EP4373209A1 - Chauffage electrique de gaz - Google Patents

Chauffage electrique de gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4373209A1
EP4373209A1 EP22207556.6A EP22207556A EP4373209A1 EP 4373209 A1 EP4373209 A1 EP 4373209A1 EP 22207556 A EP22207556 A EP 22207556A EP 4373209 A1 EP4373209 A1 EP 4373209A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
gas
resistance heating
tube
heating element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22207556.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Franz Hauzenberger
Robert Millner
Marco Rische
Axel WALTHER
Martin Ennen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH
ABP Induction Systems GmbH
Original Assignee
Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH
ABP Induction Systems GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH, ABP Induction Systems GmbH filed Critical Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH
Priority to EP22207556.6A priority Critical patent/EP4373209A1/fr
Publication of EP4373209A1 publication Critical patent/EP4373209A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons

Definitions

  • the application relates to a method for heating a gas flowing through a pipe by means of electric current, as well as to a pipe provided with a heating element.
  • catalytic reforming is often used to prepare the reducing gas.
  • the reducing gas is based on one or more precursor gases.
  • At least one precursor gas is based on reformer gas obtained by catalytic reforming of hydrocarbon-containing gas in a reformer.
  • hydrocarbon-containing gas is reformed in a reformer, which requires heat energy that must be supplied to the reformer.
  • the gas supplied to the reformer for reforming flows through reformer tubes filled with catalyst. The reformer or the reformer tubes are heated so that the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions required for the economically viable course of the reforming reactions catalyzed by the catalyst prevail.
  • a method and a device are to be presented which allow heating of a gas flowing through a pipe, or heating of a reformer tube of a reformer - or heating of a gas flowing through a reformer tube of a reformer - with electrical current.
  • This object is achieved by a method for heating a gas flowing through a pipe by means of electric current, wherein thermal energy is transferred directly and/or indirectly to the gas from a resistance heating element.
  • a is an indefinite article; heat energy can be transferred by a single resistance heating element or by several resistance heating elements.
  • the tubes through which the gas to be heated flows are, for example, reformer tubes of a reformer; the gas to be heated flows through the reformer tubes for the purpose of reforming.
  • the gas flowing through the tube may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of several components.
  • the gas stream flowing through the tube may be a mixture containing hydrogen and one or more other components, such as methane CH4 or higher hydrocarbons.
  • the method is used in the direct reduction of metal oxides using a reducing gas based at least partly on reformer gas obtained by catalytic reforming of hydrocarbon-containing gas in a reformer.
  • the gas fed to the reformer for reforming contains hydrocarbons; the hydrocarbons are subjected to the reforming reactions.
  • the gas fed to the reformer for reforming may, for example, be a mixture of exhaust gas from a direct reduction reactor with a hydrocarbon-containing gas such as natural gas.
  • the method can be used to heat hydrocarbon-containing gas to be introduced into the reformer for reforming in pipes of a hydrocarbon gas pipe feed line.
  • the method can be used to heat gas flowing through reformer pipes in the reformer for reforming.
  • the method can be used to heat a precursor gas to be mixed with the reformer gas in a precursor gas pipe feed line; for example, hydrogen H2 or a gas containing hydrogen H2 can be mixed with the reformer gas.
  • the electric current is used for heating based on the principle of resistance heating. Resistance heating elements are passed through by the electric current and thus heat up; thermal energy can then be transferred from them to other bodies or media.
  • the transfer can be direct, whereby thermal energy is transferred directly into the body or medium to be heated - for example the gas flowing through a pipe - is transferred; or it can be indirect, whereby heat energy from the resistance heating element is not transferred directly into the body or medium for which the heating is intended to set a desired temperature, but rather is transferred directly from the resistance heating element into another body and/or another medium, and only then is it transferred from the other body and/or the other medium directly or indirectly via further bodies and/or media into the body or medium for which the heating is intended to set a desired temperature.
  • Heating can be carried out using only electrical current, or one or more other heating methods can be used in addition, for example burners.
  • the pipe through which the gas flows can itself be the resistance heating element. Then the gas flowing through is in direct contact with the resistance heating element. The heat energy is then transferred directly from the resistance heating element pipe to the gas.
  • the pipe through which the gas flows which is not itself a resistance heating element, can be in direct or indirect contact with a resistance heating element, so that heat energy is transferred from the resistance heating element to the pipe, and from the pipe to the gas.
  • the gas is thus heated indirectly by the resistance heating element.
  • the tube can be heated from the outside using heating coils or other resistance heating elements, which leads to heating of the gas inside the tube.
  • the gas flowing through is then in direct contact with the resistance heating element.
  • the heat energy is then transferred directly from the resistance heating element to the gas.
  • a pipe for a gas to have both direct and indirect contact with resistance heating elements. Heating of the gas by transferring thermal energy then takes place both directly and indirectly. It is preferable for direct heating to take place before indirect heating.
  • direct and indirect procedures for example, a combination of two or more of the above-mentioned variants is used.
  • the tube is filled with catalyst for the desired reforming reaction.
  • it is a reformer tube of a reformer.
  • the reformer tube of a reformer can be heated as described above for heating a gas in a tube, whereby it either serves as a resistance heating element itself or is in direct or indirect contact with a resistance heating element. As explained with regard to the tube, it is also possible for a reformer tube to have both direct and indirect contact with resistance heating elements.
  • Reforming reactions supported by a catalyst for example nickel (Ni) based, are for example reforming of CH4 methane with CO2 carbon dioxide or H2O water to form CO carbon monoxide and H2 hydrogen after CH4 + CO2 ⁇ 2 CO + 2 H2O CH4 + H2O ⁇ CO + 3 H2
  • the temperature of the resistance heating element and/or the heating power of the resistance heating element can be controlled and/or regulated along the longitudinal extent of the pipe through which the gas flows.
  • the heating can be carried out starting from different temperatures of the resistance heating element and/or with different heating power.
  • the temperature difference to the gas can be influenced - which influences the heat flow - or the maximum temperature the pipe can reach - exceeding the maximum permissible temperature for the pipe material can be counteracted in this way.
  • the heating power in watts (W)
  • W is defined as the product of voltage (in volts (V)) * current (in amperes (A)) * efficiency ( ⁇ ).
  • the temperature of the resistance heating element and/or the heating power of the resistance heating element can be controlled and/or regulated along the longitudinal extent of the reformer pipe. This means that the heating can be carried out at different temperatures of the resistance heating element and/or with different heating power depending on the position along the length. This can, for example, influence how quickly or completely the reactions on a catalyst in the tube take place.
  • the water vapor content or natural gas content in a hydrocarbon-containing gas that is fed to a reformer can be controlled based on the methane content or CO 2 content of the reformer gas; the reformer gas is the gas that exits the reformer tube.
  • the latter parameters provide information about the extent of the reforming reaction in the reformer. Overall, the effectiveness and efficiency of the reforming can be controlled in this way.
  • a further subject matter of the present application is a tube provided with at least one resistance heating element, suitable for heating a gas flowing through the tube by means of an electric current through direct and/or indirect transfer of thermal energy from the resistance heating element to the gas to be heated.
  • the tube has a tube body with a hollow space for conducting the gas to be heated.
  • a tube provided with a resistance heating element can be designed in different ways.
  • the tube comprises, in addition to a tube body with a cavity for conducting the gas to be heated, a resistance heating element constructed separately from the tube body - which is in direct or indirect contact with the tube body with regard to heat conduction, for example.
  • One type of execution is, for example, that the pipe body itself is the resistance heating element - if the pipe is provided with only one resistance heating element or is one of several existing resistance heating elements.
  • One type of execution is, for example, that a resistance heating element constructed separately from the tube body is arranged in the cavity of the tube without being in contact with the tube body with regard to heat conduction.
  • Resistance heating element in the cavity without contact with the tube body for the purpose of heat conduction there may be a connection to the tube body for the purpose of support on the tube body or with regard to wires for electrical current led through the tube body to the resistance heating element.
  • One type of design is, for example, a pipe that has any two or all of the three variants of design mentioned above - that is, in addition to a pipe body with a cavity for conducting the gas, a resistance heating element constructed separately from the pipe body as well as a section of the pipe body that itself acts as a resistance heating element.
  • the pipe can have a multi-layer construction. This is a "pipe in pipe” construction.
  • the gas flows through an inner pipe element, then, looking outward from the cavity of the inner pipe element, there are resistance heating elements and/or insulation - insulation in the sense of thermal insulation. If there is only insulation, the inner pipe element itself can serve as a resistance heating element, for example, or the pipe contains a resistance heating element constructed separately from the pipe body in the cavity of the inner pipe element.
  • an outer pipe element which, for example, takes on the function of a pressure-bearing part.
  • an actively controlled or passive pressure equalization can be provided between the cavity in the inner pipe element and the space between the inner pipe element and the outer pipe element.
  • the pressure in the gap should only differ slightly from the pressure in the inner pipe element, so that the inner pipe element practically does not have to withstand any pressure. This is achieved by a gas connection between the cavity of the inner pipe element and the gap.
  • the gas connection must be designed for only a small amount so that the outer pipe element only heats up to a negligible level if hot gas flows into the gap.
  • the atmosphere in the gap is advantageously inert, for example a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the pressure equalization can, for example, be actively controlled by pressurizing the space between the inner tube element and the outer tube element with nitrogen so that the pressure of the nitrogen is set slightly - for example 1 - 25 kPa - above the pressure of the gas flowing through the inner tube element.
  • passive pressure equalization can be realized in that there is a small connection between the interior of the inner tube element and the space between the inner tube element and the outer tube element, which limits the gas exchange so that practically only a negligible heating of the outer tube element occurs.
  • Additional nitrogen can also be introduced into the space between the two, so that a largely inert atmosphere is present.
  • the advantage of a multi-layer construction based on the "tube-in-tube” principle is that the outer tube element is heated less than the inner tube element - for example, the outer tube element has a temperature ⁇ 200 °C, while the inner tube element has a temperature > 800 °C.
  • the outer tube element acts as a pressure-bearing component, which is easier to implement at lower temperatures.
  • the pipe has an inner diameter and an outer diameter at every point along its length.
  • the gas flows through the hollow space of the pipe, which is delimited by a wall.
  • the wall of the pipe that delimits the hollow space through which the gas flows has a certain volume of material per unit length at every point along its length.
  • the volume of material per unit length is also constant along the length of the pipe. If the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the pipe change along the length of the pipe, while the thickness of the wall remains the same along the length of the pipe, the volume of material per unit length changes along the length of the pipe. If only the inner diameter or only the outer diameter of the pipe changes along the If the diameter of one pipe changes along the length of the pipe and the other diameter remains the same along the length of the pipe, the thickness of the wall of the pipe changes and, accordingly, the volume of material per unit length along the length of the pipe also changes.
  • the material volume per unit length for the wall delimiting the cavity has different values along the longitudinal extension of the tube. This changes the electrical resistance in the longitudinal direction, which causes a different electrical heating output in the longitudinal direction when the tube itself acts as a heating element.
  • the tube has a thickness of the wall delimiting the cavity that is inconsistent over its longitudinal extension.
  • the inner diameter of the tube - i.e. the diameter of the cavity through which the gas to be heated flows - can remain constant and only the outer diameter of the tube delimiting the cavity can change, or vice versa, or both.
  • the material mass and the material volume per unit length and thus the electrical resistance in the longitudinal direction of the tube change, which causes a different electrical heating output in the longitudinal direction when the tube itself acts as a heating element.
  • a preferred embodiment is that the tube has an inconsistent thickness of the wall delimiting the cavity over its longitudinal extent with an inconsistent outer diameter of the tube.
  • the tube has a constant thickness of the wall delimiting the cavity over its longitudinal extent with an inconstant outer diameter of the tube.
  • the pipe can therefore have different external diameters in the longitudinal direction with a constant thickness of the wall delimiting the cavity.
  • the change in the external diameter of the pipe can be continuous - for example in the case of a truncated cone-shaped pipe - or abrupt.
  • the different diameters result in a different circumference and, as a result, different amounts of pipe material are used for a unit of length. This results in different material masses of the pipe and different material volumes per unit of length in the longitudinal direction of the pipe.
  • These different material masses or material volumes also result in a changing electrical resistance in the longitudinal direction, which, with a constant current strength, causes a different electrical heating output in the longitudinal direction if the pipe itself acts as a heating element.
  • the tube is a reformer tube filled with catalyst.
  • reformer tubes can be housed in an enclosure, which is called a reformer box, for example.
  • a reformer box containing several reformer tubes is preferred, in which the atmosphere can be adjusted so that the service life of the resistance heating elements is extended or maximized as much as possible; for example, a nitrogen or argon atmosphere can be adjusted by introducing nitrogen or argon into the reformer box.
  • a reformer box containing several reformer tubes which has a device for adjusting the atmosphere in the reformer box. This device allows the atmosphere in the reformer box to be adjusted so that the service life of resistance heating elements is extended or maximized as much as possible; for this purpose, it can, for example, comprise one or more gas supply lines for introducing nitrogen and/or argon-containing gas into the reformer box.
  • Cooling may be required during operation of the reformer box to limit the temperature in the reformer box and/or the reformer box.
  • the heat removed during cooling may be used, for example, to preheat gases that may be used in direct reduction, or to generate hot water that may be used in direct reduction, or to generate steam that may be used in direct reduction.
  • Figure 1a shows an embodiment of a tube 20 provided with a resistance heating element - here a heating wire 10 - which is suitable for heating gas flowing through the tube 20 - shown by an arrow - by means of an electric current.
  • a tube 20 is shown which is wound spirally with a heating wire 10. The gas flows through the hollow space 30 of the tube 20. If current flows through the heating wire 10, it will heat the tube 20, and the gas flow flowing through the hollow space 30 in the tube 20 will indirectly - transmitted through the heated tube 20 - receive heat energy from the resistance heating element heating wire 10.
  • the heating wire 10 connects the supply and discharge lines for electric current.
  • the heating wire 10, as a resistance heating element constructed separately from the tube body 21, is in direct contact with the tube body 21.
  • the gap can be filled with a heat-conducting material, or there can simply be a gas such as air or an inert gas such as nitrogen in the gap - the heating wire 10 would be in indirect contact with the tubular body 21.
  • Figure 1b shows a longitudinal section through the Figure 1a shown pipe 20.
  • Figure 1c shows schematically a tube 40 in which the tube body 41 itself is the resistance heating element; the tube 40 has a supply line 51 and a discharge line 52 for electrical current.
  • Figure 1d shows schematically a pipe 60 in which the two Figures 1a and 1c shown variants are implemented; the section A of the longitudinal extension L of the tubular body 61 itself acts as a resistance heating element, in the section B of the longitudinal extension L of the tubular body a heating wire 70 acts as a resistance heating element.
  • Figure 1e shows schematically a tube 80 in which a resistance heating element 90, which is constructed separately from the tube body and around which the gas to be heated flows, is present in the cavity 92 and is not in contact with the tube body.
  • This resistance heating element is a separate component from the tube 80.
  • the resistance heating element 90 directly heats the gas flow in a front part of the longitudinal extension L of the tube 80 - viewed in the direction of the gas flow.
  • indirect heating takes place over the entire longitudinal extent L of the tube 80 by means of a further resistance heating element 91.
  • This can be insulated against heat flow not directed into the tube 80 by insulation.
  • Figure 1f shows a schematic of a tube 100 in which a resistance element 110 constructed separately from the tube body - which is not in contact with the tube body - in the cavity 111 directly heats the gas flow only in the first part C of the longitudinal extension L of the tube 100 - viewed in the gas flow direction. Only in the second part D of the longitudinal extension of the tube 100 is indirect heating carried out by means of a further resistance heating element 120.
  • Figure 1g shows a schematic of a pipe 130 in which the gas flow is heated directly in the first part E of the longitudinal extension L of the pipe 130 - viewed in the gas flow direction - whereby the pipe 130 itself serves as a resistance heating element. Heating is also carried out indirectly over the entire longitudinal extension L of the pipe 130 by means of a resistance heating element 140. The combination of several heating methods in parallel is useful if one heating method alone cannot provide the desired heating output. In the second part F of the longitudinal extension L of the pipe 130 - viewed in the gas flow direction - heating is only carried out indirectly by means of a separate resistance heating element 140.
  • Figure 1h shows schematically a tube 150 in which in the first part G - seen in the gas flow direction - of the longitudinal extension L of the tube 150 the gas flow is only heated directly, whereby the tube 150 itself serves as a heating element, and in the second part H of the longitudinal extension of the tube 150 only indirect heating takes place by means of resistance heating element 160
  • Figure 1i shows schematically a tube 170 in which the gas flow is heated directly over the entire longitudinal extent L of the tube 170, whereby the tube 170 itself serves as a resistance heating element, and in the first - seen in the gas flow direction - part l of the longitudinal extent L of the tube 170, but not in the second - seen in the gas flow direction - part J of the longitudinal extent L of the tube 170, indirect heating also takes place by means of resistance heating element 180.
  • the combination of several heating methods in parallel is useful if one heating method alone cannot provide the desired heating output.
  • Figure 1j shows a schematic of a tube 190 in which a resistance element 200 constructed separately from the tube body is located in the cavity 191 and is not in contact with the tube body in terms of heat conduction.
  • a connection to the tube body with regard to wires for electrical current guided through the tube body to the resistance heating element 200 is present.
  • the resistance heating element 200 directly heats the gas flow in the first part K of the longitudinal extension L of the tube 200 - viewed in the gas flow direction.
  • indirect heating takes place via the longitudinal extension L of the tube 190 by means of the resistance heating element 210.
  • direct heating takes place via the longitudinal extension L of the tube 190, with the tube 190 itself serving as a resistance heating element.
  • the combination of several heating methods in parallel is useful if one heating method alone cannot provide the desired heating output.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment with a multi-layered construction of the pipe.
  • the gas flow flows through an inner pipe element X.
  • the inner pipe element X is designed as a resistance heating element and is provided with a supply and discharge line for electrical current.
  • the inner pipe element X is covered by insulation Y.
  • the inner pipe element X and insulation Y are located inside the outer pipe element Z; this can serve as a pressure-bearing part.
  • an actively controlled or passive pressure equalization between the space in the pipe element X and the space between the pipe elements X and Z can be provided; this is not shown separately in the drawing.
  • Figure 3a shows an embodiment in which the tube 220 has an inconsistent wall thickness over its longitudinal extension L.
  • Figure 3b shows this embodiment in a side section.
  • the inner diameter d i.e. the diameter of the cavity 230 through which gas can flow, remains constant, while the outer diameter D changes abruptly - the wall thickness of the tube 220 is therefore inconstant, it changes abruptly over the longitudinal extent L of the tube 220.
  • Figure 4a shows an embodiment in which the tube 240 has an inconsistent wall thickness over its longitudinal extension L.
  • Figure 4b shows this embodiment in a side section.
  • the inner diameter d i.e. the diameter of the cavity 250 through which gas can flow, decreases continuously from left to right, i.e. in the direction of the gas flow, while the outer diameter D remains constant - the wall thickness of the tube 240 is therefore inconstant, it changes continuously over the longitudinal extent L of the tube 240.

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  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
EP22207556.6A 2022-11-15 2022-11-15 Chauffage electrique de gaz Pending EP4373209A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22207556.6A EP4373209A1 (fr) 2022-11-15 2022-11-15 Chauffage electrique de gaz

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22207556.6A EP4373209A1 (fr) 2022-11-15 2022-11-15 Chauffage electrique de gaz

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4373209A1 true EP4373209A1 (fr) 2024-05-22

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22207556.6A Pending EP4373209A1 (fr) 2022-11-15 2022-11-15 Chauffage electrique de gaz

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EP (1) EP4373209A1 (fr)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2722359A1 (fr) * 1994-07-08 1996-01-12 Electricite De France Dispositif de chauffage par effet joule a densite de flux variable d'un fluide dans un tube a passage de courant
DE102008053494B4 (de) * 2008-10-28 2011-08-25 Highterm Research GmbH, 85276 Rückdiffusionswärmerohr
WO2014040997A1 (fr) 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 Voestalpine Stahl Gmbh Procédé de chauffage de gaz de process pour installations de production directe
US10190715B2 (en) * 2014-09-10 2019-01-29 Nifco Inc. Fluid pipe device
US20210179948A1 (en) * 2018-08-16 2021-06-17 Basf Se Device and method for heating a fluid in a pipeline by means of direct current
WO2021160777A1 (fr) * 2020-02-14 2021-08-19 Basf Se Dispositif et procédé de chauffage d'un fluide dans un pipeline avec un courant alternatif monophasé
WO2022069711A1 (fr) * 2020-10-02 2022-04-07 Basf Se Chauffage électrique indirect efficace

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2722359A1 (fr) * 1994-07-08 1996-01-12 Electricite De France Dispositif de chauffage par effet joule a densite de flux variable d'un fluide dans un tube a passage de courant
DE102008053494B4 (de) * 2008-10-28 2011-08-25 Highterm Research GmbH, 85276 Rückdiffusionswärmerohr
WO2014040997A1 (fr) 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 Voestalpine Stahl Gmbh Procédé de chauffage de gaz de process pour installations de production directe
US10190715B2 (en) * 2014-09-10 2019-01-29 Nifco Inc. Fluid pipe device
US20210179948A1 (en) * 2018-08-16 2021-06-17 Basf Se Device and method for heating a fluid in a pipeline by means of direct current
WO2021160777A1 (fr) * 2020-02-14 2021-08-19 Basf Se Dispositif et procédé de chauffage d'un fluide dans un pipeline avec un courant alternatif monophasé
WO2022069711A1 (fr) * 2020-10-02 2022-04-07 Basf Se Chauffage électrique indirect efficace

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