EP4434119A1 - Verfahren zum verbinden einer elektrischen leitung aus aluminium mit einem rohr aus kupfer - Google Patents
Verfahren zum verbinden einer elektrischen leitung aus aluminium mit einem rohr aus kupferInfo
- Publication number
- EP4434119A1 EP4434119A1 EP22813603.2A EP22813603A EP4434119A1 EP 4434119 A1 EP4434119 A1 EP 4434119A1 EP 22813603 A EP22813603 A EP 22813603A EP 4434119 A1 EP4434119 A1 EP 4434119A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- aluminum
- electrodes
- connection
- stranded wire
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/10—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation
- H01R4/18—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation by crimping
- H01R4/187—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation by crimping combined with soldering or welding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
- H01R4/62—Connections between conductors of different materials; Connections between or with aluminium or steel-core aluminium conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
- H01R4/62—Connections between conductors of different materials; Connections between or with aluminium or steel-core aluminium conductors
- H01R4/625—Soldered or welded connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for forming connections by deformation, e.g. crimping tool
- H01R43/048—Crimping apparatus or processes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for soldered or welded connections
- H01R43/0214—Resistance welding
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for connecting an electrical line, which is designed as a stranded wire made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, with an electrical connection made of copper or a copper alloy, which has a tube for receiving the end of the electrical line in addition to the connection element.
- an electrical line which is designed as a stranded wire made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy
- an electrical connection made of copper or a copper alloy
- These can be tubes that are open on one or both sides.
- Such connections e.g. B. when using aluminum lines and copper connection elements with regard to the duration of the mechanical stability of the connection as well as its electrical conductivity. If moisture can get into such a connection, contact corrosion occurs, which increases the contact resistance and considerably reduces the mechanical durability of the connection.
- connection elements made of dissimilar material can be seen in the fact that aluminum has a strong affinity for oxygen and therefore quickly becomes dense, electrically insulating, very hard and very durable coated with an oxide layer.
- the melting point of this oxide layer also known as corundum, is around 2,050°C, ie considerably higher than the melting point of aluminum, which is around 660°C, or copper, which is around 1,080°C.
- intermetallic phases can form which are both brittle and have a high resistance, so that a large amount of heat can develop in this area when current flows later.
- This increased temperature causes the intermetallic layer to become even thicker over time. Due to the brittleness of the connection, even small mechanical stresses can easily cause the connection to break.
- EP 2 621 022 A1 an attempt is made to avoid the formation of intermetallic phases by using complex CUPAL sleeves.
- the prior art time lag between a first stage crimping that breaks up the oxide layer and a locally separate second stage that welds the elements together can cause re-oxidation, which can result in strong, unaccountable fluctuations in the connection quality.
- the quality of the connection is also heavily dependent on the quality of the aluminum strands.
- the invention is based on the object of producing long-term, stable electrical connections between electrical conductors made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and an electrical connection made of copper or a copper alloy with qualitative fluctuations that are as far as possible excluded, while avoiding the disadvantages described, which can also be created quickly and inexpensively.
- the following process steps are proposed: a) coating the inner surfaces of the tube with a hard solder or using a tube coated on the inner surface with a hard solder, b) after introducing the end of the electrical line into the tube, plastic deformation of the tube in the area the end of the tube on the connection element side, whereby the individual wires of the stranded wire are deformed by overstamping in such a way that their non-conductive oxide layers are broken up and the individual wires are pressed together without a gap, c) via electrodes, depending on the geometry and the material properties of the tube and the stranded wire, applying a predeterminable contact pressure force and a predeterminable current for a predeterminable time to generate Joule heating of the aluminum stranded wire bundle, with Joule heating melting the hard solder and creating a hard solder connection between the inner surfaces of the pipe and the in Outer areas of the aluminum stranded wire bundle that are in contact arises, d) by applying a further predeterminable
- Hard solder is understood to mean a metal which, together with the aluminum or the aluminum alloy, has a eutectic melting temperature below the melting temperature of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
- a hard solder is preferably chosen that acts as a diffusion barrier in order to prevent the formation of intermetallic phases between aluminum and copper.
- a coating with soft solder could also be used. The overstamping of the tube during the plastic deformation not only breaks up the oxide layers on the individual wires of the stranded wire, but also presses the wires so tightly together that there is no longer a gap between the individual wires into which oxygen or gas could penetrate or remain remains, so that no re-oxidation can take place in this overstamped area.
- the overall contact resistance of the wires is reduced.
- the subsequent two-stage connection ie the connection of the outer aluminum wires or their alloys to the coating by brazing prevents new oxide layers from forming on the surface of the stranded wire and, above all, the contact resistance between the copper tube and the outer surface of the stranded wire is minimized .
- the subsequent diffusion and/or partial melting process for the core of the stranded wire minimizes the contact resistance between the individual wires of the stranded wire.
- the deformation process for example with differently sized effective surfaces to the effective surfaces of the electrodes for the brazing process.
- At least one set of different process parameters is usually required for each of these two stages.
- the stages can also be divided into several intervals or sections with different pressure or force/current/time specifications. As a result, the energy supply can be dosed more precisely, for example to prevent massive melting of the line.
- the process features b) and c) are carried out simultaneously or directly one after the other.
- the electrodes are then used both to produce the plastic deformation and to carry out the brazing process, but shorter times can be achieved between the deformation process and the brazing process, so that the re-oxidation of the stranded wire surface can be largely prevented.
- the compaction phase, the brazing phase, the diffusion phase or melting phase and the cooling phase can be determined by different contact forces and/or energy inputs.
- the compaction phase can also be partially integrated into the brazing phase and/or the diffusion phase. The latter describes a process in which further continuous compaction takes place during the soldering and/or diffusion phase.
- the duration of the force during the ramp-shaped heating to the brazing temperature, but also the soft-soldering temperature, can also be used for compaction. Due to the spatially different temperature distribution within the combination of tube and strand, the brazing and diffusion or
- the diffusion process is also controlled via contact pressure, temperature and time.
- the temperature in the connection zone must be between the lowest melting temperature and the highest recrystallization temperature of the connection partners.
- the individual wires of the litz wire are not only to be firmly connected to one another by diffusion, but if the litz wire core is to be partially or completely melted, it is useful if a melt depot is formed between the deformation on the terminal element side and the deformation on the cable end.
- melt depot can be determined before the deformation process, since melt can also get between the non-compacted areas of the strand and does not have to escape to the outside from there.
- the plastic deformation can be carried out before the brazing process or at the same time.
- the pressing tools or electrodes can be heated during the deformation process and/or during the brazing process and/or the diffusion or melting process, or they consist of a material that heats up when current flows through.
- Melting are generated by means of current flowing through the elements to be connected due to Joule's self-heating.
- heated tools or electrodes can cause the materials to be connected to become more supple, so that smaller forces have to be used for over-stamping.
- the reduction in the contact pressure leads to gentler forming, stretching and compression of the tube and the stranded wires and to a lower pressure load on the electrodes. If the electrodes are heated during brazing, less heat that is required for brazing would flow away via the electrodes. If the electrodes are made of tungsten materials, for example, they would heat up when current flowed through, resulting in an additional heat source for the soldering process and/or the diffusion process and/or the melting process.
- the electrodes are used with a smaller effective area compared to the effective area of the deformation tools in the compression step, and non-conductive, lateral boundaries of the tube in the deformation and energization area give an essentially rectangular or square shape.
- lateral closure zones are created on the tube, which serve to avoid lateral contact of the electrodes with the plastically deformed tube.
- the tube can be softened by the heating during deforming compacting and brazing.
- the all-round clamping prevents the compacted connection from becoming loose.
- the additional lateral clamping prevents the tube or the compacted strand from expanding.
- the coating of the side boundary components is preferably neither electrical nor thermal conductive. If possible, neither heat dissipation nor an electrical shunt should occur here. Steel coated with ceramic or directly ceramic is preferably used.
- the contour of the tube is created during plastic deformation. During the subsequent brazing, diffusing or melting, the lateral limitation protects the pressed connection from loosening.
- FIG. 5 shows an example according to the invention according to FIG. 4 with an additional sealing collar
- an electrical connection 1 which consists of a tube 2 made of copper and a connecting element 3 , the end of a stranded wire 4 made of aluminum being inserted into the tube 2 .
- the tube 2 is coated with a hard solder 5 on the inside.
- the pipe 2 has already been subjected to a plastic deformation 6 on the connection side.
- the deforming tool (not shown) was larger in its effective area than the area of the electrode 7, as a result of which termination zones 8 are formed in the tube 2 next to the electrode 7 placed in the middle, which ensure that the brazing current and/or diffusion or The melting current, indicated by the current flow lines 9, flows predominantly over the stranded wire 4.
- Below the plastic deformation 6 on the connection side it is indicated that the stranded wire 4 is highly compacted, which means that the oxide layers of the individual wires of the stranded wire 4 have been broken open and the individual wires of the stranded wire 4 are pressed together without a gap.
- Joule self-heating first occurs in the area of the higher-impedance contact resistance between tube 2, hard solder 5 and stranded wire 4, which creates a connection between the outer layer of stranded wire 4 and tube 2 by melting the hard solder, which increases the contact resistance in this area decreased.
- the Joule heat is now generated in the area between the individual wires of the stranded wire that offers a greater contact resistance, so that the individual wires are connected to one another by diffusion or by a melting process. which in turn reduces the contact resistance between the individual wires.
- the heat input can be supported by heating or self-heating of the electrodes.
- connection-side plastic deformation 6 shows that in the course of creating the connection-side plastic deformation 6 , a further deformation as a sealing collar 10 was formed on the line side.
- the sealing collar 10 is less strongly embossed in the pipe 2 than the connection-side plastic deformation 6.
- the sealing collar 10, however, has the effect that the melt produced in the melt zone 11 can only reach a melt depot 12 and not to the outside.
- FIG. 3 also shows a deformation on the line side for forming a sealing sleeve 10 .
- the melt depot 12 is very small or non-existent here. Any melt that occurs can get between the individual wires of the stranded wire 4 in the area of an expansion zone 13, but it cannot escape through the sealing sleeve 10 either.
- FIG. 5 shows a modification to FIG. 4.
- a sealing collar 10 was additionally embossed, which in turn shows a melt depot 12 between the sealing collar and the plastic deformation 6 on the connection side.
- Fig. 6 shows the electrodes 7 and 7'. In particular, it shows that these two electrodes 7 can be moved towards one another. As a result, the outer wires of the stranded wire 4 are stretched approximately equally during the plastic deformation process, which stretches the stranded wire to a lesser extent than with a pair of electrodes 7, 7' in which only one electrode 7 is moved.
- a lateral limitation 15 is provided which also ensures that the tube 2 and stranded wire 4 retain their plastic deformation without any widening occurring, see above that no gas can get to the stranded wire 4 during the following connection steps either.
- the tube is soldered to the superficial wires of the stranded wire in a first step and that the inner areas of the stranded wire are firmly connected to one another by diffusion and/or melting in a second step.
- a diffusion barrier which also forms a eutectic with the aluminum.
- the temperature of the eutectic must be below the melting temperature of the two connection partners Al and Cu.
- the property of the diffusion barrier prevents the formation of critical Al-Cu-IMP.
- a suitable coating material for this is nickel and its alloys. A temperature-related loss of strength, as with tin or zinc solder, does not occur with silver or nickel solder.
- Nickel is successfully used as a diffusion barrier in wire bonding (avoidance of Kirkendahl voids), soft soldering (avoidance of epsilon-eta layers) and spot welding (avoidance of tin whiskers).
- a hard-soldered connection is created between the coating applied to the copper and the pressed-on Al wires, which have been freed from the oxide skin and not yet melted.
- the coating can also be oxidized, but the upstream deformation process also breaks its oxide skin.
- the Al composite continues to heat up in the second step until the Al wires between the electrode zones change into a locally limited melt or diffusion connection.
- This is not resistance welding of the aluminum stranded wires, but complete melting or diffusion that occurs only on the contact surfaces that are adjacent to one another.
- the heating process required for this must be regulated/controlled in such a way that the hard solder connection takes place before melting.
- This sequence is achieved by dividing the connection process into at least two different sections, usually with different setting parameters. In the first section, starting with a preheating stage (stepped and/or ramp-shaped current increase) initiated the well-dosed energy required for the brazing. The energy required for melting or diffusing the Al wires is supplied in the second section.
- the main parameters that need to be adjusted are the current, the duration and the contact pressure. If plastic deformation with additional heating of the mold tools is used, the energy used can flow into the total energy of the hard soldering diffusion melting process. Depending on the mechanical dimensions, the electrode size, the electrode material, the formation of the deformation zone, etc., further sections with different settings may be required.
- Hard solders can be inserted as a molded part, but are preferably applied to the tube and, if necessary, to the stranded wire in a galvanic or physical way (e.g. spraying, sputtering).
- the coating gives the base material additional protection against oxidation.
- the current flow during the connection takes place via the opposite electrodes on the top and bottom.
- the conductivity of the electrodes can be chosen so that the electrodes generate additional heat for the connection process.
- the aim is that the necessary heating occurs through Joule heat in the material to be connected, but the additional electrode heat can accelerate the heating process and reduce heat dissipation via the electrodes.
- the heat required for the connection is therefore not primarily supplied by the self-heating of the electrodes, but is created by the current flow in the composite system of copper pipe, coating and aluminum strands.
- nickel would be advantageous as a poorly conducting material, since the Joule heat is then generated directly in the contact zone in addition to the aluminum content.
- the effect of the electrode current can also be influenced by the contact area and the contact-side contour.
- the electrodes can be designed to be plane-parallel, partially or completely convex or concave
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Connections Effected By Soldering, Adhesion, Or Permanent Deformation (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021129706.0A DE102021129706A1 (de) | 2021-11-15 | 2021-11-15 | Verfahren zum Verbinden einer elektrischen Leitung aus Aluminium mit einem Rohr aus Kupfer |
| PCT/EP2022/081208 WO2023083838A1 (de) | 2021-11-15 | 2022-11-09 | Verfahren zum verbinden einer elektrischen leitung aus aluminium mit einem rohr aus kupfer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4434119A1 true EP4434119A1 (de) | 2024-09-25 |
| EP4434119B1 EP4434119B1 (de) | 2025-10-22 |
Family
ID=84364076
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22813603.2A Active EP4434119B1 (de) | 2021-11-15 | 2022-11-09 | Verfahren zum verbinden einer elektrischen leitung aus aluminium mit einem rohr aus kupfer |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250015517A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4434119B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP7797640B2 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN118355564A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021129706A1 (de) |
| MX (1) | MX2024005873A (de) |
| PL (1) | PL4434119T3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023083838A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997050150A1 (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1997-12-31 | Philips Electronics N.V. | Method of interconnecting electroconductive wires by means of hard soldering |
| JP2010110790A (ja) * | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-20 | Miyachi Technos Corp | ヒュージング方法 |
| JP4961444B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-12 | 2012-06-27 | ナグシステム株式会社 | Al線半田付け方法及び端子 |
| JP5199987B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-08 | 2013-05-15 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 金属部材の接合方法および電力用半導体装置 |
| EP2362491B1 (de) | 2010-02-26 | 2017-10-04 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Verfahren zum Verbinden einer elektrischen Leitung mit einem elektrischen Anschlusselement |
| JP2011181189A (ja) * | 2010-02-26 | 2011-09-15 | Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd | 接続端子およびその製造方法 |
| JP2013114957A (ja) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-06-10 | Auto Network Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 端子付き電線およびその製造方法 |
| EP2621021A1 (de) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-07-31 | Intercable GmbH | Kabelschuh zum Verbinden eines stromführenden Elements mit einem Aluminiumkabel |
| PT2896269T (pt) * | 2012-09-14 | 2017-06-23 | Saint Gobain | Placa de vidro com um elemento de ligação elétrica |
| EP3451455B1 (de) * | 2017-09-01 | 2019-11-06 | Nexans | Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektrischen verbindung und eine elektrische leitung |
-
2021
- 2021-11-15 DE DE102021129706.0A patent/DE102021129706A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-11-09 PL PL22813603.2T patent/PL4434119T3/pl unknown
- 2022-11-09 JP JP2024528575A patent/JP7797640B2/ja active Active
- 2022-11-09 MX MX2024005873A patent/MX2024005873A/es unknown
- 2022-11-09 CN CN202280075810.6A patent/CN118355564A/zh active Pending
- 2022-11-09 WO PCT/EP2022/081208 patent/WO2023083838A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-11-09 EP EP22813603.2A patent/EP4434119B1/de active Active
- 2022-11-09 US US18/710,000 patent/US20250015517A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MX2024005873A (es) | 2024-05-29 |
| JP7797640B2 (ja) | 2026-01-13 |
| JP2024546048A (ja) | 2024-12-17 |
| WO2023083838A1 (de) | 2023-05-19 |
| DE102021129706A1 (de) | 2023-05-17 |
| PL4434119T3 (pl) | 2026-03-23 |
| EP4434119B1 (de) | 2025-10-22 |
| US20250015517A1 (en) | 2025-01-09 |
| CN118355564A (zh) | 2024-07-16 |
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