ES2718132A1 - MOLD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS BOTTLES AND MANUFACTURING PROCEDURE USING THE MOLD (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Abstract

Terminator mold (1), bottle and process for the industrial manufacture of glass bottles using the terminator mold (1). The terminator mold (1) comprises two moving parts (2) horizontally displaceable with respect to a longitudinal axis (3) 5 and a moving head (4). The moving head (4) is displaceable with respect to the two moving parts (2) according to the direction of the axis (3) between two upper and lower positions. The movable head (4) further comprises a surface configuration adaptable to bottles (51) having a sinking zone (64) for the formation of a shoulder (63) around a neck (53). The mold 10 terminator (1) allows the demolding of the bottles (51) ensuring the integrity of the shoulder (63) of the bottles (51) (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

DESCRIPTION

PROCEDURE FOR EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS

COCOIDEOS

Technical field

The present invention falls within the technical sector of pest control, in particular the present invention relates to the bio-rational control of cocoid insect pests (Order Hemiptera, Coccoidea Superfamily).

State of the art prior to the invention

Cocoid or flake insects (Order Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea) are one of the most difficult pests to handle. They are sucking insects that attack a wide range of plant species including economically important crops. To date, approximately 7,800 species of scales distributed in 49 families have been described (García-Morales et al ScaleNet: Scale insects (Coccoidea) database (http://scalenet.info) 2016). However, armed scales (Family Diaspididae), soft scales (Family Coccidae) and mealybugs (Family Pseudococcidae) constitute a considerable group of agricultural pests that generate, even at low infestation densities, serious problems and high economic losses.

Currently, chemical control is the most commonly used technique to fight scale insects. Applications, especially sprays to plants or the substrate, of organophosphorus phytosanitary products, carbamates, pyrethrins, etc., have been used since 1960. Subsequently, the use of neonicotinoid insecticides and derivatives of tetronic and tetramic acids has been extended, in addition to mineral and vegetable oils, with questionable effects on useful fauna in the former (Kessler et al Nature 2015 521 (7550), 74-76) and phytotoxicity phenomena in the latter (Urbaneja et al Pest Management Science 2008, 64, 834 -842). However, the cryptic behavior of cocoids, their protection by hydrophobic waxy coverage that repels hydrophilic insecticides, mobile states, formation of dense colonies and overlap between generations, in addition to the resistance developed by some pests make the use of many insecticides ineffective ( Franco et al Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests 2009, pp. 233-278). In addition, the use and abuse of chemical pesticides generates toxic waste, favors the development of resistance in pest insects and negatively affects natural enemies, causes uncontrolled proliferation of other pests as a result of reduction and / or elimination of natural enemies and, in general, entails significant risks and effects on human health and the environment.

The alternative to chemical control for the management of these pests involves the use of biorational methods, such as growth regulators, biological control agents and semiochemicals, among which sexual pheromones stand out.

Within the growth regulators substances such as: azadirachtin, buprofezin, phenoxycarb and / or pyriproxyfen can be found, which have low toxicity for vertebrates, but can be harmful to both parasitoid natural enemies (Rothwangl et al Journal of Economic Entomology 2004, 97, 1239-1244) as for beneficial arthropods (Fourrier et al PLoS One 2015, 10 (7), e0132985).

Biological control agents, that is, parasitoids and predators of cocoid insects or scales, are considered the preferred means of defense from an ecological point of view. However, to date this type of method has not proven to be able to provide, on its own, acceptable control of the populations of these insects, nor keep them below the pest threshold.

On the other hand, sex pheromones are chemical compounds emitted, generally, by the female in order to attract males for mating. These semiochemicals are specific to each species, are biodegradable, do not affect beneficial insects and favor natural biological balance. To date, only the sexual pheromones of 26 species of flake insects have been identified: 7 species of the Diaspididae family, 3 species of the Margarodidae family and 16 species of the Pseudococcidae family (Zou et al Natural Product Reports 2015, 32,1067- 1113; Tabata et al Journal of Chemical Ecology 2016, 42, 1193-1200; Tabata et al Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2017, 14, 20170027).

The use of semiochemicals, pheromones and allelochemicals, in the control of insects has been growing in the biorracional control of plagues since its implantation approximately in 1960, being able to find multiple publications in the state of the art. Comprehensive examples of control techniques used against arthropods can be found in the following citations: Dicke et al Journal of Chemical Ecology 1990, 16, 3091-3118; Agelopoulos et al Pest Management Science 1999, 55, 225-235; Renou et al Annual Review or f Entomology 2000, 45, 605-630; Witzgall et al Journal or f Chemical Ecology 2010, 36, 80-100; Mani et al Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops 2016, Springer).

In the particular case of insects of the Coccoidea superfamily, the use of sex pheromones is mainly aimed at the detection and monitoring of populations, and only in In the case of two species, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Scalebur®, Ecology and Agricultural Protection, Valencia) and Planococcus ficus Signoret (CheckMate® VMB-XL, Suterra, Bend, USA), sex pheromone diffusers are commercialized for control by means of the technique of sexual confusion It is noteworthy, that unlike lepidoptera, the sex pheromones of these species have more complex chemical structures with defined stereochemistry, which in many cases makes their synthesis complicated, especially those enantioselective, their cost being unacceptable for a treatment with this type of technique (Bakthavatsalam Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops 2016, pp. 173-198). Therefore, the decrease in the use of sex pheromone in a bio-rational treatment of these species is an unresolved need today.

In the specific case of the techniques of attraction and death applied for the control of cocoid insects through the use of their sexual pheromones, we find several authors who manifest their inefficiency, for example against the pseudococid Planococcus citri Risso (Franco et al Anais do Instituto Superior de Agronomia 2003, 49, 353-367) or the A. aurantii diaspidid (Aytas et al Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2001, 25, 97 110). In both cases, the reduction in the population of males obtained was not sufficient to significantly reduce crop damage, considering in the case of Aytas et al that the tactics of mass capture for the control of the California red louse is a little promising method according to the effectiveness and cost of the application.

Some of the factors that can influence the results, such as the repellency of males to certain toxins, the density and / or characteristics of the devices to be used, as well as the importance of population size have been theoretically analyzed and described by numerous authors (De Souza et al Journal of Economic Entomology 1992, 85, 2100-2106; Suckling et al Pest Management Science 2015, 71, 1452-1461). These factors are considered independently or linearly as in a complicated system, in which the relations between the parties do not add additional information, obviating in some cases the possible interaction between them.

It is relevant to note that in all cases found, a possible effective system based on attraction and death to combat these insects, has as a common starting point the development of a competitive male attraction system with the natural semi-chemical matrix that conforms, among other organisms, the insect population itself. Unlike sexual confusion and pest monitoring techniques, in which high or sufficient sex pheromone emissions are required to cause interruption of intercourse in the first case and capture a representative number of insects in the second, The achievement of an optimal emission flow that maximizes the attraction of insects to a focus in a sustained manner over time is crucial in order to obtain a positive result by applying some of the techniques based on attraction and affectation.

However, in the literature mentioned above on the application of a technique of attraction and death for insects of the Coccoidea superfamily, their attraction to a focus is caused by the loading of matrix-type emitters with one or several doses of pheromone, causing a variable emission flow over time as corresponds to the type 1 exponential release kinetics characteristic of this type of emitters. This entails a gradient of pheromone concentration variable in time that does not allow to ensure maximum or optimum attraction throughout the period of application of the technique.

On the other hand, it is known that the number of male individuals attracted to a focus within the natural semiochemical matrix can be maximized if an optimal flow of sex pheromone is released into the atmosphere, with release kinetics close to the order 0. In the context of The present invention will be understood as an optimal flow that semi-chemical flow that provides a maximum of male captures within a natural semi-chemical matrix. There are numerous works in the scientific literature in which this optimal emission flow is calculated for insect species of different families: Lepidoptera - 11.3 pg / day of the sex pheromone of Lymantria dispar (L.) (Tortricidae) (Leonhardt et al Journal of Economic Entomology 1990, 83, 1977-1981), 34 pg / day for the pheromone from Chilo suppressalis Walker (Crambidae) (Vacas et al Journal of Economic Entomology 2009, 102, 1094-1100), 400 pg / day for the attraction from Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Tortricidae) (Vacas et al Entomología Experimentalis et Applicata 2011, 139, 250-257), a range between 11-67 pg / day for Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae) (Vacas et al Environmental Entomology 2013, 42, 1383-1389) and 150 pg / day for Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae) (Vacas et al Environmental Entomology 2013, 42, 1061-1068); Hemiptera - 300 pg / day for A. aurantii (Diaspididae) (Vacas et al International Journal or f Pest Management 2017, 63: 10-17); Diptera - 1.28 mg / day of the pheromone of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Tephritidae) (Navarro-Llopis et al Crop Protection 2011, 30, 913-918).

Thus, the application of a possible optimal emission flow obtained within the natural semi-chemical matrix for the target pests could be a starting point to address a system of attraction and affectation of cocoid insects, further supported by the males of These species rely mostly on their olfactory stimuli for reproduction, since they have a very short life that ranges from 10 hours for diaspidids (Tashiro et al Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1968, 61, 10091014) and up to a maximum of 100 hours for pseudococids (Chong et al Environmental Entomology 2008, 37, 323-332; Waterworth et al Annals of the Entomological Society of America 2011, 104, 249-260). However, it is surprising that when these optimal emission flows have been tested for pests such as Aonidiella aurantii, Planococcus ficus, Planococcus citri, etc., within an interlaced semiochemical matrix, formed by the natural semiochemical matrix and an artificial semiochemical matrix constituted Due to the placement of a number of devices with optimal flow emissions, effective control of the pest has not been obtained.

It is known that specialized olfactory receptor neurons, responsible for the detection of sex pheromones in lepidoptera (either to detect a particular compound of the pheromonal mixture or the mixture in a specific proportion), undergo a sensory adaptation, that is, they experience a decrease in sensitivity, due to the influence of a high concentration of the stimulus that modifies its initial ability to respond (Baker Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1989, 45, 248-262; Todd et al Insect olfaction 1999, pp. 67-96) . This would explain the suitability of these species to be fought through sexual confusion.

However, the mechanisms that operate in the sexual communication of cocoid species have not been studied in such detail and could be different from that shown by lepidoptera. Thus, there may be mechanisms other than the adaptive shown by lepidoptera, such as those found in olfactory receptor neurons for the detection of other semiochemicals, which may be specialized to detect different concentrations of a given odor (Bruyne et al Journal of Chemical Ecology 2008 , 34, 882-897). Additionally, studies around the sensory ecology of insects suggest that research should not only be carried out in the field of unimodal synergy (it includes responses to individual chemical stimuli, characterizing them and determining sensitivity thresholds in controlled situations) , but must necessarily complement each other within a multimodal convergence, in which the response or sign of it to certain stimuli may be conditioned by others, even of a nature other than semiochemicals themselves (Eichler et al Nature 2017, 548, 175 182). For example, triatomines are sensitive to carbon dioxide only at the beginning of the night, when they leave their shelters to feed and the pheromones of aggregation at dawn, when they return to their shelters (Bodin et al Journal of Insect Physiology 2008, 54, 1343-1348). Similarly, in the case of Coccoidea superfamily species, by placing a sexual pheromone emission focus within the natural semi-chemical matrix, Only male catches are observed in a certain daily time slot (Levi-Zada et al Naturwissenschaften 2014, 101, 671-678). These behaviors can be considered adaptive strategies to different stimuli that optimize risks and allow them to feed or reproduce successfully.

Thus, the response or the behavior of the males of the Coccoidea superfamily within the interwoven semi-chemical matrix may constitute a complex system with emergent properties (Ritter-Ortiz et al Globalization 2011, rcci.net/globalization), which is conditioned by various stimuli or codes (olfactory response, sensory adaptation, communication mechanism, learning, behavior, longevity of males, sexual activity of males, toxicity of different substances, etc.) that may or may not be known.

From all of the above, it can be deduced that there are no effective control methods based on a strategy of attraction and affectation for these pests, and therefore it is necessary to develop new bio-rational and economically viable methods to combat them in an effective way.

Description of the invention

The present invention solves the problems described in the state of the art by preparing an artificial semiochemical matrix, within the complex adaptive systems that make up the societies or colonies of cocoid insects, which allows optimizing the effective flow of at least one semi-chemical that implies a drastic decrease in the use of sex pheromone per hectare, thus applying a bio-rational control of these pests in an economically viable way.

Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for determining the effective flow rate for the effective control of at least one cocoid insect pest comprising the following steps:

a) preparation of an artificial semiochemical matrix 1, comprising:

i. n diffusers of at least one semi-chemist with a substantially constant and known initial-1 emission flow, where n is the number of diffusers, where n is greater than or equal to 1,

ii. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical, with a substantially constant emission flow and equal to the initial emission flow-1 of step i), combined with a capture device of male insects, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1,

iii. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with a substantially constant emission flow and different from the initial emission flow-1 of steps i) and ii), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1,

b) obtaining the effective flow 1, which corresponds to the diffuser flow of stage iii) whose insect capture device comprises more male insects captured,

c) preparation of an artificial semiochemical matrix 2 comprising:

iv. n diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with an emission flow equal to the effective flow 1 obtained in step b), where n is the number of diffusers, where n is greater than or equal to 1,

v. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with an emission flow equal to the effective flow 1 of step b), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater or equal to 1,

saw. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with a substantially constant emission flow and different from the effective flow 1 of step b), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1,

d) obtaining the effective flow 2, which corresponds to the diffuser flow of stage vi) whose capture device comprises more male insects captured,

e) obtaining the final effective flow, by repeating step c), x times until the diffusers with an emission flow equal to the effective flow x, used to prepare the artificial semi-chemical matrix x, comprise a greater number of male insects captured,

f) obtaining the effective number of diffusers per unit area, by preparing at least one artificial semi-chemical matrix in which the emission flow is constant and equal to the final effective flow of step e) and the number of diffusers is variable and different from the one used in the previous stages, and that allows the effective control of at least one plague of cocoid insects

g) obtaining the effective flow through the product of the final effective flow and the effective number of diffusers per unit area.

In the context of the present invention, "effective control" is one whose evaluation of the damages caused by at least one plague of the Coccoidea superfamily is less than 5%, or equivalent to the damages obtained when using authorized pesticide treatments.

In the present invention, "efficient flow" refers to the emission flow of at least one semi-chemical that is released at a substantially constant rate, acts on the cocoid species and causes a maximum catch of males of at least one species of cocoid. , within an interwoven semiochemical matrix.

In the present invention, "effective number of diffusers" refers to the number of diffusers with effective flow that evenly distributed per unit area (hectare, m2, etc.) make up the artificial semi-chemical matrix that allows to combat the target pest obtaining control effective.

The term "effective flow" in the present invention is understood as the product of the combination of the final effective flow and the effective number of diffusers, which, expressed in mg / ha / day, indicates the required semiochemical requirements per unit area. , in this case the hectare, for the creation and maintenance of the artificial semiochemical matrix through which an effective control of at least one cocoid pest is obtained.

In the present invention, the term "natural semi-chemical matrix" refers to the set of volatile molecules involved in the communication between all the species present in the environment of a given crop, including the set of semiochemicals emitted by the females of al less a cocoid species, to attract or provoke in the males an intercourse response. Likewise, the term “semi-iochemical to rtificial iatrix” refers to the set of molecules of at least one semi-chemical artificially released to the environment, by using an insect-affecting device with a point density of concrete emission and with a flow of emission of the semiochemical substantially constant.

In the present invention, "interlocking sem iochemical chemistry" refers to the set formed by the artificial semi-chemical matrix and the natural semi-chemical matrix existing in a given crop.

In a preferred embodiment, the diffusers of at least one semiochemical are distributed homogeneously within the semiochemical matrix. In a particular embodiment, the semiochemical is a sexual pheromone.

In another particular embodiment, the semiochemist is selected from the group consisting of:

a) Carboxylic acids with a number of carbon atoms between 2 and 40 (ie chemical compound containing at least one terminal carboxyl functional group), which may be linear or cyclic, and may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, or Any of its salts.

b) Carboxylic esters with a number of carbon atoms between 2 and 40 (i.e. chemical compound containing at least one carboxyl functional group), which may be linear or cyclic, and may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents,

c) Hydrocarbons, which can be saturated or unsaturated (i.e. alkenes or alkynes with different degrees of saturation) with a number of carbon atoms between 2 and 40, linear or cyclic, and can also be optionally substituted by one or more substituents,

d) Ketones (ie chemical compound containing at least one carbonyl functional group) with a number of carbon atoms between 3 and 40, lines or cyclic, which may also be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, and optionally, may include in its skeleton one or more heteroatoms, preferably nitrogen,

e) Quinones of general formula

optionally substituted by one or more substituents,

f) Alcohols (ie chemical compound containing at least one hydroxyl group) with a number of carbon atoms between 3 and 40, which may be primary (ie ROH), secondary (ie RR'OH) or tertiary (ie RR 'R''OH), linear or cyclic, and may also be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, g) Amines with a number of carbon atoms between 0 (ie ammonia) and 40, which may be primary (ie RNH ² ), secondary (ie RR'NH) or tertiary (ie RR'R''NH), linear or cyclic, and may also be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, or any of their salts,

h) Aldehydes (ie chemical compound containing at least one aldehyde functional group) with a number of carbon atoms between 1 and 40, optionally substituted by one or more substituents,

i) Epoxides with a number of carbon atoms between 8 and 40, linear or cyclic, which may also be optionally substituted by one or more substituents,

j) Spiroacetals and compounds of the dioxide type, of general formulas

with a number of carbon atoms between 7 and 40,

k) Sulfur compounds, which contain at least one sulfur atoms in their skeleton, or any of their salts.

l) Linear or branched ethers, which contain at least one oxygen atom, and may optionally have a cyclic or heterocyclic structure, e.g. ethyl furfuryl ether, or any mixture thereof.

Said one or more substituents, particularly, the radicals R, R 'and R' 'described above, are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally heteroaryl substituted, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or optionally substituted silyl, wherein said one or more optional substituents in turn are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyl, carboxyl, halide, hydroxyl, ether, nitro, cyano, amido, amino, acylamido, acyloxide, thiol, thioether, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thioamido, sulfonamido or silyl.

"Alkyl group" means, in the context of the present invention, any monovalent straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon, which may optionally be cyclic or include cyclic groups, which may optionally include in its skeleton one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbonyl, cyano, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, nitro, mercapto and alkylthio.

Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, te / f-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.

In the present invention, "aryl group" is understood as an aromatic hydrocarbon which preferably contains a number of carbon atoms comprised between 3 and 12 carbon atoms, more preferably between 6 and 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example cyclopropenyl, phenyl, tropyl, indenyl, naphthyl, azuylenyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl or anthracenyl.This aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents that are selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkoxide, phenyl, mercapto, halogen, nitro, cyano or alkoxycarbonyl Optionally, said aryl group may include in its skeleton one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the semi-chemical is selected from [(1S, 3S) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) (R) -2-methylbutanoate. cyclobutyl)] methyl as a specific attractant of the species Acutaspis albopicta; (3S, 6R) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate and (3S, 6S) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate as specific attractants of the species Aonidiella aurantii; (3S) - (£) -6-Isopropyl-3,9-dimethyl-5,8-decadienyl acetate as a specific attractant of the Aonidilla citrina species; 2- ((1R, 2S) -1- (4-methyl-4-penten-1-yl) -2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) ethyl acetate as a specific attractant of the Aspidiotus nerii species; (5R, 6E) -5-isopropyl-8-methyl-6,8-nonadien-2-one as a specific attractant of the Aulacaspis murrayae species; 3-methyl-3- butenyl 5-methylhexanoate as a specific attractant of the Crisicoccus matsumotoi species; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl propionate and (R) - (-) - lavandulyl acetate as specific attractants of the Dysmicoccus grassii species; the (S) -2-methylbutanoate of (R) -2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenyl and the (S) -2-methylbutanoate of [(R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (1- methylethylidene) -cyclobutyl] methyl as specific attractants of the species Maconellicoccus hirsutus; (1R, 3R) - [2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclopropyl] methyl (R) -2-methylbutanoate as a specific attractant of the species Phenacoccus madeirensis; ((1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) methyl acetate as a specific attractant of the Planococcus citri species; the (S) -5-methyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -hex-4-enyl 3-methyl-2-butanonate as a specific attractant of the Planococcus ficus species; 2-isopropylidene-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl butyrate as a specific attractant of the Planococcus kraunhiae species; (E) -2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate as a specific attractant for the species Planococcus minor, (6R) propionate - (Z) -3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl- 3,9-decadienyl as a specific attractant of the Pseudaulacaspis pentagon species; the (R) -2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate (1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (2methylprop-1-enyl) -cyclopropyl-methyl as a specific attractant of the calceous Pseudococcus species; 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate as a specific attractant of the Pseudococcus comstocki species; (1R, 3R) -3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutylmethyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate as a specific attractant for the Pseudococcus cryptus species; 2- (1,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -ethyl acetate as a specific attractant for the Pseudococcus longispinus species; (R, R) -trans- (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -methyl 2-methylpropanoate as a specific attractant of the Pseudococcus maritimus species; (7R, 2R, 3S) - (2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopentyl) -methyl acetate as a specific attractant of the P. Viburni species and (Z) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7 propionate -octadienyl, 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-enyl propionate and (E) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate as specific attractants of the Quadraspidiotus perniciosus species and a combination thereof .

In a particular embodiment, the semiochemical is dispensed dissolved in an inert solvent, which allows to achieve the effective flow by dragging of the semiochemical itself, notwithstanding that the solvent itself can be a semiochemical in turn.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the effective control of at least one pest of cocoid insects comprising the diffusion of at least one semi-chemical, in a device that allows the affectation of insects, with an effective flow obtained according to The process of the present invention.

In the present invention, "insect involvement device" refers to any device that has a series of particular characteristics to attract and / or affect males of at least one species of the Coccoidea superfamily, be it color, shape, or any other physical or chemical characteristic that causes a synergistic effect that increases the attraction of insects of the Coccoidea superfamily. For example, the usual colors for the attraction of insects are blue, red, white and yellow, the latter being especially preferred.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semiochemical for the control of at least one plague of cocoid insects.

In a particular embodiment, the at least one semiochemical is a sexual pheromone. More particularly, the at least one semiochemical is selected from [(7), 3S) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclobutyl) (R) -2-methylbutanoate)] methyl; (3S, 6R) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S, 6S) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S) - (£) -6-isopropyl-3,9-dimethyl-5,8-decadienyl acetate; 2 - ((1R, 2S) -1- (4-methyl-4-penten-1-yl) -2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) ethyl acetate; (5R, 6E) -5-isopropyl-8-methyl-6,8-nonadien-2-one; 3-methyl-3-butenyl 5-methylhexanoate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl propionate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl acetate; (S) (R) -2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenyl -2-methylbutanoate; [(R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (1-methyl ethylidene) -cyclobutyl] methyl (S) -2-methylbutanoate; (R) -2-methylbutanoate (1R, 3R) - [2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclopropyl] methyl; ((1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) methyl acetate; (S) -5-methyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -hex-4-en-1-yl-3-methyl-2-butanoate; 2-Isopropylidene-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl butyrate; (E) -2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate; (6R) - (Z) -3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadienyl propionate; (R) -2-Acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate of (1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) -cyclopropyl methyl; 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate; (1R, 3R) -3-Isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutylmethyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate; 2- (1,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -ethyl acetate; (R, R) -trans- (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -methyl 2-methylpropanoate; (1R, 2R, 3S) - (2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopentyl) -methyl acetate; (Z) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate; 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-enyl propionate; (E) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate and a combination thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the at least said semiochemical is combined with at least one other substance. In a particular embodiment, the substance can be mixed, or impregnated or in a suitable vehicle in any type of support that contains it.

More particularly, the substance is a toxic substance for insects. More particularly, it is a toxic substance for cocoid insects, more particularly, for cocoid insects selected from the group of families Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae. More particularly the cocoid insects are selected from among Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus nerii, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Planococcus ficus, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus longispinus, Dysmicoccus grasii, Phenacoccus madeirensis and Pseudocolaria calcelaria

More particularly, the toxic substance is selected from the group consisting of organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, neonicotinoids, diamides, benzoylureas, pyrroles, avermectins, butenolides or any of their mixtures.

More particularly, the toxic substance is selected from the group consisting of: insecticides that act on the growth and development of insects (eg mimetic juvenile hormone insecticides or chitin biosynthesis inhibitors), insecticides that act on the system nervous or muscular insects (eg acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), insecticides that act on insect respiration (eg mitochondrial ATP-synthase inhibitors), insecticides that act on the digestive system of insects (eg microbial disruptors of the digestive membranes of insects), insecticides with mode of action unknown or uncertain as non-specific inhibitors (ie multisite inhibitors) or any combination thereof.

In a more particular embodiment, the toxic substance belongs to the family of chemical compounds called pyrethrins and pyrethroids.

In the present invention, "pyrethroid compounds" refers to chemical compounds obtained synthetically, which have a chemical structure similar to that of pyrethrins, which are organic compounds found in certain flowers naturally, e.g. plants of the genus Chrysantemum, such as Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Pyrethroid compounds being more toxic than pyrethrins, and presenting a relatively short persistence. In the insect they act by contact and ingestion, on the central nervous system, exciting the insect at the muscular level and finally producing death by muscular contraction.

Illustrative examples of known pyrethroid compounds that can be used as said one or more toxic agents include, but are not limited to:

a) n-phenoxybenzyl 3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, known as permethrin,

b) (1RS) -cis, trans-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate of (RS) -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, known as cypermethrin,

c) Cypermethrin isomers, such as:

i. deltamethrin,

ii. alpha-permethrin,

iii. betacipermethrin, or

iv. zetacipermethrin,

d) (1 RS, 3RS) -3 - [(Z) -2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl] -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate of (RS) -a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, known as cyhalotrine ,

e) Cyhalotrin isomers such as lambda-cyhalotrin,

f) 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzyl (1RS) -cis-3- (2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro1-propenyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, known as biphentrin,

g) (S) -2- (4-chlorophenyl) -3-methylbutyrate of (S) -a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, known as sphevalerate,

h) W- [2-Chloro 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -DL-valineate of (RS) -a-cyano- (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl, known as fluvalinate, and

i) (1R) -cis, trans-chrysanthemum of (RS) -3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopenten-2-yl, known as aletrin.

In a particular embodiment, the at least one semi-chemical is diffused with an effective flow rate for a period at least greater than the biological cycle of the pest of the cocoid insect in question. Preferably, before the first intercourse starts, preferably, for a period longer than one year.

In another particular embodiment, the effective flow rate for each cocoid species is described in Table 1.

TABLE 1

The present invention provides surprisingly favorable results in several aspects, since by means of the process of the present invention a very significant reduction of the amount of semiochemicals released into the atmosphere is achieved by experimentally determining its effective flow, after determining the effective flow in the breast. the interlocking semiochemical matrix. Obtaining the effective flow within the complex system that makes up the interlinked semiochemical matrix with all the variables involved included in the system, traditionally and so far have been treated independently (eg device, semiochemical formulation, color, shape, toxic etc.). The consideration of the interlinked semiochemical matrix as a complex system with emerging properties is what allows to parameterize an effective flow to fight pests of the Diaspidiae and / or Pseudococcidae families with specific semiochemicals, biorational treatments that until now were practically unfeasible for technical-economic reasons, due to the high amounts of pheromone per hectare and the high production costs of pheromones of these species. Thus, the selection of these new variables provides a substantial cost reduction, being able to consolidate these new methods as a real alternative to conventional chemical treatments, since they report significant socio-economic, environmental and public health benefits by not contaminating no time the fruits or edible parts of plants for human or animal feed.

Description of the figures

Figure 1 shows the effective flow-1st iteration. The graph of Figure 1 shows the total number of males of Aonidiella aurantii captured within the interlaced semiochemical matrix, depending on the emission flow (pg / day) of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl acetate -6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl released during the first iteration of the test.

Figure 2 shows the effective flow - 2nd iteration. The graph of Figure 2 shows the total number of males of Aonidiella aurantii captured within the interlaced semiochemical matrix, depending on the emission flow (pg / day) of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl acetate -6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl released during the second iteration of the test.

Figure 3 shows the effective flow - 3rd iteration. In the graph of figure 3, the total number of males of Aonidiella aurantii captured within the interlaced semiochemical matrix is represented, depending on the emission flow (pg / day) of acetate of (3S, 6RS) -3- methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl released during the third iteration of the test.

Figure 4 shows the effective flow - 1st iteration. In the graph of Figure 4, the total number of Planococcus ficus males captured within the interlaced semiochemical matrix is shown, depending on the emission flow (pg / day) of S-lavandulil senecioate released, during the first iteration of the essay.

Figure 5 shows the effective flow - 2nd iteration. In the graph of Figure 5, the total number of Planococcus ficus males captured within the interlaced semiochemical matrix is represented, depending on the emission flow (pg / day) of S-lavandulil senecioate released, during the second iteration of the essay.

Examples

Example 1: Obtaining, selecting and using an artificial semi-chemical instrument to beat the coccoid A. aurantii pest, in citrus fruits.

1.a.- Obtaining and learning the effective flow of attraction of males of A. aurantii, within the interlocking semiochemical laboratory.

The experiments to obtain the effective flow to combat the diaspidid Aonidiella aurantii were carried out in citrus plantations located in the province of Huelva during 2015 and 2016.

For these trials, four plots of different citrus varieties with surfaces between two and ten hectares were initially taken.

In them, an artificial semi-chemical matrix 1 was generated, by placing 500 diffusers / ha, with an initial emission flow-1, substantially constant of 300 pg / diffuser / day (optimal flow according to the state of the art) of acetate of (3S , 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl.

Inside these artificial semi-chemical matrices, two blocks of seven diffusers with different emission flows were installed in each test. These blocks separated more than 80 meters between them, and the diffusers separated 25 meters intra-block. Each block included:

(a) a glued trap, without any type of semiochemical emission;

(b) a glued trap, with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 25 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(c) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flux of 50 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(d) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 100 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(e) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 200 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(f) a glued trap with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 300 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate (initial flow-1) .

(g) a glued trap with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 400 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

All traps were placed in the trees at a height of 1.5 m. The traps used were 9.5 x 15 cm sticky sheets and white. The diffusers with substantially constant emission flow were fixed in the center of the sticky sheet.

Weekly, the plates were replaced, intra-block rotation of the traps and reading of the captured males. Once the first rotation of the traps was completed, it was observed that those whose emission corresponded to the flow of 25 pg / diffuser / day had the highest number of males captured and not the traps with initial flow-1 of 300 pg / diffuser / day (Figure 1).

Subsequently, a new iteration was initiated to obtain the effective flow-2 within the new interlaced matrix, for this the previous diffusers were removed and a new artificial semi-chemical matrix-2 was generated by placing 500 diffusers / ha, of initial emission flow-2 substantially constant and equal to 25 pg / day (effective flow-1) of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

Inside this new interlaced semiochemical matrix, two blocks of seven diffusers were installed in each test. These blocks separated more than 80 meters between them, and the diffusers separated 25 meters intra-block. Each block included:

(a) a glued trap, without any type of semiochemical emission;

(b) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 0.1 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(c) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 5 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(d) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 10 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(e) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 15 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(f) a trap glued with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flux of 20 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(g) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 25 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

All traps were placed in the trees at a height of 1.5 m. The traps used were 9.5 x 15 cm sticky sheets and white. The substantially constant emission flow diffusers were fixed in the center of the sticky sheet. Weekly, the plates were replaced, intra-block rotation of the traps and reading of the captured males. Once the rotation of the traps was completed, it was observed that those whose emission corresponded to the emission flow of 15 pg / day (effective flow-2) had a higher number of captures than those of diffusers with effective flow-1 (25 pg / day) (figure 2).

Next, a third iteration was initiated to obtain the effective flow-3 within the new interlaced matrix formed by the artificial semi-chemical matrix generated by the placement of 500 diffusers / ha, of substantially constant initial emission flow-3 and equal to 15 pg / day (effective flow-2) of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

Inside this new interlaced semiochemical matrix, 2 blocks of seven diffusers were installed in each test. Those blocks separated more than 80 meters between them, and the diffusers were spaced 25 meters intra-block. Each block included:

(a) a glued trap, without any type of semiochemical emission;

(b) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 0.1 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(c) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 3 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(d) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 5 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(e) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 10 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(f) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 15 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

(g) a glued trap with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flux of 20 pg / day of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate.

All traps were placed in the trees at a height of 1.5 m. The traps used were 9.5 x 15 cm sticky sheets and white. The substantially constant emission flow diffusers were fixed in the center of the sticky sheet.

Weekly, the plates were replaced, intrablock rotation of the traps and reading of the captured males. Once the trap rotation was completed, it was observed that the catches corresponding to the emission flows of 15 pg / day were slightly higher (Figure 3). That is, the final effective flow to combat this pest through the use of an artificial semi-chemical matrix is 15 pg / diffuser / day.

1.b.- Obtaining, selecting and using the effective flow to fight A. aurantii, through the creation of a semi iochemical chemical artifice.

With the value of the final effective flow (15 pg / diffuser / day) the tests were continued during 2017 to know the effective flow resulting from the combinations of the final effective flow of 15 pg / diffuser / day with an effective number of devices 500 diffusers / ha, 380 diffusers / ha, 250 diffusers / ha, 100 diffusers / ha and 50 diffusers / ha, as well as the result of chemical controls carried out with products currently authorized to combat this pest. The results of these tests are reflected in table 2.

TABLE 2

The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated based on the percentage of damaged fruits by sampling before the collection of the fruits. To determine this percentage, the number of A. aurantii female shields per fruit was counted by the following protocol: 20 random trees per hectare were selected and, from each tree, 10 fruits were taken: 8 from outside (of all the orientations and random) and two inside (random). A fruit presenting more than 10 shields was considered damaged. In the case of treatment based on chemical control, an area equivalent to the rest of treatments was evaluated for prospecting.

These data demonstrated the sexual pheromone savings for the California red louse, A. aurantii. The flow corresponding to the optimum flow according to the state of the art would correspond to 150 mg per hectare per day (300 pg / day (Vacas et al International Journal of Pest Management 2017, 63, 10-17) at 500 emission points per hectare) , while with the procedure described in the present invention, the value of the effective flow determined within the interwoven semiochemical matrix after successive iterations reached values of 2.5 mg per hectare and day (5 pg / day at 500 emission points per hectare), which means a decrease in pheromone flow rate of 98%, obtaining a level of crop damage comparable to those obtained with the application of conventional chemical treatment (paraffinic oil). Comparatively, the control of A. aurantii by the technique of sexual confusion uses around 35 g / ha / year of (3S, 6RS) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate, while that applying the parameters proposed in this patent application would be advisable, but not limited, to use 0.7 g / ha / year to combat the pest of the same semi-chemical.

Example 2: Obtaining, selecting and using an artificial semi-chemical instrument to beat the coccoid pest Planococcus ficus, in table grape quantitative.

2.a.- Obtaining and learning the effective flow of attraction of males of P. ficus, within the interlocking semiochemical chemical matrix.

The response of the males of the P. ficus species, to different emission flows of S-lavandulil senecioate, was evaluated in several field trials carried out in table grape plantations located in the Municipal Term of Alhama de Murcia and Totana, both municipalities in the Region of Murcia during the years of 2015, 2016 and 2017.

For these trials, four plots of different varieties of table grapes were initially taken with surfaces between one and four hectares.

In them, an artificial semi-chemical matrix-1 was generated by placing 1,000 diffusers / ha, with a substantially constant emission flow of 300 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate (initial flow-1). The choice of this initial emission flow is based on the average emission of commercial diffusers for the control of this pest.

Inside these artificial semi-chemical matrices, two blocks of six diffusers with different emission flows were installed in each test. These blocks separated more than 80 meters between them, and the diffusers distanced 25 meters intra-block. Each block included:

(a) a glued trap, without any type of semiochemical emission.

(b) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 10 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(c) a glued trap, with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 50 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(d) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 100 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(e) a glued trap with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 200 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(f) a trap glued with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 300 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate (initial flow-1).

All traps were placed in the vines at a height of 2 m. The traps used were 9.5 x 15 cm sticky sheets and white. The diffusers with substantially constant emission flow were fixed in the center of the sticky sheet. Weekly, the plates were replaced, intra-block rotation of the traps and reading of the captured males. Once the first rotation of the traps was completed, it was observed that those whose emission corresponded to the 10 qg / diffuser / day flow (effective flow-1) had the highest number of captures within the interlaced semiochemical matrix (Figure 4 ).

Next, a new iteration was initiated to obtain the effective flow-2 within a new interlaced matrix, for this the previous diffusers were removed and another artificial semi-chemical matrix-2 was generated by placing 1,000 diffusers / ha, of substantially constant emission flow equal to 10 qg / day (effective flow-1) of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

Inside this new interlaced semiochemical matrix, 2 blocks of six diffusers were installed in each test. These blocks separated more than 80 meters between them, and the diffusers separated 25 meters intra-block. Each block included:

(a) a glued trap, without any type of semiochemical emission;

(b) a glued trap, with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 0.1 qg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(c) a glued trap, with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 5 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(d) a glued trap, with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow 10 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(e) a trap glued with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 15 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(f) a trap glued with a diffuser with a substantially constant emission flow of 25 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

(g) a trap glued with a diffuser with substantially constant emission flow of 50 pg / day of S-lavandulyl senecioate.

All traps were placed in the vines at a height of 2 m. The traps used were 9.5 x 15 cm sticky sheets and white. The substantially constant emission flow diffusers were fixed in the center of the sticky sheet. Weekly, the plates were replaced, intra-block rotation of the traps and reading of the captured males. Once the first rotation of the traps was completed, it was observed that those whose emission corresponded to the flows of 5 pg / day and 10 pg / day had the highest number of males captured (figure 5).

That is, the final effective flow to combat this pest through the use of an artificial semi-chemical matrix is between 5 pg / diffuser / day and 10 pg / diffuser / day.

2.b.- Obtaining, selecting and using the effective flow to fight P. ficus, through the creation of a semi iochemical chemical artifice.

With the final value of the final effective flow (5-10 pg / diffuser / day) the tests were continued during 2016 and 2017 to know the effective flow resulting from the combinations of the final effective flow with an effective number of devices of 1,000 diffusers / ha, 500 diffusers / ha, 250 diffusers / ha and 100 diffusers / ha. The results of these tests are reflected in table 3.

TABLE 3

Due to the fact that the plots where the tests were carried out were protected by organic or organic cultivation, a chemical control could not be established to compare the results of the effective control of Planococcus ficus.

The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated based on the percentage of clusters with the presence of Planococcus ficus, molasses or bold, by sampling before the grape was picked. To determine this percentage, 20 random grapevines per hectare were taken and in each of them 20 clusters were reviewed from which the 10 closest clusters to the center of the grapevine and the 10 farthest clusters were chosen, covering the entire extent of the vine. Both clusters were taken in contact with primary branches, as well as isolated without touching any other branches. In total 800 clusters per hectare were evaluated. The assessment of the clusters was estimated based on the values shown in Table 4:

TABLE 4

Regarding the cochineal of the vine, P. ficus, currently around 46.5 g / ha / year of S-lavandulil senecioate are used to control the pest through the technique of sexual confusion, while applying the parameters with The procedure described in this patent application would be recommended, but not limited to, the reduction to 4.4 g / ha / year of the same semi-chemical to fight the pest. Therefore, the pheromone saving is substantial, being of paramount importance in the case of pheromones with complex chemical structures as described in the state of the art of the present invention.

The examples showed that the males of these species went to the emission source of the effective flow, triggering a search on that area that in many cases meant their exhaustion and death. This effect was more pronounced in the diaspids, and more particularly in the species Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus nerii and Diaspidiotus perniciosus, for whose males their life time does not exceed 20 hours, the use of a toxic formulation being unnecessary.

Surprisingly, and despite the background described, the examples show that with the process of the present invention, in cocoid species, once the effective flow in the interlocking semiochemical matrix has been achieved, it is significantly lower than that determined in the breast of the natural semi-chemical matrix by the methods described in the state of the art (optimal flow), but even more surprising is the finding of different combinations in the conformation of the artificial semi-chemical matrix that allow optimal control of the pest. This reduction of the semiochemical flow that is observed between the optimal flow and the effective flow, together with the reduction of the effective number of devices, constitute a unique technical-economic combination (effective flow) that entails a very significant decrease in treatment costs , which allows this technique to be economically competitive against other methods of chemical and biological control.

The application of the method of the present invention in other species of the Coccoidea superfamily such as Planococcus citri, Aspidiotus nerii, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus longispinus, Phenacoccus madeirensis, Dysmicoccus grasii, also led to a substantial reduction in effective flow values costs both in the use of pheromone and in the number of devices (data not shown).

Claims (12)

1. A procedure for determining the effective flow rate for the effective control of at least one cocoid insect pest comprising the following steps: a) preparation of an artificial semiochemical matrix 1, comprising: i. n diffusers of at least one semi-chemist with a substantially constant and known initial-1 emission flow, where n is the number of diffusers, where n is greater than or equal to 1, ii. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with a substantially constant emission flow and equal to the initial emission flow-1 of step i), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1, iii. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with a substantially constant emission flow and different from the initial emission flow-1 of steps i) and ii), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1, b) obtaining the effective flow 1, which corresponds to the diffuser flow of stage iii) whose insect capture device comprises more male insects captured, c) preparation of an artificial semiochemical matrix 2 comprising: iv. n diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with an emission flow equal to the effective flow 1 obtained in step b), where n is the number of diffusers, where n is greater than or equal to 1, v. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with an emission flow equal to the effective flow 1 of step b), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater or equal to 1, saw. at least one block comprising m diffusers of said at least semi-chemical with a substantially constant emission flow and different from the effective flow 1 of step b), combined with a male insect capture device, where m is the number of diffusers, m being greater than or equal to 1, d) obtaining the effective flow 2, which corresponds to the diffuser flow of stage vi) whose capture device comprises more male insects captured, e) obtaining the final effective flow, by repeating step c), x times until the diffusers with an emission flow equal to the effective flow x, used to prepare the artificial semi-chemical matrix x, comprise a greater number of male insects captured, f) obtaining the effective number of diffusers per unit area, by preparing at least one artificial semi-chemical matrix in which the emission flow is constant and equal to the final effective flow of step e) and the number of diffusers is variable and different from the one used in the previous stages, and that allows the effective control of at least one plague of cocoid insects g) obtaining the effective flow through the product of the final effective flow and the effective number of diffusers per unit area. 2. Method for determining the effective flow rate for the effective control of at least one plague of cocoid insects according to claim 1, wherein the at least one semiochemical is a sex pheromone. 3. Method for the effective control of at least one plague of cocoid insects according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein the at least one semiochemical is selected from [(1S, 3S) -2 (R) -2-methylbutanoate] , 2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclobutyl)] methyl; (3S, 6R) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S, 6S) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S) - (E) -6-isopropyl-3,9-dimethyl-5,8-decadienyl acetate; 2 - ((1R, 2S) -1- (4-methyl-4-penten-1-yl) -2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) ethyl acetate; (5R, 6E) -5-isopropyl-8-methyl-6,8-nonadien-2-one; 3-methyl-3-butenyl 5-methylhexanoate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl propionate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl acetate; (S) (R) -2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenyl -2-methylbutanoate; [(R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (1-methyl ethylidene) -cyclobutyl] methyl (S) -2-methylbutanoate; (R) -2-methylbutanoate (7R, 3R) - [2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclopropyl] methyl; ((1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) methyl acetate; (S) -5-methyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -hex-4-en-1-yl-3-methyl-2-butanoate; 2-Isopropylidene-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl butyrate; (E) -2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate; (6R) - (Z) -3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadienyl propionate; (R) -2-Acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate of (1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) -cyclopropyl methyl; 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate; (1R, 3R) -3-Isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutylmethyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate; 2- (1,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -ethyl acetate; (R, R) -trans- (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -methyl 2-methylpropanoate; (1R, 2R, 3S) - (2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopentyl) -methyl acetate; (Z) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate; 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-enyl propionate; (E) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate and a combination thereof. 4. Method for the effective control of at least one cocoa insect pest comprising the diffusion of at least one semi-chemical in a device that allows the affectation of insects, with an effective flow obtained by means of a method according to any of claims 1-3 . 5. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semiochemical for the control of at least one plague of cocoid insects. 6. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semi-chemical according to claim 5, wherein the at least one semi-chemical is a sexual pheromone. 7. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semi-chemical according to any of claims 5-6, wherein the at least one semi-chemical is selected from (R) -2-methylbutanoate of [ (1S, 3S) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1- en-2-yl) cyclobutyl)] methyl; (3S, 6R) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S, 6S) -3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate; (3S) - (£) -6-isopropyl-3,9-dimethyl-5,8-decadienyl acetate; 2 - ((1R, 2S) -1- (4-methyl-4-penten-1-yl) -2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) ethyl acetate; (5R, 6E) -5-isopropyl-8-methyl-6,8-nonadien-2-one; 3-methyl-3-butenyl 5-methylhexanoate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl propionate; (R) - (-) - lavandulyl acetate; (S) (R) -2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenyl -2-methylbutanoate; [(R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (1-methyl ethylidene) -cyclobutyl] methyl (S) -2-methylbutanoate; (R) -2-methylbutanoate (1R, 3R) - [2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclopropyl] methyl; ((1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -cyclobutyl) methyl acetate; (S) -5-methyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -hex-4-en-1-yl-3-methyl-2-butanoate; 2-Isopropylidene-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl butyrate; (E) -2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate; (6R) - (Z) -3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadienyl propionate; (R) -2-Acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate of (1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) -cyclopropyl methyl; 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate; (1R, 3R) -3-Isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutylmethyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate; 2- (1,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -ethyl acetate; (R, R) -trans- (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) -methyl 2-methylpropanoate; (1R, 2R, 3S) - (2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopentyl) -methyl acetate; (Z) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate; 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-enyl propionate; (E) -3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl propionate and a combination thereof. 8. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semiochemical according to any of claims 5-7, wherein the at least said semiochemical is combined with at least one other substance. 9. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semi-chemical according to claim 8, wherein the substance is a toxic substance for insects. 10. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semi-chemical according to any of claims 5-9, wherein the cocoid insects are selected from the Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae families. 11. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semi-chemical according to any of claims 5-10, wherein the cocoid insects are selected from among the species Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus nerii, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Planococcus ficus, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus longispinus, Dysmicoccus grasii, Phenacoccus madeirensis and Pseudococcus calceolariae. 12. Use of an effective flow rate between 0.01-250 mg / ha / day of at least one semiochemical for the effective control of at least one plague of cocoid insects, according to any of claims 5-11, which comprises the diffusion of the less a semiochemical in a device that allows the involvement of insects.