ES2430990T3 - Exhaust gas generating installation, particularly a vessel, with a determination of the volume of the exhaust gas - Google Patents

Abstract

Installation generating the exhaust gas (1), particularly a vessel, with an exhaust gas duct (2), from which exhaust gas from the installation (1) flows to an environment (18) of the installation (1), and with a device (10) for determining a volume of exhaust gas supplied through the exhaust duct (2) to the environment (18), wherein the device (10) for determining the volume of the exhaust gas, comprises - a plurality of Bragg networks (5) arranged distributed in predetermined positions, transversely in relation to the direction of flow (4) of the exhaust gas, at the end of the exhaust gas duct (2) and - a structure of the optical waveguide (6) in which the Bragg networks (5) are formed, wherein the optical waveguide structure (6) is made up of at least one optical waveguide (7), characterized by , - a heating device (8) arranged adjacent to the Bragg networks (5), average With which you can commit to Bragg networks (5) with heat, where a thermal power to be released by the heating device (8), can be adapted to the temperature of the exhaust gas, or a cooling device arranged in an adherent manner to the Bragg networks (5), whereby the Bragg networks (5) can be cooled to a temperature below the exhaust gas temperature, where - the structure of the optical waveguide (6) and the heating device (8) or the cooling device, are arranged inside the exhaust gas duct (2), at the end of the exhaust gas duct (2) with a distance (d) in relation to an outlet (12) of the gas Exhaust to the environment (18) of the installation (1), where d> D / 10 is applied for the distance (d), where d is the distance (d) in relation to the outlet (12), and D It is the diameter of the outlet (12).

Description

Installation generating exhaust gas, particularly a vessel, with a determination of the volume of the exhaust gas.

The present invention refers to an exhaust gas generating installation, particularly a vessel, with an exhaust gas duct, from which exhaust gas from the installation flows into an environment of the installation, and with a device for determining a volume of exhaust gas supplied through the exhaust gas duct to the environment, according to claim 1.

Large fixed and mobile installations, such as fossil fuel power plants, industrial facilities or vessels, contribute essentially to climate change by expelling the contaminating substance (for example, CO2) into the environment. Therefore, it is expected that in the near future the volume of the exhaust gas of this class of facilities will be determined, in order to obtain an emission control through emission certificates.

In this regard, it is previously known to detect the volume of the exhaust gas indirectly by means of the operating parameters of an installation, such as, for example, by fuel consumption, fuel composition, combustion temperature, etc. In addition, the data and the relationships between the operating parameters and the volume of the exhaust gas, provided by the manufacturer or the user of an exhaust gas generator (for example, of an internal combustion engine or of a steam turbine engine) of the installation. However, there is no possibility of verifying in a neutral and independent manner, the volume of exhaust gas determined.

WO 2004/042326 A2 discloses a measuring element for the determination of a flow rate of a fluid flowing through the measuring element, with a conductor for conducting an electromagnetic wave along its longitudinal extension and, at least one electric heating element arranged adjacent to the conductor, whereby the conductor can be subjected to heat. In addition, the electromagnetic wave coupled to the conductor is influenced, in correspondence with the conductor's own temperature that will depend on the flow rate of the fluid.

In Latka's bibliography, l. and others: "Monitoring of non-homogeneous flow distributions through the use of temperature sensor networks of fiber optic Bragg networks", SPIE Procedures, International Society of Optical Engineering, Optical Sensors II, reveals a measuring device with sensors fiber Bragg networks, for the determination of a distribution of the non-homogeneous flow rate of a flowing gas.

EP 1510656 A1 discloses a method and a device for the identification of an operating state during the operation of a turbine, in which a hot exhaust gas flows through an exhaust gas housing, and the temperature of the gas Exhaust is detected with a time resolution in the exhaust gas housing. In addition, a plurality of measured values of the exhaust gas temperature are detected with a spatial resolution.

Patent DE 19821956 A1 discloses a method for quantitative analysis of gas volumes by emission or absorption spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectral range. In addition, geometrically defined and adjustable observation planes are established so that they can be reproduced, which are oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of an exhaust gas flow, and a series of spectral measurements are made, where the optical axis of a spectrometer is always in an observation plane.

From these mentioned cases, the object of the present invention is to provide an improved installation that generates exhaust gases, in which the volume of the exhaust gas can be determined with high precision, wherein the device necessary for said determination It can also be mounted in existing facilities without the need for major work and should be easy to maintain.

The solution of said object is achieved by means of an installation according to claim 1. Advantageous conditioning is object respectively of related claims 2 to 16.

An exhaust gas generating installation, according to the present invention, has a device for determining the volume of the exhaust gas, comprising a plurality of Bragg networks arranged in predetermined positions, transversely in relation to the direction of the flow of an exhaust gas, at the end of the exhaust gas duct, which are formed in an optical waveguide structure formed by at least one optical waveguide, where adjacent to said Bragg networks, It is arranged either a heating device with which the Bragg networks can be subjected with heat, or a cooling device by which the Bragg networks can be subjected to cold.

When light is coupled into the structure of the optical waveguide, said light is backscattered in the Bragg networks disposed therein, in the opposite direction to its original sense of dispersion. In this aspect, the spectrum of backscattered light depends on the network constant. On the other hand, the network constant depends on the network temperature. In the case that the Bragg networks are heated by the heating device or cooled by the cooling device, a part of the thermal power or the cooling power is evacuated by means of an exhaust gas flowing through the networks. The evacuated fraction is greater the higher the flow rate of the exhaust gas. In this way, by means of the exhaust gas flowing in the exhaust gas duct through the Bragg networks, the temperature of the Bragg networks is influenced, that is, it is influenced to a greater extent the greater the flow rate of the exhaust gas. However, in relation to the temperature of the Bragg network, the network constant also varies. In this way, the spectrum of backscattered light depends on the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the Bragg network. On the other hand, from the flow rate of the exhaust gas and the surface through which the exhaust gas flows, the volume of the exhaust gas flowing through the networks can be deduced.

However, it should also be considered that in large industrial and mobile installations, the exhaust gas ducts may have a very large cross-sectional area of up to several square meters. In this way, the existence of a homogeneous flow of the exhaust gas along the entire cross section can no longer be assumed. Therefore, a timely measurement would not be sufficient. Therefore, a plurality of Bragg networks are arranged distributed in predetermined positions, transversely in relation to the direction of the flow of the exhaust gas, that is, in a cross-sectional area of the exhaust gas conduit. In this way, a distributed measurement of the flow of the exhaust gas over the entire cross-sectional area of the exhaust gas duct can be performed, whereby high accuracy in determining the volume of the exhaust gas can be achieved, also in the case of non-homogeneous exhaust gas flows. Since the optical waveguides have a very small diameter and, therefore, a reduced flow resistance, when a distributed measurement of the flow of this class is made, the optical waveguide structure represents a negligible flow resistance for the flow of exhaust gas, so that by determining the volume of the exhaust gas, the operation of the installation is not influenced. In this way, the volume of the exhaust gas can be determined directly, regardless of the information provided by the manufacturer or the user, and with high accuracy.

The at least one optical waveguide is preferably formed by a glass fiber, since said fiber is characterized by having a high resistance to physical and / or chemical requirements, and particularly has a high thermal resistance. However, depending on the case of application, the optical waveguide can also be made of a synthetic fiber.

Since the structure of the optical waveguide and the heating device or the cooling device, are disposed at the end of the exhaust gas duct, subsequent equipment can also be carried out in existing installations without the need for major work , as this does not require interventions in the interior area of the exhaust gas duct. In addition, accessibility is guaranteed to perform maintenance work.

In accordance with the present invention, the structure of the optical waveguide and the heating device or the cooling device are not arranged directly at the outlet of the exhaust gas to the environment, but are arranged at a distance from said outlet. In addition, it is based on the knowledge that the exhaust gases are swirled previously in the area just before the exit of the exhaust gas towards the environment, by means of the ambient air flowing against the exit and, in this way, they are diverted of its normal flow direction, which preferably extends perpendicular to the structure of the optical waveguide. In addition, the exhaust gases can be pre-mixed at that point with exhaust gases from other chimneys arranged adjacently. Both effects would lead to inaccuracies in the measurement of the volume of the exhaust gas. By means of a distance in relation to the outlet, it is possible to ensure that the exhaust gas circulates without influences by the structure of the optical waveguide and the heating device or the cooling device, and that it does not mix with another exhaust gas, of so that high accuracy can be achieved in measuring the volume of the exhaust gas.

Preferably, the distance applies: d> D / 10, preferably D> d> D / 10, where d is the distance in relation to the outlet and D is the diameter of the outlet. In this way, a sufficient distance can be obtained for a perpendicular flow of the exhaust gas, without influences of other exhaust gases, against the structure of the optical waveguide, and simultaneously easy access to the structure of the optical waveguide in the end of the exhaust gas duct.

The distance of the structure of the optical waveguide and of the heating device or of the cooling device, in relation to the exhaust gas outlet, can be established by its arrangement inside the exhaust gas duct.

Alternatively and / or complementary, the distance may also be established, at least partially, by an exhaust gas splice tube that is additionally mounted on the exhaust gas conduit.

Advantageously, the exhaust gas connection tube is a component of the device for determining the volume of the exhaust gas.

According to a particularly advantageous conditioning, the at least one optical waveguide is disposed in a cavity of a rigid support body, the shape of which determines the development of the optical waveguide in the exhaust gas conduit, in where the support body simultaneously forms the heating device or the cooling device. In this way, a mechanical stability and a protection of the structure of the considerable optical waveguide are obtained, against aggressive exhaust gases, where said conditioning is also characterized by a particular constructive simplicity, since the support body also simultaneously conforms the heating device or the cooling device. In the case that the support body also conforms to the heating device, said body is preferably formed by a reduced metal tube that can be heated by an electric flow.

An optimal distribution of the Bragg networks can be achieved for an accurate measurement of the volume of the exhaust gas, with optimum mechanical stability and reduced flow resistance for the exhaust gas, by a simple constructive manner, due to the fact that the structure of the optical waveguide comprises a plurality of intersecting sections of the optical waveguide, by means of which an optical waveguide network is formed, wherein the optical waveguide network has meshes with a mesh opening, in where for the opening mesh is preferably applied: D * / 3> W> D * / 10, where W is the mesh opening, and D * the diameter of the exhaust gas duct or gas splice pipe of escape in the area of the optical waveguide network. The optical waveguide network may also consist of a single optical waveguide. Essentially, the structure of the optical waveguide can also be designed in a different way, for example, it can have an optical waveguide that extends in a spiral or circular shape, in which the Bragg networks are arranged one after the other.

For the stable mechanical fixation of the structure of the optical waveguide and of the heating device or of the cooling device, said elements are preferably surrounded by a frame.

The frame may be fixed at the end or inside the exhaust gas duct, against said exhaust gas duct. Alternatively, the frame can be found held by a fixing device inside the exhaust gas duct, wherein said fixing device is fixed at the end of the exhaust gas duct.

The frame can also be found connected with a clamping element through an articulated joint, and said element is fixed against the exhaust gas duct. By means of the articulated joint, the frame can be tilted away from the outlet of the exhaust gas duct, so that the exhaust gas duct can be accessed to perform inspection and cleaning work, and so that a simple maintenance of the structure of the optical waveguide and the heating device or of the cooling device.

Since with the passage of time in the support body particles of the exhaust gas can be deposited, the device for determining the volume of the exhaust gas advantageously comprises a cleaning device for cleaning an exterior surface of the structure of the optical waveguide and / or of the heating device or of the cooling device.

For the determination of measurement values in relation to the flow rates in the Bragg networks, and the other evaluations, the device for the determination of the volume of the exhaust gas comprises at least one light source for the emission of light towards the structure of the optical waveguide and, at least, a signal processing device that determines the flow rate of the exhaust gas along the path in the structure of the optical waveguide, from the backscattered light from the Bragg networks in the structure of the optical waveguide, in the opposite direction to its original sense of dispersion, and from this information the volume of the flowing exhaust gas is deduced.

According to another advantageous conditioning, the heating device or the cooling device can be deactivated for a measurement of the temperature of the exhaust gas. From the determined flow rates, the mass of the exhaust gas can then be determined from the density of the exhaust gas. This density corresponds in a first approximation to the density of the air, where the dependence of the density with the temperature must be considered anyway. However, the temperature of the exhaust gas or, a distribution of the temperature of the exhaust gas, can be determined in a very simple way also by the spectrum of backscattered light in the Bragg networks of the waveguide structure

optical. Said determination can be made because Bragg networks are not heated or are not cooled for a predetermined cycle of time, so that these networks have the temperature of the exhaust gas.

According to another advantageous conditioning, the exhaust gas generating installation additionally comprises at least one sensor for measuring a concentration of a polluting substance in the exhaust gas, and an evaluation unit that is designed so that by At least one measurement value for a concentration of a polluting substance in the exhaust gas, and by means of a given volume of the exhaust gas, determines the emission of the polluting substance from the installation.

According to a particularly advantageous conditioning, the exhaust gas generating installation comprises an exhaust gas generator (for example, an internal combustion engine or a steam turbine engine) with a control and / or regulation device for said exhaust gas generator, wherein said control and / or regulation device is designed so that it can control or regulate the operation of the exhaust gas generator in relation to a given volume of the exhaust gas, a determined exhaust gas temperature and / or a given pollutant emission.

The present invention, as well as other advantageous preparations of the present invention, in accordance with the features of the related claims, are explained in detail below by the exemplary embodiments of the figures. They show:

FIG. 1 an exhaust gas duct with a device for determining the volume of the exhaust gas,

FIG. 2 a top view of a sensor unit shaped as a network,

FIG. 3 a top view of the sensor unit of Figure 2 with a frame,

FIG. 4 a section along line IV-IV in figure 3,

FIG. 5 a cut through a sensor unit held by a fixing device,

FIG. 6 a chimney with a plurality of exhaust gas pipes and sensor units,

FIG. 7 a sensor unit with an exhaust gas splice tube,

FIG. 8 a fixation of the sensor unit of figure 7 at the end of an exhaust gas duct,

FIG. 9 a flip-out sensor unit out of an exhaust gas duct,

FIG. 10 a sensor unit with a cleaning device,

FIG. 11 a section along the line XI-XI in figure 10,

FIG. 12 an exhaust gas generating installation, with an exhaust gas generator and a control and / or regulation device.

Figure 1 shows in a schematic section, a chimney 3 of an exhaust gas generating installation not shown in detail. In the case of said installation, it can be, for example, a large fixed or mobile installation, such as a power plant, an industrial installation or particularly a vessel. The chimney 3 forms an exhaust gas duct 2. Said duct has, for example, a circular cross section. However, other cross-sectional geometries of the exhaust gas duct (for example, rectangular, square, oval) are also conceivable.

A device 10 for determining the volume of the exhaust gas supplied to an environment 18 of the exhaust gas generating installation, through the exhaust gas duct 2 or, of the chimney 3, comprises a sensor unit 11 which it is arranged in the exhaust gas duct 2 at the end of said exhaust gas duct 2, and a measurement and evaluation unit connected to the sensor unit. The sensor unit 11 comprises Bragg networks 5 which are distributed in predetermined positions in the exhaust gas duct 2, transversely in relation to the flow direction 4 of the exhaust gas, which are formed or are incorporated in a structure of the optical waveguide 6. For the simplification of the representation, in this case the structure of the optical waveguide 6 comprises a single optical waveguide 7 that extends in a straight line. However, in practice it preferably has a plurality of the optical waveguide,

or a single optical waveguide with essentially non-linear development. As an optical waveguide, a flexible fiberglass cable is preferably used.

The optical waveguide 7 is arranged in a rigid support body that is in the form of a small thin-walled metal tube 8, which is arranged transversely in relation to the direction of flow of the exhaust gas in the conduit of exhaust gas 2, and whose shape establishes the development of the optical waveguide 7 in the exhaust gas duct 2. The optical waveguide 7 is disposed in a cavity 9 of the reduced tube 8 so that it can be replaced, and is protected by the reduced tube 8 against direct contact with the exhaust gas.

When a current flows through the reduced tube 8, it is heated and also used as a heating device for the optical waveguide 7. Through the reduced tube 8, the optical waveguide 7 is heated uniformly along its length complete at a temperature higher, for example, 50-100 ° C, at the temperature of the exhaust gas in the area of the sensor unit 11. As reduced steel tubes, for example, reduced tubes consisting of an alloy of high temperature resistant nickel base (such as an inconel alloy) with an outside diameter of 1.5 mm and an inside diameter of 0.5 mm, and having a temperature resistance of 600 ° C and above . Alternatively, for heating the optical waveguide 7, a heating wire may also be arranged in the reduced tube 8, or a hot fluid may circulate through the reduced tube 8.

The measuring and evaluation unit 20 comprises an optical directional coupler 21, a light source 22, a signal processing device 23, a display unit 24 and an electric current source 25. The optical waveguide 7 is located connected through the optical directional coupler 21, with the light source 22 and with the signal processing device 23. The directional coupler 21 couples the light emitted by the light source 22 in the optical waveguide 7, and from said backscattered light, in the direction of the signal processing device 23. The signal processing device 23 is connected next to the display unit 24. The electric current source 25 is used for the current supply of the reduced tube 8, and can be activated and deactivated from the signal processing device 23. When the electric current source 25 is activated, the reduced tube 8 heats the optical waveguide 7 together with the Bragg 5 networks, evenly throughout its full length.

Bragg networks 5 are formed along the optical waveguide 7 in different positions of said conductor, with cycles of networks equal or different from each other. In the case that Bragg networks 5 with different network cycles are used, then a light source 22 that emits light in broadband is preferably used. If, on the contrary, Bragg networks with equal or essentially equal network cycles are used, then a pulsed, monochromatic light source 22 is preferably used. Bragg networks 5 are made up of a periodic succession of areas that have a disk shape, which have a refractive index that differs from the normal refractive index of the optical waveguide core 7.

In the case that, for example, different network cycles occur in Bragg 5 networks, and light is emitted with a broadband intensity distribution along the wavelength, then a reduced fraction of the light it is backscattered in the Bragg networks, that is, with a respective distribution of the characteristic spectral intensity, which depends on the network cycle of the respective network.

A local variation of the temperature of the optical waveguide 7 in the area of a Bragg network 5, generates an expansion or a local longitudinal contraction and, in this way, a variation of the network cycle is generated, a fact that presents as a consequence a shift in the spectral distribution of the backscattered light intensity. The dimension of said displacement consists of a measure for longitudinal variation and, thus, for temperature variation.

For the measurement of the volume of the exhaust gas by means of the structure of the optical waveguide, a measurement of the temperature of the Bragg 5 networks is carried out first. From the temperature of the Bragg 5 networks, the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the exhaust gas duct 2, and from this information the volume of the exhaust gas is deduced.

For said procedure, the electric current source 25 is activated and the reduced tube 8 is fed with electric power, which leads to heating of the optical waveguide 7 in relation to its surroundings and particularly also in relation to the exhaust gases . The optical waveguide 7 is heated to a temperature that, without the flowing exhaust gas, is higher than the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing through the optical waveguide 7. However, by the flowing exhaust gas by the Bragg 5 networks, a fraction of the thermal power from the reduced tube 8 is deduced, so that the Bragg 5 networks heat up to a lesser extent than without the flowing exhaust gas. In this case, the higher the thermal power provided, the higher the flow rate of the colder exhaust gas flowing.

The signal processing device 23 has a spectral analyzer for determining the spectral distribution of the backscattered light by the individual Bragg networks 5, and a calculation unit that determines the dimension of the respective displacement in relation to a reference position, and converts it into a variation of the temperature in relation to a reference temperature, in which the spectral distribution

Present the reference position. Said procedure is performed for each Bragg network 5, so that the temperature distribution is maintained along the entire optical waveguide 7, at the points provided with the Bragg 5 networks.

From these temperatures, in the signal processing device 23 it is possible to determine the flow rate of the exhaust gas along the complete optical waveguide 7 at the points provided with Bragg networks 5, and from said information the volume of the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas duct 2 is deducted, and transmitted to the display unit 24. The entire cross-sectional area of the exhaust gas duct, in the area of the structure of the exhaust optical waveguide 6, is divided into partial areas around the different Bragg 5 networks. From the flow velocity measured with a Bragg 5 network of a partial area, and from the surface of the partial area, it is possible to Determine the volume of the exhaust gas flowing through the partial area. The sum of the partial volumes of the exhaust gas flowing through all the partial areas, results in the total volume of the exhaust gas flowing. In addition, accuracy can be further increased when the flow rate between the different measurement points is interpolated and, in this way, the distribution of the flow rate over the partial areas is considered. In this way, a point measurement is not performed, but a distributed flow measurement is performed over the entire cross-sectional area of the flow. Also in the case of cross-sectional areas of the exhaust gas duct 2 having a plurality of square meters, said measurement allows a high precision for the determination of the volume of the exhaust gas, without generating a considerable variation in the resistance to the flow in the exhaust gas duct 2. On the contrary, in the case of reduced cross-sectional areas of the exhaust gas duct 2, a single Bragg network may also suffice for the determination of the exhaust gas volume , that is, that a single optical waveguide with a single Bragg network is sufficient to determine the volume of the exhaust gas.

In the use of Bragg networks with equal or essentially equal network cycles, the signal processing device 23 additionally presents an evaluation electronics that detects and evaluates the travel time of the backscattered light with a modified spectral intensity distribution. To perform a measurement with time resolution, the usual OTDR technology (optical reflectometer in the time domain) can be used, as is used in telecommunications for the evaluation of the quality of signal routing.

Instead of the heating device in the form of the reduced tube 8, a cooling device can also be used, by means of which the optical waveguide 7 and the Bragg networks 5 incorporated in said conductor can be coldly subjected. As a cooling medium, for example, a fluid circulating through the reduced tube 8 can be used. Consequently, the Bragg networks 5 can be cooled to a temperature that, without the flowing exhaust gas, is lower than the temperature of the exhaust gas. However, by means of the exhaust gas flowing in the Bragg 5 networks, a fraction of the cooling power from the cooling device 19 is deducted. In this case, the higher the cooling capacity provided, the higher the flow rate of the hottest flowing exhaust gas. In this way, the flow rates can also be determined by the temperatures measured in the Bragg networks, and from this information the volume of the exhaust gas in the signal processing device 23 can be deduced.

In a particularly advantageous manner, the sensor unit 11 also comprises a sensor 30 for determining the concentration of a polluting substance in the exhaust gases, such as CO2, NOx or sulfur. The sensor 30 is also connected to the signal processing device 23. The signal processing device 23 is used as an evaluation unit which, by a given volume of the exhaust gas and by a measurement value for the concentration of the polluting substance in the exhaust gas, determines an emission of polluting substance from the installation, and transmits it to the display unit 24. In this way, by means of reduced construction costs a measurement of the emission of the exhaust gas from facilities can be made fixed and mobile, particularly of boats. The measurement of the concentration of the contaminating substance in the exhaust gas can be carried out either in a timely manner by means of a commercially used measuring instrument, or distributed (for example, by laser absorption spectroscopy). The sensor 30 is arranged in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas before the sensor unit 11, so that the eddies and the mixtures of exhaust gases in the outlet zone 12 do not have repercussions on the results of the measurement.

It is advantageous when the thermal power to be released by the reduced tube 8 can be adjusted. In this case, the thermal power can be adapted to the temperature of the exhaust gas, so that the temperature differences that can be detected can be adjusted safe in the optical waveguide 7 via the signal processing device 23, without generating an unnecessary excess of electrical power. The adjustment can be carried out automatically, while the power supplied by the electric current source 25 towards the reduced tube is progressively increased in a controlled manner by the signal processing device 23, from a relatively small initial value. , until the signal processing device 23 establishes obvious temperature differences along the optical waveguide 7.

The resolution and, thus, the accuracy of the measurement of the volume of the exhaust gas, is predetermined by the number of Bragg networks 5 per unit area of the exhaust gas duct 2, and the positions of the Bragg networks 5 along the optical waveguide 7, and can be adapted to the requirements of each particular application case, by an appropriate design.

Additionally, from the determined flow rates, the mass of the exhaust gas can also be determined. To obtain such information, only the density of the exhaust gas must be determined. This density corresponds in a first approximation to the density of the air, where the dependence of the density in relation to the temperature must be considered anyway. The temperature of the exhaust gas or, a distribution of the temperature of the exhaust gas, can be determined in a very simple way also by the spectrum of backscattered light in the Bragg networks 5 of the structure of the optical waveguide 6 Said determination can be made because the Bragg 5 networks are not heated or are not cooled for a predetermined cycle of time, so that these networks represent the temperature of the exhaust gas. The signal processing device 23 deactivates, for a predetermined cycle of time, the source of electrical current 25 intended for heating the reduced tube 8.

The sensor unit 11 is arranged in the exhaust gas duct 2, with a distance d in relation to an outlet 12 of the exhaust gas towards the environment 18 of the installation 1. For the distance d applies: D> d > D / 10, where D is the maximum diameter of the outlet 12.

The measuring and evaluation unit 20 can be found disposed in the end zone of the exhaust gas duct 2 outside the exhaust gas duct 2 or, for example, also in the base of the chimney 3 or in a automation center of the exhaust gas generating installation, and can be found connected by a cable to the sensor unit.

An arrangement of the Bragg networks distributed in the exhaust gas duct 2, with an optimal resolution, can be achieved by different structures of the optical waveguide and reduced tubes. Examples for such an arrangement are shown in Figures 2 to 6, where for the simplification of the representation of the sensor unit 11, only the structure of the optical waveguide 6 and the Bragg networks 5 are represented, however, corresponding reduced tubes are omitted.

According to FIG. 2, the structure of the optical waveguide 6 may also be formed by a single optical waveguide 7, which alternately extends from one side of the exhaust gas duct 2 to the opposite side and, in this way, it forms an optical waveguide network 17. The optical waveguide network 17 preferably has meshes 13 that are respectively the same size. Between two mesh knots there is respectively a Bragg network 5. In addition, the optical waveguide network 17 has meshes 13 with a mesh opening W, where for the mesh opening W the following applies: D * / 3 > W> D * / 10, where D * is the diameter of the chimney 3 or the exhaust gas pipe 2 in the area of the optical waveguide network 17. In this way, a Optimum resolution resolution, with only a reduced flow resistance, by means of the exhaust gas.

However, the structure of the optical waveguide 6 may also be formed, for example, by a single optical waveguide or a plurality of optical waveguides that have a circular or spiral-shaped development, or may be formed by a plurality of intersecting sections of the optical waveguide.

To increase redundancy, instead of a single reduced tube with a single optical waveguide disposed therein, two reduced tubes can also be provided that extend parallel and adjacent to each other, respectively with an optical waveguide arranged inside, or a single reduced tube with two optical waveguides that extend parallel inside.

As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the sensor unit 11 may be surrounded by a frame 14 which is held by fasteners 15 with a distance d in relation to the outlet 12 of the exhaust gas, inside the duct of exhaust gas 2. Preferably, the reduced tubes of the sensor unit 11 are electrically isolated by means of the frame 14, and fixed in said frame 14. On the contrary, the frame itself 14 is conductively connected to the chimney 3 or with the exhaust gas duct 2.

Alternatively, according to Figure 5, the frame 14 can be found held inside the exhaust gas duct 2 by means of a fixing device 16, which is fixed at the end of the exhaust gas duct 2 or , from the fireplace 3.

In the event that a chimney 3, as shown in Figure 6, has a plurality of exhaust gas pipes 50 respectively with an exhaust gas duct 2, a sensor unit 11 can be provided respectively for each of the exhaust gas pipes 50. Each sensor unit 11 can be

found associated respectively with an own measurement and evaluation unit 20, or all sensor units 11 can be found associated with a common measurement and evaluation unit 20.

The distance d of the sensor unit 11 in relation to the outlet 12 of the exhaust gas can be achieved in accordance with Figure 7, at least partially also by the fact that the sensor unit 11 comprises a splice tube of exhaust gas 31, which is firmly connected to the frame 14 and, as shown in Figure 8, is mounted together with the frame 14 on the exhaust gas duct 2 or, the chimney 3.

Preferably, as shown in Figure 9 by way of example for the conditioning of the sensor unit 11, in accordance with Figures 7 and 8, the frame 14 is fixed in the exhaust gas duct 2 or, in the chimney, by means of a clamping element 32, wherein the frame 14 is connected to the clamping element 32 by means of an articulated joint 33. By means of the articulated joint 33, the frame 14 can swing together with the gas splice tube of Exhaust 31, moving away from the outlet 12 of the chimney 3, from a horizontal position to an upright position, so that the chimney 3 can be accessed to perform inspection and cleaning work, and so that maintenance can be performed Simple sensor unit 11.

As shown in Figure 10 in a top view, and in Figure 11 in a section along the line XI-XI of Figure 10, the sensor unit 11 advantageously comprises a cleaning device 34 for the cleaning the outer surface of the reduced tubes 8 of the sensor unit 11. The cleaning device 34 comprises a plurality of compressed air nozzles 35 arranged in the frame 14, which are uniformly distributed on the periphery of the frame 14 , and which are connected to a source of compressed air 37 through a compressed air duct 36, and said source is arranged in the measurement and evaluation unit 20, and can be controlled, for example, by the device of signal processing 23. By means of a blow of compressed air, particles of the exhaust gas can be removed that can be deposited over time on the reduced tubes of the sensor unit 1 1, particularly in the area of the walls of the exhaust gas duct 1 or of the chimney 3. In this way, an increase in the resistance to thermal transmission between the exhaust gas and the Bragg networks can be avoided , due to the exhaust gas particles deposited in the reduced tubes and, in this way, an influence on the measurement results can be avoided. Instead of using compressed air, the surface of the reduced tube 8 can also be cleaned by a power failure in the reduced tube 8, which results in a considerable increase in the temperature of the reduced tube during a reduced time cycle, or Mechanical way with the help of brushes. A contamination or a reservoir can be deduced by the signal processing device 23 through the relationship between the electrically powered heat power and the measured temperature of the Bragg networks, without the flowing exhaust gas.

An installation 1 generating the exhaust gas shown in Figure 12, in the form of a vessel, comprises an exhaust gas generator 40 (for example, an internal combustion engine or a steam turbine engine) that drives a propeller 42 through a propeller shaft 41. The exhaust gases from the exhaust gas generator 40 are supplied to an exhaust gas purification device 43, and the purified exhaust gases are released to the environment through a chimney 3 with an exhaust gas duct arranged inside. At the end of the chimney 3, a sensor unit 11 of a device for determining the volume of the exhaust gas is arranged. The corresponding measurement and evaluation unit 20 is located inside the boat, and is connected to the sensor unit 11 through a fiberglass cable 45 and an electric power cable 46. The power unit measurement and evaluation 20 can be found integrated, for example, in a superordinate automation system of the vessel.

A control and / or regulation device 48 for the exhaust gas generator 40 is coupled to the measurement and evaluation unit 20 through a data connection, in this case a data network 47, and receives of said unit measuring values for the volume of the exhaust gas, the temperature of the exhaust gas and / or the emission of contaminating substance. The control and / or regulating device 48 is designed so that it can control or regulate the operation of the exhaust gas generator 40 in relation to the volume of the determined exhaust gas, the temperature of the determined exhaust gas and / or the emission of determined pollutant substance, and that, therefore, can optimize the operation of the exhaust gas generator

40. For example, the exhaust gas generator 40 can be controlled or regulated at an operating point with a minimum volume of exhaust gas and / or with a minimum emission of polluting substance. In addition, a diagnostic and status monitoring system 49 is connected to the data network, which also receives the measurement values for the volume of the exhaust gas, the temperature of the exhaust gas and / or the emission of contaminating substance. The diagnostic and status monitoring system 49 stores the measured values, evaluates them, and initiates countermeasures against excess of the limit values. A transmission of the measurement values can also be carried out via satellite communication to remote monitoring centers.

Claims (15)

1. Exhaust gas generating installation (1), particularly a vessel, with an exhaust gas duct (2), from which exhaust gas from the installation (1) flows to an environment (18) of the installation (1) ), and with a device (10) for the determination of a volume of exhaust gas supplied through the exhaust gas duct (2) to the environment (18), wherein the device (10) for the determination of the volume of the exhaust gas, includes

-

 a plurality of Bragg networks (5) arranged in predetermined positions, transversely in relation to the direction of flow (4) of the exhaust gas, at the end of the exhaust gas duct

(2 and

-

 a structure of the optical waveguide (6) in which the Bragg networks (5) are formed, wherein the structure of the optical waveguide (6) is formed by at least one optical waveguide (7) ,

characterized by,

-

 a heating device (8) disposed adjacent to the Bragg networks (5), whereby it can be subjected to the Bragg networks (5) with heat, where a thermal power to be released by the heating device (8) , it can be adapted to the temperature of the exhaust gas, or a cooling device arranged adjacent to the Bragg networks (5), by which the Bragg networks (5) can be cooled to a temperature below the temperature of the exhaust gas, where

-

 The structure of the optical waveguide (6) and the heating device (8) or the cooling device are arranged inside the exhaust gas duct (2), at the end of the exhaust gas duct (2) with a distance (d) in relation to an outlet (12) of the exhaust gas towards the environment (18) of the installation (1), where for the distance (d) d> D / 10 is applied, where d is the distance (d) in relation to the outlet (12), and D is the diameter of the outlet (12).

2.

Installation (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance (d) applies: D> d.

3.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Bragg networks

(5) they have along at least one optical waveguide (7) cycles of networks different from each other, and by means of a light source (22) a spectral broadband light can be emitted towards said waveguide optical (7), or because the Bragg networks (5) have along at least one optical waveguide (7) cycles of networks equal to each other, and by means of a light source (22) can be emitted a pulsed light, monochromatic, towards said optical waveguide (7), and by means of a signal processing device (23) a time of travel of the backscattered light can be detected and evaluated.

Four.

Installation (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the distance (d) is established, at least partially, by an exhaust gas connection pipe (31) which is additionally mounted on the conduit exhaust gas (2).

5.

Installation (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the exhaust gas connection pipe

(31) is a component of the device (10) for determining the volume of the exhaust gas.

6.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one optical waveguide (7) is arranged in a cavity (9) of a rigid support body (8), the shape of which determines the development of the optical waveguide (7) in the exhaust gas duct (2), where the support body (8) simultaneously forms the heating device (8) or the cooling device.

7.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the structure of the optical waveguide (6) has intersecting sections of the optical waveguide (7a), by means of which a waveguide network is formed optical (17), where the optical waveguide network (17) has meshes (13) with a mesh opening W, where the mesh opening preferably applies: D * / 3> W> D * / 10, where W is the mesh opening, and D * the diameter of the exhaust gas duct (2) or the exhaust gas junction tube (31) in the network area of the optical waveguide (17 ).

8.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the structure of the optical waveguide (6) and the heating device (8) or the cooling device are surrounded by a frame (14).

9.

Installation (1) according to claim 8, characterized in that the frame (14) is fixed at the end or inside the exhaust gas duct (2), against said exhaust gas duct (2).

10.

Installation (1) according to claim 8, characterized in that the frame (14) is held by a fixing device (16) inside the exhaust gas duct (2), wherein said fixing device (16) is It is fixed at the end of the exhaust gas duct (2).

eleven.

Installation (1) according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the frame (14) is located

5 connected to a clamping element (32) through an articulated joint (33), and said element is fixed against the exhaust gas duct (2). 12. Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a cleaning device (34) for cleaning an outer surface of the structure of the optical waveguide (6) and / or the heating device (8 ) or the cooling device. 13. Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one light source (22) for the emission of light towards the structure of the optical waveguide (6) and at least a signal processing device (23) that determines the flow rate of the exhaust gas along the path in the structure of the optical waveguide (6), from the backscattered light from the Bragg networks (5) in the structure of the optical waveguide (6), in the opposite direction to its original sense of dispersion, and from said information 15 deduces the volume of the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas duct (2).

14.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating device (8) or the cooling device can be deactivated to measure the temperature of the exhaust gas.

fifteen.

Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one sensor

20 (30) for the measurement of a concentration of a polluting substance in the exhaust gas, and an evaluation unit that is designed so that by at least one measurement value for a concentration of a polluting substance in the gas of exhaust, and by means of a volume of the determined exhaust gas, determines the emission of polluting substance of the installation. 16. Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said installation 25 comprises an exhaust gas generator (40) with a control and / or regulation device (42) for said exhaust gas generator (40), wherein the control and / or regulation device (42) is They are designed in such a way that they can control or regulate the operation of the exhaust gas generator (40) in relation to a given volume of the exhaust gas, a given exhaust gas temperature and / or a given emission of contaminating substance.