EP4666305A1 - Separator für elektrochemische elemente mit reduzierter selbstentladungsrate und verfahren zu seiner herstellung - Google Patents
Separator für elektrochemische elemente mit reduzierter selbstentladungsrate und verfahren zu seiner herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4666305A1 EP4666305A1 EP24706948.7A EP24706948A EP4666305A1 EP 4666305 A1 EP4666305 A1 EP 4666305A1 EP 24706948 A EP24706948 A EP 24706948A EP 4666305 A1 EP4666305 A1 EP 4666305A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- separator
- sheet thickness
- single sheet
- fibers
- contrast value
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/429—Natural polymers
- H01M50/4295—Natural cotton, cellulose or wood
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/02—Diaphragms; Separators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the invention relates to a separator for electrochemical elements, which is essentially formed by cellulose fibers and imparts a reduced self-discharge rate to an electrochemical element made therefrom without significantly increasing the equivalent series resistance.
- An electrochemical cell typically comprises at least one positive electrode, one negative electrode, an electrolyte, a separator, a housing and current collectors.
- the separator is impregnated with the electrolyte and has the task of electrically separating the two electrodes. It should also allow the flow of ions between the electrodes and from the electrolyte to the electrodes as unhindered as possible so that the electrochemical cell has favorable properties, in particular rapid charging and the ability to draw high currents.
- the separator should be as thin as possible so that the path of the ions from one electrode to the other through the pores of the separator is short and a high volumetric energy density of the electrochemical element is achieved, and that it should have a high porosity.
- the pore volume absorbs the electrolyte, which is why a large pore volume is beneficial for rapid ion transport. It is also beneficial if the pores in the separator are formed by a large number of small pores.
- the separator should be chemically resistant to the electrolyte, since electrochemical elements can be recharged multiple times and are usually in use for several years.
- the separator must therefore also be resistant in oxidative and reductive environments.
- the separator should have good thermal stability in order to limit the risk of fire if the electrochemical element is damaged.
- Electrochemical elements such as electrolytic capacitors, double-layer capacitors and accumulators have a certain self-discharge rate. This means that a slow discharge occurs without a consumer taking the stored energy, and thus the energy stored in the electrochemical element is lost. The self-discharge of electrochemical elements is therefore undesirable and is partly influenced by the separator in this electrochemical element.
- Another important parameter of an electrochemical element is its equivalent series resistance. This resistance significantly influences the performance parameters of the electrochemical element and should be as low as possible.
- Separators can be formed, for example, from thin plastic films that have a defined porosity. For reasons of safety, thermal stability and the lower equivalent series resistance of the electrochemical element made from them, separators are often made from cellulose fibers, which are inferior to separators made from plastic films in some aspects, including the self-discharge rate. On the other hand, separators made from cellulose fibers have better wettability for the electrolyte than separators made from plastic films.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a separator for electrochemical elements which comprises cellulose fibers and makes it possible to produce electrochemical elements which have at least approximately a self-discharge rate as can be achieved with separators made of plastic films.
- the equivalent series resistance of the electrochemical element produced therefrom should not be significantly increased.
- the inventors were able to show that the homogeneity of the separator is an essential property for positively influencing the self-discharge rate of the electrochemical element made from it.
- a special calendering process makes it possible to improve the homogeneity without significantly increasing the equivalent series resistance of an electrochemical element made from it.
- the fiber structure of the separator according to the invention obtained with this process can be characterized in terms of its homogeneity using two parameters that describe different aspects of homogeneity and both of which are necessary together to reduce the self-discharge rate in an electrochemical element while keeping the equivalent series resistance practically unchanged.
- the separator according to the invention comprises fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose, wherein the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose make up at least 75% of the mass of the separator.
- the basis weight of the separator is at least 8 g/m 2 and at most 17 g/m 2
- the average individual sheet thickness of the separator, according to ISO 534:2011, is at least 12 pm and at most 40 pm.
- the separator has a homogeneity in terms of its thickness and fiber structure, which is characterized by the simultaneous realization of the following features (i) and (ii):
- an image-analytically determined contrast value is at least 1000 and at most 1600, the image-analytically determined contrast value being determined from the two-dimensional power spectrum of an image of the separator taken in transmitted light in 256 gray levels with a resolution of 0.0423 mm per pixel (600 dpi), a square section of the image with an area of approximately 8.62 cm x 8.62 cm (2048 x 2048 pixels) being used to calculate the two-dimensional power spectrum.
- the measured thickness of ten superimposed layers is divided by ten to give the "average single sheet thickness” (ISO 534:2011, definition 3.2).
- the thickness can also be measured on a single sheet in accordance with ISO 534:2011, which gives the “single sheet thickness” (ISO 534:2011, definition 3.1).
- the single sheet thickness and the average single sheet thickness usually do not match.
- the difference is partly due to the fact that the separator has inhomogeneities in terms of thickness.
- the individual sheet thickness of the separator is determined primarily by the maximum thickness within the measuring area. With the average individual sheet thickness, the inhomogeneities of the individual layers partially balance each other out, so that the value measured in this way corresponds more to an average thickness of the separator. In general, the average individual sheet thickness of the separator is therefore less than the individual sheet thickness.
- the extent of the deviation is an essential indicator of the homogeneity of the separator for the invention. The greater the deviation, i.e. the smaller the thickness ratio, the greater the local inhomogeneities in terms of thickness. A thickness that is as uniform as possible maximizes the contact area between the separator and the electrodes, which has a positive effect on the self-discharge rate and other properties of the electrochemical element made from it.
- the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness is approximately 0.80 to 0.85.
- this ratio can be increased using a special calendering process, which is described in more detail below and represents a further aspect of the invention.
- the calendering process allows the fibers in the separator to be rearranged by moistening the separator and using low line loads, so that a more favorable ratio can be achieved than for conventional separators made of cellulose fibers. This process is explained further below.
- Another aspect of the homogeneity of the separator can be assessed by an image analysis method according to the inventors' findings and is quantified according to feature (ii).
- feature (ii) the measurement of the homogeneity of a paper, for example based on the formation, is not standardized, certain methods have been established and are widely used.
- an image of the separator is taken in transmitted light in grayscale and subjected to a two-dimensional, discrete Fourier transformation. From the results Formation parameters such as contrast, cloudiness or fiber orientation are derived from the Fourier transformation.
- the image can be captured using any other scanner with a CCD sensor in transmitted light, but in any case the scanner must be calibrated using the color standard IT8.7/1 defined in ISO 12641-1:2016 before the images are captured. In addition, the scanner must be set up so that no manipulation of the image beyond calibration is carried out and the image data is made available uncompressed or losslessly compressed for further calculations.
- the image section is normalized to an average gray value of 1. This allows fluctuations or aging of the lighting and differences between different scanners to be compensated. For the contrast value determined by image analysis, only the relative differences within the image section are important. The normalization is done by 2047 with carried out.
- the discrete Fourier transformation is given by in the usual way. Since the number of pixels in each dimension is a power of 2, the calculation can be carried out efficiently using the two-dimensional variant of the fast Fourier transformation.
- Each of the indices m and n corresponds to a wavelength X m or X n , which results from the resolution of the image and is given by
- the contrast value determined by image analysis is another indicator of the homogeneity of the separator that is essential for the invention.
- the contrast value determined by image analysis provides more information on the homogeneity of the mass distribution in the separator.
- the contrast value determined by image analysis is therefore used as a further parameter in addition to the thickness ratio explained above to ensure that the separator has a high level of homogeneity and that an electrochemical element with a reduced self-discharge rate and a not significantly increased equivalent series resistance can be manufactured from it.
- the contrast value determined is an indication of a homogeneous structure of the separator, especially with regard to density. According to the inventors' findings, a homogeneous density allows a particularly uniform distribution of the charge in the pores of the separator filled with the electrolyte, which has a positive effect on the self-discharge rate of an electrochemical element made from it.
- the contrast value determined in this way by image analysis is above the above-mentioned upper limit of 1600, and usually has values of up to about 2200.
- the contrast value determined by image analysis can be improved by the special calendering process according to the invention.
- both the thickness ratio and the contrast value determined by image analysis lie within the respective intervals according to the invention.
- the separator according to the invention is formed to at least 75% of its mass by fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose. These fibers produce a pore structure and strength that is favorable for a separator. Preferably, however, the proportion of fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose is higher and amounts to at least 80% and at most 100% and particularly preferably at least 80% and at most 95% of the mass of the separator.
- the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose are preferably formed by solvent-spun, fibrillatable fibers of regenerated cellulose, which are additionally fibrillated.
- Such fibers are sold, for example, under the name Lyocell.
- the linear density of the fibrillatable fibers of regenerated cellulose is important for the fibrillation of the fibers.
- the average linear density of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose before fibrillation is at least 0.8 g/10,000 m (0.8 dtex) and at most 3.0 g/10,000 m (3.0 dtex) and particularly preferably at least 1.0 g/10,000 m (1.0 dtex) and at most 2.8 g/10,000 m (2.8 dtex).
- the length of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose before fibrillation is particularly important for the strength of the separator, with longer fibers leading to greater strength but also requiring more energy during fibrillation.
- the average length of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose before fibrillation is at least 2 mm and at most 8 mm, and particularly preferably at least 3 mm and at most 6 mm.
- the fibrillation of the fibers of regenerated cellulose can be carried out, for example, by grinding units such as those known in the art for the production of paper.
- the degree of beating of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose is preferably at least 70°SR and at most 95°SR, particularly preferably at least 75°SR and at most 90°SR.
- the degree of beating according to Schopper-Riegler can be determined in accordance with ISO 5267-1:1999.
- the separator according to the invention can comprise further cellulose fibers.
- the additional cellulose fibers can be formed entirely or partly by non-fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose.
- the other cellulose fibers can be formed entirely or in part by cellulose fibers or mixtures thereof, whereby the cellulose fibers are preferably obtained from coniferous woods, deciduous woods or other plants such as hemp, flax, jute, ramie, kenaf, kapok, coconut, abaca, sisal, bamboo, cotton or esparto grass, or from waste paper. Mixtures of cellulose fibers of different origins can also be used to produce the separator. The cellulose fibers are particularly preferably obtained from deciduous woods or coniferous woods.
- the cellulose fibers are at least partially microfibrillated cellulose fibers, nanofibrillated cellulose fibers or cellulose fibers with an average length-weighted length of at most 0.2 mm, preferably of at most 0.15 mm.
- These types of cellulose fibers are particularly well suited to equipping the separator with a small average pore size and improving the homogeneity with regard to porosity. They therefore also contribute to a reduced self-discharge rate of an electrochemical element manufactured from the separator according to the invention.
- the mean length-weighted length of the cellulose fibres can be determined by optical analysis according to ISO 16065-2:2014.
- the separator according to the invention can contain other fibers in addition to the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose and other optional cellulose fibers.
- These preferably include fibers made of cellulose derivatives, glass fibers, plastic fibers, such as fibers made of polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene; of polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate or polylactic acids; of polyarylates such as poly-(4-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid); of polyethers, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyamides, aromatic polyamides such as poly-(p-phenylene terephthalamide); polyimides, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates such as polyacrylonitrile or poly-(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate); polyphenylene sulfide or of poly-(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate).
- the proportion of fibers other than the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose
- the separator according to the invention can contain further components which the person skilled in the art can choose according to his experience to suit the production process, these include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylidene fluoride, guar gum, starch, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, dialdehydes such as glyoxal, and inorganic fillers such as kaolin, titanium dioxide (Ti0 2 ), silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ), aluminum oxide ( ⁇ 1 2 O 3 ), zirconium dioxide (Zr0 2 ) or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).
- polyvinyl alcohol polyethylene glycol
- polyvinylidene fluoride polyvinylidene fluoride
- guar gum starch
- carboxymethylcellulose methylcellulose
- dialdehydes such as glyoxal
- inorganic fillers such as kaolin, titanium dioxide (Ti0 2 ), silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ), aluminum oxide ( ⁇ 1 2 O 3
- the amount of inorganic fillers in the separator is preferably at most 20%, more preferably at most 15% and most preferably at most 5% of the mass of the separator.
- the separator according to the invention has a basis weight of at least 8 g/m 2 and at most 17 g/m 2 , preferably of at least 9 g/m 2 and at most 16 g/m 2 and particularly preferably of at least 10 g/m 2 and at most 15 g/m 2 .
- the basis weight can be determined according to ISO 536:2019.
- the basis weight influences the thickness of the separator, the strength of the separator, the material required to produce the separator and also the homogeneity of the separator, with a higher basis weight tending to lead to a more homogeneous separator.
- the basis weight has a major influence on the performance parameters of an electrochemical element made from the separator via the thickness and in general one therefore wants to choose the basis weight as low as possible.
- the specified inventive and preferred intervals allow a favorable balance between these requirements.
- the separator according to the invention has an average single sheet thickness, according to ISO 534:2011, of at least 12 pm and at most 40 pm, preferably at least 14 pm and at most 38 pm, particularly preferably at least 16 pm and at most 35 pm.
- the thickness should be as small as possible, but is limited from below by the requirements regarding a secure electrical separation of the electrodes and the strength and from above by the expectations regarding the performance parameters of the electrochemical element made from it.
- the specified inventive and preferred intervals allow a favorable balance between these requirements.
- the average single sheet thickness results in particular from the calendering process, as explained further below.
- the special properties of the separator according to the invention with regard to homogeneity can be achieved by the calendering process described in more detail below, which means that the fiber web passes through at least one roll gap during the production of the separator in which mechanical pressure was exerted on the fiber web in the thickness direction. Calendering reduces the thickness and reduces the pores, but also reduces the overall porosity of the separator.
- the special calendering process which represents a further aspect of the invention, leads to a homogeneous structure of the separator and this homogeneous structure is essential in order to give an electrochemical element made from it a reduced self-discharge rate compared to the prior art and not to significantly increase the equivalent series resistance.
- the homogeneity resulting from the special calendering process is characterized, as already explained above, by the thickness ratio and by the contrast value determined by image analysis.
- the ratio of the average single sheet thickness to the single sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04, preferably at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and very particularly preferably at least 0.91 and at most 1.00, wherein the average single sheet thickness and the single sheet thickness are measured according to ISO 534:2011.
- the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600, preferably at least 1100 and at most 1550, particularly preferably at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator according to the invention has a structure such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the structures of the separator according to the invention mentioned can be achieved by the special calendering process described below.
- the values mentioned for the resulting parameters can serve as a guideline when actually carrying out the calendering process in order to adapt the process accordingly.
- the roughness of the separator can also be used to characterize the effect of the calendering process and thus the homogeneity of the separator, at least of its surface.
- the roughness is thus an additional feature of the separator according to the invention, which helps to give an electrochemical element made from it a low self-discharge rate.
- it is not sufficient for characterization on its own, but only in combination with the thickness ratio and the contrast value determined by image analysis.
- the roughness of the separator can be different on both sides.
- the values refer to an average roughness, which results from the average roughness of the two sides of the separator and was determined according to ISO 8791-2:2013 according to Bendtsen.
- the average roughness according to Bendtsen is preferably at least 15 ml/min and at most 80 ml/min, particularly preferably at least 20 ml/min and at most 75 ml/min, very particularly preferably at least 22 ml/min and at most 70 ml/min. Since the line loads are low in the calendering process according to the invention, a lower Roughness is higher than that achieved with separators without calendering, but the values are not as low as those achieved with calendering with the usual line loads. This is important because, as shown below, the line load in the calendering process according to one aspect of the invention must be within a narrow interval in order to achieve optimal results.
- the density of the separator is an important parameter to characterize its porosity.
- the density is given as dry density.
- the moisture content of the separator is first determined according to ISO 287:2017. It is given as a percentage and indicates the proportion of the mass of the separator that is made up of water.
- the basis weight of the separator is determined according to ISO 536:2019, whereby the separator was conditioned according to ISO 187:2022, and the average single sheet thickness of the separator is measured according to ISO 534:2011.
- the dry density can then be calculated according to the formula
- the dry density is preferably at least 350 kg/m 3 and at most 700 kg/m 3 , particularly preferably at least 400 kg/m 3 and at most 700 kg/m 3 and very particularly preferably at least 450 kg/m 3 and at most 650 kg/m 3 .
- the dry density is lower than is usual with calendered separators due to the low line load in the calendering process according to the invention.
- the mechanical properties of the separator are important for processing the separator into an electrochemical element. These include, for example, the tensile strength and the elongation at break. The mechanical properties depend on the direction in which a sample was taken from the separator. A distinction is usually made between the machine direction, which is the direction in which the separator runs through the machine during production, and the transverse direction, which is the direction orthogonal to the machine direction in the plane of the separator.
- the tensile strength according to ISO 1924-2:2008 in the machine direction of the separator according to the invention is, based on the width, preferably at least 0.3 kN/m and at most 2.0 kN/m, particularly preferably at least 0.4 kN/m and at most 1.5 kN/m.
- the tensile strength in the machine direction of the separator according to the invention is preferably at least 15 MPa and at most 60 MPa, particularly preferably at least 25 MPa and at most 50 MPa.
- the tensile strength according to ISO 1924-2:2008 in the machine direction of the separator according to the invention is preferably higher than the tensile strength in the transverse direction.
- the ratio of the tensile strength in the machine direction to that in the transverse direction is preferably at least 1.0:1.0 and at most 3.0:1.0, particularly preferably at least 1.2:1.0 and at most 2.2:1.0 and very particularly preferably at least 1.5:1.0 and at most 1.8:1.0.
- the elongation at break according to ISO 1924-2:2008 in the machine direction of the separator according to the invention is preferably at least 0.5% and at most 5.0%, particularly preferably at least 1.0% and at most 4.0%.
- a feature that is important for the safety of the electrochemical element made from the separator according to the invention is the shrinkage of the separator at elevated temperatures.
- the shrinkage of the separator according to the invention after heating to 150°C for 3 hours is preferably at least 0.5% and at most 2.0%, particularly preferably at least 0.5% and at most 1.5%.
- the pore structure is of great importance for the properties of an electrochemical element made from the separator according to the invention.
- the pore structure can be characterized by the overall porosity as well as by the pore size distribution.
- the porosity of a separator is the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume of the separator and is usually expressed as a percentage.
- the porosity of the separator can be estimated from the average single sheet thickness, measured according to ISO 534:2011, the basis weight, measured according to ISO 536:2019, the moisture content of the separator, measured according to ISO 287:2017, and the density of the fibers, whereby a density of 1500 kg/m 3 can be chosen for the fibers.
- the porosity p can be approximately calculated as the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume of the separator by where m is the basis weight in g/m 2 , d is the average individual sheet thickness in pm and c is the moisture content of the separator in %.
- the porosity is thus obtained as a value between 0 and 1 and can be converted into a percentage by multiplying by 100.
- the porosity should be as high as possible, but is mainly determined by the necessary mechanical strength and the requirement that the pores should be as small as possible. limited above.
- the porosity is preferably at least 35% and at most 75%, particularly preferably at least 40% and at most 70%.
- the pore structure can be characterized simply by the Gurley air permeability.
- the air permeability is also a good measure of how quickly the separator can absorb the electrolyte. A high absorption rate is beneficial for productivity in the manufacture of electrochemical elements.
- the Gurley air permeability can be determined according to ISO 5636-5:2013 and is preferably at least 2 s and at most 15 s, particularly preferably at least 3 s and at most 12 s and very particularly preferably at least 4 s and at most 12 s, with a low Gurley value meaning high air permeability.
- the separator can be used in electrochemical cells.
- An electrochemical element according to the invention comprises two electrodes, an electrolyte and a separator according to one of the embodiments described above.
- the electrochemical element is preferably a capacitor, a hybrid capacitor, a double-layer capacitor or an accumulator and the electrochemical element is particularly preferably a double-layer capacitor.
- a contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600, whereby the contrast value determined by image analysis is to be determined from the two-dimensional power spectrum of an image of the separator taken in transmitted light in 256 grey levels with a resolution of 0.0423 mm per pixel (600 dpi), whereby a square section of the image with an area of approximately 8.62 cm x 8.62 cm (2048 x 2048 pixels) is used to calculate the two-dimensional power spectrum.
- the temperature or temperatures and the line load or line loads can be adjusted so that the homogeneity manifested in features (i) and (ii) is achieved.
- the homogeneity of a separator and thus the self-discharge rate of an electrochemical element made from it can be increased by a special calendering process comprising steps B, C and D of the process according to the invention.
- step B the entire surface of the fiber web is moistened with water before calendering.
- the moistening must be carried out in such a way that the water also penetrates the structure of the fiber web. Unlike what is usually the case in the prior art, for example by spraying water or steaming with water, the moistening does not just affect the surface, but affects the entire paper structure by increasing the moisture content of the fiber web significantly above the usual level. This partially breaks the hydrogen bonds and mobilizes the fibers in the entire structure of the fiber web so that they can be rearranged with greater homogeneity in the subsequent step D of calendering.
- This process step is critical because moistening also reduces the strength of the fiber web, in practice to such an extent that it is hardly higher than is just necessary for further processing of the fiber web.
- step C the fiber web is pre-dried to a specific target moisture content. This brings the fiber web into a state that is favorable for calendering in step D, so that the fibers remain sufficiently mobile, but the strength of the fiber web is also well suited to calendering.
- the desired mobilization of the fibers does not occur if the fiber web is directly adjusted to the target moisture content after step C, without first having intensively moistened it over the entire surface with water in step B. According to the inventors' findings, this is crucial for ensuring that the water is evenly distributed in the fiber web and that the fibers are also mobilized inside the fiber web.
- step D the fiber web is calendered. It passes through at least one roll gap in which pressure is exerted on the fiber web.
- the pressure is not particularly high and the number of roll gaps should be comparatively small so that the structure of the separator is not compressed too much due to the still high mobility of the fibers, which reduces the porosity.
- the thickness is reduced less, the smoothness is increased less, but the homogeneity of the fiber web is improved.
- step D of calendering all roll gaps should be formed by soft nips.
- soft nip is known to those skilled in the art in this context. A soft nip is always present if the hardness of the surface of at least one of the two rolls that form the roll gap has a Shore D hardness of at least 65 and at most 95. In the case of soft nips, for example, at least one of the rolls has a Polymer composite coating, whereas in a hard nip the two rolls forming the roll gap are usually steel rolls without coating.
- step A the type and amount of cellulose fibers are selected such that at least 75%, preferably at least 80% and at most 100% and particularly preferably at least 80% and at most 95% of the mass of the separator in step E is formed by fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose.
- the fibrillated regenerated cellulose fibers in step A are preferably solvent-spun, fibrillatable regenerated cellulose fibers.
- the average linear density of the fibrillated regenerated cellulose fibers from step A before fibrillation is at least 0.8 g/10,000 m (0.8 dtex) and at most 3.0 g/10,000 m (3.0 dtex), and particularly preferably at least 1.0 g/10,000 m (1.0 dtex) and at most 2.8 g/10,000 m (2.8 dtex).
- the average length of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose from step A before fibrillation is at least 2 mm and at most 8 mm, and particularly preferably at least 3 mm and at most 6 mm.
- the degree of beating of the fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose in step A is at least 70°SR and at most 95°SR, particularly preferably at least 75°SR and at most 90°SR.
- the degree of beating according to Schopper-Riegler can be determined according to ISO 5267-1:1999.
- the fiber web in step A may comprise further cellulose fibers.
- the additional cellulose fibers may be formed entirely or partly by non-fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose or by pulp fibers.
- the cellulose fibers are at least partially microfibrillated cellulose fibers, nanofibrillated cellulose fibers or cellulose fibers with an average length-weighted length of at most 0.2 mm, preferably of at most 0.15 mm.
- the separator from step E has a basis weight of at least 8 g/m 2 and at most 17 g/m 2 , preferably at least 9 g/m 2 and at most 16 g/m 2 and particularly preferably at least 10 g/m 2 and at most 15 g/m 2 .
- the basis weight can be determined according to ISO 536:2019.
- the separator according to the invention from step E has an average individual sheet thickness, according to ISO 534:2011, of at least 12 pm and at most 40 pm, preferably at least 14 pm and at most 38 pm, particularly preferably at least 16 pm and at most 35 pm.
- the ratio of the average single sheet thickness to the single sheet thickness of the separator from step E is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04, preferably at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and very particularly preferably at least 0.91 and at most 1.00, wherein the average single sheet thickness and the single sheet thickness of the separator are measured according to ISO 534:2011.
- the contrast value of the separator from step E determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600, preferably at least 1100 and at most 1550, particularly preferably at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.88 and at most 1.04 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.89 and at most 1.02 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1000 and at most 1600.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1100 and at most 1550.
- the separator from step E has a structure as a result of the calendering process comprising steps B, C and D such that the ratio of the average individual sheet thickness to the individual sheet thickness of the separator is at least 0.91 and at most 1.00 and that the contrast value determined by image analysis is at least 1200 and at most 1500.
- the Bendtsen roughness averaged over both sides of the separator from step E is at least 15 ml/min and at most 80 ml/min, particularly preferably at least 20 ml/min and at most 75 ml/min, very particularly preferably at least 22 ml/min and at most 70 ml/min.
- the production of a fibrous web in step A comprises producing the fibrous web on a paper machine, particularly preferably an inclined wire machine or a fourdrinier machine or a combination of an inclined wire machine and a fourdrinier machine, wherein the combination of an inclined wire machine and a fourdrinier machine is particularly advantageous.
- the full-surface moistening of the fiber web with water in step B comprises moistening in a printing machine, particularly preferably a gravure printing machine, or in the size press or film press of a paper machine.
- a printing machine particularly preferably a gravure printing machine
- these methods are suitable for the water to penetrate the structure of the fiber web and thus increase the mobility of the fibers over the entire thickness of the fiber web.
- the full-surface moistening of the fiber web with water in step B is carried out in such a way that the moisture content of the fiber web after step B is at least 50% and at most 90%, particularly preferably at least 60% and at most 80%, based on the absolutely dry mass of the fiber web after step B.
- the expert can easily choose a specific value to suit the manufacturing process, so that the strength of the separator is not reduced any more than is just necessary for further processing, but the water can still penetrate the entire structure of the fiber web.
- the target value of the moisture content during drying in step C is at least 9% and at most 11%, particularly preferably at least 9.5% and at most 10.5%, in each case based on the absolutely dry mass of the fiber web after step C.
- the drying of the fiber web in step C is carried out by contact with at least one heated drying cylinder.
- the calendering of the fiber web in step D is carried out such that the fiber web passes through a maximum of three, particularly preferably a maximum of two and most preferably exactly one roll gap.
- the line load of all roll gaps is at least 10 kN/m and at most 70 kN/m, particularly preferably at least 10 kN/m and at most 60 kN/m, and most preferably at least 20 kN/m and at most 50 kN/m.
- the surface temperature of the rolls forming the roll gap or gaps is at least 95°C and at most 120°C, more preferably at least 100°C and at most 115°C, and most preferably at least 107°C and at most 112°C.
- the increased temperature during calendering in step D may be sufficient to dry the fibrous web sufficiently to be able to be rolled up in step E, but preferably the method according to the invention comprises an additional step of drying the fibrous web between step D and step E.
- the additional step of drying is particularly preferably carried out by contact with heated drying cylinders, contact with hot air, infrared radiation or microwave radiation. Most preferably the additional step of drying is carried out by contact with heated drying cylinders.
- Figure 1 shows, by way of example, the thickness ratio and the contrast value determined by image analysis as a function of the line load during calendering in step D for some separators according to the invention and not according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows, by way of example, the thickness ratio and the contrast value determined by image analysis as a function of the line load during calendering in step D for further separators according to the invention and not according to the invention.
- Figure 3 shows examples of the self-discharge curves of double-layer capacitors comprising separators according to the invention and non-inventive separators. DESCRIPTION OF SOME PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH NON-INVENTIVE EMBODIMENTS
- Lyocell fibers with a linear density of 1.4 g/10,000 m (1.4 dtex) to 1.7 g/10,000 m (1.7 dtex) and a length of 4 mm were used.
- the fibers were fibrillated by grinding them to a degree of beating between 79°SR and 82°SR.
- Separators with a basis weight of about 12.5 g/m 2 and about 14.5 g/m 2 were produced from 100% of these fibrillated Lyocell fibers according to the process step A according to the invention on a paper machine.
- the further steps of the process according to the invention were carried out on a separate device.
- step B the fiber web was completely moistened with water using a gravure printing process, resulting in a moisture content of around 75% based on the absolutely dry mass of the fiber web.
- step C the fiber web was dried by contact with several heated drying cylinders to a moisture content of 10% based on the absolutely dry mass of the fiber web.
- calendering in step D can be carried out very well and the thickness ratio and the contrast value determined by image analysis can be favorably influenced.
- step D the fiber web was calendered in exactly one roll gap formed by a soft nip, whereby line loads between 10 kN/m and 70 kN/m and a temperature of no°C were selected so that several separators according to the invention could be produced.
- separators not according to the invention were produced from the same Lyocell fibers with the same degree of grinding, which had a basis weight of about 12.5 g/m 2 and about 14.5 g/m 2.
- the fiber webs after step A were the same as in the separators according to the invention.
- step B the moistening in step B, the drying in step C and the calendering in step D were omitted entirely, or the moistening in step B, the drying in step C and the calendering in a roll gap in step D were carried out, but the line load in step D was selected to be over 70 kN/m, so that the process was not in accordance with the invention.
- the separators produced in this way were also not in accordance with the invention.
- the separator was made of 100% fibrillated Lyocell fibers with a linear density of 1.7 g/10000 m (1.7 dtex), which were ground to a degree of 8o°SR.
- Example Si Separator was not calendered and is listed as Example Si in Table 1 as a non-inventive example.
- TF4030 Another commercially available separator, called TF4030 from Nippon Kodoshi Corp, was also analyzed. It consisted of 100% Lyocell fibers, the degree of beating and exact data of the fibers were not determined. The properties of the separator are also listed as Example S2 in Table 1 as a non-inventive example.
- Table 1 The data of the separators according to the invention and not according to the invention are given in Table 1.
- BW denotes the basis weight according to ISO 536:2019, LL the line load in the one roll gap during calendering in step D, Dio the average single sheet thickness according to ISO 534:2011, Di the single sheet thickness according to ISO 534:2011, Dio:Di the ratio of the average single sheet thickness to the single sheet thickness of the separator and CON the contrast value determined by image analysis.
- the separators Pi, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7 are separators according to the invention, while the separators Qi, Q2, Q3, Q4 are not according to the invention.
- steps B, C and D of the process according to the invention were omitted and in the case of the separators Q3 and Q4, steps B, C and D were carried out, but the line load during calendering in step D was greater than 70 kN/m, so that they were not produced according to the process according to the invention.
- the separators Qi, Q2, Q3 and Q4 do not comply with the invention because in each case the thickness ratio Dio:Di is too low or the contrast value CON determined by image analysis is too high.
- the thickness ratio Dio:Di and the contrast value CON determined by image analysis characterize different aspects of the homogeneity of the separator.
- steps B, C and D were omitted and although the thickness ratio Dio:Di of 0.894 is just within the inventive interval, the contrast value CON determined by image analysis is high at 1780 and indicates an inhomogeneous mass distribution.
- the non-inventive separator Q3 was calendered with a line load of 90 kN/m, i.e. outside the inventive interval, and the thickness ratio Dio:Di is no longer in the inventive range at 0.868, although the contrast value CON determined by image analysis at 1384 would be favorable for the invention. This shows that the two parameters are influenced independently of one another by steps B, C and D.
- the diagram in Figure 1 shows key data for the separators Qi, Pi, P2, P3, P4 and P5, i.e. those separators with a basis weight of approximately 14.5 g/m 2 .
- the line load during calendering in step D is plotted in kN/m on the x-axis 101.
- the left y-axis 102 shows the values for the thickness ratio Dio:Di and the right y-axis 103 shows the values for the contrast value CON determined by image analysis.
- Line 104 shows the thickness ratio Dio:Di, with each of the squares designating one of the separators Qi, Pi, P2, P3, P4 and P5.
- Line 105 shows the contrast value CON determined by image analysis, with each of the circles designating one of the separators Qi, Pi, P2, P3, P4 and P5.
- the diagram in Figure 2 shows key data for separators Q2, P6, P7, Q3 and Q4, i.e. those separators with a basis weight of approximately 12.5 g/m 2 .
- the line load during calendering in step D is plotted in kN/m on the x-axis 201.
- the left y-axis 202 shows the values for the thickness ratio Dio:Di and the right y-axis 203 shows the values for the contrast value CON determined by image analysis.
- Line 204 shows the thickness ratio Dio:Di, with each of the squares designating one of the separators Q2, P6, P7 and Q3.
- Line 205 shows the contrast value CON determined by image analysis, with each of the circles designating one of the separators from Q2, P6, P7 and Q3. Due to the high line load, the data of separator Q4 are no longer included in the diagram for reasons of better representation, but the course of lines 204 and 205 points in the direction of the data points for separator Q4.
- the self-discharge of the EDLC cells was observed for 24 hours at 2i°C and the results are shown in Fig. 3.
- the x-axis 301 shows the time in hours and the y-axis 302 the voltage of the EDLC cell in volts.
- the four self-discharge curves are assigned to the EDLC cells each comprising one of the separators Q2, P6, P7 and Q3 as follows.
- Curve 303 belongs to separator Q2, curve 304 to separator P6, curve 305 to separator P7 and curve 306 to separator Q3.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Cell Separators (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023201368.1A DE102023201368B4 (de) | 2023-02-17 | 2023-02-17 | Separator für elektrochemische Elemente mit reduzierter Selbstentladungsrate und Herstellungsverfahren |
| PCT/EP2024/053797 WO2024170659A1 (de) | 2023-02-17 | 2024-02-15 | Separator für elektrochemische elemente mit reduzierter selbstentladungsrate und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4666305A1 true EP4666305A1 (de) | 2025-12-24 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24706948.7A Pending EP4666305A1 (de) | 2023-02-17 | 2024-02-15 | Separator für elektrochemische elemente mit reduzierter selbstentladungsrate und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4666305A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2026506899A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250151421A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN120604314A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023201368B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024170659A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015179619A (ja) * | 2014-03-19 | 2015-10-08 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | 電気化学素子用セパレータ |
| JP6339869B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2018-06-06 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | キャパシタ用セパレータ |
| TWI615530B (zh) * | 2014-09-26 | 2018-02-21 | Asahi Kasei Fibers Corp | 包含纖維素微細纖維層之薄膜片材 |
| WO2017057335A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | ニッポン高度紙工業株式会社 | 電気化学素子用セパレータ及び電気化学素子 |
| JP6338759B1 (ja) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-06-06 | ニッポン高度紙工業株式会社 | 電気化学素子用セパレータ及び電気化学素子 |
| DE102020126899A1 (de) * | 2020-10-13 | 2022-04-14 | Delfortgroup Ag | Cellulosefaser-basierter Separator für elektrochemische Elemente |
| EP4023814A1 (de) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-07-06 | BillerudKorsnäs AB | Verfahren zur herstellung einer porösen struktur mit cellulosefasern, die mit redoxaktivem polymer beschichtet sind |
| DE102021102055A1 (de) * | 2021-01-29 | 2022-08-04 | Delfortgroup Ag | Dimensionsstabiler Separator für elektrochemische Elemente |
-
2023
- 2023-02-17 DE DE102023201368.1A patent/DE102023201368B4/de active Active
-
2024
- 2024-02-15 WO PCT/EP2024/053797 patent/WO2024170659A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-02-15 JP JP2025546085A patent/JP2026506899A/ja active Pending
- 2024-02-15 KR KR1020257029651A patent/KR20250151421A/ko active Pending
- 2024-02-15 EP EP24706948.7A patent/EP4666305A1/de active Pending
- 2024-02-15 CN CN202480011670.5A patent/CN120604314A/zh active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20250151421A (ko) | 2025-10-21 |
| WO2024170659A1 (de) | 2024-08-22 |
| DE102023201368A1 (de) | 2024-08-22 |
| JP2026506899A (ja) | 2026-02-27 |
| DE102023201368B4 (de) | 2025-09-04 |
| CN120604314A (zh) | 2025-09-05 |
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