FR2467258A1 - Refining of wood fibres for prodn. of pulp - obtaining maximum yield with fewer fines using less energy - Google Patents

Abstract

Batches or portions of fibrous material consisting of mutually-bonded fibre-like components forming an inner fibrous structure enclosed in a protective sheath, are rolled in a process for refining and/or disintegrating pulp. During the rolling operation the batches are kept separately from each other and the rolled form is maintained. As the process progresses the strands of fibrous material and their constituents within the batches are caused repeatedly to work to and from each other so as to rub against and displace each other. The shearing action applied brings about a gradual loosening and releasing of the strands and their constituent fibres within the rolled batch, to the point at which the fibres are freed completely from the bonds which existed between them. The maximal exploitation of the available material is made possible to produce an improved pulp with the minimal expenditure of energy. The production of fines is reduced considerably.

Description

The invention relates to a roller method and apparatus, for refining fibrous pulps, making it possible to reduce and refine these fibrous materials as finely as possible. The invention thus makes it possible to reduce the fibrous elements to extremely large dimensions and shapes. fines that it was not possible to reach until now, which is particularly interesting in the case of the refining of wood-based materials, either raw or pre-treated, such as those used in the manufacture of papers and boxes These applications are indicated here by way of examples, but do not in any way constitute a limitation of the invention
The whole processing industry for fibrous pulp and paper suffers not only from the reduction in the sources of raw materials, but also from the increasing efforts which must be made to obtain and process raw fibrous materials. , especially when you want to get a good quality pulp. Another even more serious problem is posed by the increasing supply difficulties and by the increasingly high colts of energy which are very important. spent to transform raw wood fibers into materials suitable for use in finished products
the invention makes it possible to optimize the use of the raw materials available and to obtain a new quality of pulp better than that of the preceding ones. the embodiments of apparatuses according to the invention also make it possible to quickly and effectively reduce the fibrous materials into very fine particles at the cost of a minimum energy consumption. the device and the method according to the invention allow , in addition, to bring the treated material in a form in which the critical cellulose content appears in the form of tapes or the like.

To understand the problems of the prior art, one must know the nature and character of the raw wood-based materials used in the paper paw industry. Softwood in the raw state essentially comprises, for approximately 90% of its volume, a heap of tracheids having a fibrous appearance which we will simply call "fibers"
However, these tracheids are in themselves bundles of fibers or filaments in the form of ribbons wound and glued together by the lignin formed, in which the intercellular membranes are found. Each elementary package consists of a complex structure in which the cellulose constituent more importantly, known as the layer, is internally embedded (Figure 13.

A layer S1 in fact consisting of five to six layers of multiple ribbons each wrapped around the layer S2 at different angles, is itself housed inside an outer layer or layer P also wrapped.

layer 52 has internally one! inner covering, called layer 53, delimiting a hollow core in the form of a composite fibrous element constituted by layers P; S1; 52 and 53.

It is these constituent elements of wood or wood-based materials, generally used in the pulp industry, which have proven to be practically impossible to reduce properly in order to take full advantage of the optimum qualities of the S2 layer.

The invention aims to solve this problem by allowing the extraction of the cellulose layer 52 in its form of ribbon, fibril or filament. After this operation, one can take advantage of the remarkable properties of flexibility and suppleness of the material to make paper or cardboard whose degree of uniformity and quality could not be achieved until now.

Until now, no mill or refining device with rollers or single or double rotating discs has made it possible to achieve the qualities of fineness described above, in particular when using pulp processing devices consuming little of energy, like. it became necessary.

The mills and production devices known up to now are in fact refining means, the action of which consists in cutting, abrading and powdering the raw wood-based products, in order to obtain an agglomerating mass. randomly, in which there is very little chance that the ribbons or membranous filaments of 52 take a truly coherent shape and distribution leading to a homogeneous product.

Disc refining devices, and in particular those using rotating discs under pressure, make it possible to obtain a pulp of better quality than the grinders or grinding rollers according to the prior art, but still do not make it possible to produce sufficient ribbons. or type 52 filaments.

When considering the finished products donated by the devices according to the prior art described above, it is evident that no device or process currently known makes it possible to reduce fibrous materials, and in particular materials based on of wood, to a sufficient degree of fineness so that their constituent elements can be used as is in the finished products. On the other hand, no refining apparatus or process hitherto used in the pulp and paper industry has made it possible to reduce the considerable energy consumption brought into play by the pulp formation processes, and in particular by the processes which are applied immediately after the first phase of grinding the raw materials.

in fact it has become evident that the current methods and apparatus do not make it possible, in particular, to pulp hard hardwoods.

the object of the invention is to overcome the above drawbacks of the prior art by creating a method and an apparatus which can be applied successfully to both hardwoods and softwoods.

To this end, the invention relates to a process for refining fibrous materials comprising entangled fibrous constituent elements, with a filamentous internal structure wrapped in a protective coating, a process characterized in that it comprises the various stages consisting in rolling parts into rolls of fibrous materials, to maintain these rolls of fibrous materials in separate elements during the rolling period while periodically interrupting this rolling, and to produce, between the constituent elements of the fibrous materials, a work of friction and shearing thereof against each other, this work being carried out repeatedly so as to produce a loosening and a release of these constituent elements in the rolled rolls, so that they are released almost completely from their mutual connection, by simple agitation of the rollers thus treated.

More specifically, the invention relates to a process for refining fibrous materials with fibers linked together, essentially comprising filaments of membranous cellulose embedded in wound protective layers, this process comprising the various stages consisting in laminating different parts of these fibrous materials in rolls cylindrical, this operation keeps the rollers relatively thin while dividing the layers to free them from their filaments and reduce these filaments into ribbons or twisted segments.

The rolling process implemented in the preferred embodiment of the invention is accompanied by the application of variable pressure on the rolls developed from fibrous materials, this pressure being applied in the direction of their length when they are arranged transversely. the rolling work of the rollers is done by applying a progressively increasing pressure on them, as well as an increase in pressure applied along their length at generally uniformly spaced intervals.

In some cases, the rollers initially formed are separated into a number of smaller rollers constituting segments of the initial length. These smaller rollers remain perfectly aligned end to end while moving along the working path which they must follow during of the rolling process. At predetermined intervals, the pressure applied to each roll as it passes from one segment to another from its rolling path is completely removed, and for a short time, this contributes to achieving the final result more easily. wish.

The preferred embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention uses a refining block of the roller type, the external surface of these rollers comprising the projecting drawing of a rectangular grid with transverse wires with respect to the block of rollers and wires perpendicular to the preceding ones, arranged circularly around the block of rollers and laterally spaced from one end to the other thereof.

the shallow outer surface parts of the elements of the projecting grid are of curved section.

In association with this improved block of rollers, a partial screen is used defining with it a progressively narrowed passage, intended for the passage of fibrous materials which one wants to put and maintain in the form of rolls moving between the working surface of the block of rollers and the opposite screen work surface.

The arrangement is such that when predetermined quantities of fibrous materials arrive to be refined, these quantities are rolled into rolls of generally non-cylindrical shapes, and keep this same general shape during rolling in which the elements of each roll are held together and worked so that the constituents of the roller rub, shear and work against each other so as to separate themselves from each other0 This progressive work of fibrous materials requires a minimum of energy compared to refining devices according to the prior art0
the roller blocks and screens described above are stacked in vertical alignment and arranged to define a short but continuous passage in which the useful internal elements of the fibrous materials are kept in segments of ribbons when the reduction of their layers exterior protectors are complete.

The invention provides for the use of water or other suitable liquids added to the small rolls of fibrous materials obtained from the fibrous materials initially in; products between the roller elements, when these small rollers pass between the rolling rollers and their screens0
The invention also provides for the production of the materials to be refined in successive stages, each having a uniform particle size and density.

The apparatus according to the invention can be used following a first refining phase carried out by means of equipment according to the prior art, or can be used in an installation where the rollers are used to carry out the entire process and to extract the essential elements of the fibrous materials in the optimal form, works So
the essential advantage of the invention is not only to considerably reduce the energy consumption necessary for the refining of fibrous materials, but also to provide a more natural means of separation of the constituent elements of the raw fibrous materials, pretreated, to reduce pulp, which makes it possible to supply much better quality pulp and paper machine manufacturing machines, both in terms of its fiber content and fiber bundles and in terms of its cellulose content in the form of membranous filaments in free ribbons constituting the basic structure of the wood to be worked0
The invention thus has the advantage of creating a new and improved process for refining fibrous materials and in particular those used to make paper and cardboard.
The invention also has the advantage of creating improved equipment for refining the fibrous materials to a degree which it has not been possible to dye so far at reasonable prices.

The invention also has the advantage of creating means and a process for refining fibrous materials leading to more efficient and more satisfactory results in a very broad field of applications, and in particular in the case of refining hardwoods, without risk of breakdowns or malfunctions.

Yet another advantage of the invention is to create new and improved rolling roller blocks intended for refining the raw materials, these roller blocks being associated with screens which are also new and improved to reduce and refine the raw materials by a simple rolling operation, unlike the random abrasion and grinding processes according to the prior art
The invention also presents a method of reducing the quantity of fines and also reducing the energy consumption in order to obtain pulps of excellent quality.

The invention finally has the advantage of creating a new and improved process and apparatus for refining fibrous materials, such as hard or soft woods, the characteristics and advantages of which will appear more clearly on reading the detailed description which follows and which refers to the accompanying drawings, in which s
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a structure of tracheids,
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention applied to the second phase of processing raw materials in a pulp refining process,
FIG. 3 represents on a larger scale part of the structure of FIG. 2,
FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view schematically illustrating the preferred forms of roller surfaces used in the implementation of the invention,
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention applied to the direct transformation of raw materials into pulp of final quality, by a rolling operation which does not require the provision of a first refining phase,
FIG. 6 is a general schematic view of another system making it possible to obtain, from fragments, formations of bands of fibrous materials,
FIG. 7 is a partial sectional view illustrating a detail of the device of FIG. 6, and
- Figure 8 shows a variant of the apparatus of Figure 6.

It will be noted in the drawings that a certain number of elements are enlarged for a better definition of their characteristics and are therefore not on the scale of the rest; however, the context of the drawings remains quite clear to those skilled in the art.

Figure 1 illustrates a bundle of tracheids, most of which is softwood. This figure describes the nature and character of the windings constituting the outer coating of tracheids forming the layers P and 810. To better understand the importance of the invention, it should be noted that as long as the layer 52 is connected in a way or another at layers P and SI, the structure is relatively inflexible and the product obtained is difficult to process to make it usable in the manufacture of paper and cardboard. However, this product is generally that which was encountered in best refining devices according to the prior art known hitherto. In addition, in most of these devices, the product was ground randomly, which gave a large number of agglomerations and fine degrading the quality of the pulp obtained.

On the contrary, the invention makes it possible to obtain a uniform treatment of the materials and a good division of the layers P and S1 without the formation of large quantities of fines.

Rather than fines, the method and the apparatus according to the invention produce free segments in the form of ribbons from the membranous filaments included in the tracheids. it is essential that most of the layer 52 is present in this form in the finished product.

FIG. 2 represents a complete installation according to the invention, in which a first phase of refining the raw softwood is carried out by a refining apparatus with two rotating discs. The roller system according to the invention then comes into play in order to extract, in the form of ribbon segments, the interior part predominantly of cellulose, from the product supplied by the first treatment phase.

The system shown in FIG. 2 comprises a hopper 10 directing the raw soft wood chips into a pre-treatment container 12. This container 12 receives steam or other conditioning fluid through an inlet opening 14, this fluid being maintained under high temperature and pressure conditions inside the container, so as to soften the lignin contained in the chips when the latter are entrained in the container by suitable advancement means.

The shavings thus conditioned are evacuated from the container 12 by a feed device 16 delivering at the inlet of a disc refining device 18. The shavings pass through openings drilled in the feed disc of the refining disc 18 to penetrate through a lumen of this device 18 so as to pass, radially outward, between the refining surfaces opposite and close to one another, refining discs rotating in opposite directions.

The chips thus crushed are discharged through the periphery of the discs and exit from the refining apparatus through its outlet orifice 20.

Heretofore the constituent elements of the installation of FIG. 2 are well known and can include, for example, a packaging apparatus, a feeding apparatus and a refining apparatus, as in the embodiment described in USA patent No. 3 661 328 and used here to carry out the first phase of refining raw softwood.

The products leaving the refining apparatus 18 include tracheids made of fibers of random sizes as well as bundles of these fibers, as indicated in FIG. 1, these fibers having no uniformity in their directions of cutting. one cannot find segments of ribbons clearly formed from the flexible cellulose filaments S2 embedded in layers P and 51 of tracheids, although in certain cases and depending on the apparatus and the particular process used, the outer coating layers of the tracheids were abraded or broken as far as they were exposed to treatment. However, the use of the equipment according to the prior art for carrying out the first refining phase leads at best to abrasions and / or to random and very limited ruptures of the outer layer of trachides.

In the implementation of the invention, the cooled product leaving the refining device 18 has a solids consistency of approximately 20% plus or minus 5%. The evacuated product is directed to a container 22 forming a dilution chamber into which is added, through an orifice 24, a sufficient quantity of water or suitable conditioning liquid at a temperature of the order of 880 to 93 C, of so as to change its consistency by around 3 to 5%.

The diluted sludge thus obtained is deposited so as to form a deposit of its solid products, on the upper surface of an endless belt with multiple perforations 26.

The belt 26 can be constituted by a fabric of wires coated with plastic material making it possible to drain the liquid contained in the pulp slurry. This belt must obviously be suitably driven and pass into an appropriate chamber so as not to lose the materials it carries laterally, and to be able to receive and direct any type of drain making it possible to process and reuse the products which they contain.

The lower end of the belt 26 is driven by a roller 28 having drive teeth and placing itself side by side with another roller 30 so as to form therewith the outlet orifice of a device hopper-shaped drain. The roller 30 is driven at a speed twice that of the roller 28 and its outer periphery presses on the solid lump collected on the belt 26 when the latter turns around the roller 28 to start its lower stroke.

This gives a certain compression of the teeth and, due to the lower speed of the belt 26, the deposition of fibrous materials tends to follow the belt 26 in its lower stroke, but when the belt 26 rotates around the roller 28, the deposit leaves this belt 26 to deposit on the upper stroke of an endless belt 32 whose direction of movement is opposite to that of the upper stroke of the belt 26o This facilitates a very smooth and very clean transfer of the spite of solids .

The belt 32 consists of a series of articulated-contiguous bars 33 arranged transversely and perpendicular to the movement of the belt. The bars 33 have a trapezoidal cross-section and their widest surfaces are arranged towards the outside of the belt.

The intervals between successive bars 33 are minimum and just allow the passage of a very thin blade.

At the end of the belt 32 opposite to that receiving the deposit of solid materials, there is a group of blades in the form of knife blades 34 arranged above the upper stroke of the belt. These knives 34 are spaced longitudinally, parallel to each other, and arranged transversely with respect to the path of the belt. The knives 34 are mounted so as to come and go vertically in synchronism with the movement of the belt 9 so as to pass between the bars 33 for cutting the spite of solid materials into small strips 36, as can be clearly seen in Figure 3e
The belt 32 is conventionally driven by the teeth 38 and 40, so as to move at a speed corresponding to the speed of rotation of the element 28. When the belt 32 rotates around the roller 40 towards its lower path, the outer periphery of the reverse rotation roller 42 preferably rotating at twice the speed of the roller 40, brushing each of the bands 36 at regular time intervals O During this process9 the bands 36 are deposited on the outer peripheral surface of the roller 42 following each other, following a circular distribution regulated hare.

In the example illustrated here, the roller 42 is part of a series of six rollers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 immediately following one another, in a vertical arrangement All these rollers are of identical manufacture, so that on their cylindrical peripheral surface is fixed and rolled up a mesh belt, of size between 1S25 and 0s5 mm, a mesh size of the order of 0.7 to 0.55 mm being preferable.

This produces on the smooth outer surface of the cylinder a rectangular grid 64 with meshes 54 arranged laterally at a short distance from one another over the entire length of the cylinder, and with perpendicular meshes 56 arranged radially at a small distance from each other over the entire length of the cylinder. The network thus formed gives thin curved projections arranged transversely around the cylinder and extending in the desired direction of movement of the strips of solid material 36, the network also forming thin similar projections neighboring each other and arranged transversely to the desired direction of movement of the bands 36.

At their points of intersection, the wires 54 and 56 form small rounded studs 58 projecting more pronounced than the wires themselves relative to the base cylinder. All these projections are very thin, even at the location of the pads 58. As will be seen below, these projections play a double role in driving and refining the bands 36.

The screen 60 is constituted by a curved plate of uniform radius 62 forming a longitudinal section of cylindrical wall of the same length as the roller 42. On the inner surface of the plate 62 is a projection in the form of a rectangular grid 64, the wires and configuration correspond to those of the outer peripheral surface of the roller 42. The screen 60 covers approximately 1600 of the descending surface of the roller 42 and is placed very close to this roller, so that its lower end comes just above from the lower limit of the roller and is closer to the roller than at its upper end.

In this way, the space between the outer peripheral surface of the roller 42 and the inwardly facing surface of its screen 60 decreases progressively between its upper entry end and its lower exit end. In the example illustrated here, this reduction allows to go from 3 mm to 2.8 mm, the spacing depending on the field of application of the device, the materials to be treated and the characteristics targeted for the finished product.

Each of the rollers 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 is identical in size to that of the roll 42 and has, on its outer surface, the same projections in the form of a grid, as well as a screen 60 'intended to form with it a space. located on the side of its descending part, this space decreasing from its upper part to its lower part. Each screen 60 ′ is identical to screen 60 except that it covers an angle of practically 1800 from the descending surface of the adjacent roller. The inner surface of each screen 60 'has a projecting grid corresponding to that of the adjacent roller.

The rollers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 are mounted and driven so that their directions of rotation are reversed from one roller to the next. As can be seen in the figures, the roller 42 rotates clockwise, the roller 44 rotates anti-clockwise, the roller 46 rotates clockwise watch etc ...

the arrangement being very clear in Figure 2. The vertical spacing of the rollers thus stacked vertically is very small and just leaves the passage of the strips 36 successively introduced between the rollers and passing between them.

On the other hand, the lower limit of the screen 60 comes practically to touch the outer surface of the roller 449 just after its maximum high point, while the upper limit of the screen 60 'immediately following the screen 60, comes practically to touch the outer peripheral surface of the roller 42 just after its minimum low point. The arrangement of each screen 60e with respect to the next screen 60 ', and with respect to the rollers, is exactly the same as that described above.

The screens 60 and 60 define, with the rollers that they cover, a series of rolling narrowing passage segments with progressive narrowing in which the section of each segment decreases progressively between the entry and the exit as a result of the approximation between the surfaces of opposite work of the roller and the corresponding screen. In the case illustrated here, corresponding to softwood, the spacing between the roller 42 and the screen 60 of the first rolling passage segment is reduced from 3 mm to 2, 8 mm, the spacing of the next rolling segment formed between the roller 44 and its screen 60 'progressively reducing from 2.8 mm to 2.55 mm, the spacing of the segment formed between the roll 46 and its screen 60' reducing from 2.55 mm to 2.3 mm, and so on, until the spacing of the last segment formed between the roller 52 and its screen 60 'drops to a value of 1.5 mm at its outlet end.

In the above type of construction, when the cut and separated strips 36 leave the belt 52 and are then picked up and gently driven in the same direction by reversing the belt, the content of each strip is generally uniform in size and density, and its consistency is, according to the invention, between 15% and 25% of solid matter, the additional liquid added to facilitate the transfer between the initial refining apparatus and the stack of rolls, being drained during the transfer, thanks to the openwork structure of the drive belt. The collection is facilitated by the grid shape presented by the network projecting from the surface of the roller, and in particular by the rounded studs 58e.
The strips 36 are spaced transversely with respect to their direction of advance when they enter the constriction formed between the inlet of the screen 60 and the roller 429 immediately after the maximum high point of the roller.

The screen is profiled at its entry end so as to facilitate entry of the strip. When a strip enters the constriction, the grid-shaped surface of the roller 42, provided with its projecting studs, advances the strip by rolling against the opposite surface of the screen 60.

Due to the rectangular shape of the grids, the orientation of the strip is preserved over the entire length of this strip which then takes the form of a roller or of a separate cylinder progressing regularly towards the exit end of the segment. working formed between the screen 60 and the roller 42.

In this rolling movement, each strip 36 takes a generally cylindrical shape and all of its constituent elements are oriented transversely relative to the path of advancement in the rolling passage.

It is obvious that when we speak here of a generally cylindrical shape of the strip 36, this can designate a non-round section of the roller or of the cylinder, as it inevitably occurs during the rolling process.

The strip rolling path formed between the screen 60 and the roller 42 gradually narrows, so that, for this simple reason, each rolled cylinder is subjected to a uniformly increasing pressure increase. Due to the presence of the projections 54, 56, 58 of the grid structure, each cylinder is subjected to variable pressures along its length, the pressure being stronger along the parts passing over the wires 54 and increasing further at location of the pads 58 spaced circularly. Between the wires 54, the pressure is lower, but it increases, during rolling, at the places of passage of the wires 56 located between the studs.

Thus, the body of each cylinder of fibrous materials resulting from the rolling of the strips 36 is subjected to pressures, varying according to its length, when the pressure applied is increased. This applied pressure is accentuated at regular intervals close to one another, and a slight relief projecting is obtained between these intervals.

When the rolling process continues, an unexpected effect is obtained. The tracheids and the components of the tracheids contained in the strips 36 are twisted in spirals with respect to each other, when they are subjected to the repeated, non-cutting pressure action of the projecting grid elements. However, these projecting grid elements cause a tearing effect of the connections between the different parts of the materials, thus worked, and also a tearing effect of the connections between constituent elements of the materials. the overall result is a relaxation of the external coating of tracheids enveloping the layers placed below, the latter being partly divided and separated.

During rolling, each part 36 giving a cylinder of fibrous materials, is subjected to the same rolling work, regardless of the feed speed or the speed of the rolls stacked vertically, provided that the speed of the rolls does not exceed 2.4 m per second. The work is done at a temperature below the boiling point.

It will be noted that if the opposite surfaces of each pair of screens and rolls have the same grid projections 64 as those described above, the part 36 of fibrous materials is subjected to approximately 3,500 to 4,500 pulses of compression during an advance of 2.5 meters on its rolling path.

When a cylinder of fibrous materials formed between the roller 42 and the screen 60 leaves the exit end of this first segment of its rolling path, this cylinder slightly expands as a result of the spacing left free between the bottom roller 42 and the top of roller 44; then the cylinder is absorbed by the roller 44 rotating in the n8ae direction that the direction of exit from the cylinder. This expansion contributes to displacing the fibrous elements with respect to each other due to the reaction forces released by the release of the pressure when the cylinder passes between the screen 60 and the next screen 60 '.

The screen 60 'is profiled at its entry end to facilitate the penetration of the cylinders of fibrous materials, driven by the roller 44 and by the pads 58, in the second rolling segment formed between the roller 44 and its screen 60' .

When each cylinder, retaining its constituent fibrous elements, enters the second rolling segment, the direction of rotation is reversed but the cylinder is subjected to the same variations in compression as in the first rolling segment. However, the general level of compression here gradually increases as the cylinder continues to advance while retaining its transverse orientation relative to the direction of movement.

The laminating work applied to the cylinder of fibrous materials in this second rolling segment is essentially the same as in the first segment, but with higher pressure. The progressive increase in the pressure applied to each cylinder as well as the increases and relu chemente of pressure repeated cyclically at close intervals, are associated with the curved and not very thick configuration of the grid structure laminating the fibrous materials, so as to prevent uncontrolled ruptures of tracheid structures.

The passage of the constituent elements of each strip 36 in the cylindrical shape obtained by successive passages between the rollers and the successive screens stacked vertically, is done in the same way in each segment of mining At the entrance of each rolling segment, the pressure applied to the cylinder of fibrous materials is the same as that which existed at the exit from the preceding rolling segment, so that the pressure gradually increases during its successive intermittent applications,
In the installation described here, the total length of the rolling path defined by screens 60 and 60 'represents approximately 2.5 meters. The rollers 42 to 52 of the stack are therefore relatively small. In addition, the speed of these rollers is uniform and relatively slow, so the energy consumption involved in this rolling process is very low. However, the small cylinders of fibrous material subjected to rolling turn extremely quickly, which optimizes the efficiency of the rolling process.

During the process described above, when the programmed applications of pressure have reached a predetermined point, the P and 51 layers of the soft wood tracheids contained in the cylinders are sufficiently divided to give a semi-cellulosic material in shape of sticky membrane surrounding the enveloped layer S2, which constitutes the objective of the method according to the invention. When this result is obtained by contact between the sticky materials of the various tracheids, the effects of torsional shear produced by the conditions and the rolling structure described above; cause tearing of the affected tracheids, regardless of the ribbon-like segments of the S2 layer.

The shape of a small cylindrical roll taken by a strip of material 36, or by a segment separated from it, during the Immining process, is preserved during the successive compressions of these small rolls of fibrous materials. This prevents the coating of the exposed parts of the layer
S2 in the form of ribbon segments. At the same time, the undesirable outer coating layers of the layer
S2, are separated, by rolling compression, into strips or shavings rapidly taking an amorphous form in which they cover the segments of ribbons and the fibrils of the layer S2 when the latter is released The coating does not appear at all under the shape of fine liches.Thus, the finished product is used better than a volume of thin pockets with low degree of freedom, when used to make paper and cardboard.

During the process described above, it is preferable to apply water below its boiling temperature, to the individual strips 36, in order to keep the sticky character of the products which they contain, the water being then discharged during rolling. This applies either to the adjoining parts of the stacked rollers, or through openings provided in the screens. The addition of water is carefully controlled so as to maintain the desired consistency facilitating freedom of movement tracheid elements contained in the laminated strips when these move against each other to separate as described above.

The product leaving the stacked rollers 42 to 52 consists of a multitude of successive small cylinders of fibrous materials containing the same constituent elements as in the initial state, these elements having been freed from all ligneous or other connections between them. In addition, the undesirable outer layers P and S1 were divided into helices and then transformed into shavings in the amorphous state, as described above, the layer S2 having been separated, by helical movement, into pieces of ribbon and / or into fibrils, while remaining relatively protected by the substance in which it was previously embedded.

The small rolls thus obtained are sent to a tank containing water or other conditioning liquid maintained at a temperature of about 88 to 93 C, to result in a consistency of 3% to 5%, of solid matter, then agitated by suitable means, after which the rolls separate into respective parts into which they had been reduced during rolling. The product thus obtained contains a large quantity of pieces of ribbons of the cellulosic layer 82 and the other particles of tracheids are in an optimal form for pulp production when the consistency of the product is properly adjusted by conventional means. This considerably facilitates the work of paper and cardboard manufacturing machines and enables them to achieve product qualities which have hitherto been impossible to obtain at reasonable costs. In addition, the costs of producing and using refining are significantly reduced and the energy savings achieved are very significant.

Various means and methods can be used to agitate the small rollers and transform them into isolated fiber filaments, the major part of which is constituted by the flexible flexible segments of the S2 layer of tracheids.

The same fibrous filament separation system as that described in FIG. 2, can be used in a refining installation eliminating the first refining phase carried out by a disc refining apparatus, a crusher or any other rolling structure according to the invention. interior art, Soft wood chips in the natural state having a consistency of about 15% of solids, can, for example, be placed in a container 70 in which they are boiled for a period of about half an hour to an hour. One can for example add 4 ffi of sodium bisulfite so that the product remains clear. Boiling softens the lignin in the shavings and makes them look like boiled cardoon.

At the outlet of the container 70> the chips are sent between a pair of adjacent rollers 72 and 74, the working surfaces of which are provided with tooth-shaped projections formed and arranged so as to exert a curvature effect on the chips. This causes the chips to cleave and split them into pieces in the form of small wedges.

The splinters thus obtained fall on top of the outer peripheral surface of a rotating cylinder 35 roughened to resemble the surface of a file or ripez The roller 35 causes the splinters of wood between its outer peripheral surface and the adjacent peripheral surface, also rough, of a screen 75, the configuration of which is that of a longitudinal segment of cylindrical wall surrounding the cylinder 35 over an angular opening of approximately 160 or. The flakes entrained between the roller 35 and the screen 75 are laminated in a rolling process releasing fibrils on their outer surface and giving them a rough and hairy surface.

As can be seen schematically in FIG. 5, 1 screen 75 comprises a rear shell defining with it a chamber intended to receive steam under pressure. This steam leaves the chamber thus formed, by openings drilled in the screen. 75, and floods the flakes during rolling so as to maintain their temperature at about 88 C. The pressurization of the material in the rolling space is not absolutely necessary to obey the above results, and one can therefore put implement the process under normal atmospheric pressure, as was the case in all of the filament formation process described above.

The rough flakes are sent to a container 76 constituting a dilution chamber. the dilution water sent to the container 76 is at a temperature of about 880 to 93 C. In the container 76, the fragments are stirred at high speed by suitable stirring means, of any type, shown in FIG. 5 by a mixing element of the propeller type 77. The consistency of the mud thus obtained is characterized by a content of 3% to 8% in solid matter. In the container 76 it is found that the agitation of the pieces of wood in the liquid causes them to become entangled in different ways, due to their hairy tentacles.

On leaving the container 76, the mud, now containing the scattered pieces of wood, is deposited at one end of a continuous belt 78. This belt 78 is essentially constituted by a loose wire mesh material and passes, with different angles, on toothed roller drive blocks 80, 82, 84 and 86. Block 86 is the first drive block. The wire constituting the belt 78 is preferably a residue of rubber or plastic, and the belt is provided with a series of projections in the form of longitudinally spaced ar8tes 88, and constituted by thin strips of rubber or material plastic, arranged transversely to the direction of travel of the belt.

These projections 88 form parallel separators spaced about 8 mm apart, for example. The belt thus produced is housed in a chamber or casing having guard plates on each side of the belt to prevent the materials it carries from falling laterally, the edges 88 forming pockets on the belt into which the mud comes. pulp emerging from the chamber 76. As can be seen in the drawings, the upper stroke of the belt 78 consists of successive segments forming an angle between them to facilitate transport and forming the separate parts of the fibrous materials received.

The initial portion of the upper stroke of the belt 78 tilts upward at an angle of about 600 from the horizontal as it passes around the toothed roller 80 located at the lower end of the belt. This inclination of the first segment of the upper race of the belt facilitates the reception of the fibrous materials contained in the pockets of the belt and ensures a rough leveling, of the contents of these pockets. The openings of the belt make it possible to drain through it the excess of liquid accompanying the fibrous materials, this liquid falling from the belt being recovered by conventional means for possible re-use.

The pockets, thus filled, of the initial segment of the upper belt of the belt, rise towards a flatter segment, however still inclined upward, along which the materials contained in the pockets are leveled in passing by the projecting edges d 'a series of parallel knives 90 spaced apart in the longitudinal direction. This makes it possible to obtain loads of fibrous materials essentially uniform in size and density, in each of the pockets.

From a maximum high point of the upper race of the belt, defined by the toothed roller 84 supporting the belt 78 at this location, the upper race of the belt continues at a substantially horizontal level to reach the toothed roller. drive 86 around which it turns to start its lower stroke. Fibrous materials exceeding, on the belt, the amount necessary to fill the pockets of the latter, are removed from the belt by the knives 90 and recycled in the system at the same time as the liquid drained through the belt when its pockets are full.

When the belt 78 turns around the roller 86 in the direction of its lower stroke, the parts of fibrous material to be treated 89 situated between the successive separators 88, fall one after the other, in a direction depending on that of the belt turning towards its lower stroke.

The parts of fibrous material 89 are relatively insulated from each other when they fall on the upper descending surface of the roller 42, just after the top of its rotational trajectory.

Within each part 89 the splinters of wood are entangled by their rough and hairy exterior surfaces. In addition, as indicated above, these parts 89 fall from the belt 78 on a stack of rollers starting with the roller 42 provided with its associated screen, as described above in the system and in the method corresponding to the figure 2e
Thus the roller 42 catches each part 89 in the direction of its movement, without loss of energy or momentum, then drives it into the constriction formed between this roller and the screen 60 which surrounds it, same as in the case described above.

there is a complete identity of this stack of rollers and screens with that of the first embodiment described above, these rollers and these screens using in the same way the non-cutting projections in the form of a grid and the pads 58, to gently drive the parts or loads of fibrous materials arriving in the form of small cylindrical rollers. the smoothness of the rolling and due to the uniformity of the control and to the fact that the non-cutting drive maintains the loads 89 in cylindrical form throughout the rolling operation, the orientation of these rolls being transverse to the direction rolling. it follows that each of the charges 89 is subjected to exactly the same rolling work so that the quality of the product obtained from each part 89 is perfectly uniform
From the initial segment of the rolling trajectory, each load is laminated independently and its different parts undergo pressure variations when they are subjected to the progressively increasing pressure of each segment of the rolling trajectory. At regularly spaced intervals close to each other, the applied pressure is increased, as described above during the movement. Between the segments of the rolling path, the loads of fibrous materials can temporarily resume, by elasticity, the shape of a cylinder of larger diameter, which causes periodic pulling tending to separate the filaments from their constituent elements.

It is obvious that the representation and the detailed description of the structure implemented is generally schematic and limited. However, from the examples described above, any specialist in the field can choose and adapt the equipment to each particular application. However, the fundamental principles of the invention are, of course, preserved. In certain cases, when the stack of rollers illustrated here in the preferred embodiment of the invention is used, these rollers can be oriented horizontally and follow each other functionally.

The results of rolling each separate part or load of fibrous materials treated by the means and methods described here, show how one can separate or unwind the complex fibrous structure created by nature. What is going on is not perfectly understood at present and cannot be fully experienced. However, it appears that simple progressive rolling pressures applied with variable values to the cylindrical parts of the fibrous materials obtained by rolling, with locally applied stresses and pressure reductions at short intervals on the cylinders allow reaction forces to be obtained in laminated materials, these reaction forces producing torsional shears displacing the filaments and other elements of the wood particles by twisting them by spiraling and rubbing them against each other so as to cause the separation of their respective layers and finally the separation of the cellulose filaments of the layers 52 into segments of coherent ribbons.

It is believed that a large part of the separation effects produced within each cylindrical part during rolling, is due to the elastic restoring and tor plane effects when the pressure applied is varied repeatedly, in particular in parts loealized small cylindrical rollers of fibrous materials0 This last effect seems to occur globally when the pressure applied to a cylinder of materials initially released from rough wood chips is released, this relaxation occurring at the origin or in the passage between sections of successive rolling.

Whatever the current situation, the operations applied to the materials are designed to produce the individual treatment of small parts of products initially having a uniform size, density and consistency. Each formed cylinder retains its shape, while its component parts separate from each other during the rolling process.

The tracheids or individual fibers of any shape are laminated to cause the gradual division and separation of their outer coating layers which unwind and break up into fragments rather than a multitude of vines. a significant part of the cellulose contained in the tracheids is released, and its filaments are transformed into segments of ribbons forming the flexible and stickable elements that the manufacturers of paper and cardboard have long wanted to find, in the pulps they receive. Indeed, a pulp of this quality could not be obtained until now in such a uniform and regular manner. The invention therefore makes it possible to push refining to a point that the devices according to the prior art did not allow to reach.

The invention can be used both for refining hardwoods and for refining softwoods, as has become apparent from experience. The use of the invention makes it possible to avoid incomplete refinements or the reduction of hardwoods to a floury type substance, as was often the case in the attempts of the prior art In the rolling of hardwoods carried out as described above, the parasitic elements of the container and the parenchyma cells are effectively destroyed. The krafts which are particularly suitable for offset papers can now be obtained from mechanically refined hardwoods, which allows us to use our drills as we could not do so far in this field of applications.

Figures 6, 7, 8 show another embodiment of the invention using the stack of rollers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 52 and the screens 60, 60 'previously described in Figure 2. As described schematically here , the materials to be refined are brought in the form of a slurry the consistency of which does not exceed 10% of solid matter, this consistency being rather between 1 ffi and 6 ffi with a constant charge.

The supply can be made, by means of a suitable pump, from a material reservoir, the materials entering into what could be called the shaping zone of a molding drum 100.

The drum 100 consists of a cylindrical shell 101 made of plastic or stainless steel, the two ends of which are provided with a cover 102. One of the end covers 102 is crossed by a fixed hollow shaft 104. Two discs (not shown) drilled in their center to receive the end of the shaft 104, are fixed to this shaft 104 inside the drum 100. These discs are spaced apart longitudinally and are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, the outer peripheral edges of these discs serving as waterproof supports on the inner surface of the drum when the latter rotates around the shaft. The discs are placed parallel to a certain distance from the end caps 102.

A series of four circularly spaced partitions 108, 110, 112, 114 are mounted, longitudinally relative to the shaft 104, between the discs to which they connect by their axial ends. The radial dimension of each of these partitions 108 to 114 corresponds to that of the discs so as to ensure that their radial ends are also in sealed support contact with the inner wall of the shell 101 when the drum rotates. The partitions 108 110, 112 and 114 define with the shaft, the disks to which they connect, and the shell 101, a series of four chambers 130, 132, 134 and 136 around which the drum rotates during use.

In FIG. 6, the partitions 108 and 110 respectively occupying the 7 o'clock and 2 o'clock clock positions relative to the shell 101, form between them a salient angle of approximately 1950. The chamber 130 thus formed constitutes a zone at atmospheric pressure. Looking in a clockwise direction, the chamber 130 is followed by the chamber 132 defining a vacuum zone limited by the partitions 110 and 112 forming an inscribed angle of approximately 900. One or more vacuum lines 140 are screwed and mounted so as to make the shaft 104 communicate with the chamber 132.

The next chamber 134 forms a zone in which there is air at atmospheric pressure, this chamber being limited by the partitions 112 and 114 forming between them an acute angle of approximately 15. The fourth chamber 136 formed between the partitions 114 and 108, receives air under pres sgon applied by one or more conduits 142 screwed through to the shaft 104 and emerging, from the latter, into the chamber 136. The angle between the partitions 114 and 108 is approximately 600 °. In FIG. 6, the orientation of the partition 112 roughly corresponds to the 4 o'clock position, referring to the rotation of the drum, while the orientation of partition 114 corresponds roughly to the 5 o'clock position 0
Suitable means are used to support the shaft 104 outside the drum 100. Likewise, suitable means are provided for driving the drum via an end cover 102 and for supporting this by means external to the drum. These means are not described in detail here because they are not, in themselves, part of the invention and can give rise to various conventional mechanical designs.

The part of the cylindrical shell 101 surrounding the periphery of the partitions 108, 110, 112 and 114 and coming between the discs that these partitions connect, is provided, on its external surface, with a series of neighboring longitudinal parallel pockets 120 regularly circularly spaced and making exactly the length of the shell part in question, these pockets being parallel to the longitudinal axis of rotation of the drum 100. The pockets 120 are separated in the direction of the circumference of the shell 101, by projections in shape of fingers 122 whose elongated sides are arranged so that the pockets 120 are flared outward. In the direction of the circumference of the drum, the pockets are narrow and the fingers 122 are in the form of blades. The part of the shell 101 defining the base of each pocket is provided with a series of slots or openings 124, the sides and the base of each pocket being covered with a mesh material 128 bonded to these walls.

A shell 144 is mounted next to and around the drum 100 so as to form with the latter a container 146, a movable wall of which is formed by the shell part 101 of the drum, sealing means being provided between these two elements. . The vertical height and the position of the shell 144 allow it (see FIG. 6) to enclose a zone of between approximately 2 hours and approximately 4 hours on the drum, and the length of this shell in the longitudinal direction covers the distance between the discs connected by the partitions associated with the tree 1040
The container t46 comprises inlet means by which it is possible to bring a sludge containing the fibrous materials to be treated, the consistency of which does not exceed -not 10% solids. It will be noted that the part of the drum 100 defining at any time the side wall of the container 146 contains the pockets 120 communicating with the chamber 132 in which a vacuum is created. Thus, when the drum 100 rotates anti-clockwise, the vacuum in the chamber 132 communicating with the content of the container 146 through the slots or openings in the passage pockets formed in the outer surface of the shell 101 makes it possible to 'will suck in each of the passage pockets, part of the contents of the container 146.

By moving from the side along the materials contained in the container 146, each pocket sucks a quantity of fibrous material sufficient to fill the cavity which it forms. At the same time, the liquid part of the material sucked into each pocket with the fibrous, solid materials, is sucked towards the interior of the chamber 132 and then evacuated in the lower part thereof by a siphon tube 148 emerging from chamber 132 by the fixed shaft 104.

When each pocket 120 rises and leaves the zone in which it communicates with the chamber 132, the drum is cleaned by a cylindrical roller with a soft surface 150 in contact with it and intended to remove any excess of materials contained in the pockets to make it fall back into the container 146 * A knife 151 makes it possible to clean the roller 150 in the same way as the latter cleans the drum 100. At the same time, the contents of each pocket are slightly compacted by the cleaning roller .

Maintaining the balance of the materials contained in the pockets when they move along the periphery of the chamber 130. When each full pocket 120 exceeds the partition 108 to come into communication with the chamber 136, the air under pressure prevailing in this last chamber is uniformly applied through the openings 124 of the base of the pocket, so as to dislodge the materials contained in this pocket, these materials having a strip shape due to the configuration of the pocket. Each of these bands, when released from the drum, falls on a conveyor belt 152 on the left side of the upper race of this belt, as can be seen in FIG. 6. The empty pockets then rise, passing in front of the chamber 134 in which the atmospheric pressure prevails, then return to communication with the content of the container 146 for refilling.

In this case, the belt 152 is an endless belt passing over a first outer roller 154 at the start of its upper stroke, then thereafter over a series of close rollers 156 whose upper surfaces are located in the same plane and are supported by below the upper travel of the belt, halfway between its two ends.

After the rollers 156, the upper stroke of the belt 152 passes over the top and outside of the upper roller 42 of a stack of rollers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, as described above. The belt 152 then passes under the roller 42 then on an intermediate roller 157, and finally, on the outer side of the roller 154 to find its horizontal upper stroke.

In the present case, the roller 42 is driven at twice the speed of rotation of the drum 100. This makes it possible to obtain a separation interval between the deposits falling from the drum 100 on the belt 152e. These deposits of fibrous materials are formed in the pockets of the drum 100 by a molding process obtained by means of the vacuum applied when the pockets pass in front of the chamber 132 of the drum 100. The strips of fibrous material thus deposited, are identified by the reference 36, because they correspond to the parts of bands 36 previously described in FIG. 2.

A corner plate 158 is placed above the belt 152 on the side opposite to that of the support rollers 156. This plate 158 comes just above the belt 152 and its surface adjacent to the belt is inclined towards it. ci starting from the side of the roller 154 to go towards the side of the roller 42. In addition, the surface of this corner plate 158 facing the belt 152 comprises, as a surface coating, a fastening material such as that covering the surface of the roller 42, as described above.

As before, the vertical stack of rollers 42, 44, etc ... also includes associated screens 60 or whose concave faces come opposite the convex surfaces of the rollers. The only difference between the arrangement of this latter embodiment and that corresponding to the vertical stacking of the rollers, is that the upper roller 42 here has a smooth surface, since its outer surface coming opposite the screen 60, is covered by the movable belt 152, the attachment coating of which corresponds to the surface coating of the roller 42 previously described. All the other rollers in the stack are exactly the same as those previously described.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show the bundling and molding of quantities of fibrous materials extracted from the sludge contained in the container 146, so as to form the portions of strips 36 which are then refined by passing through the stack of rollers 42, 44, etc. and by passing between these rollers and their associated screens. During the operation of the system, the fibrous materials are loaded into the successive pockets of the outer surface of the drum by applying vacuum over an angle of 900 of the rotation of the drum, so as to ensure a perfectly uniform filling of each pocket.

Just after loading, the contents of each pocket are packed by the operation of wiping the roller 150 applied externally to the part of the drum which has just left the container 146. The contents of each pocket then remain in equilibrium in this pocket under the action of atmospheric pressure, during a rotation of about 1950 of the drum. As a result, when each pocket rotates to come into communication with the chamber 136, it is a relatively coherent mass of materials in the form of a strip which is ejected gently by the pressurized air arriving through the openings 124 communicating with the chamber 136. The detachment of the strip of fibrous material contained in the pockets is facilitated both by the shape of the cities of the pocket and by the hanging coating covering the sides and the bottom thereof.

The start of the upper travel of the belt 152 comes just below the point of unloading of the successive strips of fibrous material and a well-defined spacing is obtained between the points of contact of the successive strips falling on the belt, this spacing being related to the difference between the speed of the belt and the speed of rotation of the drum 100. The bands fall while being arranged transversely with respect to the belt0 When these bands 36 are in drag VrB the part of the upper course of the belt supported by the small diameter rollers 156, these bands come to undergo the action of the corner plate 158.

Coming between the belt 152 and the inner surface of the corner plate 158 carrying a fastening coating, the bands 36 start to roll and begin to take a cylindrical shape, compressing slightly as a result of the fact that the passage interval between the plate 158 and the belt 152 gradually decreases. This cylindrical rolling of the strips causes a slight axial elongation of the latter, which however remains arranged transversely with respect to the belt 152.

At their exit from the corner plate 158, the bands 36 expand slightly while retaining their cylindrical cy shape, while the belt 152 continues its movement by passing over the roller 42 suitably driven to correlatively drive the belt 152. In this process, the strips 36 pass successively between the attachment surface of the belt passing over the roller 42 and the grid-shaped projections of the antagonistic interior surface of the screen 60 against which the strips are laminated in small rolls. The treatment thus applied to the strips 36 in the refining operation carried out by the stack of rollers, is the same as that described above.

FIG. 8 represents a minor modification of the system of FIGS. 6 and 7 used when the pulpy mud is very consistent. As in this case the quantity of liquid is smaller and as the solids contained in the pulpy mud include fluffy materials, a loading roller 166 is used to complete the action of the vacuum intended to load the bags in the manner described on the Figures 6 and 7. To bring the high consistency slurry into the container 146, preferably using a worm feed device or equivalent.

In addition, when materials of high consistency are used, it may be desirable to sprinkle the strips 36 with water or vapor projections, just before they enter the wedge-shaped zone defined by the plate 158. This is intended to facilitate the formation of the strips into small rolls desired. Furthermore, the means and the method implemented in the apparatus of FIG. 8 are the same as in the case of FIGS. 6 and 7.

The principles of the invention can be applied to the production of a complete system for secondary refining of fibrous materials, which is extremely efficient, this system making it possible to eliminate much more expensive equipment and to save a lot of energy.

Claims (34)

1.- Process for refining fibrous materials comprising interwoven fibrous constituent elements, with a filamentous internal structure wrapped in a protective coating, process characterized in that it comprises the various stages consisting in rolling up parts of fibrous materials in rolls, to be maintained these rolls of fibrous materials in separate elements during the rolling period while periodically interrupting this rolling g and in producing, between the constituent elements of the fibrous materials, a work of friction and shearing of these against each other, this work being carried out in a repetitive manner so as to produce a relaxation and a release of these constituent elements in the laminated rolls, so that they are released almost completely from their mutual bonds. 2. A method according to claim 1, for laminating fibrous materials comprising membranous cellulose filaments embedded in a protective coating, a method characterized in that the laminating forces divide the internal filamentary structure of the coating without cutting it, by separating it. filaments and reducing these filaments to ribbons or twisted segments. 50- A method according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it provides for periodic increases in the pressure applied to the individual parts in the form of rolls, during the rolling process, while maintaining the individual form of these rollers, and in that it gradually transforms the coating enveloping the filamentary structure into segments detaching from the body of these individual rollers. 40- A method according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the rolls of materials are laminated by a surface whose configuration allows to periodically vary the rolling pressure without risk of cutting or abrasion. N / A Method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 characterized in that during the rolling period each of the rolls of fibrous material is kept in a transverse orientation with respect to the rolling movement, each of these rollers being subjected, during rolling , on repeated application of localized pressure differences. 6.- A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the rolling takes place in successive stages, the shape and the content of the rolls of fibrous materials being preserved at each stage so that these rolls are subjected to pressures increasing torsion during the compression caused by rolling, this compression being suppressed for a short period of time to allow a brief elastic expansion of the rollers when they pass from one rolling step to the next. 7.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the direction of rotation of the rolls of fibrous materials is reversed by passing from one rolling step to the next. 8.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the orientation of the rolls of fibrous materials is preserved during rolling, and in that these rolls are subjected to pressure differences applied over their entire length. 9.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that after rolling, each of the rolls of fibrous materials is subjected to agitation intended to separate its constituent elements detached from each other within these rollers during rolling. 10.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the fibrous materials are first distributed, for rolling, in small independent parts generally having the same size, the same composition and the same density . 11.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that before rolling, the fibrous materials are first formed in a mass of segments divided into small parts of uniform density each defining an independent part subjected to the rolling process, each of these parts arriving at the rolling train at a well-defined time so as to ensure that it is rolled, independently of the others. 12.- Method according to any one of claims I to 11, characterized in that before the rolling steps the fibrous materials are segmented in their raw natural form, packaged for rammllir, fragmented into small elements which are rendered the surface relatively rough and hairy, and divided into independent parts then subjected to rolling, each of these independent parts being composed of a mixture of these small elements entangled due to their surface condition. 13.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the fibrous materials are in the raw state, and in that before the rolling steps, these raw materials are subjected to a packaging intended for softening the bonding agents of their constituent elements, then reduced by a disc refining operation, after which the consistency of these materials is adjusted to a level between 15% and 30% of solid matter, these materials then being divided into small individual parts each subjected separately to the rolling stages. 14.- Method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the consistency of the small rolls of fibrous materials is generally maintained at the correct value by adding a fluid during the rolling process. 15.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that before the stages of mining, the fibrous materials are transformed into a slurry whose consistency is between 15% and 30% of solid matter, this sludge being transformed into a layer or deposit which is then divided into sections of uniform size and density before subjecting them to rolling, each of these sections forming one of the independent parts which are then rolled into the form of small cylindrical rollers intended to be introduced close together in the rolling train, so as to laminate them independently of each other. 16.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the rolls of fibrous materials are laminated under the action of non-cutting projections, in the form of a grid, protruding on a base surface now. a uniform direction of movement of these rollers during the entire rolling period. 17.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the rolls of fibrous materials are laminated in a generally cylindrical shape and subjected to localized pressure differences during the rolling process. 18.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the rolls of fibrous materials are arranged and controlled during rolling so that their longitudinal axes are maintained in a general direction transverse to the rolling direction , and in that these rollers are subjected, during rolling, to the repeated application of pressures which are eliminated between the successive stages, periodic increases in pressure being applied to each stage in certain parts of each roller. 19.- Method according to any one of claims I to 18, characterized in that the small individual rolls of fibrous materials have a generally cylindrical shape which is preserved during all the rolling stages, with variable modifications when the pressure is applied to spaced intervals of time for shearing the layers of protective fibers within the rollers in order to release the sticky inner layers in the form of strands intended to work against each other during rolling, so as to pull the filaments of the fibers to release them from each other and transform them into segments of ribbons in the small rolls of which they are a part. 20.- Method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the purpose of rolling is to apply the same uniform pressure to each of the rolls of individual fibrous materials, so as to gradually increase the pressure applied to that -ci and to intermittently apply to it a localized pressure intended to release within it the essential cellulose filaments of the constituent fibers, while retaining a generally cylindrical shape to the content of these rolls of fibrous materials. 21g- Apparatus for implementing the method according to any one of claims I to 20, allowing refining of fibrous materials, apparatus characterized in that it comprises rolling means associated with means making it possible to carry them out for laminating small parts of fibrous material in individual bodies in the form of small rolls and to maintain the shape of these individual bodies throughout the rolling, these rolling means comprising means for applying non-cutting pressures on the individual bodies, so as to break the layers and connections of the constituent elements of the bodies of fibrous materials to release and separate them from each other during the rolling process without modifying the content of the individual bodies. 22. Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the means for applying non-cutting pressures to the individual bodies, are constituted by a network of thinly projecting linear projections, the outer urfaces of which are curved in cross section. 23.- Apparatus according to any one of reven dictions 21 and 22, characterized in that which means for applying non-cutting pressures to the individual bodies comprises projections projecting from the rolling rollers, part of these projections being arranged circularly at regular intervals over the entire length of the rolling rollers and the other part of these projections being arranged so as to go around the rollers with regular lateral spacings. 24. Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the means for applying non-cutting pressures to the individual bodies of fibrous materials, are constituted by projections constituting a network in the form of a rectangular grid. 25.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that the grid-shaped network is constituted by a network of wires fixed to the rolling rollers. 26.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that the means associated with the rolling rollers consist of screens defining with the rollers progressively narrowing passages, in which the individual bodies of fibrous materials are laminated, and in that the means for applying non-cutting pressures are designed and arranged on the laminating rollers so as to apply pressure differences to the parts of fibrous materials in the form of small rollers, over the entire length thereof ci, during the rolling process. 27.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 26, characterized in that the rolling rolls and the screen means are arranged so as to define a number of parts separated from a single rolling path of the bodies individual fibrous materials, the construction and arrangement of this rolling path allowing to gradually increase the pressure applied to the parts of fibrous materials while maintaining their composition and gradually breaking the connections between the constituent elements of these fibrous materials. 28.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 27, characterized in that the laminating rollers comprise a number of rollers immediately following one another, so as to laminate in successive stages the individual parts of fibrous materials . 29.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 28, characterized in that the rolling rollers are constituted by a series of associated rollers each comprising a screen placed very close to one side of its corresponding roller so as to define with the latter a rolling passage segment of the small rolls of individual fibrous materials formed by rolling, this rolling passage progressively narrowing between the start of one of these segments and the end of the last segment. 30.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 29, characterized in that the successive segments of the rolling path are formed on the successive opposite sides of the rolling rollers, and in that the means for processing the rollers are provided to rotate them successively in opposite directions to laminate the small rolls of fibrous material along the entire length of the rolling path. 31.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 30, characterized in that the screens of the rollers of the rolling path are arranged so that the outlet end of a screen, placed at the entrance to the next screen, define a curved extension of the rolling section in question, and in that the spacing between these successive adjacent screens and between the adjacent rolls defines zones of expansion of the rolls of fibrous materials when these pass individually from one segment to another of the rolling path. 32.- pulp refining system using the method and the apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 31, system characterized in that it comprises supply means supplying the fibrous materials in small individual parts, means intended to receive these individual parts and to laminate them on a rolling path while maintaining these individual parts independent of each other9 these receiving means comprising means intended to apply to each individual part of the forces dissociating the fibrous elements constituting it to dissociate their fibrous coatings so as to release the internal cellulosic filaments, while retaining the initial composition of these individual parts of fibrous materials. 330- Pulp refining system according to claim 32, characterized in that it further comprises means intended to receive the individual parts of fibrous materials after their refining in the first receiving means, and to separate the constituent elements of these individual parts of fibrous material to release their internal cellulosic filamentous parts. 34.- pulp refining system according to any one of claims 32 and 33, characterized in that the additional receiving means are constituted by a container comprise means for agitating the dual parts in a liquid, so as to producing a mud in which the released cellulose filamentary parts form well-defined separate parts, constituted by the solids contained in the mud. 35 "- System according to any one of claims 32 to 34, characterized in that the supply means consist of a conveyor element of the belt type, associated with means for dividing the fibrous materials into small individual parts during their passage towards the means of reception. 36.- System according to any one of claims 32 to 35, earaetArisé in that the feeding means comprise, in front of the belt-type feeding element, means making it possible to reduce into fragments or the chippings of raw fibrous materials are shattered, means making it possible to form a sludge from these fragments, and means for transmitting these fragments to the belt feed element in order to thus transmit them to the receiving means. 37.- System according to any one of claims 32 to 36, characterized in that the means for reducing the chips into fragments comprise means for softening these chips and roller means intended to fragment these chips when they pass between them. 38.- System according to any one of claims 32 to 37, characterized in that the supply means comprise means making it possible to agglomerate the small fragments of fibrous material and to separate them into small parts to supply them to the receiving means. 390- System according to any one of claims 32 to 38, characterized in that the receiving means consist of rollers associated with screen means, so as to define between them a rolling path in which the forces are applied to the individual parts of fibrous materials, and in that the rollers and the screen means are arranged so as to act successively on the individual parts to laminate them in the form of small rollers retaining their shape over the entire rolling path. 40.- System according to any one of claims 32 to 39, characterized in that the rollers comprise associated means making it possible to maintain the orientation of the individual parts in a transverse direction with respect to their rolling trajectory. 41.- System according to any one of claims 32 to 40, characterized in that the rollers comprise projecting linear projections, part of which is arranged circularly on the rollers, with parallel lateral spacings, and of which the other part is arranged transversely so as to cut the first part of circular projections. 42.- System according to any of claims 32 to 41, characterized in that the projections projecting from the rollers form additional projections in the form of studs at their points of intersection. 43.- Refining device used in the system according to any one of claims 32 to 42, characterized in that it comprises a roller, the body of which has a cylindrical shape, the external working surface of this body comprising means defining projecting linear projections, some of these projections projecting in the direction of rotation of the roller in operation, and these projections being curved in a transverse direction relative to their movement during operation. 44.- Device according to claim 43, characterized in that a part of the projecting projections is arranged in a transverse direction relative to the direction of rotation of the roller in use, and is circularly spaced around of this roller. 45, - Device according to any one of claims 43 and 44, characterized in that the projecting projections constitute a network in the form of a rectangular grid, and in that the projecting surfaces of these projections are all curved in the transverse direction with respect to their length, these projections being, moreover, of a non-cutting nature. 46.- Device according to any one of re vendications 43 to 45, characterized in that the transverse projections relative to the direction of rotation of the roller, intersect the projections directed in the direction of rotation of the roller, these projections forming projections additional studs at the point of their intersection points. 47.- Method for refining fibrous materials according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that before rolling it comprises the steps of rotating a drum provided with pockets at its periphery, passing each of these pockets9 during the rotation of the drum, in a mud containing particles of fibrous materials, and in creating a vacuum in the pockets thus exposed, so that they fill with fibrous particles contained in the mud, to measure a quantity substantially constant material in each of these pockets, and then emptying the contents of these pockets in the form of a composite mass constituting one of the individual parts of fibrous materials, these successive operations being carried out during the continuous rotation of the drum. 48.- Method according to claim 47, characterized in that each part of fibrous material contained in a pocket of the drum, is detached and ejected from this pocket by application of compressed air. 49.- Method according to any one of claims 47 and 48, characterized in that the contents of each pocket is slightly packed, at the time of its filling, by fibrous particles, during the rotation of the drum. 50.- Method according to any one of claims 47 to 49, characterized in that the part of fibrous material contained in each pocket, is emptied from the latter at a predetermined point of rotation of the drum and is immediately rolled between two opposing surfaces, at least one of which has openings, so that this part of fibrous material takes the form of a small cylindrical roller before the start of the rolling operation proper. 51.- Method for refining fibrous materials according to any one of claims 1 to 20 and 47 to 50, characterized in that before rolling, the fibrous materials are brought in the vicinity of the outer peripheral surface of a rotating drum provided with a series of spaced pockets through which the fibrous materials pass, under the action of the vacuum applied to the pockets when the latter (these are rotated by the drum, which thus makes it possible to form the initial parts of fibrous materials. 52.- Method according to claim 51, characterized in that the fibrous materials are packed when they pass through the pockets of the drum, so as to form in each of these a strip of materials defining one of the parts of materials fibrous then subjected to rolling. 53.- A method according to any one of claims 51 and 52, characterized in that before rolling, the fibrous materials are brought in front of the pockets of the rotating drum, drawn into these pockets by application of vacuum, packed and wrung in these pockets during rotation of the drum, and then discharged from these pockets by application of compressed air. 54.- Apparatus for implementing the method according to any one of claims 47 to 53, apparatus characterized in that it comprises a roller of the hollow drum type intended to rotate around its central axis; fixed means defining a chamber inside the drum and comprising channeling means making it possible to create a vacuum therein, the drum comprises a cylindrical wall structure provided with pockets opening towards the outside thereof and passages making communicating each of the pockets with the vacuum chamber during the rotation movement of the drum, the application of vacuum allowing a composite mass of fibrous materials lying in front of this pocket to penetrate into a pocket, so as to thus form in each pocket , during the rotation of the drum, a well-defined part of fibrous material corresponding to the size and shape of the pocket. 55.- Apparatus according to claim 54, charac terized in that the base of each pocket has openings allowing the application of vacuum to suck the fibrous materials therein, and at the same time wringing the fibrous filling material. 56.- Apparatus according to any one of claims 54 and 55, characterized in that the walls of each pocket are covered with a coating intended to facilitate the release of the part of fibrous materials sucked into this pocket by application of the empty, during the rotation of the tam bourg 57. Apparatus according to any one of claims 54 to 56, characterized in that each pocket of the outer periphery of the drum has an elongated rectangular configuration, these pockets being spaced circularly around the outer periphery of the drum and having openings starting from the base of these to open towards the inside of the drum, the fixed means arranged inside the drum further defining a pressure chamber, the drum and the pockets being successively subjected, during the rotation of the drum, to the action from the vacuum chamber and then to the action of the compression chamber, to respectively fill and unload these pockets0 58. Apparatus according to any one of claims 54 to 57, characterized in that a belt of added material is mounted so as to pass under the drum to receive the individual parts of fibrous material falling from the pockets of the drum, means being further arranged in the vicinity of this belt, in the direction of movement thereof, so as to then produce a rolling of these parts of fibrous material, this rolling being accompanied by the application of compressive and torsional forces intended to give the parts of fibrous materials the form of small cylindrical rollers.