EP4638838A1 - Pièces comprenant de l'aluminium ou un de ses alliages revêtues d'une couche d'anodisation autolubrifiante, et procédé d'anodisation correspondant - Google Patents
Pièces comprenant de l'aluminium ou un de ses alliages revêtues d'une couche d'anodisation autolubrifiante, et procédé d'anodisation correspondantInfo
- Publication number
- EP4638838A1 EP4638838A1 EP23841021.1A EP23841021A EP4638838A1 EP 4638838 A1 EP4638838 A1 EP 4638838A1 EP 23841021 A EP23841021 A EP 23841021A EP 4638838 A1 EP4638838 A1 EP 4638838A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- anodizing
- polymeric particles
- anodic
- aluminum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
- C25D11/10—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used containing organic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/12—Anodising more than once, e.g. in different baths
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/024—Anodisation under pulsed or modulated current or potential
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
- C25D11/24—Chemical after-treatment
- C25D11/246—Chemical after-treatment for sealing layers
Definitions
- TITLE Parts comprising aluminum or one of its alloys coated with a self-lubricating anodizing layer, and corresponding anodizing process
- the present invention relates to the field of surface treatment of aluminum or aluminum alloy parts, aimed at improving their tribological properties. It relates more precisely to an improved anodizing process, aimed in particular at competing with conventional hard anodizing processes, as well as a process for surface treatment of a part comprising aluminum or one of its alloys using said anodizing process, and the parts likely to be thus obtained.
- Aluminum alloy parts intended for use in particular in the aeronautics sector generally undergo, before their use, a surface treatment aimed at improving their performance.
- hard anodization also called hard anodic oxidation
- anodic layer consists of forming on the surface of the part a layer of porous aluminum oxides/hydroxides, called an anodic layer, by application of a current to the part immersed in an electrolytic bath containing a strong acid type electrolyte, the part constituting the anode of the electrolytic device.
- the electrolytic baths currently used industrially for the anodizing of aluminum parts include a cold acid electrolyte (around 0°C) with or without additives to the anodizing bath.
- the acid allowing the best compromise between the desired performances, simplicity of implementation and compatibility with environmental standards is sulfuric acid.
- This is called “hard sulfuric” anodizing.
- Hard sulfuric anodizing of aluminum is used for the functional properties of corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal resistance and abrasion resistance that it provides.
- An example of implementing hard sulfuric anodization is given in document FR3077303A1, in which the electrolytic bath comprises sulfuric acid in a concentration of between 100 and 350 g/L, preferably with additional acid.
- oxalic or glycolic acid in a concentration between 10 and 45 g/L.
- the anodization is carried out under a pulsed current or voltage, advantageously at a temperature between -5 and 15°C.
- etidronic acid we will also mention anodizing with etidronic acid, which gives interesting results, but is rarely used industrially to date. Recent examples of implementation are described in particular by Huang et al. (Surface and Coating Technologies 374 (2019) 83-94), Kikuchi et al. (Surface and Coating Technologies 326 (2017) 72-78) and Iwai et al. (Electrochimica Acta 320 (2019)134606).
- the “anodized” part can then be subjected to a so-called post-treatment step which consists of a coating or impregnation of the anodic layer formed by a fluoropolymer. such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- a fluoropolymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Document CN101736385A thus presents an example of a protocol for impregnating an anodic layer with PTFE nanoparticles under ultrasound.
- Another example of a method integrating a post-processing step is described in document DE4124730.
- self-lubricating properties can be provided by the addition of additives to the anodizing bath as shown in document CN103981556A, which describes the use of boric acid and iron sulfate for this purpose.
- the friction behavior before post-treatment of anodized parts according to the CN103981556A process is slightly improved. However, this process is poorly reproducible and difficult to industrialize.
- the fluoropolymer which provides the lubricating properties is deposited essentially on the surface of the layer, and not in depth, even when the polymer is mixed with the anodizing bath.
- This deposition only on the surface of the fluoropolymer is problematic when the parts have dimensions that are too large compared to the specifications - due to the significant thickness of the hard anodic layers - or when the roughness of the coating layer is too great. It is then necessary to machine the parts, which first damages the surface of the layer containing the fluoropolymer.
- the parts are subject to wear phenomena by abrasion of the exterior surface of the post-treatment layer, which leads to a loss of the tribological properties provided by the fluoropolymer with age. of the room.
- the present invention therefore aims to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art, by proposing parts coated with an anodizing layer having improved tribological properties, more constant over time and/or with reduced losses of performance over time. time.
- the invention also aims to obtain parts with thin coatings, requiring little or no subsequent rework due in particular to their low roughness.
- the process to achieve this does not use any harmful substances, in particular based on hexavalent chromium, and makes it possible to obtain parts with performances at least equivalent to the parts obtained with the processes of the prior art, in particular in terms of fatigue reduction of the part.
- the process is also easy to implement, particularly in existing installations, because it does not require substantial modifications to the latter.
- the invention proposes a process for anodizing at least part of a part comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy, said process comprising the following successive steps: a) immersion of said part in an aqueous bath comprising etidronic acid and polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, b) application to the part immersed in the bath of an electric current and/or an electric voltage, so as to obtain on said part anodizing layer (also called “anodic layer”) incorporating said polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, and/or residues of said polymeric particles over its entire thickness.
- anodizing layer also called “anodic layer”
- the anodizing process of the invention makes it possible to obtain thinner anodic layers for improved tribological and mechanical performances, or at least identical, compared to “hard” anodic layers (/e. obtained by conventional hard anodizing processes) even after recovery or running-in. They have a gray-white appearance on aluminum and aluminum alloys.
- the invention relates to a process for surface treatment of at least part of a part comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy, said process comprising the process of anodizing the invention.
- the invention also relates to parts comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy coated with an anodizing layer on at least part of its surface, said anodizing layer incorporating polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, and/or residues of said polymer particles over its entire thickness.
- the presence of organic particles over the entire thickness of the anodic layer can be demonstrated for example with glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy or Energy Dispersion Spectrometry: in the anodic layer, a level of oxygen is detected and substantially constant carbon (or fluorine), which is indicative of carbon compounds throughout the layer of oxides formed by the anodization process.
- the analysis techniques used do not make it possible to state with certainty that the polymer particles are not modified during anodization: this is why we speak not only of polymeric particles, but also of their residues.
- the parts of the invention have improved tribological (and mechanical) performances, which decrease little - if at all - over time.
- fluoropolymer or “fluoropolymer”, within the meaning of the present invention is meant a polymer comprising multiple carbon-fluorine bonds, generally obtained by polymerization of monomers comprising at least one Carbon-Fluorine bond, in particular by polymerization of olefin comprising at least one Carbon-Fluorine bond.
- An example of a fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Fluoropolymers are characterized by great chemical stability, which gives them great resistance to solvents, acids and bases in particular.
- residues of polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer we mean in particular polymeric fragments, in particular fluorinated polymeric fragments, which may result from degradation of the polymers during step b), or “melted” particles.
- tribological properties is understood to cover, in particular, resistance to friction, wear, and lubrication properties. Tribological properties are generally measured using pin-plane type tribometers for example or standardized functional tests such as the Taber abrasion test of standard ASTM D 4060-14.
- etidronic acid we mean the molecule with CAS number 2809-21-4, also called 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, of formula [Chem.
- the anodic layers can be characterized by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (abbreviated as GDOES).
- GDOES glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
- the metal samples are used as a cathode in a plasma. From the surface, the sample is analyzed in successive layers, by spraying with argon ions. The torn atoms pass into the plasma by diffusion. Photons linked to the de-excitation of atoms in the plasma are emitted: they have characteristic wavelengths which are recorded using a downstream spectrometer, and then quantified. We can then determine the composition of each of the layers.
- the anodic layers can also be characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (“EDS”) which is used for the elemental analysis of a sample. It also makes it possible to analyze the relative abundance of the chemical elements detected. It is based on the interaction between an X-ray excitation source and the sample to be analyzed. The sample is subjected to an electron beam powerful enough to excite the low energy electrons of the atoms in the sample. These are ejected, then replaced by higher energy electrons. During this process, energy is also released in the form of X-rays, corresponding to the energy difference of the two electrons. The number and energy of the X-rays emitted are characteristic of the emitting element, which makes it possible to determine the composition of the sample. This technique makes it possible to identify oxygen, aluminum, carbon and fluorine in particular. Examples of EDS implementation are described for example by Torkar et al. Engineering Failure Analysis 16(3) (2009).
- the invention firstly relates to a process for anodizing at least part of a part comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy, said process comprising the following successive steps: a) immersion of said part in a aqueous bath comprising etidronic acid and polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, b) application to the part immersed in the bath of an electric current and/or an electric voltage, so as to obtain on at least part one of the surface an anodic layer incorporating said particles over its entire thickness.
- the part is metallic, and includes aluminum and/or an aluminum alloy. According to a first embodiment, the part consists of aluminum and/or an aluminum alloy.
- the part or part may also include one or more addition elements, and in particular (%m meaning mass percentage relative to the total weight of the part):
- the part may comprise or be a 2000, 6000 and/or 7000 series alloy.
- the process can be applied to an entire part, this part being intended to be entirely immersed during the process.
- the process is applied to at least part of at least one part.
- the process can also be applied to several parts of the same part, for example simultaneously.
- the process can be applied simultaneously to one or more parts of several parts, the parts being intended to undergo the steps of the process simultaneously.
- the process is not applied to a so-called spared (or to be spared) part of the part.
- the part can be completely immersed during the process, the part to which the process must be applied then being immersed and the spared part being either inert with respect to the anodization, or masked to be protected.
- Masking can be done by applying a protective film, varnish, adhesive tape or a cap to the spared part.
- part refers to at least one part to which the process is applied (as opposed to the spared part), or to the entire part if the process is applied to it. is applied entirely.
- the part is for example a simple part, that is to say it has a shape that can easily be modeled by a two-dimensional object.
- a simple part is for example a substantially flat object such as a plate, or an object having two smooth faces.
- a rod is another example of a simple part.
- the part can be a complex part, that is to say a part requiring three-dimensional modeling, for example because it includes one or more hollow bodies.
- the anodizing process is typically carried out in a tank comprising a cathode and at least part of the part to be anodized, which acts as an anode.
- the tank contains the bath.
- the tank is preferably provided with temperature regulation and heating means, and preferably with stirring means and/or circulation means intended to maintain the aqueous bath mixed.
- the concentration of etidronic acid in the aqueous bath is advantageously between 5 and 300 g/L, preferably between 10 and 150 g/L, for example 100 or 120 g/L.
- the aqueous bath comprises one or more additives.
- the aqueous bath may further comprise a silicate or aluminate salt, preferably at a concentration of between 0.1 and 50 g/L, advantageously between 10 and 30 g/L, to increase the compactness of the layer, and therefore its resistance to corrosion.
- Silicates or aluminates can have sodium or potassium as counterions.
- the aqueous bath may further comprise one or more salts intended to increase the conductivity of the bath.
- They are typically inorganic, and advantageously chosen from the group consisting of sulfate, nitrate or halide salts.
- these salts are at a concentration of between 1 and 50 g/L in the aqueous bath.
- the aqueous bath may also comprise a surfactant, in particular at concentrations of between 0.001 and 10 g/L.
- the surfactants have the effect of stabilizing the suspension of the polymer particles in the aqueous bath.
- the surfactant may include an ionic or non-ionic surfactant or a mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfactants.
- ionic surfactants include organic compounds comprising at least one sulfate or sulfonate function, typically in the form of sodium salts, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
- nonionic surfactants are polyethylene glycol derivatives (PEG of different molecular weights) and fluorinated surfactants (notably per- and polyfluoroalkyls).
- the bath is advantageously maintained at a temperature between 15 and 60°C, for example between 20°C and 50°C.
- the bath is maintained at a temperature between 25°C and 40°C, or even at room temperature.
- the temperature is constant during the implementation of the process, that is to say during the stages a) of immersion and b) of application of a current and/or an electrical voltage.
- Polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer
- the polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer are advantageously of size between 0.001 and 10 pm, preferably between 0.01 and 1 pm.
- the polymeric particles are suspended in the aqueous bath, and are at a concentration of between 0.1 and 500 g/L, preferably between 10 and 200 g/L.
- the fluoropolymer comprises or consists of PTFE.
- the particles may further comprise particles chosen from graphite particles, molybdenum disulfide particles, ceramic particles, polymeric particles or mixtures thereof.
- the polymeric particles consist of fluoropolymer particles, preferably PTFE.
- step b Application of an electric current and/or an electric voltage (step b)
- the method comprises a step of applying to the part immersed in the aqueous bath an electric current and/or an electric voltage, implemented after the immersion step has started and while the part is immersed .
- the electric current and/or the electric voltage is at a current density of between 0.1 and 3 A/dm 2 , in direct current or in pulsed current.
- the current density can be constant or variable during step b).
- Step b) is typically carried out under direct current with a constant or variable current density over time, between 0.1 and 3 A/dm 2 .
- step b) can be implemented in so-called “pulsed current” mode or in “pulsed voltage” mode.
- the electric current and/or the electric voltage can be applied in pulsed mode with at least one positive pulse, and preferably at least one pause time.
- the average current density in pulsed current is advantageously between 0.1 and 5 A/dm 2 .
- pulsed current we mean for example a signal whose intensity is periodic, the period or pulsation consisting of one or more pulses during which the current is non-zero, and one or more rest times. , also called pause time, during which the current is zero.
- pulsed voltage we mean for example a signal whose voltage is periodic, the period or pulsation consisting of one or more pulses during which the voltage is non-zero, and one or more rest times during which one or two the voltage is zero. It is possible to introduce periods where the current or voltage are reversed, we then speak of “reverse pulsed current” or “reverse pulsed voltage”. The electric current and/or the electric voltage is then applied in pulsed mode with at least one positive pulse and at least one negative pulse.
- the pulsed current is for example such that the pulse duration of the pulsed current is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 1 and 5 ms, for example equal to 2 ms and/or the duration of the rest time of the pulsed current is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 4 and 30 ms, for example equal to 8 ms.
- the pulsed voltage is for example such that the pulse duration of the pulsed voltage is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 1 and 5 ms, for example equal to 2 ms and/or the duration of the rest time of the pulsed voltage is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 4 and 30 ms, for example equal to 8 ms.
- the pulse duration and/or the rest time duration is for example fixed.
- the frequency of the pulsed current and/or the pulsed voltage can be between 5 and 1000 Hz, i.e. a period between 1 and 200 ms, for example between 40 and 200 Hz, for example equal to 100 Hz.
- the reverse pulsed current is for example such that the pulse duration of the anodic pulsed current is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 1 and 5 ms, for example equal to 2 ms and/or the duration of the time of the cathodic reverse current is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 4 and 30 ms, for example equal to 8 ms.
- the reverse pulsed voltage is for example such that the pulse duration of the pulsed voltage is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 1 and 5 ms, for example equal to 2 ms and/or the duration of the reverse pulse voltage time is between 0.1 and 60 ms, for example between 4 and 30 ms, for example equal to 8 ms.
- the pulse duration and/or the rest time duration is for example fixed. A rest time of variable duration can be introduced between the anodic and cathodic sequences.
- the frequency of the pulsed current and/or the pulsed voltage can have a frequency between 5 and 1000 Hz, i.e. a period between 1 and 200 ms, for example between 40 and 200 Hz, for example equal to 100 Hz.
- the anodic current density during the pulse duration is for example between 0.5 A/dm 2 and 20 A/dm 2 , for example between 5 A/dm 2 and 12 A/dm 2 , for example 10 A /dm 2 .
- the cathode current density during the reverse pulse duration is for example between 0.5 A/dm 2 and 20 A/dm 2 , for example between 5 A/dm 2 and 12 A/dm 2 , for example 10 A/ dm2 .
- the thickness of the anodic layer obtained is advantageously between 1 and 40 pm, typically between 2 and 15 pm. Such a thickness is particularly advantageous when low roughness is desired: it makes it possible in particular to avoid re-machining.
- the anodic layer typically has an arithmetic roughness (Ra) of between 0.2 pm and 2 pm measured with a mechanical profilometer.
- the process described here makes it possible to greatly improve the tribological properties (in particular the sliding or rolling friction behavior) of the part comprising an aluminum alloy due to the anodic layer thus formed, while ensuring hardness properties similar to those obtained by a hard anodization process, even when the anodic layer is said to be “thin”, that is to say with a thickness of less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the anodic layer has a characteristic white color, very different from the color of conventional anodic layers, which gives it a favorable (finished) appearance.
- the invention also relates to a method for surface treatment of at least part of a part comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy, said method comprising the anodizing process according to the invention.
- the part is as described above in connection with the anodizing process.
- the surface treatment method further comprises a surface preparation step, prior to immersion, which may include a degreasing step and/or a stripping step.
- Degreasing allows the removal of fatty substances.
- Degreasing can be electrolytic or chemical, and is preferably carried out without borate.
- the degreasing step is advantageously followed by a rinsing step.
- the stripping step is preferably carried out after the degreasing step, even more preferably after the rinsing step associated with the degreasing step.
- the pickling step may include alkaline pickling (notably sodium), and/or acid pickling.
- the stripping step is for example followed by a rinsing step, for example with demineralized water, advantageously at room temperature. This rinsing step is then prior to the immersion step.
- an acid rinse is preferred to neutralize the surface.
- the stripping is acidic, it is preferable to rinse with a basic solution, also to neutralize the surface.
- the surface treatment process may further comprise a first anodic oxidation, for example a sulfuric, phosphoric or sulfo-tartaric anodization, in an electrolyte making it possible to obtain a first anodic layer of 5 to 50 pm, preferably 5 to 15 pm .
- the electrolyte typically comprises sulfuric acid, and/or phosphoric acid, and/or tartaric acid.
- This anodic layer can be obtained by sulfuric anodization for example, in potentiostatic or galvanostatic mode, typically at temperatures between -5°C and 25°C.
- the conditions for implementing this step are well known to those skilled in the art, and are not particularly limited.
- the part is then coated with two anodic layers: the first anodic layer is the sulfuric anodization layer, while the second anodic layer, superimposed on the first, is the anodic layer obtained by the anodization process of the invention.
- the thickness of the superposition of the two anodic layers is then typically between 6 and 50 pm.
- the surface treatment method comprises the following successive steps:
- degreasing which can be done with an organic solvent (methyl ethyl ketone or acetone for example) or an aqueous degreasing bath, in order to eliminate surface contamination of the parts, as usually carried out in the preparation of parts in aluminum, then
- pickling preferably alkaline, as usually carried out in the preparation of aluminum parts, possibly followed by an acid neutralization step to eliminate the hydroxides resulting from the alkaline pickling step, (4) optionally anodization, for example in an acid electrolyte, in order to obtain an oxide layer with a thickness of between 5 and 50 pm, preferably between 5 and 15 pm.
- This anodization can be carried out in an electrolyte composed of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid or a mixture of these acids, or their mixtures.
- the bath may also include additives.
- the method comprises a post-processing step c) after the step of implementing the anodizing process.
- post-treatment step c) comprises a step c1) of sealing with hot water, with or without a corrosion inhibitor.
- Corrosion inhibitors can for example be salts of chromium, nickel, cobalt, molybdates or silicates.
- the sealing is typically a sealing with deionized water at a temperature greater than or equal to 75°C.
- post-treatment step c) comprises a step c2) of immersion in a sol-gel capable of improving the corrosion resistance of the surface of the part.
- a sol-gel capable of improving the corrosion resistance of the surface of the part.
- the bath can for example contain metasilicates.
- Step c2) makes it possible to improve the corrosion resistance of the part.
- post-treatment step c) comprises an impregnation step c3) capable of improving the tribological properties (and in particular reducing the coefficient of friction) of the surface of the part, for example a PTFE impregnation.
- post-treatment step c) comprises a step c4) immersion in a coloring bath.
- the coloring bath can for example contain pigments of a desired color, at a concentration of between 5 and 30 g/L.
- the surface treatment method comprises a post-treatment step comprising step c1) and/or c2) and/or c3) and/or c4).
- Parts comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy coated with an anodic layer
- the invention also relates to a part comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy coated with an anodizing layer on at least part of its surface, said anodizing layer incorporating polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, and/or residues of said polymeric particles over its entire thickness.
- the part can be obtained by the surface treatment process of the invention.
- the presence of polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, and/or residues of said polymeric particles over the entire thickness in the anodic layer is characterized by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
- GDOES glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the anodic layer comprises crystallized alumina.
- the anodic layer presents at least in part a crystalline organization detectable by X-ray diffraction (analysis of the interaction of X-rays with a crystalline material) and by Raman spectrometry (analysis of the interaction of a monochromatic laser with the material).
- the presence of crystallized alumina is entirely characteristic of the anodic layers of the invention, and is not found in anodic layers obtained according to conventional processes, which lead to completely amorphous structures. They are similar to the layers obtained by micro-arc oxidation for current densities at least three times higher on average, and therefore much lower energy requirements.
- the anodic layer has a non-zero concentration of oxygen - revealing the presence of oxide, in particular aluminum oxide - as well as a non-zero concentration of fluorine - revealing the presence of polymeric particles comprising at least one fluoropolymer, and/or residues of said polymeric particles
- the fluorine concentration is lower than the oxygen concentration. As it approaches the metal, the quantity of fluorine decreases, until it reaches a value that is essentially zero in the metal of the coated part.
- this second coating is generally very low (less than 900 nm), so that the elements detected cannot be considered significant. In fact, they are confused with possible atmospheric contamination which adsorbs on the surface, and disrupts the measurements, particularly with regard to carbon.
- the part is characterized in that: the anodic layer has over its entire thickness a non-zero concentration of oxygen, as well as a non-zero concentration of fluorine, the fluorine concentration being lower than the oxygen concentration, the oxygen and fluorine concentrations being measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and/or the anodic layer comprises crystallized alumina.
- the anodic layer has a non-zero concentration of oxygen - revealing the presence of oxide, in particular aluminum oxide - as well as a non-zero concentration of carbon - revealing the presence of polymeric residues - over the entire thickness of the anodic layer, by analysis by GDOES or by EDS.
- the carbon concentration is lower than the oxygen concentration. But this analysis must be combined with EDS fluorine mapping to confirm the presence of fluoropolymer particles.
- the thickness of the anodic layer of the invention coating the part is advantageously between 1 and 40 pm, typically between 2 and 15 pm. Such a thickness is particularly advantageous, especially when accompanied by low roughness.
- the part has an arithmetic roughness (Ra) measured with a mechanical profilometer of between 0.2 pm and 2 pm. This makes it possible to avoid rework of machining.
- Ra arithmetic roughness
- Such a thickness is also advantageous when the treatment is followed by polytetrafluoroethylene impregnation to improve tribological performance.
- the thickness of the superposition of the two anodic layers is then typically between 6 and 50 pm .
- the process described here makes it possible to greatly improve the tribological properties (in particular the sliding or rolling friction behavior) of the part comprising an aluminum alloy due to the anodic layer thus formed, while ensuring hardness properties similar to those obtained by a hard anodization process, even when the anodic layer is said to be “thin”, that is to say with a thickness of less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the part can be a functional part such as a slide rail, a tube, a pulley, a gear.
- the parts of the invention are useful in particular as construction materials, particularly maritime, aeronautical or even aerospace.
- FIG. 1 section of the part obtained in example 1, used to measure the thickness of the anodic layer obtained by the process of the invention.
- FIG. 2 graph showing the measurement of the coefficient of friction after 600 cycles at 1 N for two parts.
- solid lines are presented the measurements obtained for a part having undergone hard anodization followed by impregnation of PTFE (anodic layer coated with a layer of PTFE obtained by a dipping called “dip-coating” (the part is immersed then brought out more or less quickly depending on the desired thickness for the PTFE coating)), and in dotted lines are presented the measurements obtained for a part of the invention, having undergone a surface treatment process of the invention according to Example 1.
- FIG. 3 graph showing the measurement of the coefficient of after 600 cycles under 1 N for two parts.
- FIG. 4 graph showing the measurement of the coefficient of after 600 cycles under 1 N for two parts.
- solid lines are presented the measurements obtained for a part having undergone hard anodization followed by PTFE impregnation (anodic layer coated with a layer of PTFE obtained by “dip-coating”), and in dotted lines are presented the measurements obtained for a part of the invention, having undergone a surface treatment process of the invention according to Example 3.
- composition of the bath as well as the process parameters are given in Table 1 below.
- the tests were carried out at variable current density during handling, on aluminum substrate of grade 2024.
- the anodic layer obtained after treatment has a gray-white appearance.
- the thickness of the anodic layer is 4.2 pm measured in section, presented in Figure 1.
- the roughness measured with the Veeco Dektak 150 mechanical profilometer is 0.3 pm.
- the coefficient of friction, presented in Figure 2 is approximately 0.35 measured after 600 cycles at 1 N, with a rotation speed of 2.5 cm/s, and an alumina friction ball.
- Example 2 The composition of the bath as well as the process parameters are given in Table 2. The tests were carried out at direct current density during handling on a grade 7175 aluminum substrate.
- the anodic layer obtained is gray-white in color.
- the thickness measured by eddy current on a Fischer Fischerscope MMS PC2 device is 3pm and the roughness measured by the Veeco Dektak 150 mechanical profilometer is 0.5pm.
- the coefficient of friction, presented in Figure 3, is approximately 0.2 after 600 cycles at 1 N, with a rotation speed of 2.5 cm/s, and an alumina friction ball.
- composition of the bath as well as the process parameters are given in Table 3.
- the tests were carried out at variable current density during handling on an aluminum substrate of grade 2024 having already undergone anodization in an acid electrolyte and comprising a layer anodic with a thickness between 9 pm and 11 pm.
- the anodic layer obtained after treatment has a gray-white appearance with a thickness of 7.6 ⁇ m, measured by eddy current on a Fischer Fischerscope MMS PC2 device.
- the roughness measured with the Veeco Dektak 150 mechanical profilometer is 1.1 pm.
- the friction coefficient, presented in Figure 4 is approximately 0.3 measured after 600 cycles at 1 N, with a rotation speed of 2.5 cm/s, and an alumina friction ball.
- the hardness measured in section on a Shimadzu HMV-G microdurometer is 624 Hv. It is therefore much higher than the hardness of the layers obtained by conventional hard anodizing, which is generally between 350 and 400 Hv.
- the distribution of the elements is given in Figure 5. Comparative Example 1
- composition of the bath as well as the process parameters are given in Table 4 below.
- the tests were carried out at variable current density during handling, on aluminum substrate of grade 2024.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2213842A FR3143635A1 (fr) | 2022-12-19 | 2022-12-19 | Pièces comprenant de l’aluminium ou un de ses alliages revêtues d’une couche d’anodisation autolubrifiante, et procédé d’anodisation correspondant |
| PCT/FR2023/052050 WO2024134085A1 (fr) | 2022-12-19 | 2023-12-19 | Pièces comprenant de l'aluminium ou un de ses alliages revêtues d'une couche d'anodisation autolubrifiante, et procédé d'anodisation correspondant |
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| EP4638838A1 true EP4638838A1 (fr) | 2025-10-29 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23841021.1A Pending EP4638838A1 (fr) | 2022-12-19 | 2023-12-19 | Pièces comprenant de l'aluminium ou un de ses alliages revêtues d'une couche d'anodisation autolubrifiante, et procédé d'anodisation correspondant |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4638838A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3143635A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024134085A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL27165A (en) * | 1966-01-13 | 1971-01-28 | Amphenol Corp | Dry lubricant coating |
| DE4124730C3 (de) * | 1991-07-25 | 2001-09-06 | Ahc Oberflaechentechnik Gmbh | Anodisierte Gegenstände aus Aluminium oder Magnesium mit in die Oxidschicht eingelagerten Fluorpolymeren und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| CN101736385A (zh) | 2008-11-19 | 2010-06-16 | 苏州有色金属研究院有限公司 | 铝合金自润滑表面的处理工艺 |
| RU2483144C1 (ru) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-05-27 | Учреждение Российской академи наук Институт химии Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук (ИХ ДВО РАН) | Способ получения композитных полимер-оксидных покрытий на вентильных металлах и их сплавах |
| CN103981556B (zh) | 2014-05-19 | 2017-02-22 | 广东美芝制冷设备有限公司 | 铝合金硬质阳极氧化电解液和铝合金硬质自润滑膜层的制备方法 |
| FR3077303B1 (fr) | 2018-01-30 | 2022-12-02 | Sgi Soc De Galvanoplastie Industrielle | Procede d'anodisation et systeme associe |
-
2022
- 2022-12-19 FR FR2213842A patent/FR3143635A1/fr active Pending
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2023
- 2023-12-19 WO PCT/FR2023/052050 patent/WO2024134085A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-12-19 EP EP23841021.1A patent/EP4638838A1/fr active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| WO2024134085A1 (fr) | 2024-06-27 |
| FR3143635A1 (fr) | 2024-06-21 |
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