EP4688304A1 - VERFAHREN ZUR OPTIMIERUNG DER STRANGFÜHRUNG EINER STRANGGIEßANLAGE, INSBESONDERE EINER BRAMMENGIEßANLAGE ODER KNÜPPEL-STRANGGIEßANLAGE - Google Patents
VERFAHREN ZUR OPTIMIERUNG DER STRANGFÜHRUNG EINER STRANGGIEßANLAGE, INSBESONDERE EINER BRAMMENGIEßANLAGE ODER KNÜPPEL-STRANGGIEßANLAGEInfo
- Publication number
- EP4688304A1 EP4688304A1 EP24700670.3A EP24700670A EP4688304A1 EP 4688304 A1 EP4688304 A1 EP 4688304A1 EP 24700670 A EP24700670 A EP 24700670A EP 4688304 A1 EP4688304 A1 EP 4688304A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- strand guide
- semi
- finished product
- adjustments
- state
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/124—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
- B22D11/1282—Vertical casting and curving the cast stock to the horizontal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
- B22D11/1287—Rolls; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
- B22D11/20—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
- B22D11/20—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock
- B22D11/208—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock for aligning the guide rolls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
- B22D11/22—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for cooling cast stock or mould
- B22D11/225—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for cooling cast stock or mould for secondary cooling
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for optimizing the strand guidance of a continuous casting plant, in particular a slab casting plant or billet continuous casting plant.
- the invention further relates to a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the invention.
- Continuous casting is a process for the continuous production of metallurgical semi-finished products, such as slabs or billets.
- special profiles such as round and beam blanks, flat or polygonal profiles can also be cast.
- Non-ferrous metals (NF metals) and their alloys, steel and iron alloys or heavy metals and their alloys can be cast using a continuous casting process.
- Continuous casting is a continuous process in which the liquid metal is poured through a cooled bottomless mold.
- the formation of the strand shell (semi-finished shell) of the strand (semi-finished product) begins within the mold, which is then transported to the mold by a strand guide. Within the strand guide, the cast strand is further cooled with water until the strand has completely solidified.
- a strand guide suitable for the safe guidance of the strand usually comprises a large number of individual strand guide segments that work closely together as a guide with guide and/or drive rollers arranged in a loose-side and a fixed-side frame, which together form a so-called roller carpet.
- the rollers can be continuously mounted, but also in the case of comparatively large strand widths.
- the rollers on the fixed and loose sides have a distance from the The casting surface in the mold has different diameters in sections, while opposite pairs of rollers usually have the same diameter.
- the individual segments of the strand guide comprise a support frame for the support and guide rollers, whereby the support frame is in turn mounted on a solid base such as concrete, steel, reinforced concrete or the like.
- inaccuracies between segment transitions or due to stiff rollers within a segment have a different impact on different semi-finished products transported through the strand guide.
- an inaccurate segment transition may not be a problem for one semi-finished product, while an inaccurate segment transition may be problematic for another semi-finished product. This depends, for example, on the quality requirements, or the subsequent processing, the alloy/composition of the semi-finished product or comparable variables.
- the evaluation of the measurement data from the roll gap checker is carried out independently of the semi-finished product actually transported, but only concerns the identification of inaccuracies in the strand guide without any direct reference to the semi-finished product being transported.
- the object is achieved according to the invention by a method for optimizing the strand guidance of a continuous casting plant, in particular a slab casting plant or billet continuous casting plant, comprising the steps:
- the system condition of the strand guide is measured in a first step.
- the testing devices known from the prior art in particular roll gap checkers and/or spray nozzle checkers, are used. These testing devices are moved through an empty strand guide and measure, for example, parameters of rollers in the strand guide (roll gap checker) or spray nozzles (spray nozzle checker).
- roll gap checker roll gap checker
- spray nozzle checker spray nozzle checker
- the recorded system condition is first evaluated in order to determine the exact influence of the system condition on a semi-finished product transported in the strand guide, in particular on the semi-finished product shell. It is therefore not simply a matter of looking for conspicuous measurement data, but rather the actual influence of the recorded system condition on the semi-finished product transported in the strand guide is determined. Subsequently, according to the invention, adjustments to the strand guide are determined based on the evaluation of the system status in order to reduce the influence of the system status on the semi-finished product transported in the strand guide. The actual cause of the influence of the system status on the semi-finished product transported is therefore determined and this determined cause is reduced or completely avoided by targeted adjustments to the strand guide.
- the system state of the strand guide relates to one or more of the following parameters: distance between two segment rollers, in particular the loose side and the fixed side, rotatability of the segment rollers, angle change between two segment rollers, in particular on the loose side and/or fixed side, or the like.
- maintaining a defined distance between segment rollers on the loose side and the fixed side is essential, whereby the distance between segment rollers on the loose side and the fixed side is reduced along the conveying direction of the strand guide in order to accommodate the continuous shrinkage of the semi-finished shell.
- the semi-finished shell shrinks along the conveying direction of the strand guide (thermal shrinkage) and in order to ensure safe guidance, the distance between the segment rollers on the loose side and the fixed side is reduced along the conveying direction of the strand guide.
- the semi-finished product is a slab or a billet.
- the evaluation of the recorded system state determines a load on the semi-finished product, in particular the semi-finished product shell, due to the system state, and the determined adjustments to the strand guide reduce the load determined by means of the evaluation.
- the influence of the system state according to the invention is preferably a load on the semi-finished product transported in the strand guide.
- the load affects in particular the semi-finished product shell, which leads to a so-called strand shell deformation.
- the method according to the invention thus preferably determines the load caused by the system state on the transported semi-finished product, in particular the semi-finished product shell. Inadmissible loads on the semi-finished product, in particular the semi-finished product shell, are thus avoided or reduced by the method according to the invention.
- the load relates to a strain and/or stress state of the semi-finished product, in particular the semi-finished product shell, and the determined adjustments to the strand guide prevent Exceeding a maximum permissible strain and/or stress state of the semi-finished product.
- the state of a secondary cooling system of the strand guide is recorded, whereby the recorded state of the secondary cooling system is taken into account in the evaluation and in the determination and implementation of adjustments.
- the nozzle state of the individual nozzles of the secondary cooling system is recorded in particular. Acoustic sensors or membrane sensors are used, for example, to record the nozzle state.
- the method comprises the step of cleaning the recorded data regarding the system status and/or the status of the secondary cooling system.
- the data is preferably cleaned after it has been recorded, but before it is evaluated.
- the data cleaning serves to identify conspicuous measured values and to correct or delete them.
- the conspicuous measured values are, for example, incorrect measurements, for example caused by external influences in the strand guide or by incorrect further processing of the measurement signals.
- An offset can also be taken into account, which corrects the position of recorded measurement data within the strand guide. Due to errors in the measured value recording, the measured values can be incorrectly assigned to positions in the strand guide. This incorrect assignment is corrected by the offset, whereby the offset concerns, for example, length information or information regarding the strand guide such as +/- 1 to X rolls.
- the cleaning is carried out manually and/or automatically, in particular on the basis of an algorithm.
- the algorithm can, for example, provide a user with correction suggestions, which are evaluated by the user and either accepted or rejected. Based on the user’s decisions, the algorithm can improve its future predictions (self-learning algorithm).
- the method according to the invention comprises the step of visualizing the recorded system status and/or the status of the secondary cooling system for the operators of the strand guide.
- the visualization of the recorded system status has the advantage that the operators, in particular maintenance personnel, can quickly and reliably identify the critical components of the strand guide, for example in order to implement determined adjustments.
- the visualization can also be used by development engineers or metallurgists, for example when developing a new continuous casting plant or operating a comparable continuous casting plant.
- the recorded data relating to the system status and/or the status of the secondary cooling system are visualized in a virtual model of the strand guide in a position-accurate manner.
- the strand guide is part of a metallurgical production plant, which is usually subject to adverse environments such as heat, dirt and noise.
- the strand guide extends over many meters in the horizontal and vertical direction. It is therefore advantageous if the exact position of conspicuous measurement data and in particular of the adjustments to be made to the strand guide are visualized as precisely as possible in advance, so that the operating personnel can find the position in the real strand guide as quickly as possible in the event of manual adjustments to the strand guide.
- the visualization comprises two parallel diagrams, wherein the recorded system state and/or state of the secondary cooling system is shown in a first diagram and the virtual model of the strand guide is shown in a second diagram, wherein the selection of a data set of the recorded system state and/or state of the secondary cooling system determines the associated position in the model of the
- a diagram in the sense of the invention is a chart, in particular a graphic representation of data, facts or information.
- the visualization additionally visualizes the influences of the strand guide on the transported semi-finished product, in particular local exceedances of elongation limits in the shell of the semi-finished product.
- the visualization therefore also includes information from the evaluation of the recorded system status. If elongation limits are exceeded in the half shell of the semi-finished product transported in the strand guide, strand shell deformations occur, which have a negative influence on the quality of the semi-finished product and must therefore be avoided.
- the visualization according to the invention it is possible to quickly, easily and reliably identify which areas of the strand guide have a certain influence on the transported semi-finished product. It is therefore preferably displayed which area, which segment or even which component (e.g. one or more rollers) of the strand guide has a certain influence, in particular which exact load (e.g. exceedances of elongation limits) on the semi-finished product.
- the determination of adjustments to the strand guide is carried out automatically, in particular by means of an algorithm.
- the algorithm is in particular a self-learning algorithm and is based, for example, on artificial intelligence, a neural network, numerical methods or the like.
- the adjustments to the strand guide relate to one or more of the following activities: replacement of individual segments of the strand guide, shimming of adjacent segments of the strand guide, adjustment of secondary cooling nozzles, adjustment of the roll rotation, or comparable adjustments.
- the replacement of individual segments of the strand guide requires an interruption in production, so that this adjustment of the strand guide is mainly carried out in the event of serious Influences on the semi-finished product transported in the strand guide come into question.
- the segments to be replaced in the next maintenance interval can be identified according to the invention and preparatory measures initiated. In the case of less serious influences on the semi-finished product or in the time until segments of the strand guide are replaced, neighboring segments can be "shimmed".
- the alignment of neighboring segments is adjusted to one another in order to ensure the smoothest possible transition.
- the support points of segment frames can be adjusted in their alignment, in particular height-adjustable.
- the alignment of an individual segment of the strand guide can be adjusted and aligned with the neighboring segment.
- the determined adjustments to the strand guide are carried out automatically or semi-automatically after manual approval.
- the adjustments can, for example, be suggested automatically and manually approved by an operator.
- adjustments can also be implemented fully automatically without prior manual approval; the fully automatic adjustments relate, for example, to mechanical/electronic adjustments to the strand guide such as drive speeds.
- the manually approved adjustments can subsequently be evaluated, for example, by self-learning algorithms in order to optimize the suggested adjustments.
- the method further comprises modifying the continuous casting process to avoid influences of the strand guide on the transported semi-finished product.
- the upstream casting process can be adapted to avoid negative influences caused by the strand guide.
- the semi-finished product shell has more time to grow in the mold, which reduces subsequent negative influences caused by the strand guide.
- the specifications of the other processes must also be taken into account so that they can be carried out properly.
- the method comprises the step of determining a strand quality (e.g. steel grade) that can be produced after carrying out the determined adjustments to the strand guide.
- the determination takes into account the strand shell deformation determined by means of the evaluation, as well as process data and temperatures from the continuous casting plant, in particular the strand guide.
- This information can be transmitted to higher-level and/or downstream processes.
- the further processing of the semi-finished product can be determined, for example whether the semi-finished product is suitable for the intended further processing or not.
- the determination of adjustments to the strand guide also takes into account process data from the strand guide.
- process data includes, for example, technical specifications of the strand guide such as permissible loads, speeds, hydraulic adjustment of the segments, or temperatures, in particular the casting temperature.
- the method further comprises the step of detecting damage to the surface of the transported semi-finished product after the strand guide and returning the detected information to optimize the evaluation of the detected system status.
- the evaluation which concerns the influence of the system status on a semi-finished product transported in the strand guide, can thus be optimized by comparing it with the detected damage to the surface of the semi-finished product. It is therefore checked whether the detected damage matches the influences of the strand guide determined during the evaluation.
- the method according to the invention comprises the step of measuring temperatures in the strand guide and taking the measured temperatures into account when evaluating the recorded system status and determining adjustments to the line routing.
- the object is further achieved according to the invention by a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a continuous casting plant with associated strand guide
- Fig. 2 is a flow chart according to a first embodiment of the method according to the invention for optimizing the strand guide of a continuous casting plant
- Fig. 3 is a flow chart according to a second embodiment of the method according to the invention for optimizing the strand guidance of a continuous casting plant
- Fig. 4 a visualization of a recorded system status
- Fig. 5 a visualization of influences on the semi-finished product transported in a strand guide
- Fig. 6 is a visualization according to Fig. 5 with the effects of shimming of segments of the strand guide.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a continuous casting plant 1 with associated strand guide 2.
- the continuous casting plant 1 from Fig. 1 comprises a pouring ladle 3 with a melt 4 (liquid metal) contained therein.
- the melt 4 is delivered to a mold 6 via an intermediate container 5.
- the intermediate container 5 provides a buffer volume to ensure continuous casting operation, for example when changing the pouring ladle.
- the melt 4 is delivered to the mold 6, whereby the Mould 6 is cooled.
- the formation of the so-called strand shell (semi-finished product shell) of the semi-finished product 7 (cast strand) begins within the mould 6.
- the strand guide 2 is arranged downstream of the mold 6 in order to transport the semi-finished product 7 further.
- the semi-finished product 7 is further cooled with water until the strand has completely solidified.
- the cooling within the mold 6 is referred to as primary cooling and the cooling within the strand guide 2 is referred to as secondary cooling.
- the strand guide generally comprises a large number of individual strand guide segments 8 which work closely together as a guide, with guide and/or drive rollers arranged in a loose-side and a fixed-side frame, which together form a so-called roller carpet.
- the rollers can be continuous, but also intermediately mounted for comparatively large strand widths.
- the rollers on the fixed and loose sides have different diameters in sections at the distance from the casting level in the mold 6, while opposite pairs of rollers usually have the same diameter.
- Fig. 1 shows a curved strand guide 2 with vertical and horizontal sections, starting from the vertical course under the mold 6 up to the horizontal outlet 9.
- the individual segments 8 of the strand guide 2 comprise a support frame for the support and guide rollers, whereby the support frame is in turn mounted in a fixed position.
- the present invention discloses a method 10 for optimizing the strand guide 2 of a continuous casting plant 1, in particular a slab casting plant or billet continuous casting plant.
- Fig. 2 shows a flow chart according to a first embodiment of the method 10 according to the invention for optimizing the strand guide 2 of a continuous casting plant 1.
- the state of the secondary cooling system is taken into account in the subsequent steps of the method 10 according to the invention.
- the state of the secondary cooling system can be detected, for example, by means of acoustic sensors, membrane sensors or other sensors 11 .
- adjustments to the strand guide 2 are determined 13 on the basis of the evaluation 12 of the system state in order to reduce the influence of the system state on the semi-finished product 7 transported in the strand guide 2.
- the determined 13 adjustments to the strand guide 2 in particular reduce the load on the semi-finished product 7 transported in the strand guide 2, which is optionally determined by means of the evaluation 12.
- the determined 13 adjustments to the strand guide 2 preferably prevent a maximum permissible strain and/or stress state of the semi-finished product 7 from being exceeded.
- the determination 13 of adjustments to the strand guide 2 is preferably carried out automatically, in particular by means of an algorithm.
- the algorithm is in particular a self-learning algorithm, an artificial intelligence, a neural network or the like.
- temperatures in the strand guide 2 can also be measured, whereby the measured temperatures are subsequently taken into account in the evaluation 12 of the recorded 11 system status and the determination 13 of adjustments to the strand guide 2.
- the determined 13 adjustments to the strand guide 2 are carried out 14.
- the implementation 14 of the determined 13 adjustments to the strand guide 2 takes place automatically or semi-automatically after a manual release.
- the manual release can be used, for example, to improve self-learning algorithms so that the self-learning algorithm subsequently suggests adjustments that are very likely to be carried out 14.
- Fig. 3 shows a flow chart according to a second embodiment of the method 10 according to the invention for optimizing the strand guide 2 of a continuous casting plant 1.
- the method 10 according to the invention additionally comprises the step of cleaning 15 of the recorded data relating to the system state and/or the state of the secondary cooling system.
- the cleaning 15 takes place before the evaluation 12 of the recorded system state.
- the cleaning 15 takes into account, for example, an offset and/or identifies incorrect measurements, which are corrected or deleted.
- the cleaning 15 takes place manually and/or automatically, in particular on the basis of an algorithm.
- a visualization 16 with two parallel diagrams is particularly advantageous, with a first diagram showing the recorded system status 11 and/or status of the secondary cooling system and a second diagram showing the virtual model of the strand guide 2, with the selection of a data set of the recorded system status 11 and/or status of the secondary cooling system visually displaying the associated position in the model of the strand guide 2.
- the visualization 16 can additionally visualize the influences of the strand guide 2 on the transported semi-finished product 7, in particular local exceedances of expansion limits in the shell of the semi-finished product 7.
- the visualization 16 can therefore also include (dashed arrow in Fig. 3) information from the evaluation 12 of the recorded system status 11.
- the visualization 16 (dashed arrow in Fig. 3) can be used as a decision aid for a user as to whether the determined 13 adjustments should actually be carried out.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023202958.8A DE102023202958A1 (de) | 2023-03-30 | 2023-03-30 | Verfahren zur Optimierung der Strangführung einer Stranggießanlage, insbesondere einer Brammengießanlage oder Knüppel-Stranggießanlage |
| PCT/EP2024/050068 WO2024199738A1 (de) | 2023-03-30 | 2024-01-03 | VERFAHREN ZUR OPTIMIERUNG DER STRANGFÜHRUNG EINER STRANGGIEßANLAGE, INSBESONDERE EINER BRAMMENGIEßANLAGE ODER KNÜPPEL-STRANGGIEßANLAGE |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4688304A1 true EP4688304A1 (de) | 2026-02-11 |
Family
ID=89620605
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24700670.3A Pending EP4688304A1 (de) | 2023-03-30 | 2024-01-03 | VERFAHREN ZUR OPTIMIERUNG DER STRANGFÜHRUNG EINER STRANGGIEßANLAGE, INSBESONDERE EINER BRAMMENGIEßANLAGE ODER KNÜPPEL-STRANGGIEßANLAGE |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4688304A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2026510144A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250159022A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023202958A1 (de) |
| MX (1) | MX2025011599A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024199738A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56111556A (en) * | 1980-02-05 | 1981-09-03 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for setting roll gap during continuous casting |
| JPS63238965A (ja) * | 1987-03-26 | 1988-10-05 | Nkk Corp | 軽圧下鋳造方法 |
| JPH0211258A (ja) * | 1988-06-28 | 1990-01-16 | Nippon Steel Corp | 鋼の連続鋳造方法 |
| US6470957B1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2002-10-29 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for casting a continuous metal strand |
-
2023
- 2023-03-30 DE DE102023202958.8A patent/DE102023202958A1/de active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-01-03 WO PCT/EP2024/050068 patent/WO2024199738A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-01-03 EP EP24700670.3A patent/EP4688304A1/de active Pending
- 2024-01-03 KR KR1020257032006A patent/KR20250159022A/ko active Pending
- 2024-01-03 JP JP2025556969A patent/JP2026510144A/ja active Pending
-
2025
- 2025-09-29 MX MX2025011599A patent/MX2025011599A/es unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2024199738A1 (de) | 2024-10-03 |
| KR20250159022A (ko) | 2025-11-07 |
| JP2026510144A (ja) | 2026-04-01 |
| DE102023202958A1 (de) | 2024-10-02 |
| MX2025011599A (es) | 2026-01-07 |
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