EP4499854A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von l-cysteinsäure und dessen verwendung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von l-cysteinsäure und dessen verwendungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4499854A1 EP4499854A1 EP22732467.0A EP22732467A EP4499854A1 EP 4499854 A1 EP4499854 A1 EP 4499854A1 EP 22732467 A EP22732467 A EP 22732467A EP 4499854 A1 EP4499854 A1 EP 4499854A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- enzyme
- ops
- gene
- cysteic acid
- serb
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
- C12P13/12—Methionine; Cysteine; Cystine
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/1085—Transferases (2.) transferring alkyl or aryl groups other than methyl groups (2.5)
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P11/00—Preparation of sulfur-containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/001—Amines; Imines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/005—Amino acids other than alpha- or beta amino acids, e.g. gamma amino acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y205/00—Transferases transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (2.5)
- C12Y205/01—Transferases transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (2.5) transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (2.5.1)
- C12Y205/01076—Cysteate synthase (2.5.1.76)
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- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y301/00—Hydrolases acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12Y301/03—Phosphoric monoester hydrolases (3.1.3)
- C12Y301/03003—Phosphoserine phosphatase (3.1.3.3)
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- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y401/00—Carbon-carbon lyases (4.1)
- C12Y401/01—Carboxy-lyases (4.1.1)
- C12Y401/01029—Sulfinoalanine decarboxylase (4.1.1.29)
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for producing L-cysteic acid comprising the reaction of O-phospho-L-serine (OPS) with a salt of sulfurous acid (sulfite) and an enzyme class EC 2.5 .1.76 counting cysteate synthase (CS enzyme) in a biotransformation.
- OPS O-phospho-L-serine
- CS enzyme an enzyme class EC 2.5 .1.76 counting cysteate synthase
- the L-cysteic acid produced according to the invention can be decarboxylated to taurine.
- the invention further relates to the use of the L-cysteic acid produced for the production of taurine.
- L-cysteic acid ((R)-2-amino-3-sulfopropionic acid, 3-sulfo-L-alanine, CAS 498-40-8) is a non-proteinogenic L-amino acid that occurs in nature as an oxidation product of the proteinogenic amino acid L -Cysteine, e.g. can be detected in sheep's wool. Cysteic acid is also an intermediate product of the coenzyme M biosynthesis (CoM, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, CAS 3375-50-6) of methanogenic archaebacteria.
- CoM coenzyme M biosynthesis
- OPS O-phospho-L-serine
- CS enzyme cysteate synthase
- (2009) 424: 467-478 describe that a gene related to threonine synthases from Methanoscarcina acetivorans, which is produced recombinantly in E. coli and is enriched as an enzymatically inactive protein in so-called inclusion bodies (protein aggregates as inclusion bodies), has detectable enzyme activity can only be measured after extensive renaturation of the inclusion bodies. After renaturation it was proven that in analytical tests (HPLC and mass spectroscopy) with the Renatured protein L-cysteic acid is formed from the reaction of commercially available (chemically synthesized) OPS and sulfite according to equation (1). With these studies, the activity of a cysteate synthase was assigned to the renatured protein from M.
- L-cysteic acid can be produced chemically, for example by oxidation of cysteine with chlorine in alcoholic solution, with bromine in HCl or iodo-HCl in DMSO or by oxidative cleavage of cystine. Furthermore, L-cysteine acid can also be produced by oxidation of L-cysteine sulfinic acid.
- the known processes for the chemical production of L-cysteic acid which are not considered sustainable, use chemicals that are harmful to the environment and have low consumer acceptance, especially for applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors.
- L-cysteic acid can be used, for example, in fish farming or in the cosmetics sector, for example as an ingredient in Regu®-Slim (DSM) for skin care.
- DSM Regu®-Slim
- L-cysteic acid is used as a water-soluble protecting group.
- L-cysteic acid can also be converted to taurine through decarboxylation.
- Graham et al. 2009, see above has shown that in E. coli the CS enzyme with a molecular weight of 44 kDa is not produced in active form when expressed heterologously, but is only enriched in inactive form in inclusion bodies. The solubilization of the inclusion bodies and refolding to the active enzyme led to a very low yield of 3 mg of refolded protein per L E.
- EP 2444 481 B1 from CJ CheilJedang Corporation describes a process for producing L-cysteine, whereby a strain with reduced SerB activity is used to produce OPS, which is then converted into L-cysteine in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction with sulfide or thiosulphate. Cysteine is converted.
- the enzyme class used here O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylases (OPSS, EC 2.5.1.65), is not known to also produce sulfite as a CS enzyme can utilize substrate.
- OPSS O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylases
- the OPS could then be used in a biotransformation with OPSS enzymes to produce cysteine.
- the state of the art knows the biotechnological production of OPS.
- the prior art does not offer a production process for the CS enzyme that would be suitable for providing CS enzyme with sufficient activity for a previously unknown industrially applicable process of biotransformation of OPS with a sulfite, in which L-cysteic acid in the preparative Scale is produced for further use.
- the aim of the invention was a biotechnological process for the production of L-cysteic acid by biotransformation, which is suitable for use on an industrial scale.
- the object of the present invention was, instead of a chemical process and bypassing one through Metabolic Engineering produced L-cysteic acid production strain to provide an industrially applicable process for the cost-effective production of L-cysteic acid through biotransformation of OPS and to use the L-cysteic acid produced in this way for further use, for example for the production of taurine.
- a process for the production of L-cysteic acid comprising the reaction of O-phospho-L-serine (OPS) with a salt of sulfurous acid (sulfite) and a cysteate synthase (CS enzyme) belonging to the enzyme class EC 2.5.1.76 ) in a biotransformation.
- OPS O-phospho-L-serine
- CS enzyme cysteate synthase
- manufacturing processes are differentiated as follows: 1. Chemical processes 2.
- new or modified enzymes can be introduced into an organism or genes of endogenous enzymes can be expressed in an increased or weakened manner, thereby establishing new metabolic pathways in an organism or strengthening or weakening existing metabolic pathways.
- the aim of metabolic engineering is for the organism to either produce a new metabolite or to produce a cell's own metabolite with increased yield.
- no starting materials specific for the metabolite such as an enzyme substrate, such as OPS in the present invention, are used, but only a nutrient medium which is necessary for the growth of the organism in question and is composed of a C source (e.g. glucose), an N source (e.g.
- Biotransformation is defined as the conversion of one or more starting materials into a product using enzymatic catalysis, whereby the enzyme substrate is added to a reaction mixture with the enzyme.
- the added enzyme substrate as in the present invention OPS, is enzymatically converted, in the present invention by an enzyme selected from the class of cysteate synthases (CS enzyme, EC 2.5.1.76) in the presence of a salt of the sulfurous acid.
- CS enzyme cysteate synthases
- the educt or educts can come from chemical or biotechnological production.
- the OPS used in the process according to the invention can come, for example, from chemical synthesis or from biotechnological production by cultivating a production strain.
- the enzyme used for enzymatic catalysis preferably comes from biotechnological production through fermentation of a production strain from the Enterobacteriaceae family that heterologously expresses the CS enzyme.
- An advantage of the present invention is that the process according to the invention for producing L-cysteic acid from OPS and sulfite using the CS enzyme is a biotransformation process. This means that this represents a very targeted, specific reaction and does not require, for example, any complex culture steps or purification steps from a microorganism culture.
- the reaction (1) according to the invention is catalyzed by the enzyme cysteate synthase (CS enzyme), which belongs to the enzyme class EC 2.5.1.76.
- CS enzyme cysteate synthase
- a CS enzyme in enzymatically active form is a protein that is capable of catalyzing the synthesis of L-cysteic acid from OPS and a salt of sulfurous acid as described in the following CS enzyme activity test.
- the CS enzyme activity test can be carried out as follows: i) A CS enzyme produced by cultivation in a shake flask or in a fermentation can be used in the reaction as follows: - as an aliquot from the culture broth that has not been further processed or - as a Aliquot of the cell suspension after re-isolation of the cells from the culture broth, e.g. by centrifugation or - in the form of an aliquot of the cell homogenate a) after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or b) in the form of chemically permeabilized cells (e.g. by chloroform) or - as a cell extract after separation of particulate components from the cell homogenate or - as, for example, a chromatographically purified enzyme.
- a CS enzyme produced by cultivation in a shake flask or in a fermentation can be used in the reaction as follows: - as an aliquot from the culture broth that has not been further processed or - as a Aliquot of the cell suspension after re-isolation
- the total protein concentration obtained in each case can be determined, for example, as described in Example 3 of the present invention, with a Qubit 3.0 fluorometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific using the “ Qubit® Protein Assay Kit” according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- OPS (10 mM final concentration) and Na sulfite (20 mM final concentration) are placed in a solution buffered to pH 7 with potassium phosphate and the reaction is started by adding the CS enzyme.
- the sample volume of the test is 10 ml.
- the temperature at which the test is carried out is 30°C.
- the amount of CS enzyme used depends on the degree of purification.
- culture broth, cell suspension of the re-isolated cells or cell homogenate are used, at least 0.1 mg of the enzyme fractions prepared in i) are used.
- purified CS enzyme at least 10 ⁇ g of the purified enzyme fraction is used. 1 h, 2 h and 4 h after the start of the reaction, 1 ml of the test mixture is removed, centrifuged for 10 min and the content of OPS and L-cysteic acid is determined by calibrated HPLC (see Example 4), the reference substances used for calibration being commercially available are (Sigma-Aldrich).
- the method according to the invention is preferably characterized in that the CS enzyme is produced by culturing a microorganism strain of the Enterobacteriaceae family, it being preferred that the cds encoding the CS enzyme in the microorganism strain of the Enterobacteriaceae family are heterologous and particularly preferably enzymatically active form is expressed.
- Heterologous expression means the expression of the cds of a gene or the cds of a part of a gene in a host organism that does not naturally possess this gene or gene fragment.
- the introduction of the cds of the heterologous gene into the host organism involves the use of recombinant DNA technology.
- the cds of the heterologous gene can be introduced into the host organism by integration into its genome or extrachromosomally in the form of an autonomously replicating gene construct (plasmid, vector). It is preferred to introduce the cds of the heterologous gene into the host organism in the form of an autonomously replicating gene construct (plasmid, vector).
- an autonomously replicating gene construct plasmid, vector.
- constitutive expression gene expression is active (unregulated) during all phases of cell culture.
- induced expression gene expression is stimulated by adding an inducer molecule to the cell culture, such as the inducer molecule IPTG to induce the tac promoter in Examples 3 and 7 of the present invention. Induced expression is preferred, in which gene expression is stimulated by adding an inducer molecule to the cell culture.
- inducer molecule refers to the overexpression of the cds of a gene in a host organism from whose genome this gene originally comes.
- a heterologously expressed protein for example if it is an enzyme, can be present in an enzymatically active form or can accumulate in an enzymatically inactive form, for example in inclusion bodies.
- Heterologous expression of the CS enzyme in enzymatically active form accordingly means that i) the cds of the gene encoding the CS enzyme that is introduced into the host strain is not encoded in the genome of the host strain, ii) at least the cds of the for
- the gene encoding the CS enzyme is chromosomally integrated into the genome of the host organism by recombinant DNA technology or, preferably, introduced into the host organism extrachromosomally by an autonomously replicating vector and iii) that a CS enzyme is expressed from this cds in an enzymatically active form.
- the heterologously expressed CS enzyme is particularly preferably expressed by the microorganism strain in an enzymatically active form.
- a CS enzyme is expressed from the heterologously introduced cds, which occurs after protein biosynthesis and, if necessary, post-translationally Modification, such as the incorporation of a cofactor such as pyridoxal phosphate in the case of the CS enzyme (see entry in the KEGG enzyme database under entry number EC2.5.1.76) is present in the microorganism in enzymatically active form.
- a cofactor such as pyridoxal phosphate
- Expressed in an enzymatically active form excludes the possibility that the protein is first produced as an inactive protein in inclusion bodies and is only present in an enzymatically active form after renaturation.
- the method is characterized in that the CS enzyme is produced by culturing a microorganism strain of the Enterobacteriaceae family which expresses the CS enzyme heterologously and in an enzymatically active form.
- a reaction mixture is defined as a mixture of educt (starting material), enzyme and possibly other reactants, in which the educt is converted into a product.
- the yield of the reaction in the sense of the invention is defined as the amount of the starting material used, which is converted into the product under reaction conditions.
- the yield can be stated as the absolute yield of the product (mmol or g), as the volume yield in absolute amount of product based on the volume (mM or g/L) or as the relative yield of product in percent of the starting material used (taking the molecular weights into account of the starting material and the product), also referred to as percentage yield.
- cultivation or synonymous culture of microorganism cells includes both culture processes in shake flasks and fermentative processes.
- the medium used for the cultivation or culture of the microorganisms is referred to as the cultivation medium, culture medium or, in the case of fermentation, also fermentation medium. Through cultivation/culture/fermentation of the production strain in The culture broth/fermenter broth is created as a growing, culture or fermentation medium.
- the culture broth/fermenter broth consists of the biomass of the cells of the production strain and the culture supernatant/fermentation supernatant freed from the biomass, which was formed during the course of cultivation from the cultivation medium and the metabolic products secreted by the cells.
- Fermentation is a process step for the production (cultivation) of cell cultures on an industrial scale (production scale), in which a preferably microbial production strain is brought to growth under defined conditions of culture medium, temperature, pH, oxygen supply and medium mixing.
- the aim of fermentation is to produce a protein/enzyme or a metabolite, each with the highest possible yield for further use.
- the components of the process according to the invention can be produced by fermentation.
- the end product of the fermentation is a fermenter broth, consisting of the biomass of the cells of the production strain (fermenter cells) and the fermentation supernatant freed from the biomass, which was formed in the course of the fermentation from the cultivation medium and the metabolic products secreted by the fermenter cells.
- the target products of the fermentation can be in the fermenter cells or in the fermentation supernatant.
- OPS is found in the fermentation supernatant, while the CS enzyme is found in the fermenter cells.
- Shake flask cultivation is used to cultivate microorganisms on a laboratory scale, in contrast to fermentation on a production scale.
- a production strain is defined as a strain of microorganisms suitable for producing a product, for example by fermentation. The production strain is characterized by the fact that it is capable of (improved) production of the product through genetic modification.
- the genetic modification can consist of a change in the genome (chromosomal change), the introduction of an autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic element such as a plasmid, and a combination of chromosomal and extrachromosomal changes.
- chromosomal change an autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic element such as a plasmid
- extrachromosomal changes An example of a production strain with a chromosomal change is the E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB strain described in Example 1 for the production of OPS.
- An example of a production strain produced by introducing a plasmid is the E. coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj strain described in Example 3 for producing the CS enzyme.
- the microorganism strain that carries the extrachromosomal genetic element is referred to as the host strain or host organism and the extrachromosomal genetic element is referred to as a gene construct, plasmid, vector or expression vector.
- the area of DNA or RNA that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon and codes for the amino acid sequence of a protein is called an open reading frame (ORF, synonymous with cds, coding sequence).
- ORF is also called the coding region or structural gene.
- the DNA section that contains all the basic information needed to produce a biologically active substance is called a gene contains RNA.
- a gene contains the section of DNA from which a single-stranded RNA copy is made by transcription and the expression signals that are involved in the regulation of this copying process.
- the expression signals include, for example, at least one promoter, a transcription start, a translation start and a ribosome binding site (RBS). Furthermore, a terminator and one or more operators are possible as expression signals.
- An mRNA also called messenger RNA or messenger RNA, is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) that carries the genetic information for building a protein.
- An mRNA provides the building instructions for a specific protein in a cell.
- the mRNA molecule carries the message from the genetic information (DNA) necessary for protein construction to the protein-building ribosomes. In a cell it is formed as a transcript of a section of DNA belonging to a gene. The genetic information stored in the DNA is not changed.
- Genes of eukaryotic organisms are predominantly so-called mosaic genes and, in contrast to prokaryotic genes, also contain non-coding sections, so-called introns (intragenic regions). Coding sequences, so-called exons (expressed regions), are DNA sections of a eukaryotic gene that, after transcription into RNA, are translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of a protein. The introns are spliced from the primary transcript after the DNA has been transcribed into RNA. The protein-coding RNA freed from introns is called messenger RNA (mRNA), also known as “mature” mRNA. This undergoes further modifications such as capping and polyadenylation.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- the coding region of the mature mRNA is then translated into the protein sequence. If a eukaryotic gene with an exon/intron structure is to be expressed in prokaryotic organisms, it is necessary to convert the protein sequence or the coding region of the mature mRNA into intron-free DNA back translated, since in prokaryotes the processing of the exon/intron structure does not take place.
- a sequence optimization ie adaptation to the codon usage of the corresponding prokaryote, takes place simultaneously with the back translation of the protein sequence or the mRNA sequence into DNA sequence (codon optimization).
- a genetic construct is a DNA molecule in which a gene is linked to other genetic elements (e.g. promoter, terminator, selection marker, origin of replication).
- a gene construct within the scope of the invention is a circular DNA molecule and is referred to as a plasmid, vector or expression vector.
- the genetic elements of the gene construct cause its extrachromosomal inheritance during cell growth as well as the production of the protein encoded by the gene.
- the abbreviation WT (Wt) denotes the wild type.
- the wild-type gene is the form of the gene that arose naturally through evolution and is present in the wild-type genome.
- the DNA sequence of Wt genes is publicly available in databases such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information).
- a microorganism strain with a Wt genome is called a Wt strain.
- L-cysteic acid from the biotransformation of OPS according to the invention with a salt of sulfurous acid can either be used directly without further processing steps or enriched or purified using known methods. Such methods are known to those skilled in the art from processes for isolating amino acids. They include, for example, filtration, centrifugation, extraction, adsorption, ion exchange chromatography, precipitation, crystallization.
- the process is preferably characterized in that the reaction mixture containing the L-cysteic acid is further used without further work-up, purification or isolation steps.
- the process is characterized in that the L-cysteic acid produced is isolated from the reaction mixture.
- denaturation refers to a structural change in biomolecules such as proteins, which is associated with a loss of the biological function of the molecules, although their primary structure remains unchanged.
- a denatured protein is characterized by the fact that it is not enzymatically active, that is, for CS enzymes in the sense of the present invention, they are not able to catalyze the synthesis of L-cysteic acid from OPS and a salt of sulfurous acid.
- Denaturation can be due to physical or chemical influences. Incorrectly or incompletely folded, enzymatically inactive proteins can accumulate in the cell in protein aggregates (so-called inclusion bodies) and can be viewed as naturally denatured proteins.
- Inclusion bodies are mainly observed at high expression levels when, due to the resulting high concentration of newly synthesized protein chains, their aggregation is preferred over their folding into the enzymatically active three-dimensional form.
- Whether a heterologously expressed protein occurs in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies or in active form cannot be predicted and depends not only on the primary structure of the protein chain (sequence of the amino acid sequence) but also on the expression system used and parameters through which the rate of protein biosynthesis can be controlled (e.g. cultivation temperature, induction strength with inducible promoters).
- the cysteate synthase from Methanoscarcina acetivorans could be produced in an enzymatically active form in E.
- Renaturation refers to the transformation of the denatured proteins back into their biologically active spatial structure.
- chaotropic compounds are used to bring denatured protein back into solution in inclusion bodies before protein renaturation is made possible by removing the chaotropic compound.
- urea and guanidine hydrochloride are primarily used for this purpose.
- the method is preferably characterized in that the CS enzyme is used in the reaction without a previous renaturation step.
- the renaturation steps include the following process steps: dissolving the denatured protein in a medium containing a chaotropic compound and subsequent removal of the chaotropic compound. It depends on the protein in question to what extent the chaotropic compound must be removed.
- the chaotropic compound can be removed, for example, by dialysis, selective binding of the chaotropic compound to a carrier material, selective binding of the protein to be renatured to a carrier material and subsequent elution under renaturing conditions or by diluting the chaotropic compound to a critical concentration below which it cannot has a more denaturing effect (see e.g. Graham et al., 2009, above). Methods of protein renaturation are described in the prior art.
- the renaturing conditions include, for example, dissolving the denatured protein in a 6 M aqueous urea solution or 6 M aqueous guanidine-HCl solution. Dilution or removal of the chaotropic compound below a critical concentration depends on the protein in question and means that the concentration of the chaotropic compound such as urea or guanidine is reduced below a concentration at which the protein in question can resume the three-dimensional structure of its active form . Chemical substances that disrupt ordered hydrogen bonds in water are called chaotropic compounds.
- the chaotropic compounds include barium salts such as barium chloride or barium acetate, guanidine hydrochloride, thiocyanates such as guanidinium thiocyanate, perchlorates, iodides, butanol, phenol, thiourea, urea and/or surfactants.
- Surfactants also known as detergents or soaps
- are organic compounds that act as surface-active substances, meaning that, thanks to their structure, they arrange themselves in the interface between two phases in such a way that they reduce the interfacial tension ( surface tension) and thereby enable wetting, for example. By reducing the surface tension, they promote the mixing of two phases, possibly even leading to the formation of an emulsion.
- Surfactants are characterized by a polarity of the molecular structure, with one part of the molecule having hydrophilic properties, which mediate solubility in water, and the other part of the molecule having hydrophobic properties, whereby surfactants solubilize hydrophobic compounds and contribute to solubility in water.
- the surfactants used are nonionic surfactants (polyalkylene glycol ethers, fatty alcohol propoxylates, alkyl glucosides, alkyl polyglucosides, octylphenol ethoxylates such as Triton ic surfactants based on quaternary ammonium compounds ( Distearyldimethylammonium chloride, “esterquat”) and/or zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants based on betaine (e.g “Cocoamidopropyl betaine”) or sulfobetaine (e.g. cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaine).
- nonionic surfactants polyalkylene glycol ethers, fatty alcohol propoxylates, alkyl glucosides, alkyl polyglucosides, octylphenol ethoxylates
- Triton ic surfactants based on quaternary ammonium compounds Distearyldimethylam
- the method is characterized in that the CS enzyme is used in the reaction without a previous renaturation step.
- Working without a renaturation step has a great economic advantage because the complex, cost-intensive and environmentally harmful renaturation steps described above are not necessary.
- the host cells expressing the CS enzyme do not first have to undergo a complex and cost-intensive process that pollutes the environment, for example through waste, mechanically or chemically open-minded and inclusion bodies, in which, for example, Graham et al.
- OPS can be produced chemically or biotechnologically, for example by fermenting an OPS production strain. Possible methods for the chemical production of OPS are, for example, phosphorylation of L-serine, or the production of the racemate O-phospho-D/L-serine, which can be used directly, or OPS is previously obtained from the racemate, for example by resolution of the racemate .
- the process for producing L-cysteic acid is preferably characterized in that the OPS used in the reaction is produced biotechnologically. This is done by cultivating an OPS production strain.
- the biotechnological production of OPS by cultivating one is particularly preferred OPS production strain in which OPS accumulates in the cell culture supernatant (extracellular).
- the expert can use isotope analysis to determine whether a substance such as OPS, which he wants to use as a starting material in the process, comes from chemical or biotechnological, for example fermentative, production.
- An isotope analysis method suitable for differentiation is, for example, in Sieper et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.
- OPS serves as a biosynthetic precursor of L-serine in the cysteine metabolism of Escherichia coli, for example. The latter arises from dephosphorylation of OPS.
- This reaction is enzymatically catalyzed by O-phospho-L-serine phosphatases (SerB, EC 3.1.3.3). It is known from the prior art that E. coli strains with suppressed SerB activity can accumulate OPS. A microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is therefore characterized by the fact that it can no longer produce L-serine by dephosphorylation of OPS and, as a result, accumulate OPS.
- the method is preferably characterized in that the OPS used in the reaction is produced with a microorganism strain with suppressed activity of the O-phospho-L-serine phosphatase (SerB enzyme), which belongs to the enzyme class EC 3.1.3.3.
- a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is considered an OPS Production strain is used, wherein the suppression of SerB activity involves a genetic change in the microorganism strain.
- the SerB activity of the genetically unmodified microorganism strain (Wt strain) is set at 100%, and a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is defined as having a lower SerB activity than the 100% activity in the Wt strain contains, preferably a maximum of 20%, particularly preferably a maximum of 10% and particularly preferably 0% (inactivation of the serB gene) of the activity of the wild-type strain, which is set to 100%.
- a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is characterized by one or more of the following genetic changes: - Deletion of the chromosomal gene encoding the enzyme SerB. - Introducing a mutation in the chromosomal gene encoding the enzyme SerB to reduce the activity of the endogenous gene. - Substitution of the chromosomal gene encoding the enzyme SerB with a gene mutated to reduce the activity of the endogenous gene. - Introducing a mutation in a regulatory region for the gene encoding the enzyme SerB to reduce endogenous enzyme activity.
- L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase enzyme activity can, as described in the prior art, be determined by enzymatic release of phosphate from L-3-phosphoserine, the released phosphate being quantitatively determined as a molybdate complex photometrically at 340 nm.
- the serB activity determined for the WT strain using this enzyme assay is set to 100% activity and the residual activity for a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is measured under identical conditions.
- the process according to the invention for producing L-cysteic acid is particularly preferably characterized in that the OPS used in the reaction is produced with a microorganism strain in which the chromosomal gene which encodes the enzyme SerB has been deleted. This is also referred to as a knock out of the serB gene.
- the microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is preferably characterized in that the chromosomal nucleotide sequence of the serB gene, comprising the complete serB cds, which codes for the enzyme SerB, as well as flanking sequences up to 1000 nt 5 'upstream of the serB cds comprising the sequence of the serB promoter and 1000 nt 3' downstream of the serB cds comprising the sequence of the serB terminator is deleted.
- a particularly preferred deletion is the deletion of the serB cds described in Example 1, which codes for the enzyme SerB.
- the microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is preferably selected from the families Corynebacteriaceae or Enterobacteriaceae, particularly preferably selected from the genera Corynebacterium, Pantoea or Escherichia and particularly preferably selected from the species Pantoea ananatis or Escherichia coli.
- the microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity for producing OPS for the reaction according to the invention is preferably the E. coli K12 W3110 strain.
- a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity is preferably characterized by serine auxotrophy, ie the strain cannot produce the amino acid L-serine itself for growth.
- the auxotrophy can be reversed by adding serine or glycine to the culture medium (growing medium), either as a pure substance or as a component a complex media component such as yeast extract, peptone or tryptone as well as a mixture of pure substance and complex media component.
- a mixture of pure substance, selected from glycine and L-serine, and complex media component is preferred, including particularly preferably a mixture of glycine and complex media component.
- the addition of glycine to the cultivation medium is particularly preferred.
- the content of glycine as a pure substance in the cultivation medium is preferably 0.1 g/L to 10 g/L, particularly preferably 0.2 g/L to 5 g/L and particularly preferably 0.3 g/L to 2 g/L .
- the serB gene or part of the gene can be isolated and a foreign DNA cloned into the serB gene, thereby interrupting the open reading frame of the serB gene that defines the protein.
- a DNA construct suitable for the targeted inactivation of the serB gene can therefore consist of a 5' DNA section that is homologous to the genomic serB gene, followed by a gene section comprising the foreign DNA and connected to this by a 3' DNA - Section which in turn is homologous to the genomic serB gene.
- the region of the serB gene that is suitable for homologous recombination cannot only include the region coding for the O-phospho-L-serine phosphatase.
- the region in question can also include DNA sequences flanking the serB gene, namely in the 5' region before the beginning of the coding region (promoter of gene transcription) and in the 3' region after the end of the coding region (terminator of the Gene transcription), the alteration of which by homologous recombination as well as the alteration of the coding region can lead to inactivation of the serB gene.
- the foreign DNA is preferably a selection marker expression cassette. This consists of a gene transcription promoter, which is functionally linked to the actual selection marker gene and, if necessary, followed by a gene transcription terminator. The In this case, the selection marker also contains 5' and 3' flanking homologous sequences of the serB gene.
- the selection marker preferably contains 5' and 3' flanking homologous sequences of the serB gene, each at least 30 nucleotides long, particularly preferably at least 50 nucleotides long.
- the DNA construct for inactivating the serB gene can therefore, starting from the 5' end, consist of a sequence homologous to the serB gene, followed by the expression cassette of the selection marker, for example selected from the class of antibiotic resistance genes and followed by another one serB gene homologous sequence.
- the DNA construct for inactivating the serB gene starting from the 5' end, consists of a sequence homologous to the serB gene of at least 30 nucleotides in length, particularly preferably at least 50 nucleotides in length, followed by the expression cassette of the selection marker , selected from the class of antibiotic resistance genes and followed by a further sequence homologous to the serB gene of at least 30 nucleotides in length, particularly preferably at least 50 nucleotides in length.
- the selection marker genes are generally genes whose gene product enables the parent strain to grow under selective conditions under which the original parent strain cannot grow.
- Preferred selection marker genes are selected from the group of antibiotic resistance genes such as the ampicillin resistance gene, the tetracycline resistance gene, the kanamycin resistance gene, the chloramphenicol resistance gene or even the neomycin resistance gene.
- Other preferred selection marker genes enable parental strains with a metabolic defect (e.g. amino acid auxotrophies) to grow under selective conditions by their expression correcting the metabolic defect.
- selection marker genes are also possible whose gene product chemically modifies and thus inactivates a compound that is toxic to the original strain (e.g. the gene for the enzyme acetamidase, which breaks down the compound acetamide, which is toxic to many microorganisms, into the non-toxic products acetate and ammonia).
- selection marker genes are the ampicillin resistance gene, the tetracycline resistance gene, the kanamycin resistance gene and the chloramphenicol resistance gene.
- the tetracycline resistance gene and the kanamycin resistance gene are particularly preferred.
- One such system is, for example, the so-called Lambda-Red technology, commercially available as a “Quick and Easy E. coli Gene Deletion Kit”, based on the Red®/ET® technology from Gene Bridges GmbH (see “Technical Protocol, Quick & Easy E.
- Example 1 of the present invention describes an example of producing a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity by deleting the serB gene.
- a microorganism strain with suppressed SerB activity produced using the Red ® /ET ® technology can be suitable for the extracellular production of OPS, as described, for example, in the second example of the present invention for the strain E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB.
- OPS can accumulate both intracellularly and extracellularly, with the amount of intracellularly accumulated OPS depending on the cultivation conditions (Steinfeld et al., see above).
- the culture conditions chosen in Example 2 of the present invention enable the extracellular accumulation of OPS.
- the extracellular OPS content is preferably at least 1 g/L, particularly preferably at least 3 g/L and particularly preferably at least 6 g/L.
- OPS present extracellularly in a culture broth such as that obtained in a cultivation carried out as in the 2nd example
- purification or isolation steps such as, among others, extraction, adsorption, ion exchange chromatography, precipitation, crystallization. This approach is particularly economical and avoids isolating OPS.
- the method for producing L-cysteic acid is therefore particularly preferably characterized in that OPS is used, which is obtained from the cell culture supernatant of the cultivation of a microorganism strain with suppressed activity of the O-phospho-L-serine phosphatase (SerB-), which belongs to the enzyme class EC 3.1.3.3. enzyme).
- the process for producing L-cysteic acid is characterized in that, in addition to the CS enzyme used in the reaction, the OPS used in the reaction is produced biotechnologically, particularly preferably by fermentation.
- the CS enzyme is preferably produced by culture of a microorganism strain of the Enterobacteriaceae family which heterologously expresses the CS enzyme.
- This microorganism strain is also called a CS enzyme production strain, which consists of the host strain and a genetic construct for expressing the CS gene.
- the method is preferably characterized in that the CS enzyme is produced by culturing a microorganism strain of the genus Escherichia, particularly preferably the species Escherichia coli and particularly preferably the microorganism strain E. coli K12 JM105, which expresses the CS enzyme heterologously and in particular preferably in an enzymatically active form, is produced.
- the preferred gene construct for expressing the CS gene is an expression vector in plasmid form, particularly preferably including the expression vector pCSma-pKKj disclosed in Example 3 (FIG. 3).
- Cysteate synthases are known as enzymes in the coenzyme M biosynthesis of, for example, methanobacteria.
- the process for producing L-cysteic acid is preferably characterized in that the CS enzyme comes from Methanoscarcina acetivorans or the CS enzyme is a sequence homologous thereto, particularly preferably the CS enzyme comes from Methanoscarcina acetivorans.
- the coding DNA sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3, which codes for a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, or a nucleotide sequence homologous thereto.
- Homologous nucleotide sequences mean that the DNA sequences of these genes or DNA sections are at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95% identical.
- the preferred homologous nucleotide sequences are the sequences of the genes from Methanocella paludicola (NCBI Gene ID: 8682885), Methanosarcina barkeri (NCBI Gene ID: 24822660), Methanoculleus marisnigri (NCBI Gene ID: 4845938) or nucleotide sequences homologous thereto.
- the degree of DNA identity is determined by the “nucleotide blast” program, found at http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, which is based on the blastn algorithm.
- the preset parameters were used as algorithm parameters for an alignment of two or more nucleotide sequences.
- the method is characterized in that the CS enzyme has the amino acid sequence specified in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence homologous thereto, an amino acid sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 4 having a sequence identity of at least 50%, preferably at least 70 % and particularly preferably at least 80% to SEQ ID NO: 4 and at the same time has cysteate synthase enzyme activity. Cysteate synthase enzyme activity can be detected as defined above in the CS activity assay.
- Amino acid sequences of homologous CS enzymes can be found in the NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) using the search term “cysteate synthase” or using the “Protein BLAST” subprogram by entering the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.
- Enzymes homologous to the CS enzyme from Methanoscarcina acetivorans are preferably selected from Methanocella paludicola (NCBI No.: WP_012900738.1), Methanolinea mesophila (NCBI No.: WP_245249687.1), Methanosarcina barkeri (NCBI No.: WP_011308449.1), Methanoculleus marisnigri (NCBI No.: WP_011842967.1).
- the “Protein BLAST” search for genes for CS enzymes found homologous protein sequences from a large number of bacteria from the archaebacteria domain, including thermophilic organisms (growth at temperatures >50°C up to 110°C).
- the invention also includes CS enzymes from the archaebacteria domain with an activity optimum of >50°C.
- the method is preferably characterized in that the CS enzyme is not a fusion protein.
- fusion protein means that the DNA sequence encoding a protein or part of a protein is fused in the reading frame in the laboratory with one or more DNA sequences encoding another protein or part of another protein and thus for a modified (extended) protein that does not occur in nature.
- the fused DNA sequences can be attached at the 5' end, at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and 3' ends.
- the fusion protein is also called a hybrid or hybrid enzyme.
- the protein according to the invention with cysteate synthase enzyme activity is only encoded by the cds of the relevant gene and the CS-cds is not extended by additional sequences added to the CS-cds.
- a protein whose cds has been fused to a nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein sequence which is cleaved off again during protein biosynthesis or during post-translational modification, such as an export signal sequence mediating protein secretion, is not included in the term fusion protein.
- the term fusion protein always refers to the mature protein.
- the production of the CS enzyme by cultivating a CS enzyme production strain refers to the production of the CS enzyme as an enzymatically active protein without refolding and preferably without resort to expression as a fusion protein.
- Particularly preferred is the production of the CS enzyme from M. acetivorans by cultivating a CS enzyme production strain as an enzymatically active protein without refolding and without resorting to expression as a fusion protein, a host strain of the species Escherichia coli being used to produce the production strain.
- Particular preference is given to producing the CS enzyme from M. acetivorans by cultivating the E.
- the CS enzyme obtained by culturing the production strain can be used in the process according to the invention either as a culture broth that has not been further processed or as a cell suspension after the cells have been re-isolated from the culture broth, for example by centrifugation or filtration.
- the CS enzyme can be used in the form of a cell homogenate after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or in the form of chemically permeabilized cells (e.g. by chloroform) or also as a cell extract after separation of particulate components from the cell homogenate or also as, for example, a chromatographically purified enzyme.
- the CS enzyme is preferred to use as a culture broth that has not been further processed, particularly preferably as a fermenter broth, as a cell suspension after re-isolation of the cells from the culture broth or as a cell homogenate after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or in the form of chemically permeabilized cells (e.g. by chloroform).
- Particular preference is given to using the CS enzyme as a cell suspension after re-isolation of the cells from the culture broth or as a cell homogenate, particularly preferably as a cell homogenate.
- CS enzyme is used as a cell homogenate produced and used directly in the biotransformation process according to the invention as a CS enzyme.
- Example 3 of the present invention A possible preferred embodiment is disclosed in Example 3 of the present invention.
- salts of sulfurous acid are suitable for the reaction in the process for producing L-cysteic acid, including the known salts Na 2 SO 3 , K 2 SO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 3 , NaHSO 3 (or its anhydride Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) or KHSO 3 .
- gaseous sulfur dioxide the anhydride of sulfurous acid, which can be introduced into the reaction mixture, where it hydrates to the sulfurous acid H 2 SO 3 and, depending on the pH, in an equilibrium with the deprotonated forms HSO 3 - and SO 3 2- is present.
- Na 2 SO 3 or NaHSO 3 (or its anhydride Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) is used as the salt of the sulfurous acid in the process for producing L-cysteic acid.
- the reaction temperature is chosen between 5°C and 80°C.
- a reaction temperature between 10°C and 60°C is preferred, particularly preferably between 15°C and 50°C and particularly preferably between 20°C and 40°C.
- the reaction can be carried out at a pH between 4.0 and 9.0, preferably at a pH between 5.0 and 8.5, particularly preferably at a pH between 5.5 and 8.0 and particularly preferably at a pH between 6, 0 and 7.5 can be carried out.
- Water is preferably used as the solvent for the process for producing L-cysteic acid.
- the process according to the invention for producing L-cysteic acid can be operated in a batch or continuous manner.
- discontinuous operation In discontinuous operation (batch operation), all reactants are added to the batch during the course of the reaction and the batch is processed after the reaction has ended.
- the CS enzyme In continuous operation, the CS enzyme is introduced as a stationary phase, for example immobilized in a membrane reactor or on a support, and the substrate OPS and a salt of sulfurous acid are metered in as a mobile phase. The contact time of the mobile phase with the stationary phase is adjusted so that the substrate OPS can react with the salt of the sulfurous acid to form the product L-cysteic acid.
- Discontinuous (batch) operation is preferred.
- the concentration of the salt of the sulfurous acid is preferably selected in the batch so that it is present at least in an equimolar concentration to OPS, preferably at least in a 1.5-fold molar excess, particularly preferably in at least a 2-fold molar excess and particularly preferably at least five-fold molar excess to OPS is present.
- the OPS concentration in the batch is preferably at least 80 mg/L, particularly preferably at least 1 g/L and particularly preferably at least 5 g/L.
- the process for producing L-cysteic acid is preferably characterized in that the molar yield of L-cysteic acid, based on the molar amount of OPS used, is at least 60%, particularly preferably at least 80% and particularly preferably at least 90%.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for use on an industrial scale.
- a batch volume >10 ml is preferred, particularly preferably >1L and particularly preferably >100 L.
- recombinantly produced CS enzyme heterologously in a CS enzyme production strain without refolding (renaturation) and preferably without Recourse to a fusion partner in a cell homogenate is enzymatically active and suitable for the efficient production of L-cysteic acid in a previously unknown biotransformation.
- OPS produced by fermentation from the cell culture supernatant of growing an OPS production strain with preferably suppressed activity of the SerB enzyme or commercially available OPS can be reacted with a salt of the sulfurous acid according to equation (1) by cultivation.
- a further preferred method for producing taurine is characterized in that the L-cysteic acid produced according to the invention is decarboxylated.
- the decarboxylation of L-cysteic acid to taurine occurs according to equation (2): (2) L-cysteic acid -> taurine + CO 2
- the process for producing taurine is characterized in that the L-cysteic acid produced in the process according to the invention is used directly, that is to say without further processing, purification or isolation steps, for the production of taurine, as for example in Examples 8 and 9 of the present Invention disclosed.
- the decarboxylation of L-cysteic acid to taurine can occur chemically or enzymatically catalyzed in a biotransformation.
- the decarboxylation reaction is preferably a biotransformation, with L-cysteic acid being enzymatically decarboxylated to taurine.
- L-cysteic acid produced in the process according to the invention can be used directly as a reaction mixture without further work-up steps.
- enzymes from the Class of L-cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylases (CSAD, EC 4.1.1.29), aspartate-1-decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.11) or glutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.15).
- the process for producing taurine is preferably characterized in that the decarboxylation is carried out using a cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD enzyme) belonging to the enzyme class EC 4.1.1.29.
- CSAD enzymes are known to decarboxylate L-cysteine sulfinic acid to hypotaurine according to equation (3).
- these enzymes are able to decarboxylate L-cysteine acid as a substrate to taurine.
- the CSADcc enzyme from Cyprinus carpio is suitable for decarboxylating L-cysteic acid to taurine according to equation (2).
- CSAD enzymes are mainly found in metazoans (multicellular animals), including mammals such as humans (Homo sapiens), cattle (Bos taurus), rats (Rattus norvegicus), and mice (Mus musculus). in fish, such as carp (Cyprinus carpio).
- Enzymes with CSAD activity can also be found in single-celled organisms, such as in algae, for example from the genus Synechococcus, as well as in bacteria and fungi.
- CSAD enzymes from mammals, selected from humans (Homo sapiens), cattle (Bos taurus), rats (Rattus norvegicus) or mice (Mus musculus) as well as from fish, such as carp (Cyprinus carpio).
- CSAD enzymes from humans (Homo sapiens), rats (Rattus norvegicus) or carp (Cyprinus carpio) are particularly preferred.
- the CSAD enzyme particularly preferably comes from carp (Cyprinus carpio) and is referred to as CSADcc.
- a CSADcc-cds DNA sequence that is codon-optimized for expression in the specifically selected microorganism is preferably derived from the corresponding amino acid sequence (for example for E. coli specified in SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 31 - 1530, coding for a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 6).
- Publicly accessible software programs are available for codon optimization, such as the Eurofins Genomics GENEius software used in Example 7.
- the process for producing taurine is preferably characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the CSAD enzyme is SEQ ID NO. 6 acts.
- the CSAD enzyme particularly preferably CSADcc, is preferably produced recombinantly by a microorganism production strain.
- the production of the CSAD enzyme by recombinant production in an E. coli production strain is disclosed, for example, in Example 7.
- the CSAD-cds is cloned in a known manner into an expression vector, for example the vector pKKj (see Example 3), and a gene construct, for example pCSADcc-pKKj (FIG. 4), is produced.
- the gene construct containing the CSAD-cds is also transformed in a known manner into a microorganism host strain, for example the E. coli JM105 strain, and the resulting production strain, for example E. coli JM105 x pCSADcc-pKKj, is also transformed is known to be used to produce the CSAD enzyme.
- the CSAD enzyme can be produced for laboratory purposes on a shake flask scale (as described, for example, in Example 7) or in a known manner by fermentation.
- CSAD enzymes contain pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, CAS No. 54-47-7) as a cofactor.
- the supplementation of the cultivation medium or of biotransformation approaches for the conversion of L- Cysteic acid to taurine with PLP therefore offers an opportunity for process improvement.
- PLP belongs to the B6 vitamin family
- supplementation with other members of the vitamin B6 family such as pyridoxine (CAS no. 65-23-6), pyridoxal (CAS no. 66-72-8) or pyridoxamine is also suitable (CAS No. 85-87-0) for process improvement.
- the CSAD enzyme, preferably CSADcc obtained by cultivation in a shake flask or by fermentation can be used either as a culture broth that is not further processed or as a cell suspension after the cells have been re-isolated by, for example, centrifugation.
- the CSAD enzyme preferably CSADcc
- the CSAD enzyme can be used in the form of a cell homogenate after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or in the form of chemically permeabilized cells (for example by chloroform) or also as a cell extract after separation of particulate components from the cell homogenate or also as, for example, a chromatographically purified enzyme .
- the biotransformation of L-cysteic acid to taurine by the CSAD enzyme is carried out under pH and temperature conditions that allow efficient decarboxylation of L-cysteic acid to taurine.
- a pH range between pH 5.0 and 9.0 and a temperature range between 20 ° C and 70 ° C at which the biotransformation is carried out is preferred.
- the biotransformation to produce taurine from L-cysteic acid can be carried out in a batch or continuous manner. In discontinuous operation (batch operation), all reactants are added to the batch during the course of the reaction and the batch is processed after the reaction has ended. In continuous operation, the CSAD enzyme is presented as a stationary phase, for example in a Membrane reactor or immobilized on a support, and the substrate L-cysteic acid is added as a mobile phase. The contact time of the mobile phase with the stationary phase is adjusted so that the substrate L-cysteic acid can react to form the product taurine.
- the L-cysteic acid concentration in the biotransformation to produce taurine is preferably at least 80 mg/L, particularly preferably at least 1 g/L, particularly preferably at least 5 g/L.
- the process for producing taurine is preferably characterized in that the molar yield of taurine, based on the molar amount of L-cysteic acid used, is at least 60%, preferably at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95%.
- the process steps for producing L-cysteic acid (biotransformation 1) and for producing taurine preferably take place sequentially, ie one after the other.
- the process for producing taurine is characterized in that all process steps take place in one reaction batch. If all process steps take place in one reaction batch, it is also referred to as a one-pot process or a one-pot reaction.
- Example 9 of the present invention discloses a possibility of carrying out such a one-pot reaction, in which the biotransformation according to the invention of OPS to L-cysteic acid according to equation (1) and the biotransformation of L-cysteic acid to taurine according to equation (2) are carried out simultaneously, ie in one reaction batch , where OPS is reacted with a sulfite (sulfurous acid salt) in the presence of the CS and CSAD enzyme.
- L-cysteic acid is formed, which is released “in situ” by CSAD Enzyme is decarboxylated to taurine.
- the product distribution of L-cysteic acid and taurine is determined by the activity of the CS enzyme relative to that of the CSAD enzyme. With sufficient dosage of the CSAD enzyme, the L-cysteic acid can be quantitatively converted to taurine. Preference is given to a process in which the OPS used is converted to L-cysteic acid and taurine, the total molar yield of L-cysteic acid and taurine being more than 60%, particularly preferably more than 70% and particularly preferably more than 80%.
- the genes for cysteate synthase, preferably CSma, and L-cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, preferably CSADcc are expressed together in one strain and the cells from the cultivation of this strain are reacted with OPS in the presence of a sulfite taurine is formed as the end product.
- a biotransformation process for producing taurine is preferred, in which the process components OPS, the CS enzyme and the CSAD enzyme are produced separately.
- Taurine can either be used directly without further processing steps or enriched or purified using known methods. Such methods are known to those skilled in the art, for example from processes for isolating amino acids known.
- a further subject of the invention is the use of the resulting L-cysteic acid in a process for producing taurine.
- the use of the L-cysteic acid produced in the process according to the invention for producing taurine enables a biotechnological process from plant raw materials.
- a biotechnological process for the production of taurine is of particular interest for applications in the food, animal feed or cosmetics sectors due to the sustainable production process.
- the invention is further illustrated by the following examples without being limited by them:
- Example 1 Production of a serB deletion mutant in Escherichia coli
- the strain Escherichia coli K12 W3110 was used (commercially available under the strain number DSM 5911 from the DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH).
- the target of the gene inactivation was the coding sequence of the serB gene from E. coli.
- the DNA sequence of the cds of the serB gene from E. coli K12 (SEQ ID NO: 1, nt 67 to nt 1032), encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, is accessible in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) gene database with the Gene ID 948913.
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- coli serB gene was inactivated using the Red ® /ET ® technology from Gene Bridges GmbH, as detailed below (described in the user manual of the “Quick and Easy E. coli Gene Deletion Kit”, see “Technical Protocol, Quick & Easy E. coli Gene Deletion Kit, by Red ® /ET ® Recombination, Cat. No. K006, Version 2.3, June 2012 and the literature cited therein, e.g. Datsenko and Wanner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000): 6640-6645).
- the plasmids pKD13, pKD46 and pCP20 were used for this purpose: - The 3.4 kb plasmid pKD13 (Fig. 1) is disclosed in the “GenBank” gene database under the accession number AY048744.1. - The 6.3 kb plasmid pKD46 (Fig. 2) is disclosed in the “GenBank” gene database under the accession number AY048746.1. - The 9.4 kb plasmid pCP20 is disclosed in Cherepanov and Wackernagel, Gene 158 (1995): 9-14. To inactivate the serB gene in E.
- E. coli W3110 by homologous recombination with the Lambda Red system, the following steps were carried out: 1. E. coli W3110 was transformed with the plasmid pKD46 (so-called “Red Recombinase” plasmid, Fig. 2) and isolated an ampicillin-resistant clone, designated W3110 x pKD46. 2. A serB-specific DNA fragment suitable for its inactivation was in a PCR reaction (“Phusion TM High-Fidelity” DNA polymerase, Thermo Scientific TM ) with DNA from the plasmid pKD13 (Fig. 1) and the primers serb-1f (SEQ ID NO: 7) and serb-2r (SEQ ID NO: 8).
- the PCR reaction produced a 1.4 kb PCR product which contained a DNA section of 30 nt at the 5' and 3' ends, which was specific for the serB gene from E. coli W3110.
- the PCR product contained the expression cassette of the kanamycin resistance gene contained in pKD13 and, flanking the 5' and 3' ends of the kanamycin expression cassette, so-called “FRT direct repeats” (referred to as “FRT1” and “FRT2” in Fig. 1), short DNA sections that were used in a later step to remove the antibiotic marker kanamycin as a recognition sequence for the “FLP recombinase” (contained on the plasmid pCP20).
- Primer serb-1f contained 30 nucleotides (nt) from the 5' region of the serB gene (nt 67-96 in SEQ ID NO: 1) and connected thereto 20 nt specific for the plasmid pKD13 (referred to as “pr-1" in Fig. 1).
- Primer serb-2r contained 30 nt from the 3' region of the serB gene (nt 1006-1035 in SEQ ID NO: 1, in reverse complementary form) and attached to it 20 nt specific for the plasmid pKD13 (referred to as “pr- 2” in Fig. 1). 3.
- the 1.4 kb PCR product was isolated and treated with the restriction endonuclease Dpn I, which cuts only methylated DNA and is familiar to those skilled in the art, in order to remove residual pKD13 plasmid DNA. Non-methylated DNA from the PCR reaction is not degraded. 4.
- the 1.4 kb PCR product specific for the serB gene and containing an expression cassette for the kanamycin resistance gene was transformed into E. coli W3110 x pKD46 and kanamycin-resistant clones were produced on LBkan-glycine plates at 30°C isolated.
- LBkan-glycine plates contained LB medium (10 g/L tryptone from GIBCO TM , 5 g/L yeast extract from BD Biosciences, 5 g/L NaCl), 1.5% agar, 15 mg/L kanamycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1 g/L glycine (Sigma-Aldrich). 5. Four of the obtained kanamycin-resistant clones were purified on LBkan-glycine plates (ie, isolating a clone by dicing) and checked in a PCR reaction whether the kanamycin resistance cassette had been correctly integrated into the serB gene.
- the genomic DNA used for the PCR reaction (“Phusion TM High-Fidelity” DNA polymerase, Thermo Scientific TM ) was isolated from cells growing kanamycin-resistant clones of E. coli W3110 x pKD46 using a DNA isolation kit (Qiagen). isolated in LBkan-glycine medium (10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl, 15 mg/L kanamycin, 1 g/L glycine). Genomic DNA from the E. coli W3110 wild-type strain served as a control.
- the primers used for the PCR reaction were serb-3f (SEQ ID NO: 9, 5'-flanking the serB gene, nt 1-22 in SEQ ID NO: 1) and serb-4r (SEQ ID NO: 10, the serB gene 3'-flanking, nt 1066-1085 in SEQ ID NO 1, in reverse complementary form).
- E. coli W3110 wild-type DNA yielded a DNA fragment of 1.1 kb in the PCR reaction, as expected for the intact gene.
- a clone with inactivated serB gene was selected and treated at 42°C to remove the temperature-sensitive plasmid pKD46, rendering the strain ampicillin sensitive again.
- the strain was named W3110- ⁇ serB::kan. 6.
- W3110- ⁇ serB::kan was transformed with the plasmid pCP20 and transformants were selected at 30°C.
- the 9.4 kb vector pCP20 is disclosed in Cherepanov and Wackernagel (1995), Gene 158: 9-14.
- the vector pCP20 contains the FLP recombinase gene.
- the FLP recombinase recognizes the FRT sequences that flank the expression cassette of the kanamycin resistance gene and causes the removal of the kanamycin expression cassette. For this purpose, the clones obtained at 30°C were incubated at 37°C.
- W3110- ⁇ serB::kan was kanamycin sensitive again after treatment with the pCP20 plasmid, which was checked as follows: - by plating on LB-glycine and LBkan-glycine plates: growth on LB-glycine plates was positive, while no growth could be observed on LBkan-glycine plates, indicating the successful removal of the kanamycin cassette from the genome.
- genomic DNA was isolated from the kanamycin-sensitive clones (Qiagen DNA isolation kit) and in a PCR reaction (“Phusion TM High-Fidelity” DNA polymerase, Thermo Scientific TM ) with the primers serb- 3f (SEQ ID NO: 9) and serb-4r (SEQ ID NO: 10) are used.
- E. coli W3110 wild-type DNA yielded a DNA fragment of 1.1 kb in the PCR reaction, as expected for the intact serB gene.
- the kanamycin-sensitive clone produced a DNA fragment of approximately 250 nt in the PCR reaction, which corresponded to the expected size of the 5' and 3' fragments of the inactivated serB gene remaining after homologous recombination.
- the strain isolated from this step was named E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB. This strain was characterized by the fact that it contained an inactivated serB gene and that this strain was again sensitive to the antibiotic kanamycin.
- Example 2 Production of OPS Production in a shake flask: OPS was produced by culturing the E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB strain in a shake flask. For comparison, the OPS production of the WT strain E.
- coli W3110 was examined. As a preculture for cultivation in the shake flask, 3 ml of LB-glycine medium (10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L NaCl, 0.1 g/L glycine) with the strains E. coli W3110 were used and E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB and incubated at 30 ° C and 135 rpm for 16 h in a shaker.
- LB-glycine medium 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L NaCl, 0.1 g/L glycine
- Main culture Part of the respective preculture was then placed in a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask (with baffle) with 30 ml SM1 medium containing 15 g/L glucose, 5 mg/L vitamin B1 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 g/ L of the amino acids L-isoleucine, D, L-methionine, L-threonine and 0.5 g/L glycine (all Sigma-Aldrich).
- Composition of SM1 medium 12 g/LK 2 HPO 4 , 3 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 5 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.3 g/L MgSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 0.015 g/L CaCl 2 x 2 H 2 O, 0.002 g/L FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 1 g/L Na 3 citrate x 2 H 2 O, 0.1 g/L NaCl; 1 ml/L trace element solution.
- composition of the trace element solution 0.15 g/L Na 2 MoO 4 x 2 H 2 0, 2.5 g/LH 3 BO 3 , 0.7 g/L CoCl 2 x 6 H 2 0, 0.25 g/L CuSO 4 x 5 H 2 0, 1.6 g/L MnC12 x 4 H20, 0.3 g/L ZnSO4 x 7 H20.
- the main cultures were inoculated with so much preculture that an initial cell density OD 600 / ml (optical density of Main culture, measured at 600 nm) was set at 0.3/ml each. Based on this, the 30 ml batches were incubated for 24 h at 30°C and 135 rpm.
- the HPLC device was equipped with a fluorescence detector. The detector was set to an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and an emission wavelength of 450 nm.
- Mobile phase A 25 mM Na phosphate, pH 6.0.
- Mobile phase B methanol. The separation was carried out in gradient mode: 0 – 10 min, 1% - 15% mobile phase B, followed by 15 min 15% mobile phase B, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.
- OPS Retention time of L-cysteic acid: 6.95 min.
- Retention time of OPS 7.65 min.
- Retention time of taurine 21.9 min.
- Preparation of OPS by fermentation OPS was prepared by fermentation of the E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB strain. Preculture 1: 20 ml of LB-glycine medium were inoculated with the strain E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and incubated for 7 h on a shaker (150 rpm, 32 ° C).
- Preculture 2 The preculture 1 was then completely immersed in 100 ml SM1 medium, supplemented with 10 g/L glucose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 0.3 g/LD, L-methionine, 1 g/L glycine, and 5 mg /L vitamin B1 transferred.
- the culture was shaken in an Erlenmeyer flask (1 L volume) at 32°C for 17 h at 150 rpm (Infors chest shaker). After this incubation, the cell density OD 600 /ml was 5.7/ml.
- Main culture The fermentation was carried out in a “DASGIP ® Parallel Bioreactor Systems for Microbiology” fermenter from Eppendorf. Culture vessels with 1.81 total volume were used.
- the fermentation medium (600 ml) contained 10 g/L glucose, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 5 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g/L NaC1, 0.225 g /L CaCl 2 x 2 H 2 O, 1.2 g/L MgSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 0.075 g/L FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 1 g/L Na 3 citrate x 2 H 2 O, 1 g/L glycine, 1 g/L L-threonine, 0.018 g/L vitamin Bl, 0.09 g/L vitamin B6 and 10 ml trace element solution (see shake flask cultivation).
- the pH value in the fermenter was initially adjusted to 7.0 by pumping in a 25% NH 4 OH solution. During the fermentation, the pH value was kept at a value of 7.0 by automatic correction with 25% NH 4 OH or 4 MH 3 PO 4 . Foam was combated by automatically adding 4% v/v Struktol J673 in H 2 O (Schill & Seilacher). For inoculation, 60 ml of the preculture 2 were pumped into the fermenter vessel. The initial volume was therefore approximately 660 ml. The cultures were initially stirred at 400 rpm and gassed with an aeration rate of 2 vvm (vol. air per vol. culture medium per min) of compressed air that had been sterilized via a sterile filter.
- 2 vvm vol. air per vol. culture medium per min
- the oxygen probe was calibrated to 100% saturation before inoculation.
- the target value for O2 saturation during fermentation was set to 30%. After the O 2 saturation fell below the target value, a regulation cascade was started to bring the O 2 saturation back to the target value.
- the gas supply was continuously increased (to a maximum of 5 vvm) and then the stirring speed was continuously increased (to a maximum of 1,600 rpm).
- the fermentation was carried out at a temperature of 32°C. As soon as the glucose content in the fermenter had dropped from the initial 10 g/L to approx. 2 g/L, a 56% (w/w) glucose solution was continuously added. The feeding rate was adjusted so that the glucose concentration in the fermenter no longer exceeded 2 g/L.
- the glucose determination was carried out using a glucose analyzer from YSI (Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA). 23 h after the start of fermentation, the fermentation mixture was topped up with 3.5 ml of a 200 g/L glycine solution in H 2 O. The fermentation time was 53 h. 23 h, 30 h, 47 h and 53 h after the start of the fermentation, samples were taken from the fermentation mixture and the cell density OD 600 /ml was determined from an aliquot. Another aliquot was incubated at 80°C for 5 min, centrifuged and the OPS content of the cell culture supernatant was determined by HPLC. Cell density and OPS content are summarized in Table 2.
- Table 2 Time course of cell density and OPS content in the fermentation of the E. coli W3110- ⁇ serB strain
- Example 3 Production of CSma enzyme Cysteate synthase from Methanosarcina acetivorans (CSma) was used. The amino acid sequence of the CSma enzyme is accessible in the NCBI database under accession ID WP_048066469. Out of From the amino acid sequence, a DNA sequence codon-optimized for expression in E. coli was derived (publicly available Eurofins Genomics GENEius software) and produced synthetically (Eurofins Genomics).
- the synthetically produced DNA had the sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 3 and contained the cds of the gene, hereinafter referred to as CSma-cds (SEQ ID NO: 3), encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 4 and referred to as CSma.
- the synthetically produced DNA contained an EcoRI site at the 5' end and a HindIII site at the 3' end.
- the expression vector pKKj disclosed in EP2670837A1 (Wacker application), is a derivative of the expression vector pKK223-3.
- the DNA sequence of pKK223-3 is disclosed in the GenBank gene database under accession number M77749.1. Approximately 1.7 kb was removed from the 4.6 kb plasmid (bp 262 - 1947 of the DNA sequence disclosed in M77749.1), creating the 2.9 kb expression vector pKKj.
- the vector pCSma-pKKj was transformed in a known manner into the E. coli K12 JM105 strain.
- the E. coli K12 JM105 strain is available for purchase under the strain number DSM 3949 from the DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH. Transformation clones were selected on LBamp plates. LBamp contained 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl, 15 g/L agar, and 100 mg/L ampicillin (Sigma-Aldrich). One clone was selected and cultured in a shake flask. The CSma producing strain was named E.
- coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj The expression of the CSma-cds was carried out in E. coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj in a known manner under the control of the IPTG-inducible tac promoter (IPTG: isopropyl-ß-thiogalactoside, Sigma-Aldrich) which is functionally linked to the CSma-cds.
- IPTG isopropyl-ß-thiogalactoside, Sigma-Aldrich
- Cultivation in a shake flask A preculture of the E. coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj strain was prepared in LBamp medium (cultivation at 37°C and 120 rpm overnight, Infors chest shaker).
- Two ml of preculture (OD 600 3.4 / ml) were used as inoculum of a main culture (0.3 L Erlenmeyer flask) of 50 ml SM1 medium (Example 2), supplemented with 15 g / L glucose; 5 g/L peptone (oxoid); 2.5 g/L yeast extract; 0.005 g/L vitamin B1 (Sigma-Aldrich); 5 mg/L pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, Sigma-Aldrich) and 100 mg/L ampicillin, used.
- the main culture was shaken in a chest shaker (Infors) at 30°C and 140 rpm. After 4 h of incubation, a cell density OD 600 of 2.0 was achieved.
- the inducer IPTG (Sigma-Aldrich, 0.4 mM final concentration) was added and cultivation continued for another 20 h in a chest shaker (Infors) at 30 ° C and 140 rpm. At the end of the cultivation, the cell density OD 600 was 3.1/ml.
- the cells from the shake flask culture were isolated by centrifugation (10 min 15,000 rpm, Sorvall centrifuge RC5C, equipped with an SS34 rotor). To prepare a cell suspension, the cell pellet was cultured from 50 ml of shake flask in 2 ml of 100 mM K-phosphate, pH 7.0; 100 mM KCl (KPi7.0 buffer) was added and used to prepare a cell homogenate.
- a cell homogenate was produced using the FastPrep-24TM 5G cell homogenizer from MP Biomedicals as described in Example 2.
- the cell homogenate obtained (2 ml volume) was used without further processing for the biotransformation of OPS to L-cysteic acid (Example 5).
- the protein content of the cell homogenate was determined with a Qubit 3.0 fluorometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific using the “Qubit ® Protein Assay Kit” according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the protein content of the cell homogenate from shake flask cultivation was 5.3 mg/ml.
- Example 4 Production of L-cysteic acid from commercially available OPS and Na2SO3 by biotransformation with CSma enzyme
- Approach 1 8.15 ml of KPi7.0 buffer were placed in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 1 ml of one in succession 0.2 M solution of Na 2 SO 3 in KPi7.0 buffer buffer, 0.5 ml CSma cell homogenate from shake flask cultivation (Example 3) and 350 ⁇ l of a 0.2 M solution of OPS (Sigma-Aldrich) in KPi7 .0 buffer added. The batch volume was 10 ml.
- Batch 2 The batch (comparison batch without Na 2 SO 3 ) had the same composition as batch 1.
- Table 3 Time course of the production of L-cysteic acid by biotransformation of OPS and Na 2 SO 3 with CSma-containing cell homogenate
- Example 5 Production of L-cysteic acid from OPS-containing culture supernatant from shake flask cultivation and Na2SO3 by biotransformation with CSma enzyme. 9 ml of cell culture supernatant from shake flask cultivation of the strain E.
- coli W3110- ⁇ serB (Example 2) were added to a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask an OPS content of 113.6 mg/L and 0.3 ml 3 M KCl, 0.5 ml 0.2 M Na 2 SO 3 in KPi7.0 buffer and 1 ml CSma cell homogenate from the shake flask culture (Example 3) admitted.
- the batch volume was 10.8 ml.
- the batch was incubated in a chest shaker (Infors) at 30 ° C and 140 rpm.
- the molar yield of L-cysteic acid was 97.6%
- Table 4 Time course of the production of L-cysteic acid from cell culture supernatant containing OPS and Na 2 SO 3 by catalysis with cell homogenate containing CSma
- Example 6 Preparative production of L-cysteic acid by biotransformation of OPS at constant pH OPS substrate: 10 ml of fermenter broth from the fermentation of the E.
- coli W3110- ⁇ serB strain (Example 2) were centrifuged (10 min 15,000 rpm, Sorvall centrifuge RC5C , equipped with an SS34 rotor) and the OPS content in the fermentation supernatant was determined by HPLC. The OPS content was 5.6 g/L.
- CSma homogenate Cell homogenate of the E. coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj strain was prepared from 2 x 50 ml shake flask culture as described in Example 3. The homogenate was supplemented with 15 ⁇ l 500 mg/L PLP. The total volume of the homogenate was 4 ml.
- Biotransformation approach A double-walled, conically tapering 50 ml thermostatable reaction vessel (accessory for the titrator TitroLine alpha, Schott) was connected to a thermostat (Lauda) via a hose connection and heated to 30 ° C.
- the reaction mixture contained 6 ml of OPS-containing fermentation supernatant with an OPS content of 5.6 g/L, 4 ml of CSma homogenate, 0.2 ml of 3 M KCl, 0.1 ml of 0.1 M DTE (dithioerythrol, sigma- Aldrich), and 0.3 ml of a 1 M solution of Na 2 SO 3 in KPi7.0 buffer.
- the batch volume was 10.6 ml.
- the OPS concentration in the batch was 17.1 mM (0.18 mmol OPS in 10.6 ml batch volume).
- the batch was stirred with a magnetic stirrer.
- the approach was further equipped with a pH electrode (Mettler Toledo), which was connected to a pH control unit (Titrator TitroLine alpha, Schott), which was operated in pH-Stat mode according to the manufacturer's specifications.
- the pH in the reaction vessel was kept constant at the set pH 7.0 throughout the entire duration of the reaction by adding 0.5 M NaOH from a burette connected to the control unit.
- the reaction time was 4 hours.
- coli CSADcc gene The mRNA-derived cDNA sequence of the cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) from Cyprinus carpio (carp) is in the NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) under the Genbank Sequence ID: AB220585.1 (cds: nt 82 - 1584).
- a DNA sequence codon-optimized for expression in E. coli was derived from the corresponding amino acid sequence (publicly available Eurofins Genomics GENEius software) and produced synthetically (Eurofins Genomics).
- the synthetically produced DNA had the sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 5 and contained the cds of the gene, hereinafter referred to as CSADcc-cds (SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 31 - 1530), encoding a protein with the in SEQ ID NO: 6 disclosed amino acid sequence and referred to as CSADcc.
- the synthetically produced DNA contained an EcoRI site at the 5' end (SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 25 to 30) and a HindIII site at the 3' end (SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 1532 to 1537).
- Vector pCSADcc-pKKj To produce the vector pCSADcc-pKKj (FIG.
- the synthetically produced DNA was cut with EcoRI and HindIII and converted in a known manner as an EcoRI / HindIII fragment into the one with EcoRI and HindIII cut vector pKKj (see Example 3) cloned. This resulted in the vector pCSADcc-pKKj.
- the vector pCSADcc-pKKj was transformed in a known manner into the E. coli K12 JM105 strain. Transformation clones were selected on LBamp plates. One clone was selected and cultured in a shake flask.
- the strain producing CSADcc was named E. coli JM105 x pCSADcc-pKKj.
- the expression of the CSADcc-cds was carried out in E. coli JM105 x pCSADcc-pKKj analogously to that described in Example 3 for E. coli JM105 x pCSma-pKKj by cultivation in a shake flask.
- Cultivation in a shake flask 10 ml of a preculture (OD 600 3.1/ml) were used as inoculum of a main culture (1 L Erlenmeyer flask) of 100 ml SM1 medium, supplemented with 15 g/L glucose; 5 g/L peptone; 2.5 g/L yeast extract; 0.005 g/L vitamin B1; 5 mg/L pyridoxal phosphate and 100 mg/L ampicillin, used. Cultivation and induction of the main culture was carried out as in Example 3 described.
- Example 8 Production of Taurine from L-Cysteic Acid by Biotransformation 9 ml of the mixture from Example 5 with a content of 84.5 mg/L L-cysteic acid (Table 4) were placed in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 1 ml of cell suspension of the CSADcc- Enzyme from Example 7 added. The batch volume was 10 ml. The batch was incubated in a chest shaker (Infors) at 37 ° C and 140 rpm.
- Example 9 Production of taurine from OPS by biotransformation 9 ml of a mixture from shake flask cultivation of the strain E.
- coli W3110- ⁇ serB (Example 2) containing 94.7 mg/L OPS were placed in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 0 .5 ml of a 0.2 M solution of Na 2 SO 3 in KPi7.0 buffer buffer, 1 ml of CSma cell homogenate from shake flask cultivation (Example 3) and 1 ml of cell suspension of the CSADcc enzyme (Example 7) were added.
- the batch volume was 11.5 ml.
- the batch was incubated in a chest shaker (Infors) at 30 ° C and 140 rpm.
- bla gene that confers resistance to ampicillin (ß-lactamase) kanR: gene that confers resistance to kanamycin
- kanR gene that confers resistance to kanamycin
- ORI origin of replication pr-1: binding site 1 for primer pr-2 : Binding site 2 for primers
- FRT1 Recognition sequence 1 for FLP recombinase
- FRT2 Recognition sequence 2 for FLP recombinase araC: araC gene (repressor gene)
- P araC promoter of the araC gene
- P araB promoter of the araB gene
- Gam lambda phage
- Bet Lambda Phage Bet recombination gene
- Exo Lambda Phage Exo recombination gene
- ORI101 Temperature-sensitive replication origin
- RepA Gene for the plasmid replication protein
- Ptac tac Promoter
- EcoRI Interface for the restriction enzyme
- EcoRI HindIII Interface for the restriction enzyme
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