ES2108376T3 - Proceso para la recuperacion de un producto de carbonilacion. - Google Patents

Proceso para la recuperacion de un producto de carbonilacion.

Info

Publication number
ES2108376T3
ES2108376T3 ES94301645T ES94301645T ES2108376T3 ES 2108376 T3 ES2108376 T3 ES 2108376T3 ES 94301645 T ES94301645 T ES 94301645T ES 94301645 T ES94301645 T ES 94301645T ES 2108376 T3 ES2108376 T3 ES 2108376T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
carbonilation
product
recovery
fraction
liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES94301645T
Other languages
English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Kirsten Everald Clode
Derrick John Watson
Carl Jozef Elsa Vercauteren
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BP Chemicals Ltd
Original Assignee
BP Chemicals Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BP Chemicals Ltd filed Critical BP Chemicals Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2108376T3 publication Critical patent/ES2108376T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/54—Preparation of carboxylic acid anhydrides
    • C07C51/573—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0231—Halogen-containing compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/04—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing carboxylic acids or their salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/20—Carbonyls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
    • B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
    • B01J31/2226—Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge
    • B01J31/223—At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
    • B01J31/2234—Beta-dicarbonyl ligands, e.g. acetylacetonates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4023—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J31/4038—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper containing noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4092—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals involving a stripping step, with stripping gas or solvent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
    • C07C51/12—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on an oxygen-containing group in organic compounds, e.g. alcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
    • C07C51/44—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/48—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • C07C67/52—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change in the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
    • C07C67/54—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change in the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/827—Iridium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)
  • Alcoholic Beverages (AREA)
  • Dairy Products (AREA)
ES94301645T 1993-03-26 1994-03-09 Proceso para la recuperacion de un producto de carbonilacion. Expired - Lifetime ES2108376T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB939306409A GB9306409D0 (en) 1993-03-26 1993-03-26 Process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2108376T3 true ES2108376T3 (es) 1997-12-16

Family

ID=10732866

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES94301645T Expired - Lifetime ES2108376T3 (es) 1993-03-26 1994-03-09 Proceso para la recuperacion de un producto de carbonilacion.
ES97104832T Expired - Lifetime ES2153138T3 (es) 1993-03-26 1994-03-09 Procedimiento para hacer reaccionar monoxido de carbono con un reactante carbonilable y/o un ester derivado del mismo.

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES97104832T Expired - Lifetime ES2153138T3 (es) 1993-03-26 1994-03-09 Procedimiento para hacer reaccionar monoxido de carbono con un reactante carbonilable y/o un ester derivado del mismo.

Country Status (21)

Country Link
US (2) US5750007A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
EP (2) EP0616997B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
JP (2) JP4233122B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
KR (1) KR100288997B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
CN (2) CN1047588C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
BR (1) BR9401281A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
CA (1) CA2119609C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (2) DE69406167T2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
ES (2) ES2108376T3 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
FI (1) FI941395A7 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
GB (1) GB9306409D0 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
ID (1) ID16946A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
IN (2) IN188047B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
MY (1) MY121550A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
NO (1) NO300768B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
NZ (1) NZ260174A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
RU (1) RU2133731C1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
SG (2) SG46155A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
TW (1) TW268939B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
UA (2) UA41279C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
YU (2) YU49305B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Families Citing this family (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9306409D0 (en) * 1993-03-26 1993-05-19 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
FR2703351A1 (fr) * 1993-03-31 1994-10-07 Rhone Poulenc Chimie Procédé de préparation d'acides carboxyliques ou des esters correspondants en présence d'un catalyseur à base de rhodium et d'iridium.
KR100371761B1 (ko) * 1994-05-13 2003-05-22 빠르디에 아세띠끄스 가용성이리듐기재촉매의존재하에서,카르복실산또는그의해당에스테르의제조방법
GB9503385D0 (en) * 1995-02-21 1995-04-12 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
US5696284A (en) * 1995-06-21 1997-12-09 Bp Chemicals Limited Process for the carbonylation of alkyl alcohols and/or reactive derivatives thereof
EP0851851B1 (en) * 1995-11-03 2001-02-21 Ineos Acrylics UK Limited Carbonylation reactions
US5831120A (en) * 1996-11-19 1998-11-03 Watson; Derrick John Process for the production of acetic acid
GB9626317D0 (en) * 1996-12-19 1997-02-05 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9626324D0 (en) * 1996-12-19 1997-02-05 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9626428D0 (en) * 1996-12-19 1997-02-05 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9816385D0 (en) 1998-07-29 1998-09-23 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9819079D0 (en) 1998-09-03 1998-10-28 Bp Chem Int Ltd Carbonylation process
GB9819606D0 (en) 1998-09-08 1998-11-04 Bp Chem Int Ltd Carbonylation process
US6552221B1 (en) 1998-12-18 2003-04-22 Millenium Petrochemicals, Inc. Process control for acetic acid manufacture
FR2795410B1 (fr) * 1999-06-22 2002-12-27 Acetex Chimie Procede pour ameliorer la stabilite et/ou eviter la desactivation du catalyseur lors de la fabrication d'acide acetique et/ou d'acetate de methyle
DE19946545B4 (de) 1999-09-28 2006-05-04 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von Tris(acetylacetonato)iridium(III)
GB9926855D0 (en) * 1999-11-12 2000-01-12 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
NL1013682C2 (nl) * 1999-11-26 2001-05-30 Purac Biochem Bv Werkwijze en inrichting voor het zuiveren van een waterige oplossing van melkzuur.
JP5069827B2 (ja) 2001-02-28 2012-11-07 株式会社ダイセル 反応制御方法および制御装置
JP4245298B2 (ja) 2002-02-27 2009-03-25 ダイセル化学工業株式会社 気体反応成分の供給制御方法および制御装置
GB0212974D0 (en) * 2002-06-06 2002-07-17 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB0213485D0 (en) * 2002-06-12 2002-07-24 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
CA2496839A1 (en) 2004-07-19 2006-01-19 Woodland Chemical Systems Inc. Process for producing ethanol from synthesis gas rich in carbon monoxide
CN100363321C (zh) * 2005-12-29 2008-01-23 西南化工研究设计院 甲醇低压羰基合成醋酸工艺中的精馏方法
BRPI0710578B1 (pt) 2006-04-05 2016-11-29 Woodland Biofuels Inc método de produção de etanol a partir de gás de síntese
DE102007014914B4 (de) 2007-03-26 2013-09-12 Heraeus Precious Metals Gmbh & Co. Kg Katalytisch hochwirksame Edelmetall-Carboxylat-Verbindungen von Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt und Au
US7902397B2 (en) * 2007-10-11 2011-03-08 Celanese International Corporation Method and apparatus for making acetic acid with improved productivity
EP2093209A1 (en) 2008-02-19 2009-08-26 BP Chemicals Limited Process for the production of acetic acid
US7820855B2 (en) 2008-04-29 2010-10-26 Celanese International Corporation Method and apparatus for carbonylating methanol with acetic acid enriched flash stream
JP5662269B2 (ja) 2010-07-26 2015-01-28 株式会社ダイセル 酢酸の製造方法
BR112013014804B1 (pt) 2010-12-15 2019-08-13 Daicel Corp processo para produzir ácido acético, método para inibir a produção de iodeto de hidrogênio, ou aumento da concentração de iodeto de hidrogênio em um vaporizador, em um processo de produção de ácido acético, e processo ou método
AR094541A1 (es) * 2013-01-25 2015-08-12 Daicel Corp Procedimiento para producir ácido carboxílico
CN106170467B (zh) 2013-12-24 2020-05-12 英国石油有限公司 通过乙酸甲酯的氢化来生产乙醇的方法

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CA837644A (en) * 1970-03-24 E. Paulik Frank Production of carboxylic acids and esters
GB203385A (en) * 1922-06-06 1923-09-06 John Edward Thornton Improved spindle for winding yarns
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SE364255B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * 1967-04-05 1974-02-18 Monsanto Co
US3772380A (en) * 1970-03-12 1973-11-13 Monsanto Co Production of carboxylic acids and esters
US3845121A (en) * 1971-11-10 1974-10-29 Monsanto Co Process for separating carbonylation products from reaction mixture without catalyst decomposition
US4102922A (en) * 1974-12-30 1978-07-25 Monsanto Company Purification of carbonylation products
US4008131A (en) * 1975-12-11 1977-02-15 Monsanto Company Purification of acetic acid
DE3149092A1 (de) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-16 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Verfahren zur abtrennung des katalysatorsystems aus reaktionsgemischen von carbonylierungsreaktionen
GB8319184D0 (en) * 1983-07-15 1983-08-17 Bp Chem Int Ltd Carboxylic acids
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JPH0615489B2 (ja) * 1985-12-20 1994-03-02 ダイセル化学工業株式会社 酢酸と無水酢酸の同時製造法
CA1299195C (en) * 1986-06-16 1992-04-21 G. Paull Torrence Addition of hydrogen to carbon monoxide feed gas in producing acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol
DE3806304A1 (de) * 1988-02-27 1989-09-07 Basf Ag Verfahren zur reinigung von aldehyde, acetale und/oder ungesaettigte verbindungen enthaltenden carbonsaeureestern
GB8904125D0 (en) * 1989-02-23 1989-04-05 British Petroleum Co Plc Process for preparing carboxylic acids
CA2035426A1 (en) * 1990-02-09 1991-08-10 David W. Smith Catalytic carbonylation process
GB9106298D0 (en) * 1991-03-25 1991-05-08 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9120902D0 (en) * 1991-10-02 1991-11-13 Bp Chem Int Ltd Purification process
GB9211671D0 (en) * 1992-06-02 1992-07-15 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
GB9306409D0 (en) * 1993-03-26 1993-05-19 Bp Chem Int Ltd Process
EP0618184B1 (fr) * 1993-03-31 1998-01-14 Pardies Acetiques Procédé de préparation d'acides carboxyliques ou des esters correspondants en présence d'un catalyseur à base d'iridium
US5374774A (en) * 1994-03-11 1994-12-20 Hoechst Celanese Corporation Control system for an acetic acid manufacturing process
US5599976A (en) * 1995-04-07 1997-02-04 Hoechst Celanese Corporation Recovery of acetic acid from dilute aqueous streams formed during a carbonylation process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1047588C (zh) 1999-12-22
YU49301B (sh) 2005-06-10
DE69426467T2 (de) 2001-04-19
FI941395A0 (fi) 1994-03-25
NZ260174A (en) 1996-11-26
UA43843C2 (uk) 2002-01-15
GB9306409D0 (en) 1993-05-19
DE69406167D1 (de) 1997-11-20
NO941115L (no) 1994-09-27
JP4233122B2 (ja) 2009-03-04
NO300768B1 (no) 1997-07-21
DE69426467D1 (de) 2001-01-25
TW268939B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1996-01-21
CN1099378A (zh) 1995-03-01
SG46155A1 (en) 1998-02-20
RU2133731C1 (ru) 1999-07-27
EP0616997B1 (en) 1997-10-15
JP2009073846A (ja) 2009-04-09
FI941395L (fi) 1994-09-27
IN191080B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 2003-09-13
EP0786447B1 (en) 2000-12-20
MY121550A (en) 2006-02-28
CA2119609A1 (en) 1994-09-27
IN188047B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 2002-08-10
YU49305B (sh) 2005-06-10
ID16946A (id) 1997-11-27
YU14594A (sh) 1996-10-09
US5874610A (en) 1999-02-23
NO941115D0 (no) 1994-03-25
FI941395A7 (fi) 1994-09-27
US5750007A (en) 1998-05-12
BR9401281A (pt) 1994-11-01
DE69406167T2 (de) 1998-02-12
UA41279C2 (uk) 2001-09-17
KR100288997B1 (ko) 2001-05-02
KR940021500A (ko) 1994-10-19
CN1136033A (zh) 1996-11-20
ES2153138T3 (es) 2001-02-16
SG70019A1 (en) 2000-01-25
EP0616997A1 (en) 1994-09-28
CN1073543C (zh) 2001-10-24
JPH06321847A (ja) 1994-11-22
YU38504A (sh) 2004-07-15
CA2119609C (en) 2005-05-17
EP0786447A1 (en) 1997-07-30

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