FI883522A - Foerfarande foer taetning av en elektrisk genomfoering i en halvledaranordning. - Google Patents

Foerfarande foer taetning av en elektrisk genomfoering i en halvledaranordning. Download PDF

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Publication number
FI883522A
FI883522A FI883522A FI883522A FI883522A FI 883522 A FI883522 A FI 883522A FI 883522 A FI883522 A FI 883522A FI 883522 A FI883522 A FI 883522A FI 883522 A FI883522 A FI 883522A
Authority
FI
Finland
Prior art keywords
halvledaranordning
genomfoering
elektrisk
foerfarande foer
taetning
Prior art date
Application number
FI883522A
Other languages
English (en)
Finnish (fi)
Other versions
FI883522A0 (fi
Inventor
Frank Chen
Tony William Rogers
David Edward Blackaby
Original Assignee
Spectrol Reliance Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Spectrol Reliance Ltd filed Critical Spectrol Reliance Ltd
Publication of FI883522A0 publication Critical patent/FI883522A0/fi
Publication of FI883522A publication Critical patent/FI883522A/fi

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81BMICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
    • B81B7/00Microstructural systems; Auxiliary parts of microstructural devices or systems
    • B81B7/0032Packages or encapsulation
    • B81B7/0077Other packages not provided for in groups B81B7/0035 - B81B7/0074
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/0041Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms
    • G01L9/0042Constructional details associated with semiconductive diaphragm sensors, e.g. etching, or constructional details of non-semiconductive diaphragms
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/0041Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms
    • G01L9/0072Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in capacitance
    • G01L9/0073Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in capacitance using a semiconductive diaphragm
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/26Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L24/83Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B2210/00Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
    • G01B2210/64Interconnection or interfacing through or under capping or via rear of substrate in microsensors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L2224/83Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
    • H01L2224/8319Arrangement of the layer connectors prior to mounting
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L2224/83Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
    • H01L2224/838Bonding techniques
    • H01L2224/8385Bonding techniques using a polymer adhesive, e.g. an adhesive based on silicone, epoxy, polyimide, polyester
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01005Boron [B]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01006Carbon [C]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01013Aluminum [Al]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01015Phosphorus [P]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01019Potassium [K]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01024Chromium [Cr]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01033Arsenic [As]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01038Strontium [Sr]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01039Yttrium [Y]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01051Antimony [Sb]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01057Lanthanum [La]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/0106Neodymium [Nd]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01067Holmium [Ho]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01072Hafnium [Hf]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01074Tungsten [W]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01079Gold [Au]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01082Lead [Pb]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/06Polymers
    • H01L2924/078Adhesive characteristics other than chemical
    • H01L2924/07802Adhesive characteristics other than chemical not being an ohmic electrical conductor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/30Technical effects
    • H01L2924/301Electrical effects
    • H01L2924/30105Capacitance
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/43Electric condenser making
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/43Electric condenser making
    • Y10T29/435Solid dielectric type

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Pressure Sensors (AREA)
FI883522A 1987-08-06 1988-07-27 Foerfarande foer taetning av en elektrisk genomfoering i en halvledaranordning. FI883522A (fi)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB878718637A GB8718637D0 (en) 1987-08-06 1987-08-06 Sealing electrical feedthrough

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
FI883522A0 FI883522A0 (fi) 1988-07-27
FI883522A true FI883522A (fi) 1989-02-07

Family

ID=10621912

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
FI883522A FI883522A (fi) 1987-08-06 1988-07-27 Foerfarande foer taetning av en elektrisk genomfoering i en halvledaranordning.

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US4849374A (de)
EP (1) EP0302654B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3854982T2 (de)
FI (1) FI883522A (de)
GB (2) GB8718637D0 (de)

Families Citing this family (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8718637D0 (en) * 1987-08-06 1987-09-09 Spectrol Reliance Ltd Sealing electrical feedthrough
JPH0623782B2 (ja) * 1988-11-15 1994-03-30 株式会社日立製作所 静電容量式加速度センサ及び半導体圧力センサ
US4996627A (en) * 1989-01-30 1991-02-26 Dresser Industries, Inc. High sensitivity miniature pressure transducer
GB2255229B (en) * 1989-12-28 1993-11-17 British Tech Group Semiconductor cavity device with electric lead
WO1991010120A2 (en) * 1989-12-28 1991-07-11 British Technology Group Ltd Semiconductor cavity device with electric lead
EP0477600A1 (de) * 1990-09-26 1992-04-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Befestigen eines mit wenigstens einem Halbleiterbauelement versehenen Halbleiterkörpers auf einem Substrat
US5166097A (en) * 1990-11-26 1992-11-24 The Boeing Company Silicon wafers containing conductive feedthroughs
US5155061A (en) * 1991-06-03 1992-10-13 Allied-Signal Inc. Method for fabricating a silicon pressure sensor incorporating silicon-on-insulator structures
FR2701564B1 (fr) * 1993-02-12 1995-05-19 Suisse Electronique Microtech Capteur de mesure de pression absolue de type capacitif et procédé de fabrication d'une pluralité de tels capteurs.
JP3383081B2 (ja) * 1994-07-12 2003-03-04 三菱電機株式会社 陽極接合法を用いて製造した電子部品及び電子部品の製造方法
US5637802A (en) * 1995-02-28 1997-06-10 Rosemount Inc. Capacitive pressure sensor for a pressure transmitted where electric field emanates substantially from back sides of plates
US6484585B1 (en) 1995-02-28 2002-11-26 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
GB2334141A (en) * 1998-01-30 1999-08-11 Northern Telecom Ltd Semiconductor device packaging
DE69908129D1 (de) 1998-07-07 2003-06-26 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Verfahren zur herstellung eines kapazitiven sensors
US6508129B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-21 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor capsule with improved isolation
US6520020B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-02-18 Rosemount Inc. Method and apparatus for a direct bonded isolated pressure sensor
US6505516B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-14 Rosemount Inc. Capacitive pressure sensing with moving dielectric
CN1151367C (zh) 2000-01-06 2004-05-26 罗斯蒙德公司 微机电系统(mems)用的电互联的晶粒生长
US6561038B2 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-05-13 Rosemount Inc. Sensor with fluid isolation barrier
JP2003022850A (ja) * 2001-07-09 2003-01-24 Tokyo Electron Ltd フィードスルーの製造方法およびフィードスルー
GB0122165D0 (en) * 2001-09-13 2001-10-31 Randox Lab Ltd Method of sealing electrodes
US20030191505A1 (en) * 2002-04-09 2003-10-09 Mark Gryzwa Magnetic structure for feedthrough filter assembly
US6848316B2 (en) * 2002-05-08 2005-02-01 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor assembly
GB2391566B (en) * 2002-07-31 2006-01-04 Schlumberger Holdings Multiple interventionless actuated downhole valve and method
TWI224191B (en) * 2003-05-28 2004-11-21 Au Optronics Corp Capacitive semiconductor pressure sensor
US7719854B2 (en) 2003-07-31 2010-05-18 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Integrated electromagnetic interference filters and feedthroughs
US7470971B2 (en) * 2005-05-13 2008-12-30 Sarnoff Corporation Anodically bonded ultra-high-vacuum cell
US8024022B2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2011-09-20 Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research Hermetically sealed three-dimensional electrode array
JP5537081B2 (ja) * 2009-07-28 2014-07-02 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 加工対象物切断方法
US7998777B1 (en) 2010-12-15 2011-08-16 General Electric Company Method for fabricating a sensor
US9010200B2 (en) 2012-08-06 2015-04-21 Amphenol Thermometrics, Inc. Device for measuring forces and method of making the same

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US4426673A (en) * 1976-03-12 1984-01-17 Kavlico Corporation Capacitive pressure transducer and method of making same
US4380041A (en) * 1978-09-25 1983-04-12 Motorola Inc. Capacitor pressure transducer with housing
JPS5544786A (en) * 1978-09-27 1980-03-29 Hitachi Ltd Pressure sensor
JPS5710270A (en) * 1980-06-20 1982-01-19 Hitachi Ltd Semiconductor capacitor type pressure sensor
US4345299A (en) * 1980-11-03 1982-08-17 Motorola, Inc. Capacitive pressure transducer assembly with improved output lead design
US4390925A (en) * 1981-08-26 1983-06-28 Leeds & Northrup Company Multiple-cavity variable capacitance pressure transducer
JPS5855732A (ja) * 1981-09-30 1983-04-02 Hitachi Ltd 静電容量型圧力センサ
DE3310643C2 (de) * 1983-03-24 1986-04-10 Karlheinz Dr. 7801 Schallstadt Ziegler Drucksensor
US4467394A (en) * 1983-08-29 1984-08-21 United Technologies Corporation Three plate silicon-glass-silicon capacitive pressure transducer
US4565096A (en) * 1983-12-09 1986-01-21 Rosemount Inc. Pressure transducer
US4525766A (en) * 1984-01-25 1985-06-25 Transensory Devices, Inc. Method and apparatus for forming hermetically sealed electrical feedthrough conductors
FI74350C (fi) * 1984-02-21 1988-01-11 Vaisala Oy Kapacitiv absoluttryckgivare.
FI71015C (fi) * 1984-02-21 1986-10-27 Vaisala Oy Temperaturoberoende kapacitiv tryckgivare
US4530029A (en) * 1984-03-12 1985-07-16 United Technologies Corporation Capacitive pressure sensor with low parasitic capacitance
US4578735A (en) * 1984-10-12 1986-03-25 Knecht Thomas A Pressure sensing cell using brittle diaphragm
US4625561A (en) * 1984-12-06 1986-12-02 Ford Motor Company Silicon capacitive pressure sensor and method of making
US4647133A (en) * 1985-04-18 1987-03-03 Innovus Electrical interconnect system
US4675960A (en) * 1985-12-30 1987-06-30 Motorola, Inc. Method of manufacturing an electrically variable piezoelectric hybrid capacitor
JPH0750789B2 (ja) * 1986-07-18 1995-05-31 日産自動車株式会社 半導体圧力変換装置の製造方法
US4701826A (en) * 1986-10-30 1987-10-20 Ford Motor Company High temperature pressure sensor with low parasitic capacitance
US4773972A (en) * 1986-10-30 1988-09-27 Ford Motor Company Method of making silicon capacitive pressure sensor with glass layer between silicon wafers
US4701424A (en) * 1986-10-30 1987-10-20 Ford Motor Company Hermetic sealing of silicon
FI84401C (fi) * 1987-05-08 1991-11-25 Vaisala Oy Kapacitiv tryckgivarkonstruktion.
FI872049A (fi) * 1987-05-08 1988-11-09 Vaisala Oy Kondensatorkonstruktion foer anvaendning vid tryckgivare.
GB8718637D0 (en) * 1987-08-06 1987-09-09 Spectrol Reliance Ltd Sealing electrical feedthrough
US4949581A (en) * 1989-06-15 1990-08-21 Rosemount Inc. Extended measurement capability transmitter having shared overpressure protection means

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0302654A3 (en) 1990-06-27
DE3854982D1 (de) 1996-03-21
GB2208754B (en) 1990-12-19
GB2208754A (en) 1989-04-12
GB8718637D0 (en) 1987-09-09
DE3854982T2 (de) 1996-06-20
EP0302654B1 (de) 1996-02-07
FI883522A0 (fi) 1988-07-27
EP0302654A2 (de) 1989-02-08
US4849374A (en) 1989-07-18
US5041900A (en) 1991-08-20
GB8817915D0 (en) 1988-09-01

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