EP4562112A1 - Procédé de purification d'une composition d'huile de liquéfaction de plastique par cavitation et utilisation - Google Patents
Procédé de purification d'une composition d'huile de liquéfaction de plastique par cavitation et utilisationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4562112A1 EP4562112A1 EP23751342.9A EP23751342A EP4562112A1 EP 4562112 A1 EP4562112 A1 EP 4562112A1 EP 23751342 A EP23751342 A EP 23751342A EP 4562112 A1 EP4562112 A1 EP 4562112A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- basic compound
- purified
- cavitation
- hydrotreatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G19/00—Refining hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment
- C10G19/02—Refining hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment with aqueous alkaline solutions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G21/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by heating, cooling, or pressure treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/08—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by treating with water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
- C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
- C10G53/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one extraction step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
- C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
- C10G53/12—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one alkaline treatment step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G55/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process
- C10G55/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only
- C10G55/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only including at least one thermal cracking step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G55/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process
- C10G55/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only
- C10G55/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only including at least one catalytic cracking step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
- C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
- C10G67/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only including solvent extraction as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
- C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
- C10G67/10—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only including alkaline treatment as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
- C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
- C10G67/14—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only including at least two different refining steps in the absence of hydrogen
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR PURIFYING A PLASTIC LIQUEFACTION OIL COMPOSITION BY CAVITATION AND USE
- the present invention relates to a process for purifying by cavitation a composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil and its subsequent use in refining and petrochemical processes.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible in particular to reduce the concentration of heteroatoms in the fillers coming from plastic waste, in particular with a view to their use in a steam cracking process.
- Plastic waste is most often directed to landfills or incinerated, and a smaller portion is directed to recycling.
- plastic waste is most often directed to landfills or incinerated, and a smaller portion is directed to recycling.
- the disposal of plastic waste in landfills is becoming increasingly difficult. It is therefore necessary to recycle plastic waste.
- a possible route to recycling plastic is the liquefaction of plastic by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction.
- the resulting plastic oil generally contains large quantities of dienes and heteroatoms, including metals. These numerous heteroatoms, including metals, are contaminants for the catalysts of the hydrotreatment processes usually used to recycle plastics. Additionally, dienes react easily to form gums. Dienes are also precursors to coke in a steam cracker. It is therefore necessary to treat plastic liquefaction oils to be able to recycle them.
- Patent J P3776335 discloses a process for dechlorination and denitrogenation of an oil resulting from the catalytic or thermal cracking of plastic waste which is treated at different temperatures up to 425°C for 30 minutes in the presence of an aqueous solution of a alkaline compound of an alkali or alkaline earth metal at a pH greater than or equal to 7. The reaction product is then separated from the alkaline aqueous solution by liquid-liquid separation with ethyl ether.
- Patent application WO2012/069467 claims a process for eliminating siloxanes contained in a plastic pyrolysis oil by heat treatment between 200 and 350°C in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide in the solid state or in solution.
- the use of calcium hydroxide at 5% by weight at 225°C does not make it possible to obtain a reduction in the siloxane content (table 5, p.12 and lines 9 to 11, p.13).
- the pyrolysis oil is separated by distillation under reduced pressure.
- Patent Fl 128848 describes a process sequence comprising a heat treatment of a plastic pyrolysis oil at at least 200°C in the presence of an alkaline aqueous solution. At the end of the reaction, the pyrolysis oil is separated from the alkaline aqueous phase. A final hydrotreatment makes it possible to obtain a steam cracker charge which is optionally washed with an acid solution before introduction into the steam cracker.
- Patent application W02020/020769 claims a sequence of processes for purifying a composition comprising at least 20 ppm of chlorine. Many recyclable liquid wastes can be treated, including plastic pyrolysis oils.
- the process sequence includes a heat treatment of the charge in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide in order to obtain a reduction of at least 50% in the chlorine content relative to the charge, followed by a hydrotreatment in order to obtain a new reduction of at least 50% in chlorine content.
- Patent application WO2021/105326 claims a process for recovering liquefied plastic waste comprising a step of pre-treating the liquefied plastic waste by bringing it into contact with an aqueous medium having a pH of at least 7 at a temperature of 200°C or more , followed by liquid-liquid separation in which the aqueous phase is separated from the organic phase, to produce pretreated liquefied waste plastic.
- the proposed solution includes the use of a solution of NaOH in water.
- the separation of the aqueous and organic phases is carried out by physical methods (centrifugation) or chemical methods (addition of separation aid additives, for example non-aqueous solvents, addition of additional quantity of the aqueous medium used for the in contact with or an aqueous medium having a different alkaline substance concentration), or by gravity.
- the invention aims to propose a process for purifying plastic liquefaction oil making it possible to facilitate its purification, in particular by limiting the implementation temperature. while maintaining high heteroatom reduction performances, in particular silicon, including for the reduction of the content of alkali and/or alkaline earth metals resulting from the treatment of plastic liquefaction oil with a basic compound containing for example an alkali or alkaline earth metal.
- the invention relates to a process for purifying a composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil comprising the following steps:
- composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil, said composition containing at least 20 ppm heteroatoms,
- step (b) treating the composition supplied in step (a) by hydrodynamic cavitation in the presence of a basic compound at a temperature of not more than 350°C to obtain an effluent containing the modified composition
- step (c) subjecting the effluent from step (b) to (c1) washing with water or a solvent immiscible with the modified composition, c2) separation, or to the succession of steps (c2) and (c1), and obtain a purified composition having a reduced heteroatom content, and a phase containing the basic compound and heteroatoms initially contained in the modified composition.
- Step (b) of the present invention is a treatment by hydrodynamic cavitation in the presence of a basic compound to allow the elimination of impurities containing heteroatoms, in particular alkali, alkaline earth metals, silicon, chlorine, bromine, iron, aluminum and others, likely to damage the catalyst of a subsequent hydrotreatment step.
- a basic compound to allow the elimination of impurities containing heteroatoms, in particular alkali, alkaline earth metals, silicon, chlorine, bromine, iron, aluminum and others, likely to damage the catalyst of a subsequent hydrotreatment step.
- the aqueous or organic phase concentrated in impurities can then be separated, and/or
- the impurities can then be removed by washing with a solvent immiscible with the composition and/or by separation of a phase immiscible with the composition and containing the impurities.
- Step (b) may comprise one or more of the following characteristics: step (b) is carried out in the presence of 0.1 to 50% m of basic compound relative to the total mass of the treated composition, prior to step b) or during step b), (i) a solid basic compound is added to the composition of step a), (ii) a basic compound previously dissolved in an aqueous medium, preferably water, or (iii) a basic compound previously dissolved in a solvent, the basic compound comprises (is chosen from) an oxide, a hydroxide, a bicarbonate or an alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or a cation of alkaline earth metal, or a hydroxide or a bicarbonate of a quaternary ammonium cation, alone or in a mixture, the basic compound is chosen from LiOH, NaOH, CsOH, Ba(OH)2, Na2 ⁇ , KOH, K2O, CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2
- Step (c) may comprise one or more of the following characteristics: step (c) is preceded or followed by a step of separating the solids by (i) filtration, (ii) centrifugation, (iii) ) hydrocyclone or (iv) a combination of two or more of these steps, step c1) is carried out in the presence of water at neutral, basic or acidic pH, or in the presence of an organic solvent immiscible with the composition, preferably in the presence of water, step c2) is carried out by (i) centrifugation, (ii) decantation, (iii) hydrocyclone or (iv) by the combination of two or three of these steps, step ( c) comprises at least the separation step (c2) for separating the phase containing the basic compound and heteroatoms, and the purified composition, and the phase containing the basic compound and heteroatoms is returned in whole or in part to the step (b).
- said composition prior to the hydrodynamic cavitation treatment of step (b), said composition can be subjected to (i) filtration, (ii) washing with water or a polar solvent immiscible with the composition, (iii) ) distillation, (iv) decantation, or (v) the combination of two, three or four of steps (i) to (iv).
- the purified composition resulting from step (c) or the effluent resulting from step (d) can be purified by passing over a solid adsorbent in order to reduce the content of at least an element from F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S, Se, Si, P, As, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg and Hg and/or the water content.
- the purified composition of step (c) can undergo catalytic hydrotreatment, namely a catalytic treatment under hydrogen, in one or two steps to provide a purified hydrotreated composition.
- step (c) can be carried out in a single step in which the purified composition of step (c) is hydrotreated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C, preferably 200 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at absolute pressure from 20 to 140 bars, preferably from 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a hydrotreatment catalyst, or
- step (d-1) in which the purified composition of step (c) is hydrotreated, preferably selectively hydrogenated, at a temperature of 80 to 250°C, preferably 130 to 250 °C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 5 to 60 bars, preferably 20 to 45 bars and in the presence of a first hydrotreatment catalyst, and in a second step (d-2) in which The effluent from step (d-1) is hydrotreated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C, preferably 250 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 20 to 140 bars, preferably of 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a second hydrotreatment catalyst.
- the purified and hydrotreated composition leaving step (d) can also be washed with water to eliminate inorganic compounds such as hydrosulfide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia.
- the purified composition of step (c) or the purified hydrotreated composition of step (d) can be:
- the purified composition of step (c) or the purified hydrotreated composition of step (d) can be submitted, pure or diluted, optionally after separation into streams usable, at a steam cracking step (e) to produce olefins such as ethylene and propylene, which can then be used to manufacture new polymers by polymerization.
- olefins such as ethylene and propylene
- the invention also relates to an installation, in particular adapted to the implementation of the method according to the invention, comprising an optional pretreatment section (A), a cavitation treatment section (B), in particular adapted for the implementation of step b), an optional solids separation section (C), a separation section (D), in particular adapted for the implementation of step c), an optional hydrotreatment section (E) and/ or an optional treatment section in a steam cracker (F) and/or an optional treatment section in a hydrocracker (G) and/or an optional treatment section in a fluidized bed catalytic cracker (H) and/or an optional section treatment in a hydrotreatment reactor (I) and/or an optional section for preparing a fuel or a fuel or a lubricant or base oil (J), in which the different sections are connected fluidly to implement the method according to the invention.
- the cavitation treatment section (B) can be fluidly connected to at least one enclosure or capacity containing a basic compound, preferably chosen from an oxide, a hydroxide, a bicarbonate or an alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or an alkaline earth metal cation, or a hydroxide or a bicarbonate of a quaternary ammonium cation, alone or in a mixture.
- a basic compound preferably chosen from an oxide, a hydroxide, a bicarbonate or an alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or an alkaline earth metal cation, or a hydroxide or a bicarbonate of a quaternary ammonium cation, alone or in a mixture.
- Hourly Volume Velocity is defined as the hourly volume of feed flow per unit of catalytic volume and is expressed here in h' 1 .
- a number domain without decimal places includes all whole numbers and, where appropriate, fractions thereof (for example, 1 to 5 may include 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 when reference is made to a number of elements, and may also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, when reference is made to, for example, a measurement.).
- Specifying a decimal also includes the decimal itself (for example, "from 1.0 to 5.0" includes 1.0 and 5.0). Any range of numerical values recited herein also includes any subrange of numerical values mentioned above.
- % by weight and % by mass have an equivalent meaning and refer to the proportion of the mass of a product compared to 100g of a composition comprising it.
- heteroatom we mean any elements of an organic compound other than carbon and hydrogen.
- polar solvent within the meaning of this patent application covers all chemical species, alone or in mixture, comprising at least one carbon-hydrogen, carbon-halogen, carbon-chalcogen or carbon-nitrogen covalent bond and having a non-zero dipole moment. It is understood that the term “polar solvent” within the meaning of this definition specifically excludes water.
- solvent includes the aforementioned “polar solvents” and apolar solvents, which include for example any type of saturated or unsaturated linear, branched, cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbon such as pentane, cyclohexane, olefins, toluene or xylene or certain other solvents with zero or almost zero dipole moment such as tetrachloromethane or carbon disulfide.
- naphtha refers to the general definition used in the oil and gas industry. In particular, it is a hydrocarbon coming from the distillation of crude oil and whose boiling point is between 15 and 250°C, according to the ASTM D2887 standard. Naphtha contains almost no olefins because the hydrocarbons come from crude oil.
- a naphtha is generally considered to have a carbon number between C5 and C11, although the carbon number can in some cases be as high as C15. It is also generally accepted that the density of naphtha is between 0.65 and 0.77 g/mL.
- liquefaction oil we mean an oil resulting from a pyrolysis process and/or a hydrothermal liquefaction process of a hydrocarbon feedstock.
- This hydrocarbon filler may include plastics, biomass and/or elastomers, preferably plastics and/or biomass, alone or in a mixture, particularly in the form of waste.
- a liquefaction oil can be formed from a mixture of two or more liquefaction oils originating from the liquefaction of different hydrocarbon feedstocks.
- the pyrolysis process must be understood as a thermal cracking process, typically carried out at a temperature of 300 to 1000°C or 400 to 700°C, implemented in presence or absence of a catalyst and/or a gas (fast pyrolysis, flash pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, steam pyrolysis,
- the hydrothermal liquefaction process (or HTL for “Hydrothermal Liquefaction” in English) is a thermochemical conversion process using water as a solvent, reagent and catalyst for degradation reactions of a hydrocarbon feedstock, water typically being in a subcritical or supercritical state.
- the hydrothermal liquefaction process is typically carried out at a temperature of 250 to 500 °C and at pressures of 10 to 25-40 MPa in the presence of water.
- plastic liquefaction oil or “oil resulting from the liquefaction of plastic” or “waste plastic liquefaction oil” or “liquefaction oil resulting from the liquefaction of waste containing plastics” refers to hydrocarbon liquid products obtained following pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction of thermoplastic and/or thermosetting polymers, alone or in mixture, and generally in the form of waste, optionally in mixture with at least one other filler, in particular in the form of waste, such as biomass, for example chosen from lignocellulosic biomass, paper and cardboard, and/or an elastomer, for example optionally vulcanized latex or tires.
- thermoplastic and/or thermosetting polymers alone or in mixture, and generally in the form of waste, can be subjected to pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction in mixture with at least one other charge, in particular under form of waste, such as biomass, for example chosen from lignocellulosic biomass, paper and/or cardboard.
- this filler does not contain elastomers or contains less than 15% by mass, preferably less than 10% by mass or less than 5% by mass.
- Plastic can be of any type, including any type of new or used plastic, included in household (post-consumer) or industrial waste.
- plastics we mean materials made up of polymers and optionally auxiliary components such as plasticizers, fillers, dyes, catalysts, flame retardants, stabilizers, etc.
- these polymers can be polyethylene, halogenated polyethylene (Cl, F ), polypropylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polybutylene, poly(butylene terephthalate) ( PBT), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, polyester, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyether, epoxy polymer, polyacetal, polyimide, polyesteramide, silicone etc.
- any polymer or mixture of polymers capable of producing hydrocarbons by liquefaction i.e. by pyrolysis and/or hydrothermal liquefaction, can be used.
- Biomass can be defined as an organic plant or animal product. Biomass thus includes (i) biomass produced by surplus agricultural land, not used for human or animal food: dedicated crops, called energy crops; (ii) biomass produced by deforestation (forest maintenance) or cleaning of agricultural land; (iii) agricultural residues from cereal crops, vines, orchards, olive trees, fruits and vegetables, agri-food residues, etc.; (iv) forest residues from silviculture and wood processing; (v) agricultural residues from livestock (manure, slurry, litter, droppings, etc.); (vi) organic household waste (paper, cardboard, green waste, etc.); (vii) ordinary industrial organic waste (paper, cardboard, wood, putrescible waste, etc.).
- the plastic liquefaction oil treated by the invention can come from the liquefaction of waste containing at least 1% m/m, optionally from 1 to 50% m/m, from 2 to 30% m/m or in a range defined by any two of these limits, one or more of the aforementioned biomasses, residues and organic waste, and the remainder consisting of plastic waste, optionally mixed with elastomers, in particular in the form of waste.
- the waste does not contain elastomers or contains less than 15% by mass, preferably less than 10% by mass or less than 5% by mass.
- Elastomers are linear or branched polymers transformed by vulcanization into an infusible and insoluble, weakly crosslinked three-dimensional network. They include natural or synthetic rubbers. They may be part of tire-type waste or any other household or industrial waste containing elastomers, natural and/or synthetic rubber, mixed or not with other components, such as plastics, plasticizers, fillers, vulcanizing agent, vulcanization accelerators, additives, etc.
- elastomeric polymers examples include ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), polyisoprene (natural or synthetic), polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene copolymers, isobutene-based polymers, copolymers of isobutylene isoprene, chlorinated or brominated, butadiene acrylonitrile copolymers (NBR), and polychloroprenes (CR), polyurethanes, silicone elastomers, etc.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene copolymers
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
- polyisoprene naturally or synthetic
- polybutadiene styrene-butadiene copolymers
- isobutene-based polymers copolymers of isobutylene isoprene, chlorinated or brominated, butadiene acrylon
- the plastic liquefaction oil treated by the invention can come from the liquefaction of waste containing at least 1% m/m, optionally from 1 to 50% m/m, from 2 to 30% m/m or in a range defined by any two of these limits, of one or more aforementioned elastomers, in particular in the form of waste, the remainder consisting of plastic waste, optionally mixed with biomass, residues and organic waste.
- Cavitation is the phenomenon of vapor or gas bubbles forming in a flowing liquid in regions where the pressure of the liquid is lower than its vapor pressure at the temperature in question. It is a phenomenon of nucleation, growth and implosion (collapse) of cavities filled with vapor or gas, which can be obtained by the passage of ultrasound (acoustic cavitation), by a laser, by the injection of steam into a cold fluid or by changes in flow and pressure (hydrodynamic cavitation). In the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, the flow geometry is modified such that the kinetic energy is increased by flow throttling which results in a considerable reduction in local liquid pressure and a corresponding increase in kinetic energy.
- MAV (acronym for “Maleic Anhydric Value” for “maleic anhydride index”) refers to the UOP326-82 method which is expressed in mg of maleic anhydride which reacts with 1 g of sample to be measured .
- Bromine number corresponds to the quantity of bromine in grams reacted on 100 g of sample and can be measured according to the ASTM D1159-07 method.
- Bromine Index is the number of milligrams of bromine that react with 100 g of sample and can be measured according to the ASTM D2710 or ASTM D5776 methods.
- Boiling points as mentioned here are measured at atmospheric pressure unless otherwise noted.
- An initial boiling point is defined as the temperature value at which a first vapor bubble is formed.
- a final boiling point is the highest temperature achievable during distillation. At this temperature, no more vapor can be transported to a condenser.
- the determination of the initial and final points uses techniques known in the trade and several methods adapted depending on the range of distillation temperatures are applicable, for example NF EN 15199-1 (version 2020) or ASTM D2887 for measuring the points d boiling of petroleum fractions by gas chromatography, ASTM D7169 for heavy hydrocarbons, ASTM D7500, D86 or D1160 for distillates.
- the concentration of metals in hydrocarbon matrices can be determined by any known method. Acceptable methods include X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Specialists in analytical sciences know how to identify the most suitable method for measuring each metal and generally each heteroelement depending on the hydrocarbon matrix considered.
- the oxygen content can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D5622-17 / D2504-88 (2015).
- the nitrogen content can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D4629-17.
- the sulfur content can be measured according to the ISO 20846:2011 standard.
- the halogen content in particular chlorine, bromine, fluorine, can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D7359-18.
- hydrotreatment we mean any process during which hydrocarbons react with dihydrogen, typically under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst or not.
- the hydrotreatment can thus comprise one or more reactions chosen from hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), hydrodemetallation (HCM), hydrocracking, hydroisomerization and hydrogenation (hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds into saturated compounds).
- hydrotreatment catalyst we mean a catalyst promoting the incorporation of hydrogen into products.
- This type of catalyst is typically a metal catalyst comprising one or more metals from groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the periodic table.
- composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil
- composition provided in step (a) comprises a plastic liquefaction oil.
- the composition may comprise only a plastic liquefaction oil.
- the composition may comprise at least 1% m plastic liquefaction oil.
- the remainder can then be composed of at most 99% by mass of a diluent or solvent such as a hydrocarbon and/or one or more of the components listed below, preferably a component coming from biomass, biomass waste and/or elastomeric waste.
- a diluent or solvent such as a hydrocarbon and/or one or more of the components listed below, preferably a component coming from biomass, biomass waste and/or elastomeric waste.
- the composition does not include any component originating from elastomeric waste or in a content less than 15%m or 10%m or 5%m.
- the composition may comprise at least 5% m, preferably 10% m, more preferably at least 25% m, even more preferably at least 50% by mass, more preferably 75% by mass, even more preferably at least 90% by mass of plastic liquefaction oil.
- the composition may comprise at most 80%m or 90%m or 95%m or 100%m of plastic liquefaction oil.
- Mass content plastic liquefaction oil(s) of the composition can be included in any interval defined by two of the limits previously set.
- the composition may further comprise a component originating from biomass, biomass waste and/or elastomeric waste, preferably originating from biomass and/or biomass waste, such as tall oil, used edible oil , an animal fat, a vegetable oil such as rapeseed, canola, castor, palm, soybean oil, an oil extracted from an algae, an oil extracted from a fermentation of oleaginous microorganisms such as yeasts oilseeds, a biomass liquefaction oil, in particular a biomass liquefaction oil such as Panicum virgatum or a lignocellulosic biomass liquefaction oil, for example a liquefaction oil of wood, paper and/or cardboard, an oil obtained by liquefaction of crushed used furniture, an oil for liquefying elastomers, for example possibly vulcanized latex or tires, as well as their mixtures.
- a component originating from biomass, biomass waste and/or elastomeric waste preferably originating from biomass and/or biomass waste, such as tall oil
- the composition may further include a component that is a diluent miscible with the plastic liquefaction oil.
- This diluent preferably has a diene number of not more than 0.5 g 12/100 g, measured according to UOP 326-17, a bromine number of not more than 5 g Br2/100 g, measured according to ASTM D1159.
- the diluent is preferably chosen from a naphtha and/or a paraffinic solvent and/or a diesel or a direct distillation gas oil, containing at most 1% by weight of sulfur, preferably at most 0.1% by weight of sulfur, and/or a hydrocarbon stream having a boiling range between 50°C and 150°C or a boiling range between 150°C and 250°C or a boiling range between 200°C and 350°C , preferably having a bromine number of not more than 5 gBr2/100g, and/or a diene number of not more than 0.5 gl2/100g or any combination thereof.
- the composition may have a bromine number of at most 150 g Br2/100g, preferably at most 100 g Br2/100g, even more preferably at most 80 g Br2/100g, the most preferred being at plus 50 g Br2/ 100g, as measured according to ASTM D1159.
- the composition may have a heteroatom content of at least 20 ppm.
- Step (a) of providing the composition may include:
- the liquefaction step (a1) may comprise a pyrolysis step, typically carried out at a temperature of 300 to 1000°C or 400 to 700°C, this pyrolysis being for example rapid pyrolysis or flash pyrolysis or catalytic pyrolysis. or hydropyrolysis.
- the liquefaction step (a1) may comprise a hydrothermal liquefaction step, typically carried out at a temperature of 250 to 500 °C and at pressures of 10 to 25-40 MPa.
- the waste treated in step (a1) can be plastic waste optionally mixed with biomass and/or elastomers, as previously described, preferably mixed only with biomass (or with biomass waste), or containing at most 15%m of elastomeric waste, preferably at most 10%m or at most 5%m.
- the separation step (a2) makes it possible to eliminate the gas phase, essentially the C1-C4 hydrocarbons and the solid phase (typically char) to recover only the liquid organic phase forming a liquefaction oil.
- Plastic liquefaction oils contain paraffins, i-paraffins (isoparaffins), dienes, alkynes, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics. Plastic liquefaction oils also contain impurities containing heteroatoms, such as chlorinated, oxygenated, sulfurous, nitrogenous and/or silylated organic compounds, metals, salts, phosphorus compounds.
- composition of the plastic liquefaction oil depends on the nature of the liquefied plastic, and optionally on any other waste liquefied with the plastic, and is essentially (in particular more than 80% m/m, most often more than 90%m/m) consisting of hydrocarbons having 1 to 150 carbon atoms and impurities.
- a plastic liquefaction oil typically comprises 5 to 80% m/m of paraffins (including cyclo-paraffins), 10 to 95% m/m of unsaturated compounds (including olefins, dienes and acetylenes), from 5 to 70% m/m aromatics. These contents can be determined by gas chromatography.
- a plastic liquefaction oil may include a Bromine number of 10 to 130 g Br/100g, as measured according to standard ASTM D1159, and/or a maleic anhydride number (UOP326-82) of 1 to 55 mg. of maleic anhydride/1g.
- said plastic liquefaction oil has an initial boiling point of at least 15°C, and a final boiling point of at most 800°C, preferably at most 600°C. °C, even more preferably at most 560°C, more preferably at most 450°C, even more preferably at most 350°C, preferably 250°C (measured according to standard NF EN 15199- 1/2).
- a plastic liquefaction oil typically comprises at least 20 ppm of heteroatoms, or even at least 30 ppm of heteroatoms.
- a plastic liquefaction oil may in particular comprise one or more of the following heteroatom contents: from 0 to 8% m/m of oxygen (measured according to the ASTM D5622 standard), from 1 to 13,000 ppm of nitrogen (measured according to the standard ASTM D4629), 2 to 10,000ppm of sulfur (measured according to standard ISO 20846), 1 to 10,000ppm of metals (measured by ICP), 50 to 6,000ppm of chlorine (measured according to standard ASTM D7359-18), 0 to 200ppm bromine (measured according to ASTM D7359-18), 1 to 40ppm fluorine (measured according to ASTM D7359-18), 1 to 2000 ppm silicon (measured by XRF).
- pre-treatment of the following heteroatom contents from 0 to 8% m/m of oxygen (measured according to the ASTM D5622 standard), from 1 to 13,000 ppm of nitrogen (measured according to the standard ASTM D4629), 2 to 10,000ppm of sulfur (measured according to standard ISO 20846
- the invention may also comprise an optional pretreatment step, in which said composition is subjected, in particular immediately before step (b) or (c2), to (i) a filtration, (ii) washing with water or a polar solvent immiscible with the composition, (iii) distillation, (iv) decantation, or (v) the combination of two, three or four of the steps ( i) to (iv).
- This additional step can make it possible to remove some of the impurities contained in the composition such as oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur or other heteroatoms. In particular, reducing the quantity of oxygen can help avoid the formation of solids and/or gels during step (c1).
- the polar solvent or water/composition volume ratio can be from 1/99 to 90/10, from 10/90 to 90/10, from 20/80 to 80/20 , from 30/70 to 70/30, from 35/65 to 65/35, from 35/65 to 60/40, or from 40/60 to 60/40.
- An acidic pH can be obtained by adding one or more organic or inorganic acids.
- organic acids include citric acid (CeHsOy), formic acid (CH 2 O 2 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH).
- inorganic acids are sulfamic acid (H3NSO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
- a basic pH can be obtained by the addition of alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2), alkali and alkaline metal bicarbonates -earth and amines (e.g. triethylamine, ethylenediamine, ammonia).
- the polar solvent may have a density greater or less than the density of the composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil.
- the density of the polar solvent can be 3 to 50% higher or lower than that of the composition.
- the polar solvent is a solvent immiscible with the composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil to be purified.
- the polar solvent (or a mixture of polar solvents if applicable) is immiscible when its recovery rate is greater than or equal to 0.95.
- This recovery rate is defined as the ratio of the volume of extract to the volume of initial solvent, this extract being a phase containing the solvent, immiscible with the composition containing a liquefaction oil, recovered after stirring then decanting a mixture. of one part per volume of solvent with twenty-five parts per volume of the composition containing a liquefaction oil to be purified, at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 20°C.
- this recovery rate can be determined by following the following procedure:
- Acceptable immiscible polar solvents include (i) sulfur compounds, for example dimethyl sulfoxide, (ii) nitrogen compounds, for example N,N-dimethylformamide, (iii) halogenated compounds, for example dichloromethane or chloroform, (iv) ethylene glycol, or alternatively: glycol ethers, including in particular polyethylene glycol of chemical formula HO-(CH2-CH2-O) n -H with a mass average molar mass of 90 to 800 g/mol, for example diethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol with chemical formula H[OCH(CH3)CH2] n OH with a mass average molar mass of 130 to 800g/mol, for example dipropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol, dialkyl formamides, in which the alkyl group may comprise from 1 to 8 or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, in particular dimethyl formamide (DMF), dialkyl sulfoxides
- One or more of the aforementioned solvents may be used. However, advantageously, only one of the aforementioned solvents can be used provided that it is immiscible with the composition containing a liquefaction oil to be purified.
- the polar solvent may be ethylene glycol or a glycol ether, in particular polyethylene glycol of chemical formula HO-(CH2-CH2-O) n -H with a mass average molar mass of 90 to 800 g/mol or polypropylene glycol of chemical formula H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH with a mass average molar mass of 130 to 800 g/mol, or a compound comprising a furan ring, or a cyclic carbonate ester, in particular propylene carbonate or ethylene, alone or in a mixture, preferably alone.
- polyethylene glycol of chemical formula HO-(CH2-CH2-O) n -H with a mass average molar mass of 90 to 800 g/mol or polypropylene glycol of chemical formula H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH with a mass average molar mass of 130 to 800 g/mol or a compound comprising a furan ring, or a cyclic carbonate ester, in particular propylene
- the polar solvent is chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol of chemical formula HO-(CH2-CH2-O) n -H with molar mass average by mass of 90 to 800g/mol, alone or in mixture, preferably alone.
- Step (b) is carried out in the presence of a basic compound, preferably a basic nucleophilic compound.
- the quantity of basic compound used is 0.1 to 50% m, preferably at least 1% m, more preferably at least 3% m, even more preferably at least 5%. m or even at least 10% m relative to the total mass of the treated composition (composition provided by step (a)).
- the quantity of basic compound used can be from 0.1 to 15% by mass, more preferably from 1 to 15% by mass, more preferably from 1 to 10% by mass, in particular from 1 to 5%. by mass, relative to the total mass of the treated composition (composition provided by step (a)).
- the basic compound may be added to the composition provided in step (a) either before step (b) or during step (b). This addition of the basic compound to the composition can optionally be followed by a mixing step before implementing hydrodynamic cavitation.
- the basic compound can be added to the composition in solid form or dissolved in an aqueous medium, preferably water, or in a solvent, miscible or immiscible with said composition.
- a usable miscible solvent may be a polar solvent comprising an alcohol function and/or an ether function, ideally chosen from C1 to C4 alcohols, preferably from methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan- 2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, propylene glycol.
- a usable immiscible solvent may be an immiscible polar solvent, for example those cited for the optional pre-treatment step.
- the basic compound may comprise an oxide, hydroxide, bicarbonate, or alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or an alkaline earth metal cation, or a hydroxides or bicarbonate of an quaternary ammonium cation, for example a cation of tetramethylammonium (TMA + ), tetraethylammonium (TEA + ), tetrapropylammonium (TPA + ), tetrabutylammonium (TBA + ), alone or in a mixture.
- the basic compound may comprise a aforementioned oxide or hydroxide, alone or in a mixture.
- the basic compound can be chosen from LiOH, NaOH, CsOH, Ba(OH) 2 , Na 2 O, KOH, K 2 O, CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , EtONa, MeONa, NH 4 OH, TEAOH, TBuOH, TMAOH, and their mixtures.
- a preferred basic compound may be chosen from NaOH, KOH and mixtures thereof, preferably in solution in water.
- the solvent used to solubilize the basic compound can be water, an alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol, or any other organic solvent making it possible to solubilize the chosen basic compound, preferably water.
- the basic compound can be added in step (b) in solution in water or in a solvent, and the content of basic compound in the water or in the solvent can be from 0.1 to 50% by mass. , preferably from 25% to 50% by mass, more preferably from 40 to 50% by mass, even more preferably the water or the solvent is saturated with basic compound. Just enough of the basic compound can then be added to obtain a saturated solution.
- a saturated solution can advantageously have a pH greater than 10, for example at least 10.5, or greater than 12, more preferably a pH of at least 12.5.
- the solvent when it is water, it can advantageously have a pH greater than 7, for example from 7.1 up to a pH going to the saturation of the compound in water, preferably from 8 to 14, more than preferably from 9 to 14, or in any interval defined by two of these limits.
- a pH greater than 10 or greater than 12 will be chosen, more preferably a pH of at least 12.5.
- step (b) can nevertheless advantageously make it possible to reduce the quantity of basic compound used.
- the volume ratio of the solvent containing the basic compound/composition i.e. the volume ratio of the mixture (basic compound + solvent)/composition, could be from 0.1/99.9 to 80/20, from 1/99 to 80 /20, from 1/99 to 70/30, from 1/99 to 65/35, from 1/99 to 60/40, from 1/99 to 50/50, or in any interval defined by any two of the terminals aforementioned.
- a solution, in particular an aqueous solution, saturated with basic compound may be used.
- step (b) the composition is treated under conditions effective to generate cavitation characteristics, in other words the formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles, which enhance the modification and subsequent transfer of contained impurities. in the composition towards an aqueous phase or an organic phase immiscible with the composition.
- step (b) is carried out under conditions which do not cause conversion of the composition to be treated.
- Hydrodynamic cavitation occurs in all hydraulic systems in which considerable pressure differences occur, such as turbines, pumps and high-pressure nozzles.
- the effective conditions for generating cavitation characteristics depend on the properties of the fluid flow, the design of the cavitation device, the flow velocity, e.g. obtained by a pump, the temperature of the fluid flow and can be easily determined by those skilled in the art.
- the cavitation phenomenon is characterized by the dimensionless cavitation number Cv, which is defined as follows:
- P [Pa] is the static pressure downstream of a restriction orifice
- Pv [Pa] is the vapor pressure of the fluid
- V [m/s] is the average fluid velocity through the orifice
- p [kg/m3] is the density of the fluid.
- the cavitation index at which cavitation begins is the cavitation onset index, C V j.
- the amount of cavitation events per unit flow rate is another parameter that can be taken into account.
- Step (b) can be carried out at a temperature of at most 350°C.
- step (b) can be carried out at a temperature of 50 to 350°C, preferably 50 to 250°C, more preferably 90 to 200°C, even more preferably from 90 to 190°C or from 100 to 190°C or in any interval defined by any two of these limits.
- hydrodynamic cavitation conditions can make it possible to eliminate impurities at a temperature lower than the temperature of a treatment in the presence of a basic compound but without hydrodynamic cavitation.
- These temperature ranges can advantageously be combined with the pH ranges (when water is the solvent of the basic compound) and/or with the basic compound contents of the solvent mentioned above in order to improve the purification of the oil.
- the composition provided in step (a) can be preheated, preferably in the presence of the basic compound (previously added in solid or solubilized form), to the implementation temperature of step (b) before being subjected to hydrodynamic cavitation conditions.
- the cavitation treatment is typically maintained for a sufficient time to obtain a modified composition subsequently allowing the recovery of a purified composition having a reduced heteroatom content.
- Hydrodynamic cavitation step b) can in particular be carried out for a duration of 0.1 second to 2 hours, preferably 1 minute to 1 hour, more preferably 1 minute to 20 minutes or 1 minute to 16 minutes .
- the hydrodynamic cavitation treatment of step (b) can be carried out in one, two or more hydrodynamic cavitation treatment steps, for example by passing the composition to be treated through one or more hydraulic systems or cavitation devices, for example placed in series and/or in parallel, capable of generating hydrodynamic cavitation.
- Step (b) of hydrodynamic cavitation can therefore comprise: pumping the composition to be treated through at least one cavitation device, generating cavitation characteristics to modify the impurities.
- Suitable cavitation devices which can be used are for example disclosed in documents WO201098783A1, US8911808B2, US7762715B2, US8042989B2.
- a suitable cavitation device includes a flow path through which fluid is pumped, such as that described in US8911808B2, in which a predetermined pumping pressure is applied, preferably in the range 50 to 50,000psi.
- a suitable hydrodynamic cavitation device may have a constriction (constriction) section formed by a plate having a single orifice.
- a throttle section may also be formed with a plate having several orifices, for example two or three holes, a venturi tube, a rotor-stator system, or a liquid whistle.
- a constriction section a vortex diode having a tangential inlet port and an axial outlet port can also be used to generate the cavitation bubbles.
- the choke can be a venturi, a single hole, or multiple holes in an orifice plate, as described in a study titled "Beer-brewing powered by managed hydrodynamic cavitation: Theory and real-scale experiments" by Albanese L. et al. (J. of Cleaner Production, 2017, 142, 1457-1470).
- the use of multiple orifice plates allows different cavitation intensities to be obtained. Additionally, the number of cavitation events generated in the reactor varies.
- the orifice plate configuration provides great flexibility in terms of operation (control of inlet pressure, inlet flow, temperature) and geometric conditions (different arrangements of holes on orifice plates , such as circular, triangular, etc., as well as the geometry of the hole itself, which modifies the shear of the resulting fluid, leading to different cavitation intensities).
- the orifice plate configuration provides maximum flexibility and can also be used at relatively larger scales of operation. It should also be noted that scaling of such devices is relatively easier, as pump efficiency increases with increasing size (flow rate and discharge rate), which will necessarily result in higher energy yields.
- Hydrodynamic cavitation can also be generated in rotating equipment, such as a rotor-stator system.
- rotating equipment such as a rotor-stator system.
- the tip speed of the rotating device turbine
- the local pressure near the periphery of the turbine drops and approaches the vapor pressure of the liquid. This results in the generation of cavitation bubbles.
- the liquid pressure is restored at the expense of the speed head. This causes the cavitation bubbles that have traveled with the liquid mass to collapse.
- Energy consumption in these types of reactors is higher and flexibility on design parameters is less compared to reactors based on the use of multiple orifice plates.
- An example of rotating equipment is Rotocav® from the company Cavimax in the United Kingdom.
- a suitable hydrodynamic cavitation device is a liquid whistle which is a kind of static mixer that passes a high pressure fluid through an orifice and then onto a blade.
- a high pressure homogenizer is a high pressure positive displacement pump with throttle which operates according to the principle of high pressure decompression.
- a high pressure homogenizer reactor consists of a feed tank and two throttle valves, designated as the first stage and second stage, to control the operating pressure in the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor.
- Sonic Corporation in the United States is an example of a technology provider for a high-pressure homogenizer used to create hydrodynamic cavitation.
- Another suitable hydrodynamic cavitation technology is a vortex-type hydrodynamic cavitation generator, VoDca® from the company Water Knight in the Netherlands.
- This device includes a tangential inlet and a cylindrical axial outlet connected by a disc-shaped chamber, imparts and maintains the angular momentum of the fluid throughout the process. It creates a sufficient pressure drop to produce cavities/microbubbles which collapse in a controlled manner downstream of the system.
- the equipment achieves an efficiency of high cavitation and vortex protects the cavity walls from collapsing and causing no erosion.
- Cavitation Technologies, Inc. is another company providing such a solution for hydrodynamic cavitation.
- Step (b) (comprising for example the steps of pumping and generating cavitation) can be repeated one or more times before carrying out step (c), either by returning the composition leaving the cavitation device to the the entrance thereof, or by use of several cavitation devices in series.
- step (b) (comprising for example the pumping and cavitation generation steps) and step (c) can be repeated one or more times, for example by returning the purified composition of step ( c) at the input of step (b) or by use of several units in series capable of implementing steps (b) and (c) successively.
- Cavitation temporarily separates the constituents of the high-boiling composition from trapped gases, water vapor, and volatile impurity vapors that may be found in the bubbles.
- the pulsation and/or implosion of these bubbles mix the oil and the basic compound, which considerably increases the contact surface of these components and promotes the transfer of impurities to an aqueous phase or an organic phase immiscible with the composition. or promotes the modification of impurities.
- composition to be treated may also be mixed with a solvent such as hexane to improve flow or small amounts of soluble gases may be added to improve cavitation onset.
- gases are dihydrogen, dinitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam or mixtures thereof.
- composition to be treated can also be mixed with a light hydrocarbon fraction or with a gas stream to improve cavitation.
- a light hydrocarbon fraction or gas stream can further reduce the viscosity of the treated feed during hydrodynamic cavitation processing and therefore reduce the pressure loss in the device, which can lower the vapor pressure, improve the creation of bubbles and therefore cavitation.
- a light fraction comprising C4-C15 hydrocarbons, preferably C5-C10 hydrocarbons can be added to the composition treated during step (b), for example before this step.
- This light fraction mainly comprises, for example more than 90% by weight or more than 95% by weight, C4-C15 or C5-C10 hydrocarbons.
- Such a light fraction is for example a naphtha fraction, in particular a C5-C10 naphtha fraction, for example chosen from a naphtha fraction of mineral origin resulting from the treatment of mineral oils, a naphtha fraction recovered by fractionation of the fractionated composition of the invention, or their mixture.
- the gas stream can be added to the composition treated during step (b), for example before this step.
- the gas stream may include or consist of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, dihydrogen sulfide, methane, ethane, propane or mixtures thereof.
- the light fraction or the gas flow can represent from 0.1 to 10% by weight of the composition treated in step (b).
- hydrodynamic cavitation processing ensures vigorous mixing, it may require lower base quantities than conventional non-cavitation methods. Additionally, hydrodynamic cavitation processing can be easily scaled to accommodate large flow rates.
- the composition is thus modified because the impurities (the compounds containing heteroatoms) have been modified by the treatment of step (b).
- the modified composition obtained at the output of step (b) makes it possible to subsequently obtain a purified composition comprising a reduced heteroatom content, as explained below.
- Step (c), and in particular one or more of steps (c1) and (c2), can be preceded or followed by a step of separating the solids by (i) filtration, (ii) centrifugation, (iii) hydrocyclone or (iv) a combination of two or three of these steps.
- This solids separation step is particularly advantageous before step (c2) because it can facilitate phase separation by eliminating all or part of the solids present in the effluent from step (b).
- step (c) the effluent from step (b) can be subjected to (c1) washing with water or a solvent immiscible with the modified composition, (c2) separation, or in the succession of steps (c2) and (c1).
- This step (c) makes it possible to recover a purified composition having a reduced heteroatom content and a phase (solid or liquid) containing the basic compound and heteroatoms initially contained in the modified composition.
- This step thus makes it possible to separate the impurities from the composition. It can make it possible to obtain a purified composition having in particular an alkali or alkaline earth metal content less than or equal to 2ppm (by mass).
- step (c1), (c2) or (c2) + (c1) depends in particular on the nature of the basic compound and the purification objective sought. For example, we can distinguish cases (A), (B) and (C) below: (A) the basic compound is added to the composition of step (a) in the form of a solid basic compound, step (c) can then comprise:
- washing step (c1) which makes it possible to recover a phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the basic compound, the impurities, and the water or the solvent used for washing, or
- the separation step (c2) typically a solid-liquid extraction, which makes it possible to separate a solid phase comprising the basic compound and the impurities having precipitated and a liquid phase containing the purified composition, or
- the separation step (c2) can be followed by a washing step (c1) of the liquid phase containing the purified composition recovered at the outlet of step (c2),
- step (B) the basic compound is added to the composition of step (a) dissolved in a solvent miscible with the composition, step (c) can then comprise the washing step (c1) which makes it possible to recover a phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the miscible solvent, the solubilized basic compound, the impurities, and the water or the immiscible solvent used for washing;
- step (C) the basic compound is added to the composition of step (a) dissolved in an aqueous medium or in a solvent immiscible with the composition, step (c) can then comprise:
- washing step (c1) which makes it possible to recover a phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the basic compound, the impurities, the water or the solvent used for washing and the aqueous medium or the solvent not miscible used to add the basic compound, or
- the separation step (c2) typically a liquid-liquid separation, which makes it possible to separate the phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the water or the immiscible solvent, the basic compound and the impurities, or
- step (C3) the separation step (c2) described above followed by a washing step (c1) of the phase containing the purified composition recovered at the outlet of step (c2).
- the washing step (c1) is carried out with water at neutral, basic or acidic pH or with a solvent immiscible with the purified composition.
- the washing step (c1) makes it possible to recover a phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the water or the immiscible solvent used for washing, the basic compound and the impurities.
- these phases are recovered separately, for example following a liquid/liquid separation (centrifugation and/or decantation and/or other) carried out at the end of the washing step. It can make it possible to obtain a purified composition having in particular an alkali or alkaline earth metal content less than or equal to 2ppm (by mass).
- This step (c1) makes it possible to eliminate the impurities containing heteroatoms present in the effluent containing the modified composition leaving step (b) by solubilizing them in a solvent (water or an organic solvent).
- This washing step (c1) can also make it possible to separate the basic compound from the purified composition.
- the washing step (c1) is thus particularly advantageous when the basic compound used during step (b) is added to the composition in solid form or dissolved in a solvent miscible with the composition to be treated, but can also be put used when the basic compound is solid or in solution in a solvent (water or organic solvent) immiscible with the composition to be treated.
- this washing step (c1) can be omitted or carried out after the separation step ( c2), as explained below.
- the water used has an acidic or neutral pH.
- the water used then does not contain a basic compound and in particular does not contain a basic compound comprising an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cation.
- An acidic pH can be obtained by adding one or more organic or inorganic acids. Examples are cited with reference to washing (ii) of the optional pre-treatment step.
- the water can have a pH of 0.1 to 6.9.
- a basic pH can be obtained by adding a basic compound, for example those mentioned above with reference to washing (ii) or those used in step b).
- the water can have a pH of 7.1 to 14.
- the immiscible solvent may be any organic solvent immiscible with the composition, in particular in which the impurities containing heteroatoms are soluble.
- An immiscible solvent that can be used is for example a polar solvent, in particular those described in the optional pre-treatment step.
- Step (c1) can be carried out at a temperature of 10°C to 120°C, preferably 15°C to 95°C, more preferably 15°C to 80°C, or even in any interval defined by any two of these limits, advantageously without external heating.
- Step (c1) is typically carried out at atmospheric pressure or at a pressure close to the pressure at which step (b) is carried out.
- Step (c1) can be carried out on the effluent directly from step (b), without an intermediate step, or on the effluent containing the purified composition leaving step (c2).
- the washing step (c1) then makes it possible to eliminate any residue of the basic compound and/or impurities containing heteroatoms, still present in the purified composition leaving the step (c2), which can make it possible to obtain a purified composition having in particular an alkali or alkaline earth metal content less than or equal to 2ppm (by mass).
- the solvent or water/effluent volume ratio containing the modified or purified composition can be from 1/99 to 90/10, from 20/80 to 80/20, from 30/70 to 70 /30, from 35/65 to 65/35, from 35/65 to 60/40, from 40/60 to 60/40, or in any interval defined by any two of the aforementioned limits.
- Step (c1) may comprise, or consist of, bringing the effluent from step (b) or (c2) into contact with water or an immiscible solvent by any means known in the art. prior art.
- the effluent from step (b) or (c2) and the solvent or water can be introduced into tanks, reactors or mixers commonly used in the profession and the two components can be mixed.
- Contacting may include vigorous stirring of the two components by a mixing device.
- the two components can be mixed together by stirring or shaking.
- the contacting can be carried out in an enclosure in which the two components circulate against the current, for example in contact columns with adequate packing in order to increase the contact between the phase of the treated composition and the water or an immiscible solvent.
- contacting can be carried out in a static mixer in co-current mode or in a second cavitation section. This contact may occur more than once, particularly under the conditions presented above.
- the washing step (c1) can be carried out continuously or in batches.
- the separation step (c2) also makes it possible to separate the purified composition to obtain a phase containing the purified composition having a reduced heteroatom content, and a phase containing the basic compound and the impurities. It could be a separation liquid/liquid or a solid/liquid separation. It can advantageously be carried out by (I) centrifugation, (ii) decantation, (iii) hydrocyclone or (iv) by the combination of two or three of these steps. It can make it possible to obtain a purified composition having in particular an alkali or alkaline earth metal content less than or equal to 2ppm (by mass).
- Step (c2) can be carried out directly on the effluent containing the modified composition of step (b).
- this step (c2) then separates a phase containing the purified composition and a phase containing the basic compound and the impurities, and, where appropriate, the water or the solvent immiscible with the composition.
- This phase containing the basic compound can then be returned to step (b) to reuse the basic compound. This makes it possible to reduce the amount of total basic compound consumed in step (b).
- Step (c2) can also be carried out on the effluent containing the purified composition obtained at the outlet of step (c1), which makes it possible to eliminate any solids formed during the washing step (c1). ).
- the effluent containing the modified composition leaving step (b) can be treated in at least one mechanical or electrostatic coalescer in order to break the possible emulsion and concentrate the basic compound in the solvent or water.
- Step (c2) can be carried out at a temperature of 10°C to 120°C, preferably 15°C to 95°C, more preferably 15°C to 80°C, or even in any interval defined by any two of these limits, advantageously without external heating.
- Step (c2) is typically carried out at atmospheric pressure or at a pressure close to the pressure at which step (b) is carried out.
- step (d) can be carried out in a single step or in two steps.
- the effluent from step (c) is typically hydrotreated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C, preferably 200 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at a pressure absolute from 20 to 140 bars, preferably from 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a hydrotreatment catalyst, for example a NiMo type catalyst (0.1-60% by mass) and/or CoMo (0.1-60% by weight). mass) generally on a support.
- a hydrotreatment catalyst for example a NiMo type catalyst (0.1-60% by mass) and/or CoMo (0.1-60% by weight). mass
- step (d) can be carried out in a first step (d-1) in which the effluent from step (c) is hydrotreated, preferably selectively hydrogenated, at a temperature of 80 to 250°C, preferably 130 to 250°C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 5 to 60 bars, preferably 20 to 45 bars, and in the presence of a first hydrotreatment catalyst, preferably a hydrogenation catalyst, for example a hydrogenation catalyst comprising Pd (0.1-10% by weight) and/or Ni (0.1-60% by weight ) and/or NiMo (0.1-60% by weight), and in a second step (d-2) in which the effluent from step (d-1) is hydrotreated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C , preferably from 250 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 20 to 140 bars, preferably from 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a second hydrotreatment catalyst, for example a hydrotreatment catalyst.
- This step (d) can be carried out in a single reactor with several catalytic beds placed in series with possibly additional hydrogen between the beds or in several reactors in series depending on the desired objective.
- This hydrotreatment step can also have a demetallation, cracking and dearomatization function depending on the characteristics of the catalyst and the hydrotreatment conditions.
- the purified composition obtained after step (c) is sent to the hydrotreatment step without being cooled and/or depressurized at the temperature and pressure at the outlet of step (c).
- the feed for the hydrotreatment, containing at least part of the purified composition can be advantageously heated by a heat exchanger which is supplied by the effluent of the hydrotreatment (given that the hydrotreatment is exothermic, the effluent of hydrotreating will have a higher temperature than the feed entering the hydrotreating).
- the feed for the hydrotreatment containing at least part of the purified composition
- the feed for the hydrotreatment can be diluted with part of the hydrotreatment effluent, still having a temperature higher than the desired temperature at the inlet of the hydrotreatment.
- This at least partial recycling of the hydrotreatment effluent makes it possible to dilute the unsaturates present in the purified composition and to preheat the charge.
- the part of the hydrotreatment effluent which is not recycled but still at a high temperature can exchange its sensible heat with the composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil and thus ensure the preheating of this composition entering into step (b).
- the effluent from step (c) can be purified by passing over a solid adsorbent in order to reduce the content of at least one element among F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S, Se, Si, P , As, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg and Hg and/or water content.
- the adsorbent can be operated in regenerative or non-regenerative mode, at a temperature below 400°C, preferably below 100°C, more preferably below 60°C, chosen from: (i) a silica gel, ( ii) a clay, (iii) a crushed clay, (iv) apatite, (v) hydroxyapatite and their combinations, (vi) an alumina for example an alumina obtained by precipitation of boehmite, a calcined alumina such as Ceralox ® from Sasol, (vii) boehmite, (viii) bayerite, (ix) hydrotalcite, (x) a spinel such as Pural ® or Puralox from Sasol, (xi) a promoted alumina, for example example Selexsorb ® from BASF, an acid-promoted alumina, an alumina promoted by a zeolite and/or by a metal such as Ni, Co, Mo or a combination of at
- the adsorbent is regenerable, has a specific surface area of at least 200 m 2 /g and is operated in a fixed bed reactor at less than 100°C with a WH of 0.1 to 10 h'1 .
- the effluent leaving hydrotreatment step (d), namely the purified and hydrotreated composition, optionally purified by passing over a solid adsorbent, can be washed with water to eliminate inorganic compounds such as hydrosulfide, hydrogen chloride and ammonia before being subjected to further treatments.
- the purified composition leaving step (c) or the effluent leaving step (d) of hydrotreatment optionally washed with water can be fractionated into usable flows whose cutting points are typically chosen according to subsequent processing. This fractionation is carried out according to distillation temperature ranges, for example to separate flows such as LPG, gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil, kerosene, which can then be treated in a steam cracker and/or in a catalytic cracker and/or in a hydrocracker (then possibly in a steam cracker) and/or in a hydrotreatment reactor and/or used as such for the preparation of fuels, combustibles, lubricants or base oils. Those skilled in the art know how to select the cuts most suited to subsequent processing units depending on the desired objective.
- the purified composition of step (c) or the purified and hydrotreated composition of step (d) can also be used diluted, for example mixed with naphtha, diesel or crude oil in order to obtain a concentration of purified plastic liquefaction oil ranging from 0.01% by weight to 50% by weight at most; preferably from 0.1% by weight to 25% by weight, even more preferably from 1% by weight to 20% by weight at the entrance to the following treatment.
- a concentration of purified plastic liquefaction oil ranging from 0.01% by weight to 50% by weight at most; preferably from 0.1% by weight to 25% by weight, even more preferably from 1% by weight to 20% by weight at the entrance to the following treatment.
- Steam cracking step (e) can be carried out on the purified composition of step (c) with or without dilution with a conventional steam cracking feed, or on the purified hydrotreated composition of step (d) with or without dilution.
- a separation step by distillation can be implemented depending on the technology of the steam cracking furnaces.
- This step (e) makes it possible to produce olefins such as ethylene and propylene and aromatics. Ethylene and propylene can then advantageously be converted into polyethylene and polypropylene respectively in a polymerization section.
- Steam cracking step (e) consists of thermally cracking in one or more ovens a mixture of the purified composition and/or the purified and hydrotreated composition and water vapor at high temperatures of the order of 650 to 1000° C, preferably from 700 to 900°C, typically from 750 to 850°C, under low pressures (1 to 3 bars).
- the cracking reaction is carried out in the absence of oxygen.
- the reaction time is usually very short, of the order of a few hundred milliseconds.
- the effluents leaving the reactor(s) are then cooled quickly to temperatures of 400 to 550°C in order to limit secondary reactions such as polymerization of olefins, dienes and acetylenes.
- the cooled effluents are finally fractionated to recover light C2-C5 olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isobutene, n-butene and isoprene.
- the purified composition of stage (c) or the purified and hydrotreated composition of stage (d) can be sent to the steam cracker without dilution.
- the purified composition of step (c) or the purified and hydrotreated composition of step (d) may also be mixed with naphtha, diesel or crude oil to obtain a plastic liquefaction oil concentration.
- purified ranging from 0.01% by weight to 50% by weight maximum; preferably from 0.1% by weight to 25% by weight, even more preferably from 1% by weight to 20% by weight at the inlet of the steam cracker.
- the purified composition is then converted into olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, as well as aromatics.
- the purified composition, or purified and hydrotreated can be sent at least partially directly into a steam cracker without any other dilution than the steam used for steam cracking, and preferably as the only flow sent at least partially into the steam cracker , to produce olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, and aromatics.
- the steam cracker is known per se in the art.
- the feedstock of the steam cracker in addition to the flow obtained by the inventive process, can be ethane, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha or gas oils.
- Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is essentially made up of propane and butanes.
- Gas oils have a boiling range of approximately 200 to 350°C, and consist of C10 to C22 hydrocarbons, including predominantly linear and branched paraffins, cyclic paraffins and aromatics (including mono-, naphtho- and poly-aromatics).
- the cracking products obtained at the outlet of the steam cracker may include ethylene, propylene and benzene, and optionally hydrogen, toluene, xylenes and 1,3-butadiene.
- the outlet temperature of the steam cracker can be between 800 and 1200°C, preferably between 820 and 1100°C, more preferably between 830 and 950°C, more preferably between 840 and 920°C.
- the outlet temperature can influence the content of high-value chemicals in the cracked products obtained by the present process.
- the residence time in the steam cracker, through the radiation section of the reactor where the temperature is between 650 and 1200°C can be between 0.005 and 0.5 seconds, preferably between 0 .01 and 0.4 seconds.
- the steam cracking is carried out in the presence of water vapor in a ratio of 0.1 to 1.0 kg of steam per kg of hydrocarbon feed, preferably 0.25 to 0.7 kg of steam per kg of hydrocarbon feed in the steam cracker, preferably in a ratio of 0.35 kg of steam per kg of feed mixture, to obtain cracking products as defined above.
- the reactor outlet pressure may be between 500 and 1500 mbar, preferably between 700 and 1000 mbar, more preferably may be around 850 mbar.
- the residence time of the charge in the reactor and the temperature must be considered together.
- Lower operating pressure facilitates the formation of light olefins and reduces the formation of coke.
- the lowest possible pressure is achieved by (i) maintaining the reactor outlet pressure as close as possible to atmospheric pressure at the cracked gas compressor suction (ii) reducing the hydrocarbon pressure by dilution with steam (which has a substantial influence on slowing down coke formation).
- the steam/raw material ratio can be maintained at a sufficient level to limit coke formation.
- the vaporization of such a feed may be incomplete at the entrance to the reactors at the temperature where some hydrocarbon molecules begin to break down.
- the purified composition and/or purified and hydrotreated can then be preheated to a temperature at least 10°C below the decomposition temperature, then subjected to separation of the hydrocarbon vapors produced and the residual hydrocarbon liquid in a flash container. In this flash container, the liquid exits from the bottom by gravity and the hydrocarbon vapors from the top.
- the hydrocarbon liquid can be returned to the plastics liquefaction unit or to the optional hydrocracking stage.
- the hydrotreated effluent from step (d) can be subjected to a cracking reaction in order to reduce the length of the carbon chains of the paraffins present in the hydrotreated effluent.
- this cracking reaction is a hydrocracking reaction carried out at a temperature of 250 to 480° C., a partial pressure of hydrogen of 1.5 to 25 MPa abs. and an hourly volume velocity of 0.1 to 10h -1 .
- a usable hydrocracking catalyst comprises for example a support chosen from halogenated aluminas, combinations of boron and aluminum oxides, amorphous silica-aluminas and zeolites and a hydro-dehydrogenating function comprising at least one metal from the group VIB chosen from chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, alone or in a mixture, and/or at least one metal from Group VIII chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum.
- the hydrocracking step may be carried out by adding a hydrocracking catalyst bed downstream of the last hydrotreating catalyst bed of the hydrotreating section.
- Figure 1 describes a possible embodiment of the invention.
- the plastic liquefaction oil (1) is first optionally pretreated in the pretreatment section (A) to be subjected to an optional pretreatment (PTT) by (i) filtration, ( ii) washing with water or a polar solvent, (iii) distillation, (iv) decantation, or (v) the combination of two, three or four of steps (i) to (iv).
- PTT optional pretreatment
- the pretreated oil (2) is then sent to a cavitation treatment section (B) in the presence of a basic compound (3) implementing step (b) of the invention.
- This treatment section (B) is fluidly connected to at least one enclosure or capacity (not shown) containing a basic compound, preferably chosen from an oxide, a hydroxide, a bicarbonate or an alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or an alkaline earth metal cation, or a hydroxide or bicarbonate of a quaternary ammonium cation, alone or in a mixture.
- a basic compound preferably chosen from an oxide, a hydroxide, a bicarbonate or an alkoxide of an alkali metal cation or an alkaline earth metal cation, or a hydroxide or bicarbonate of a quaternary ammonium cation, alone or in a mixture.
- the effluent (4) from step (b) can then be sent to a section optional solids separation (C).
- the effluent (5) leaving section (C) or the effluent (4) leaving section (B) is then sent to a separation section (D) implementing step
- the phase (9) containing the basic compound can be returned to the cavitation treatment section (B).
- the effluent (6) leaving the section (D), possibly after fractionation and/or dilution, can be sent to one or more of the following optional sections: an optional hydrotreatment section (HDT) (E), an optional section treatment (SC) in a steam cracker (F), an optional treatment section (HC) in a hydrocracker
- G an optional processing section (FCC) in a fluidized bed catalytic cracker
- the hydrotreatment section may include one or more hydrotreatment and/or selective hydrogenation units.
- the effluent (7) leaving the hydrotreatment section (E) is then steam cracked to obtain olefins which can then be polymerized.
- the effluent (7) leaving the hydrocracking section (E) is then steam cracked to obtain olefins which can then be polymerized.
- a purified plastic liquefaction oil leaving step (c) of the process according to the invention can be hydrotreated in two steps according to the following procedure:
- the purified and washed liquefaction oil can be introduced into a first hydrotreatment section (HDT1) essentially to hydrogenate the diolefins and acetylenes.
- This step may include a plurality of reactors in series and/or parallel if guard reactors are used upstream or downstream of the first hydrogenation reactor. These guard reactors can reduce the concentration of certain undesirable chemical species and/or elements such as chlorine, silicon and metals. Particularly undesirable metals include Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, As and Hg.
- a second hydrotreatment section is dedicated to the hydrogenation of olefins and demetallation (HDM), desulfurization (HDS), denitrogenation (HDN) and deoxygenation (HDO).
- HDM olefins and demetallation
- HDS desulfurization
- HDN denitrogenation
- HDO deoxygenation
- guard reactors to eliminate chlorine, metals and silicon can be added. Silicon can also be trapped on the upper bed of a reactor in the HDT2 section or separately, upstream.
- Chlorine and mercury can be separated by guard reactors in liquid or gas phase.
- quenching with cold hydrogen or dilution with an inert filler can be used to moderate the temperature rise and control the reaction.
- Dilution with an inert charge can be carried out by recycling the liquid fraction leaving the reactors.
- the operating pressure in each of the HDT1 and HDT2 hydrotreatments is 5-140 bars, preferably 20-45 bars for HDT1 and 20-140 bars, preferably 30-100 bars for HDT2, typically 30-45 bars for HDT2.
- the catalyst for HDT 1 usually comprises Pd (0.1-10 wt%) and/or Ni (0.1-60 wt%) and/or NiMo (0.1-60 wt%).
- Typical temperature range at the HDT2 inlet at the start of the cycle (SOR: start of run): 200-340°C.
- Typical HDT2 outlet temperature range (SOR): 300-380°C, up to 450°C.
- the catalyst for HDT 2 usually includes a NiMo (any type of commercial catalyst for refining or petrochemical application), potentially a CoMo in the very last beds at the bottom of the reactor (any type of commercial catalyst for refining or petrochemical application).
- the upper bed of HDT2 should preferably be operated with a NiMo having a hydrogenating capacity as well as a silicon trapping capacity.
- An upper bed of this type can be considered as a metal trap also having HDM activity and hydrogenating capacity. It is possible to have two separate beds in an HDT2 reactor, with quenching between the two beds or between the two reactors, if the two beds are in two separate reactors, or no quenching at all. Ideally, intermediate quenching is carried out at means of cold HDT2 effluent or by a supply of cold hydrogen, that is to say at a temperature generally ranging from 15 to 30°C, in order to control the exotherm of HDT2.
- a hydrodemetallation catalyst for example commercial, can be added to the upper bed of the HDT2 section in order to protect the lower catalytic beds from deactivation.
- the hydrotreated liquefaction oil leaving the HDT2 section optionally after washing with water to remove inorganic compounds (hydrosulfide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia), can be used as is or fractionated according to temperature ranges of distillation, to feed a steam cracker, an FCC, a hydrocracker, a catalytic reformer or a pool of fuels such as LPG, gasoline, jet, diesel, fuel oil or a pool of base oil.
- inorganic compounds hydrosulfide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia
- the hydrotreated liquefaction oil is sent to a hydrocracker.
- This hydrocracking includes, for example, bringing the hydrotreated effluent into contact with a hydrocracking catalyst, in the presence of H2 to produce an effluent meeting the specifications of a steam cracker in terms of final boiling point ( ⁇ 370°C) .
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2207858A FR3138441A1 (fr) | 2022-07-29 | 2022-07-29 | Procédé de purification d’une composition d’huile de liquéfaction de plastique par cavitation et utilisation |
| PCT/FR2023/051164 WO2024023444A1 (fr) | 2022-07-29 | 2023-07-26 | Procédé de purification d'une composition d'huile de liquéfaction de plastique par cavitation et utilisation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4562112A1 true EP4562112A1 (fr) | 2025-06-04 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23751342.9A Withdrawn EP4562112A1 (fr) | 2022-07-29 | 2023-07-26 | Procédé de purification d'une composition d'huile de liquéfaction de plastique par cavitation et utilisation |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4562112A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20250043445A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3257748A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3138441A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024023444A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP3776335B2 (ja) | 2001-07-25 | 2006-05-17 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 油中の塩素及び窒素の同時除去方法 |
| US8911808B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2014-12-16 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Method for cavitation-assisted refining, degumming and dewaxing of oil and fat |
| US7762715B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2010-07-27 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Cavitation generator |
| US8042989B2 (en) | 2009-05-12 | 2011-10-25 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Multi-stage cavitation device |
| BE1019650A5 (fr) | 2010-11-22 | 2012-09-04 | Comet Traitements Sa | Procede d'elimination de derives a base de silicium d'une phase organique, en particulier dans des residus de craquage catalytique. |
| FI128069B2 (en) | 2018-07-20 | 2024-04-24 | Neste Oyj | Purification of recycled and renewable organic material |
| US10808202B2 (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2020-10-20 | N.V. Desmet Ballestra Engineering S.A. | In line degumming and neutralization of oils and fats using hydrodynamic flow-through cavitation reactors |
| FI128848B (en) | 2019-11-29 | 2021-01-29 | Neste Oyj | Two-step process for converting liquid plastic waste into steam cracking feed |
| CN116438281A (zh) * | 2020-11-13 | 2023-07-14 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 脂族烃的回收 |
-
2022
- 2022-07-29 FR FR2207858A patent/FR3138441A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2023
- 2023-07-26 CA CA3257748A patent/CA3257748A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-07-26 EP EP23751342.9A patent/EP4562112A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2023-07-26 KR KR1020257004971A patent/KR20250043445A/ko active Pending
- 2023-07-26 WO PCT/FR2023/051164 patent/WO2024023444A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20250043445A (ko) | 2025-03-28 |
| FR3138441A1 (fr) | 2024-02-02 |
| CA3257748A1 (fr) | 2024-02-01 |
| WO2024023444A1 (fr) | 2024-02-01 |
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