be closed (the line below it! And the transistor T of the line below will have become conductive (this thanks to the frequency of the HF generator (C) which varies and only enters into resonance with the induced circuit of the line below) and as before the light-emitting diodes will be controlled four by four on this line and so sui.te for all the other lines. switch T of a line will therefore remain for approximately 120 days conductor, the time necessary for all the diodes of the line to have more or less been able to light up. The diagram of generator G is identical (except for the value of certain components) to that of figure 8 part A. But it will be, if that proves possible possible much better if the variable tension leaving the generator making vary the frequency on which the generator HF (G), with the form which is given in the figure 29, the tension is a function in staircase in function of time, each step during the time necessary for all the light-emitting diodes of a line to have been able to light more or less, or about 120. So that the generator u '(varying the frequency on which the HF generator G works) is exactly in phase with the generator u "(varying the frequency on which the four HF generators of figure 28 part A which are in the horizontal plane of the screen) a Sy synchronizer must be attached between u 'and -u ".

Here is one of the means of manufacturing the screen, the description given by way of nonlimiting example.

The manufacturing means, inspired by the "Panaplex II" figure 30 applied by Burroughs from 1971, is developed completely in thick layer a display circuit comprising channels (hollow) intended to receive either a lonisable gas, or liquid crystals , or any other product that can be used here for display To obtain transparent electrodes, tin oxide pastes are used, deposited if necessary on a glass substrate. And in order to avoid any reaction of the conductors with the mercury vapors of an ionizable gas, recourse is had either to refractory materials such as molybdenum, tungsten and nickel or to usual compositions with silver but nickel-plated or covered turntables.

This process will be used to have light emitting diodes, or liquid crystals or any other product that can be used for illumination. The transistors (5) will be on the hybrid circuit. We could for example use thin film transistors (often called TFT from the Anglo-Saxon initials of "Thin film transistor" which were developed by the CNET, in Liannon in order to order displays. Studies have been carried out for both to deepen the physics of the component and to carry out practical circuits The structure which was adopted for the TFT is given figure 31. The CNET used for that a standard evaporator having a gun with multicreux electron and associated with a changer of mask under vacuum. The transistor was produced during a single pumping cycle. The constituent materials are cadmium selenide, allumine and mobybdenum respectively as semiconductor (I), insulator (2) and metal (3) the substrate. The diodes D and DI will also be deposited on the substrate of the hybrid circuit, as well as for the capacities and the inductances of the coils B and B1.

The screen can be made on a hybrid circuit with thick layers, mas for the purpose of a very high definition and a long duration as well as a constant value for the thickness of the mask, we can have recourse to screens (for manufacturing of the mask) engraved metal and no longer canvas. We then prefer to make a metal mask from a sheet of molybdenum thick from 50 to 80 µm. By photoengraving, holes are delimited which will be made to mid-depth by chemical attack in Figure 32. Then the plate is turned over and receives on its other face and still by photoengraving the circuit drawing. A chemical attack is used to join the mid-thickness holes. In this way we compress lines from 75 to 100 µm and have even been able to reach 50 µm in width.

Choose the value of the components such that the results obtained are acceptable
The effective value of the fem created in an induced circuit
m: maximum received ux, co = 2IIN (N being the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates). If the coil of an induced circuit (that it is on the horizontal or vertical part of the diagram of figure 28) is approximately a loop of radius r = 10-3m, S = IIR2 = 3, 14.10-6m its inductance is then L = 211.10S, hence
L = 6,28.10-7 3.14.10 = 2.IOHenry.

Such an inductance is still very low compared to the maximum inductance of 6juH that can be placed on a hybrid circuit. The inductance of the engineering box in the smallest case n = 265 (number of lines) or L = 265.IO Henry enviror or L being approximately equal to the inductance of one of the coils put in series of the generator coil (here 9G), L being approximately equal to the inductance of a coil of an induced circuit (2.1 CH) from which
Im = 2.10-9i Weber
By putting in parallel with each coil a capacity having a minimum value of Ipf (the value of the capacities in hybrid circuits can reach
0.2jmf). The maximum frequency on which it vibrates and the induced circuits is then of the order of GHz, we have
-6 -4
T = 6.28.10 I, 41.10 s
T = 6.40.10-11s
N = I i0-10 = 0.15.10-10 = 1.5GHz
9 6 and co = 2IIN = 6,28.1,5.10 @ = 6,5.10 hence the fem cries in the induced vibrating circuit on the maximum frequency is
E = 2.10-9x6.5.10 @ = 9 Volts.

@ 2
But so that the maximum fem which is created in each induced circuit is the same although the frequency on which they vibrate -nt is lower, it is necessary that the surface opposite the coils of the HF generator is larger, that is that is to say that the surface facing the coils of an induced circuit vibr @ nt on a high frequency with the generator coil must be more p @ tit @ than the surface opposite a coil of an induced circuit and the generator coil vibrating on a lower frequency. As the frequencies on which the induced circuits will vibrate will range from about 50MHz to IGHz, the maximum frequency. is 20 times greater than the minimum frequency, the surface facing a coil of an induced circuit and one of the coil of the vibrating generator on the maximum frequency is 20 times smaller than 1 surface facing a coil of an armature circuit and the bobi @ e of the generator vibrating on the minimum frequency. As the surface of the coils of the induced circuits is always identical the inductance of the coil of the induced circuit does not change. But this has an effect on the value of the fem created in the induced circuit
E = BS # = BS @ 6.28 @ N
V2 V2 therefore the fem is proportional to the surface opposite the bob -nes. Hence if the surface opposite the coils (including that of the induced circuit-vibrate on the maximum frequency) is 20 times more flat than the total surface in Regarding the inductance of the coil of the induced circuit, the fem created in the induced circuit is 20 times smaller or
E = BS2I @ Ni
20V2 by applying this formula for the value found previously we have
E = 0.45Volts i being the intensity of the current flowing in the generator coil. If d = 2.3A, @ = 10Volts, which is enough to light a light emitting diod. The value of the effective intensity creates in the induced circuit BCL is given by the formula
I = E / Z and
Z = I, 2IICN
C being the capacity found in the induced circuit and N the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates
Z = I = I
6.28.10 @ -10 @ 6.28.10-3
Z = 1.6.102 #.

from where
I = 10 (1.6.10) -1 = 6.28.10-2A the value of the intensity of the current pass @ nt in the coil of the generataur being 2? 3A. The results show that with such intensity the transistors T and TI which form switches can function very well. It would also be possible not to use a switch T and T @ but the adjustment of the intensity e of the image would be more or less affected (we varies the light intensity @ se of the image by varying the intensity of the current arriving at the terminals @ and N) and this could disturb the frequency on which the induced circuit operates. As regards the number of induced circuit vibrating on a different frequency which is equal to the number of lines plus the number of defined points -tions per line by 4 or 265 + 600 = 411 induced circuits (having a @@ a frequency on which it vibrates which is for each different - te des @ autres) this depends on the number of different capacitors (and inductors) which in hybrid circuits ides can have values of Ipf at 0.2ju f, which is a relatively large range of values, but the capacitors (as well as the inductances) will have to have a much greater precision, of the order of 2 or 3 % at most. Thanks to this range of value it is therefore largely possible by leaving for all the circuits induced with an inductance of the same value and having capacities to reach 4II circuits vibrating each on a different frequency. will be arranged so that the one living on the minimum frequency is at one end of the series (here online) of the induced circuits and the one vibrating on the maximum frequency being at the other end, the other circuits being between both and arranged in an order such that the frequency on which it vibrates is erosive as it is closer to the vibrating circuit on the maximum frequency. The screen in one of these formen will be made on a hybrid circuit or the connections that will be r must have a total width of around 75ju m maximum. The size of the surface occupied by the transistor (T or T @), the d @@ des, the capacitance and inductance of an induced circuit is such whether it is a rectangle close to Imm in width and do Icm in length (maximum). The light-emitting diode or any other means allowing the illumination of the point will have a length of Imm in the vertical direction and a width-0.5mm in the horizontal direction of the screen, which gives the screen 1 an image with a dimension of about 40x35cm, because it is necessary to add the spacing between the light-emitting diodes. s) integrated representing in part or in whole the fig.25 @ 26,27,28, will be podé on the hybrid circuit by organic-organic materials (or by another process). The use of liquid crystals is recommended because the " color "is either black or white, and the current consumption is very low (even in the case where an external light source must be added to get a picture)
On the other hand, the light-emitting diodes can be very well used for color images, for this we deposit on the screen when a screen or a plastic film is completely made which is placed so that when a diode lights up (normally of white color) the point is illuminated in red for example because of the plastic film, the next point on the same line illuminating in green for example and the third point in blue (if the order of the colors is that used by the iconoscope) and so on for the following points. Other methods may be used such as depositing on the substrate first a light-emitting diode illuminating in red then one illuminating in green then a glowing blue and so on all the way down. (The first method for color television therefore practically makes the color screen as expensive as the black and white screen.) Fig. 33 shows the screen in the color film. 0 and 0 'being the input of signals from the iconoscope.

The different screen fotaes (done on a hybrid circuit
thick layer) during the different plusses are denné in the
fig.34.n.The phases representing each of the figures are the following
- before:
-I9phase: hollow grooves which will be used for the diode @ are dug in the substrate (2) of the hybrid (ceramic) circuit @lon
the same process as that used by Burrough in the "Planaplex"
fig. 34.

-2 phase, we deposit on the hybrid circuit of @ transistors (5) (at
thin film for example) fig.34.b,
-3 phase, we weigh the connections (4) which will be used only for
the induced circuits which feel in the horizontal plane, and vertical
at the same time we put the inductances specific to each circuit
induced (a loop whose approximate value of inductance has
been given fig.34.b
-4 phase: we depode the diodes (5) on the @ubstrate of the circuit
hybrid fig. 34.d
-5 phase: the capacitors (6) are deposited on the substrate (which are
placed on the connections of each of the induced circuits fig. 34. @
-6 phase :: all operations are subjected to the hybrid circuit
which are necessary to fill the crucibles with an ionizable gas
(or liquid crystals or any other electroluminescent material)
and to cover the si @ lons ### - containing the ionizable gases.

Then the connections (@) between the light-emitting diodes are
created with the induced circuits located in the vertical plane
screen only fig. 34.2
-7 phase: some connections (8) are covered at certain points
with an insulator (9) (SiO2 for example) so that the
connections that will be made the next phase are not in
contact with the connections already made fig.34.e
-8 phase: the final connections (10) can be put on the
hybrid circuit fig. 34. @
-9 phase: deposit only on the surface occupied by the in
ductances of the circuits induced a layer of multilayer paste (11)
glassy or other fig. 34. @
-10 phase :: the induc only are deposited on this multilayer p @ te
tances (muds of the same size as those used in induced waxes, put in series) which will form the generator coil
HF (here G) which will put one after the other the induced circuits located in the vertical direction of the screen in resonance (for the induced circuits located in the horizontal direction of the plane we will successively deposit a multicouc @ dough then the inductors which form the coils of one of the 4 generators, then we place over another multilayer dough then over again loops put in series which will form a coil of one of the generators and thus s @ ite four times in total fig. 34. @ -11 phase:: deposit the) integrated circuit (s) that put the connections with the hybrid circuit and deposit on the whole hybrid circuit a fairly thick layer of transparent resin of the same type as that used to manufacture the displays, we then deposit if we wind the film to be able to obtain a color image and we deposit again on top of the transparent resin
The same screen can be made in a thin layer on a hybrid circuit if this is possible and fairly economical.

It will be quite interesting to use a generator which sends a current in the generator coil when there is resonance (only for induced circuits in the horizontal direction)
whose intensity follows a rather particular function which allows
to a liquid crystal to give more light and this for a
fairly short time, coc @ also allows you to illuminate a shout
-that liquid in less time than is normally required @@@ ire,
ceimeme allowing to give several kinds of colors so
degree of illumination (the n9 of the invention is the INPI)
But the flat screen can be used very well for measuring devices such as oscilloscopes, it is then necessary to bring a slight
modification in the diagram of the integrated circuit placed on the circuit
hybrid and in the number of coils deposited one above the other on the substrate of the hybrid circuit. @ ais the neck #### of such
screen remains practically the same as that of a screen that can give
a television picture. The operation of the screen is then
next ;; on a cathode ray tube used in an oscilloscope there are inside four plates (two in the horizontal direction, two in the vertical direction) which aim to deflect the beam at
electron, or we have previously seen thanks to the device described in the
fig. part A that it was possible to vary the frequency on
which vibrates a generator only according to the value of
the voltage of the current (which passes across the terminals of a polarized diode
in reverse acts as a variable capacity depending on the ten
- reverse ion passing through the diode), the screen diagram being able
to serve in an oscilloscope is given in fig. @@, this writing @ n does
has only 650: 4 + 246 :: 4 = 216 induced circuits whose frequencies on
l @@ which they vibrate are different, in reality there are in total
216) 4 = 864 induced circuits (with a switch that closes and
lets current flow when the circuit is in resonance)
01 and 01 'are the inputs for the vertical deflection, 0 and 0' are the inputs for the horizontal deflection of the light point.
example of the current of a certain frequency 50Hz for example arrives at the terminals 0.0 ;; 01 and 01 ', the frequency on which the HF generator vibrates which @ a coil in front of all the induced circuits
will change since the HF generator has a frequency which is va
- flexible depending on the voltage of the current flowing across the terminals
01 and 01 '(which is the voltage of the current passing through the plates deviated
vertical emitting of the cathode ray tube) therefore one of the induced circuits
(at some point since the frequency varies all the time, the
voltage being alternating) will be in resonance with the coil of the
generator and therefore the switch @ this line will be closed, hence
the current will pass to one of the two terminals of the LEDs
-desents which constitute a line. But the alternating current of
50Hz also goes through the input 0 and 0 @ 'and therefore in another generator
HF will have a frequency which varies according to the voltage at
terminals 0 and 0 '. At the same time as previously one of the circuits
armature lying in the horizontal direction 1 will therefore (light up)
be in reson @ nce and the switch being in the circuit in
-duit ser @ close leaving passage from the courtyard to one of the two
terminals of a vertical row of light emitting diode.

From where the diode which r these two boxes lets pass a current goes
light up, and if this diode will light up, but an instant later the voltage which reaches terminals 01 and 01 'will have changed, and therefore
the frequency on which the generator vibrates whose outside coil is in the vertical direction of the screen will change from one to one
other induced circuit will be in resonance and therefore close the inter
switch K to let current flow through each of one of
terminals of all the diodes constituting a line, but as
previously the voltage p ss nt at terminals 0 and 0 'also at
same instant will have changed and therefore the frequency on which vibrates
the generator is different from another induced circuit which
find # in the horizontal direction will resonate and the inter-switch K let @ pass a current to one of the two half mast
all the diodes that make up a column, and as before
the diode which will receive current at these two terminals (this diode is
single) will light up and so on for the next LEDs, but
here it will be easier to be employed at placexd @@ light emitting diodes
- another material which takes much less time to be illuminated. A screen which gives an image or type hologr @ -
-phique en movement p @ u @ us @ i etrs put at p @@ nt, this screen being
The operation of this screen is as follows:
single and same image 5 or more if it is possible image which are
superimposed but which are all taken from a different angle.
to obtain this result we use for example 5 iconoscopes (I) which
"film" the same object but from a different angle for each, if the camera has to move (the object being in horizontal movement or
vertical) all cameras are operated simultaneously from the
same way fig.34 The scanning of all the iconoscopes is syn
chronized and identical for all, which is possible in sync
- denying the current which creates a magnetic field in the iconoscon es
to deflect the electron beam, then each of the cameras
sends the image as electrical signals, the signals are
then taken in such a way that the @ sign from the 1 iconoscope
is taken and passed in 0.0 ', then just after the signal from the
2 iconoscope is taken then goes through 0 ct 0 ', same for the 3,
the 4, the 5 iconoscope, then the signal that follows from the 1 iconoscope
goes through 0 and 0 'and so on, this process is possible and fa
thanks to one of the diagram described in this patent (device (@) allowing
put several signals coming from several channels in one
channel) .If the signals coming from 0 and 0 'pass on a screen which
maybe a cathode ray tube or a flat screen, we will have on the screen
5 images taken from the same object but from a different angle which will be
but such an image would give practically no
information, but if the screen is slightly modified we can
achieve an effect that is analogous to that created by photography
holographic indeed, on the five successive points more or less
illuminated on the screen, the first comes from the first iconoscope, the
2) from the second iconoscope, the 5 from the third iconoscope, the 4 from
fourth iconoscope, the 5th of the fifth iconoscope, and so
continuation for all the following eine points.
given by the screen that can be analyzed by the eye, we have the deflection of the light created at a light point, in fact we do (
(thanks to an optical process) deflect the light coming from the I point
(which corresponds to the analysis of a point of an image coming from the first
iconocope) of te @ esorte that they are visible only for one eye
which for example makes an angle of 30 with the plane of the screen, the
light coming from the second point is deflected so that it is visible only for an o @ il making an angle of 459 with the plane of the screen, the light coming from the third point is deflected so that it does not can only be seen by one eye
in front of the screen, the light coming from the 4 ponit is deflected in such a way
so that it is visible only by an eye making an angle of
135 with the screen plane, for the fifth point this angle
is 150. In this way by modifying the angle between the eye and the screen we see the object on the screen seen from several sides or the impression of a holographic image. there is a camera plus the impression of a holographic image is ex @ summer.

A means of manufacturing such a screen is made with reference to the accompanying drawings is given by way of non-limiting example (fig. @ 0)
The screen undergoes all the necessary phases for the constitution of a flat screen for normal viewing, but before we put the transparent resin which covers the whole screen we create peti @@ prisms in transperent resin (1) or in another material which will be covered on one side with a layer of alumium (2) which acts as a mirror, the angle between the cosine and the hypothesis are for the five different points. the screen can see a correct image it must stand at a certain distance (terminable) from the screen, other devices can operate on the same principle (an induced current is created in an induced circuit when it is in res @ ance), in particular a device which is constituted on a hybrid circuit whose dimem -sions does not exceed @ to 6 c @ or even less, this device allows that a lamp lit on a whole row # of lamp lights up, then the lamp that follows lights up turning off the lamp that turns off turn on and so on to t All lamps, this device allows you to control a row of lamps that can exceed 100 lamps.

The diagram of this device is douné in fig.35.G being a generator whose frequency varies, the speed at which the lit lamp seems moved is variable according to the speed at which the frequency of the generator changes, which depends therefore the length of the saw teeth. The diagram @ of the generator G is identical to calui of fig. 8 part A. This circuit can be used to constitute giant display screens, or to indicate in traffic that a turn is on a road, for publicity, for the fairs forraines.Another device working on the principle of resonance allows by having two transmitter operating -nnant at two different frequencies which can be close to order in a receiver up to 'to a hundred separate circuits. The theoretical diagram is given in fig. 37; one of the receivers varies (depending on signals sent by the transmitter) the voltage arriving at terminals A and B which therefore varies the frequency on which works the generator, therefore which brings into resonance das induced circuits which begins dono to close a switch and this switch can modulate the signal passing in the induced circuit by varying the intensity of the current passing in the coil of the generator (d 'or the indui circuit this intensity is variable depending on the signals sent by one of the transmitters (the partic a is created on a hybrid circuit, the partic B is created on a cilicium chip of less than 4mm @ of surface which will be placed on the hybrid circuit, the total size of this plate may not exceed 1 @ 10cm @ in the case of 100 voics)
By applying the principle of resonance we can have a device allowing to divide the signals coming by a channel in four (we even more) of channel; the 1 signal passes by a channel, the 29 aignal passes by a 2 channel, the 39 signal goes through a 3 see, the 4 through a 4 channel and so on. The theoretical diagram is given in fig. 38. Part A is a HF generator whose frequency varies thanks to the generator which provides teeth signals saw.

as the generator frequency changes, the induced circuits have one after the other an induced current whose intensity is proportional to the current passing through the generator coil, therefore to the amplitude of the signal which passes through the single channel. So each of the four channels has a quarter of the signals.v@n the same which puts the signals coming from 4 channels in a single channel 2 an analogous operation.

Claims (14)

R E V E N D I C A T I O N S 1-Application of a physical fact, that of resonance (when two coils, one inductive, the other of an induced circuit vibrate on the same frequency and are opposite one next to the other, it trée (only at this time) an induced current in the induced circuit) to the creation of a total of 7 devices ;; an iconoscope (made on a silicon wafer), a display screen plate (which can give holographic image ( done on a hybrid circuit or by any other means), a device makes it possible to give the impression that a lit lamp (or several) is moving along a row of turned off lamp, a device making it possible to divide the signals arriving in a channel in different channels, a device for dividing the devices allowing the switching on of several devices for all different times, a device allowing from a two-way transmitter to obtain control of a hundred and even no more different circuits 2-Flat Iconoscope or Pl Screen at according to claim 1, characterized in that the images received or transmitted can be in black and white or in color. 3-flat iconoscope according to claim 2, characterized in that the electroluminescent materials may as well be photosensitive dioe placed in reverse on a transistor as condensers more or less sensitive to light rays. 4-flat iconoscope according to claim 3, characterized in that the radiation to which the iconoscope can be sensitive can range from ultra violet to long rinds 3-flat iconoscope according to claim 4, characterized in that the light rays received by a photosensitive diode, are received in the induced circuit where is the photosensitive diode by a variation of the total capacity being in the induced circuit, from where the frequency on which the circuit induces or is the diode is modified , which has the effect when measuring the current created in the induced circuit when the generator vibrates on the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates when there is no light falling on the photodiode to measure a drop in the voltage which is proportional to the light received by the pEotosensitive diode, or by any other light sensitive capacitor. 6-flat iconoscope according to claim 5, characterized in that the capacities of a column (therefore induced circuits which compre -nnent in total 1265 diodes which are one below the other) are then put in parallel that the inductances of this same column are placed in series. Each column vibrates on a different frequency. By varying the frequency on which the generator operates, we can bring each of the columns into resonance one after the other, hence to analyze each point constituting a line. The process allowing to pass from one line to another is different from that allowing to analyze the points one after the other of a line. The last method is such that when the last point of a line is analyzed, this last induced circuit closes a switch which opens the switch allowing to analyze the line where the last point was analyzed and which at the same time closes the switch which allows to analyze the line which is just below s of the one that has just been analyzed and so on for all the other lines that are to be analyzed.  7-Flat icoscope according to claim 6, characterized in that in the ç-- f @@ ric @@@@ of the iconoscope the diode is above the transistor, the whole being Xiu above a capacitor and of an inductance which put them are found at; above I a bo @@ e of the inductive circuit, but other provisions are also; poss @ ble. 8-flat iconoscope according to claim 7, characterized in that the t7ue the inexcope can also be done on a hydride circuit or another material while using the physical fact of the resonance and by measuring the ray @ nement received thanks to the variation created in the total capacity of the induced circuit <which has an element sensitive to a light radiation of a certain wavelength zero stroke varies the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates hence the measurement of a variation of the current created in the induced circuit when the generator '- which has a coil opposite the coil of the induced circuit) vibrates on the frequency on which the vibrates the induced circuit when there is no light rays falling on the element sensitive to light rays. The physical fact of resonance is also used to analyze the sensitive points one after the other. 9-flat screen according to claim 8 characterized in that the cornmandes allowing to light one after the other a diode is constituted by a series of interruptera (265 for the lines) vertical and 600 (or more) horizontal interuptors , each of these switches are closed only when the induced circuit with which the switch is associated is in resonance, which is possible because opposite each coil of each circuit induces a generator coil (4 coils for the horizontal induced circuits) has a frequency which is variable and which. is certainly identical to the instant on which an induced circuit vibrates. One of the light-emitting diodes on the screen can only light up when an induced (vertical) circuit is in resonance and at the same time an induced (horizontal) circuit is also in resonance. 10-flat screen according to claim 9, characterized in that the luminescent electron materials can be arbitrary (light emitting diodes, liquid lamp, filament, arc, ionizable gas, multiple electron beam can strike a fluorescent screen but which the path of the beam at a point is controlled as if it were a question of controlling the immulination of a lamp). 11-flat screen according to claim 10, characterized in that the screen can just as well be produced on a thick-film hybrid circuit as a thin-film hybrid circuit or one of the two. 0 on another material (in the case of a giant screen, metal frame) and can also be used for an oscilloscope. 12-flat screen according to claim II characterized in that an integrated circuit (and hybrid) allows to control the running of four diodes simultaneously (or more) of a line for the time necessary for the lighting of these diodes (approximately lj during this time the four electrical signals coming from the camera are recorded then are sent to the other 4 light-emitting diodes when the previous diodes have had time to light up more or less depending on the channels. 13-flat screen according to claim 12 characterized in that the light intensity of a point on the screen is a function of the intensity of the current created in the induced circuit therefore a function of the intensity flowing in the coil of the generator which is itself variable according to the signals sent by the campera. 12-flat screen. According to claim 13, characterized in that the screen can emit a scit color image by putting a film Dlastique or other that colors the .u- moere emitted by electroluminescent materials or lamp, either in c ' laying diodes on the hybrid circuit suEcessivemen.t which emit the 3 rays :: ..? nts having the same wavelength as the three fundamental lights 15-Flat screen according to claim 14, characterized in that the switches allowing the control of electroluminescent materials or other may also be in the form of an integrated circuit associated with a hybrid circuit but the operation of which is of the same type as that explained previously (transistor and diodes integrated circuit, the coils and the capacitors of the induced circuits being on a hybrid circuit). 16-flat screen according to claim 15, characterized in that the screen can also give an image of the holographic type by putting on the light-emitting diodes a transparent substance whose general shape is a prism whose angle between the cosine and the hypothenus is variable, and on one of the faces of the prism a layer of aluminum or another material which plays the role of mirror, the angle of these mirrors in relation to the screen makes it possible to send the bright spot only in a specific direction, which means that it can only be seen by an eye that looks at the screen from a certain angle, this image is one of 5 (or more) image taken from the same object (in motion -or not! but from a different angle. On for example 5 consecutive points, one of these 5 points comes from the analysis made by one of the 5 iconoscope, which have synchronized sweeping and an operation for all synchronized, the signals sent by .the 5 cameras simultaneously are sent in a single channel. 17-Apparatus for giving the impression that a lamp lit on a range of lamp extinguished to move according to claim 16, characterized in that a lamp being lit and then extinguished the next light and so on is due to induced circuits which enter one after the other in resonance have one after the other an induced circuit which either turns on the element directly or puts certain devices into contact, or which operates a relay - (in the form of transistqr (s)) that turns on a lamp or a-device or a robot.The speed at which these devices are turned on one after the other being variable according to the speed at which changes the frequency on which vibrates the hw generator which allows the induced circuits to enter into resonance. This device can therefore be used as a muniterie whose time for which a device is started after a depends on the frequency on which the induced circuit vibrates whose frequency which it vibrates can vary by putting in the induced circuit a variable capacity.  l2-Apparatus allowing from a two-channel transmitter to control a trips large number of channels, according to claim 17 characterized in that one of the two channels of the transmitter varies according to the signal sent the frequency on which a device operates which at the same time brings one of the circuits into resonance, the current passing through the induced circuit is adjustable because the current induced at a current intensity is variable according to the intensity of the current passing through the HF generator coil ( whose frequency may vary), the latter intensity being itself variable as a function of the signals sent by the second channel of the transmitter. 13-Apparatus for passing for example a quarter of the s' @ nals sent by a channel (two son) in four channels according to claim 1P, characterized in that the signals from the single primary channel vary the intensity of the current passing through the generator coil, hence the intensity of the current cr, t in an induced circuit (which corresponds thanks to a transistor) to one of the four (or more) channels) when there is resonance is variable , when the frequency on which the HF generator operates changes (prace to a voltage which is a sawtooth function compared to time which varies the capacity of one from or placed in reverse) another induced circuit enters resonance from which a circuit is created from which the intensity is variable depending on the signal sent by the primary channel, this second induced circuit which has just entered in resonance constitutes the second channel and so on for the following signals.