FR2468218A1 - Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2468218A1 FR2468218A1 FR7925877A FR7925877A FR2468218A1 FR 2468218 A1 FR2468218 A1 FR 2468218A1 FR 7925877 A FR7925877 A FR 7925877A FR 7925877 A FR7925877 A FR 7925877A FR 2468218 A1 FR2468218 A1 FR 2468218A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- binder
- strips
- powder
- fact
- calendering
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8896—Pressing, rolling, calendering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Priority Applications (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7925877A FR2468218A1 (fr) | 1979-10-18 | 1979-10-18 | Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible |
| US06/196,681 US4317789A (en) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-14 | Method of making thin porous strips for fuel cell electrodes |
| ZA00806340A ZA806340B (en) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-15 | A method of manufacturing thin porous strips by calendering,and strips so obtained,in particular electrodes for fuel cells |
| SU802999105A SU1114357A3 (ru) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Способ изготовлени ленточного электрода топливного элемента |
| BR8006704A BR8006704A (pt) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Processo de fabricacao continua de cintas que comportam pelo menos uma camada delgada porosa condutora, processo de fabricacao de cintas de multicamadas, e cinta de multicamadas |
| EP80106331A EP0027648B1 (fr) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Procédé de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses notamment bandes d'électrodes pour piles à combustible |
| JP14559280A JPS5665465A (en) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Method of manufacturing with calender machining porous thin tape*obtained product and speically fuel battery electrode |
| DE8080106331T DE3068127D1 (en) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Process for producing thin porous bands by calendering and especially electrodes bands for fuel cells |
| CA000362623A CA1150025A (fr) | 1979-10-18 | 1980-10-17 | Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7925877A FR2468218A1 (fr) | 1979-10-18 | 1979-10-18 | Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2468218A1 true FR2468218A1 (fr) | 1981-04-30 |
| FR2468218B1 FR2468218B1 (enExample) | 1982-09-24 |
Family
ID=9230795
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7925877A Granted FR2468218A1 (fr) | 1979-10-18 | 1979-10-18 | Procede de fabrication par calandrage de bandes minces poreuses et produits obtenus, notamment electrodes pour piles a combustible |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4317789A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0027648B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS5665465A (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR8006704A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1150025A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE3068127D1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2468218A1 (enExample) |
| SU (1) | SU1114357A3 (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA806340B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (47)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL8003949A (nl) * | 1980-07-09 | 1982-02-01 | Electrochem Energieconversie | Werkwijze voor de vervaardiging van een laag van een elektrode voor een cel, in het bijzonder voor een brandstofcel. |
| US4405544A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1983-09-20 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Strengthening of carbon black-teflon-containing electrode |
| FR2564249B1 (fr) * | 1984-05-11 | 1986-09-12 | Alsthom Atlantique | Amenagements aux structures des piles a combustible |
| FR2564250B1 (fr) * | 1984-05-11 | 1986-09-12 | Alsthom Atlantique | Ameliorations aux structures des piles a combustible |
| FR2564251B1 (fr) * | 1984-05-11 | 1986-09-12 | Alsthom Atlantique | Perfectionnements aux structures des piles a combustible |
| FR2568412B1 (fr) * | 1984-07-27 | 1986-10-17 | Occidental Chem Co | Perfectionnements aux structures des piles a combustible. |
| US4581116A (en) * | 1984-12-04 | 1986-04-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Gas diffusion composite electrode having novel hydrophilic layer |
| JPH07105316B2 (ja) * | 1985-08-13 | 1995-11-13 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 電気二重層コンデンサ用分極性電極及びその製造方法 |
| US4647359A (en) * | 1985-10-16 | 1987-03-03 | Prototech Company | Electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrode employing thin carbon cloth layer |
| US4894296A (en) * | 1987-10-27 | 1990-01-16 | Duracell Inc. | Cathode for zinc air cells |
| US5277729A (en) * | 1989-03-08 | 1994-01-11 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing polarizable electrode for electric double-layer capacitor |
| JPH04162365A (ja) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-06-05 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | 燃料電池用電極の作製法 |
| US5732463A (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1998-03-31 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Method of preparing a fuel cell electrode |
| JP3357872B2 (ja) * | 2000-01-25 | 2002-12-16 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 燃料電池 |
| US6368365B1 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2002-04-09 | The Gillette Company | Method of making a battery |
| US6627252B1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2003-09-30 | Maxwell Electronic Components, Inc. | Electrochemical double layer capacitor having carbon powder electrodes |
| US6631074B2 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2003-10-07 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Electrochemical double layer capacitor having carbon powder electrodes |
| DE10148599A1 (de) * | 2001-10-02 | 2003-04-10 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gasdiffusionselektroden aus trockenen Pulvermischungen mittels Walzen |
| US6643119B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2003-11-04 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Electrochemical double layer capacitor having carbon powder electrodes |
| US20110165318A9 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2011-07-07 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Electrode formation by lamination of particles onto a current collector |
| US20050266298A1 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2005-12-01 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle based electro-chemical device and methods of making same |
| US20060147712A1 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2006-07-06 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle based adhesive electrode and methods of making same |
| US20050250011A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2005-11-10 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Particle packaging systems and methods |
| US20100014215A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2010-01-21 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Recyclable dry particle based electrode and methods of making same |
| US7342770B2 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2008-03-11 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Recyclable dry particle based adhesive electrode and methods of making same |
| US7791860B2 (en) | 2003-07-09 | 2010-09-07 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Particle based electrodes and methods of making same |
| US7352558B2 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2008-04-01 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle based capacitor and methods of making same |
| US7295423B1 (en) | 2003-07-09 | 2007-11-13 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle based adhesive electrode and methods of making same |
| US7508651B2 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2009-03-24 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle based adhesive and dry film and methods of making same |
| US20070122698A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2007-05-31 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry-particle based adhesive and dry film and methods of making same |
| US7920371B2 (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2011-04-05 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Electrical energy storage devices with separator between electrodes and methods for fabricating the devices |
| JP2005116762A (ja) | 2003-10-07 | 2005-04-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | 半導体装置の保護方法及び半導体装置用カバー及び半導体装置ユニット及び半導体装置の梱包構造 |
| US7495349B2 (en) | 2003-10-20 | 2009-02-24 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Self aligning electrode |
| US7090946B2 (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2006-08-15 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Composite electrode and method for fabricating same |
| US7384433B2 (en) | 2004-02-19 | 2008-06-10 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Densification of compressible layers during electrode lamination |
| US20060137158A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2006-06-29 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry-particle packaging systems and methods of making same |
| US7492571B2 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2009-02-17 | Linda Zhong | Particles based electrodes and methods of making same |
| US7227737B2 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2007-06-05 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Electrode design |
| US20060246343A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2006-11-02 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Dry particle packaging systems and methods of making same |
| US7245478B2 (en) | 2004-08-16 | 2007-07-17 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Enhanced breakdown voltage electrode |
| US7440258B2 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2008-10-21 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Thermal interconnects for coupling energy storage devices |
| US7492574B2 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2009-02-17 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Coupling of cell to housing |
| CN1949568B (zh) * | 2005-10-13 | 2010-09-29 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 燃料电池膜电极的制备方法 |
| US7647210B2 (en) * | 2006-02-20 | 2010-01-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Parametric modeling method and system for conceptual vehicle design |
| US8518573B2 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2013-08-27 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Low-inductive impedance, thermally decoupled, radii-modulated electrode core |
| US20080201925A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-08-28 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Ultracapacitor electrode with controlled sulfur content |
| US20080204973A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-08-28 | Maxwell Technologies, Inc. | Ultracapacitor electrode with controlled iron content |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3197527A (en) * | 1960-07-21 | 1965-07-27 | Nuklear Chemie Und Metallurg G | Process for the production of dense shaped graphitic bodies |
| FR1436271A (fr) * | 1964-05-12 | 1966-04-22 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Procédé de fabrication d'une électrode pour pile à combustible |
| US3496063A (en) * | 1966-02-15 | 1970-02-17 | Grace W R & Co | Electrographic reproduction article and method |
| FR1550508A (enExample) * | 1966-12-14 | 1968-12-20 | ||
| FR1534550A (fr) * | 1967-08-22 | 1968-07-26 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Nouvelles électrodes pour piles à combustible |
| DE1810662A1 (de) * | 1967-12-08 | 1969-09-04 | Lucas Industries Ltd | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Pulvers fuer poroese Gegenstaende,beispielsweise fuer Elektroden |
| DE2023868A1 (de) * | 1970-05-15 | 1971-11-25 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Katalysatorschichten für Elektroden in elektrochemischen Zellen, insbesondere Brennstoffelementen |
| SE385168B (sv) * | 1971-03-29 | 1976-06-08 | Zlehit Pri Ban | Sett att framstella pulverartat hydrofoberat elektrodmaterial for gasdiffusionselektroder |
| FR2143593A1 (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1973-02-09 | Automatisme Cie Gle | Laminated electrochemical electrode - in sheet form contg a conductive powder in a ptfe matrix |
| JPS4855333A (enExample) * | 1971-11-16 | 1973-08-03 | ||
| CA1008623A (en) * | 1972-02-11 | 1977-04-19 | Gould Inc. | Process and apparatus for manufacture of an electrode |
| JPS5211017B2 (enExample) * | 1973-02-19 | 1977-03-28 | ||
| US4043933A (en) * | 1976-06-15 | 1977-08-23 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of fabricating a fuel cell electrode |
| US4166143A (en) * | 1977-01-24 | 1979-08-28 | Prototech Company | Control of the interaction of novel platinum-on-carbon electrocatalysts with fluorinated hydrocarbon resins in the preparation of fuel cell electrodes |
| US4086397A (en) * | 1977-01-31 | 1978-04-25 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Electrochemical cell and cathode for same |
| US4287232A (en) * | 1978-06-28 | 1981-09-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Dry floc method for making an electrochemical cell electrode |
-
1979
- 1979-10-18 FR FR7925877A patent/FR2468218A1/fr active Granted
-
1980
- 1980-10-14 US US06/196,681 patent/US4317789A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1980-10-15 ZA ZA00806340A patent/ZA806340B/xx unknown
- 1980-10-17 SU SU802999105A patent/SU1114357A3/ru active
- 1980-10-17 DE DE8080106331T patent/DE3068127D1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-10-17 EP EP80106331A patent/EP0027648B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1980-10-17 BR BR8006704A patent/BR8006704A/pt unknown
- 1980-10-17 CA CA000362623A patent/CA1150025A/fr not_active Expired
- 1980-10-17 JP JP14559280A patent/JPS5665465A/ja active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0027648A1 (fr) | 1981-04-29 |
| JPS5665465A (en) | 1981-06-03 |
| ZA806340B (en) | 1981-10-28 |
| SU1114357A3 (ru) | 1984-09-15 |
| DE3068127D1 (en) | 1984-07-12 |
| JPS648428B2 (enExample) | 1989-02-14 |
| EP0027648B1 (fr) | 1984-06-06 |
| US4317789A (en) | 1982-03-02 |
| CA1150025A (fr) | 1983-07-19 |
| FR2468218B1 (enExample) | 1982-09-24 |
| BR8006704A (pt) | 1981-05-12 |
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