Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
  • A61K31/4045—Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2009—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
  • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2095—Tabletting processes; Dosage units made by direct compression of powders or specially processed granules, by eliminating solvents, by melt-extrusion, by injection molding, by 3D printing
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a melatonin formulation in solid dosage form with a rapid-release profile and methods for preparation thereof.
• the present invention relates to a melatonin tablet that can be prepared in a dry mixing process without the need for any solvents, such as organic solvents.
• Sleep disorders affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide on a continuous basis, many of which suffers from negative impact on quality of life, lack of productivity and high health care utilization.
• the most prevalent sleep disorder is insomnia or more literally the inability to sleep.
• Insomnia has various etiologies and degrees of severeness and is estimated to affect up to 6-12% of the adult population and as much as between 15-25% of children. Accordingly, there is a massive need for providing treatment of sleep disorders.
• benzodiazepines enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor have been prescribed to individuals suffering from a sleep disorder.
• GABA neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid
• Benzodiazepines also generally worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep.
• non-benzodiazepine hypnotics or so-called Z-drugs
• these drugs are "benzodiazepine-like" in nature and display similar pharmacodynamic profiles.
• non-benzodiazepines has become more popular, the alleged improved efficacy is still debated and side-effects similar to those of benzodiazepines are frequent.
• melatonin is a naturally occurring indole hormone released by the pineal gland located in the brain. It is released primarily at night and it is well-established that melatonin is involved in modulation of the circadian rhythm regulating the sleep-wake cycle, asserting its effect predominantly through its interaction with the melatonin receptors. Melatonin has also been found to modulate sleep patterns related to seasonal cycles. Additionally, melatonin is also involved in other biological and physiological regulation of body functions, some of which are related to its role as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger.
• Melatonin is a neurohormone with the chemical identity N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine and is made from tryptophan via serotonin as an intermediate. In the past, melatonin was derived from bovine pineal tissue, but today it is mainly synthetic, which limits the risk of contamination or the means of transmitting infectious material.
• melatonin is naturally metabolized with blood levels returning to normal daytime levels within 6-8 hours of administration. Therefore, melatonin does not cause adverse effects the day following administration as is in many instances an issue with conventional hypnotics. Importantly, melatonin does not present the same risk of dependency as conventional hypnotics and being a naturally occurring and endogenous compound does not induce amnesia effects as benzodiazepines.
• Melatonin may be provided in either solid dosage forms or in liquid dosage forms. The latter has the drawback that liquid formulations have shorter shelf-life than solid dosage forms and therefore are not very convenient for the consumer.
• Solid dosage forms on the other hand should be provided as rapid release formulations that cause blood levels of melatonin to reach their peak in about an hour, thereby facilitating a quick sleep-inducing effect that is comparable to liquid formulations.
• Formulations for mitigating sleep disorders is of great importance when put in perspective of how many lives are affected every single day.
• the naturally occurring neurohormone melatonin may be used to induce sleep without the severe risk of adverse effects associated with conventional synthetic hypnotics.
• the provision of melatonin as solid dosage forms with swift effect has been difficult and especially scaling of its production is challenging.
• the present invention relates to a method for manufacture of a rapid release melatonin formulation in solid dosage form.
• the method comprises a series of dry mixing steps that obviates any cumbersome wet processing steps and therefore is particular suitable for large scale production. Dry processing of the formulation is designed to achieve a homogeneous distribution of ingredients throughout a batch of solid dosage forms, while at the same time delivering solid dosage forms according to required standards.
• the present invention also provides melatonin formulations in solid dosage form that provide a rapid effect to combat sleep disorders.
• an object of the present invention relates to the provision of a method for preparing solid dosage forms with accurately defined doses of melatonin that rapidly releases and assert its effect upon ingestion by an individual.
• an aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacture of a rapid release melatonin formulation in solid dosage form, said method comprising: i) a first adding step comprising adding first components into a mixing container to form a first mixture, wherein the first components comprise one or more fillers and optionally one or more glidants and/or disintegrants, ii) a stepwise adding step comprising providing a first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a total amount of micronized melatonin, and adding said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said total amount of micronized melatonin into the mixing container stepwise in multiple portions, iii) a second adding step comprising adding second components into the mixing container to form a second mixture, wherein the second components comprise a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose and optionally one or more fillers, glidants and
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation obtainable by a method as described herein.
• Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation comprising :
• Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein for use as a medicament.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein for use in the treatment of sleep disorders.
• a still further aspect of the present invention relates to a kit of parts comprising: a plurality of solid dosage forms comprising a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, and optionally, instructions for use.
• Figure 1 shows dissolution profiles for N4, N7 and N10, tablets compressed at different compression forces; x-axis: time, min; y-axis: percentage dissolved API. N4; 4.5, 8 and 10 kN; N7: 5.3 and 9 kN; N10: 5 and 8 kN.
• Figure 2 shows dissolution profiles of melatonin formulations with or without disintegrant in the formulation. Displayed is N10 at compression forces of 5 kN (3 mg - 5 kN - 0% Cam) and 8 kN (3 mg - 8 kN - 0% Cam), respectively, as well as exp. no. l (3 mg - 0% Cam) compressed at 5 kN and 8 kN, respectively.
• melatonin refers to the neurohormone released by the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin has the chemical identity N-acetyl-5- methoxytrypamine.
• One form of melatonin is micronized melatonin, wherein the melatonin particles have been comminuted to decrease particle size.
• Micronized melatonin refers to a population of melatonin particles with a D90 of 30 pm or less when measured using laser diffraction. D90 describes the value at which 90% of the particles within the population have a diameter below this value.
• Particle size and particle size distribution can be determined using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 from Malvern Instruments with a measuring cell Hydro 2000pP. This particle size analyzer is based on laser diffraction and can accurately determine the PSD of solid particulate melatonin. Low angle laser light scattering is responsive to the volume of a particle and yields a volume-average particle size, which is equivalent to the weight-average particle size as the density is held constant.
• Microcrystalline cellulose refers to isolated crystalline regions of microfibrils of naturally occurring polymers composed of glucose units connected by 1-4 beta glycosidic bonds. Thus, MCC has a fibrous structure and functions as a binder.
• Binders hold the ingredients in a solid dosage form together and ensure that the solid dosage forms can be formed with the required mechanical strength.
• filler refers to a substance that provides volume to a solid dosage form with a low active dose.
• fillers are added to make handling of small amounts of active ingredients more convenient. Fillers are typically inactive.
• glidant refers to a substance that is added to a solid dosage form to improve flowability properties. Generally, glidants promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion.
• disintegrant refers to a substance which causes the solid dosage form to disintegrate upon exposure to a changed environment, such as a solvent.
• a solvent e.g. in the digestive tract.
• disintegrants expand and dissolve when the are exposed to a solvent, e.g. in the digestive tract, thereby releasing the active ingredient for absorption and promoting bioavailability.
• Lubricant refers to a substance which counteracts that the final powder mixture adheres to the surface of the equipment during final processing into solid dosage forms.
• lubricants can prevent ingredients from sticking to e.g. tablet punches and ensure that compression and ejection of tablets can occur with low friction between the solid and the die wall.
• Lubricants may also contribute to preventing ingredients from clumping together.
• rapid release formulation refers to a formulation designed to release the active ingredient shortly after ingestion by an individual. This type of formulation promotes quick bioavailability of the active ingredient with few or no rate controlling features, such as special coatings or the like.
• immediate release tablet With the specific regard to tablets, the term “immediate release tablet” is often used. Accordingly, the terms “rapid release formulation” and “immediate release formulation” are used interchangeably herein.
• Solid dosage form refers to the physical form of the melatonin formulation.
• the solid dosage form may include, but are not limited to, tablets, pills, lozenges, capsules, and pastilles.
• the solid dosage forms can be provided as unit doses, which corresponds to the products in the form in which they are marketed, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and other ingredient (e.g. filler, binder, glidant, lubricant, disintegrant), in a particular configuration (such as a tablet for example), and apportioned into a particular dose.
• active ingredients and other ingredient e.g. filler, binder, glidant, lubricant, disintegrant
• flavouring agent refers to a substance that is used to disguise any unpleasant taste caused by an active ingredient or other ingredients and improve the organoleptic experience of the consumer.
• Flavouring agents may be of natural or artificial origin.
• weight percentage refers to the relative weight of the respective ingredient (melatonin, filler, binder, glidant, lubricant, disintegrant) with respect to the total weight of the formulation or solid dosage form as specified, unless otherwise defined.
• the weight percentage may be defined with respect to separate ingredients of the formulation.
• homogeneity refers to the degree of uniformity with which the active ingredient is distributed across the formulation and in the final solid dosage forms.
• a high degree of homogeneity means that close to equal amounts of active ingredient is present in each solid dosage form.
• Homogeneity may be assessed by quantifying the "uniformity of dosage units". This is done in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.40 Uniformity of dosage units.
• Empower Syringe filter RC Membrane filter, 0.2pm, 26 mm syringe filters, non-sterile, PP-housing, Luer / slip, Phenomenex
• Disintegration time refers to the time the solid dosage form takes to disintegrate in a specified test in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.1 Disintegration of Tablets and Capsules (Ph.Eur.2.9.1). The disintegration time of the tablets herein is measured with a Erweka ZT53 disintegration tester.
• tablets are placed in a basket at the highest position and then the timer and equipment are started. When the tablet has passed through the mesh at the bottom of the basket the time is noted.
• the medium used was de-ionized water at 37 °C.
• the term "friability” refers to the tendency of the solid dosage form to break into smaller fractions under duress.
• the friability can be determined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.7 Friability of uncoated tablets (Ph.Eur.2.9.7). The test is intended to determine, under defined conditions, the friability of uncoated tablets, the phenomenon whereby tablet surfaces are damaged and/or show evidence of lamination or breakage when subjected to mechanical shock or attrition.
• the friability of the tablet herein is measured with a Erweka TA20 Laboratory Friability Tester. Briefly, friability testing is performed in rotating testing drums, designed according to the pharmacopeia. The measured parameter is weight loss before and after testing and tumbling the tablets at a particular time and speed. A number of tablets are randomly selected, weighed together and transferred to the friability tester. The drums turn at a consistent 25 rpm. As the product in the drum tumbles against the drum's internal vane, its loss due to breakage or chipping can be measured. The test run for 4 minutes and then the tablets are de-dusted and weighed again. The amount lost is then calculated as a percentage.
• resistance to crushing refers to the ability of the solid dosage form to withstand a force applied thereupon. Resistance to crushing is defined by the force needed to disrupt the solid dosage form and can be measured according to European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.8 Resistance to crushing of tablet (Ph.Eur.2.9.8).
• Resistance to crushing of the tablet herein is measured as an average of 10 tablets. All tablets are placed with the embossed side up.
• tensile strength refers to the maximum stress that the solid dosage form can sustain while being stretched or pulled before the solid dosage form break apart.
• the tensile strength can be calculated from the breaking force (also previously termed "hardness") and tablet dimensions, allowing comparison of the mechanical strength of different sizes of solid dosage forms.
• the breaking force of the tablets herein is measured with a Pharmatest 302 tablet hardness tester. Breaking force is tested to assure that the tablet's strength will survive all further processes, such as dedusting, coating and packaging.
• Blending refers to the act of mixing two or more ingredient with each other. Blending can be performed in a suitable mixing container. Blending may be accomplished by shear mixing under agitation or stirring, which can be facilitated by a rotor or impeller.
• Sieving refers to a process for separating particles of different sizes. Sieving can be conducted by passing a powder through a screen with a defined mesh size. Coarse particles that are larger than the mesh size are separated or broken up by grinding against one another and the mesh openings.
• direct compression refers to a process wherein tablets are directly compressed from a powder mixture of an active ingredient and other ingredients (e.g. filler, binder, glidant, lubricant, disintegrant). Accordingly, direct compression does not require any pre-treatment of the powder mixture, such as dry or wet granulation process steps.
• Melatonin is a naturally occurring neurohormone that is an alternative active ingredient to combat sleep disorders that does not cause the severe adverse effects associated with the synthetic counterparts.
• it has proven difficult to produce rapid release solid dosage forms of melatonin on a large scale, mainly due to the high degree of aggregation and adhesiveness of melatonin.
• Dry mixing in general tends to be complicated by the inherent cohesiveness and resistance to movement between the individual particles and substantial segregation due to differences in size, shape, and density of the dry particles.
• an aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacture of a rapid release melatonin formulation in solid dosage form, said method comprising: i) a first adding step comprising adding first components into a mixing container to form a first mixture, wherein the first components comprise one or more fillers and optionally one or more glidants and/or disintegrants, ii) a stepwise adding step comprising providing a first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a total amount of micronized melatonin, and adding said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said total amount of micronized melatonin into the mixing container stepwise in multiple portions, iii) a second adding step comprising adding second components into the mixing container to form a second mixture, wherein the second components comprise a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose and optionally one or more fillers, glidants and/or disintegrants, and wherein the second mixture comprises micronized melatonin, microcrystalline cellulose, filler, glidant and disintegrant i
• the method provided herein is based on the use of melatonin in micronized form to ensure high quality of the solid dosage forms.
• Melatonin in micronized form differs from traditional melatonin in that it is processed to particles of smaller size. This processing impacts particle characteristics such as shape, size and size distribution. Inadvertent variability in these characteristics may cause issues with weight, content uniformity, segregation, compression, and dissolution of the final solid dosage forms. Presence of a minority of excessively large particles may for instance cause unintentional low weight of the solid dosage forms because the dies are filled volumetrically or extend the dissolution profile due to a diminished surface area of the solid dosage form.
• Micronized melatonin has a narrower size distribution than traditional melatonin, which at times can have a multimodal size distribution exacerbating the unwanted effects described above. Utilizing micronized melatonin therefore assists in ensuring the required uniform distribution of content in the powder blend and ultimately in the solid dosage forms. Moreover, the small particle size of micronized melatonin improves absorptivity of the active ingredient (melatonin) upon release from the solid dosage form.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the micronized melatonin has a D90 value of 30 pm or less, preferably 20 pm or less, more preferably 10 pm or less.
• the micronized melatonin is premixed with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) before addition to the mixing container.
• MCC microcrystalline cellulose
• MCC has a fibrous structure to which melatonin adheres readily as compared to more spherical components, such as mannitol.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the ratio between said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said one or more fillers of the first components is in the range of 1:8 to 1: 12 wt%/wt%, preferably approximately 1: 10 wt%/wt%, with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the ratio between said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said second amount of microcrystalline cellulose is in the range of 1:4 to 1: 10 wt%/wt%, preferably approximately 1:5 wt%/wt%, with respect to the total weight of microcrystalline cellulose in the solid dosage form.
• Premixing of micronized melatonin and MCC can be achieved by stepwise addition of portions comprising both micronized melatonin and MCC.
• the amount of micronized melatonin and MCC in each portion may be varied from e.g. three to eight portions, but higher number of portion could also be feasible although inefficient from a practical point of view.
• the fractions of micronized melatonin and MCC in a portion are of equal proportion with respect to the first amount of MCC and total amount of micronized melatonin, respectively, added during the stepwise adding step. In practice, this means that a portion may comprise e.g.
• each portion of the multiple portions is not limited to comprising the same amount of MCC and micronized melatonin. If, by example, three portions are added in the stepwise adding step, the portions may comprise e.g. 25 wt%, 50 wt% and 25 wt%, of the first amount of MCC and/or total amount of micronized melatonin, respectively. However, in a variant of the method, each portion comprises the same amount of MCC and micronized melatonin. In this case, e.g.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises a fraction of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a fraction of said total amount of micronized melatonin.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-50 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, such as 15-40 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, such as 15-25 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-50 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, such as 15-40 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, such as 15-25 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the fractions of micronized melatonin and MCC in a portion are of equal proportion with respect to the first amount of MCC and total amount of micronized melatonin, respectively.
• Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein said multiple portions are three portions, four portions, five portions, six portions, seven portions, or eight portions, preferably five portions.
• Sieving of the ingredients into the mixing container can further induce homogenous distribution of content.
• a pre-mixing screen may be used when introducing micronized melatonin and MCC into the mixing container.
• the mesh size of the pre-mixing screen can be adjusted to the process. In general, a smaller screen results in a better distribution of content, but also comes with longer processing time.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the stepwise adding step comprises sieving the total amount of micronized melatonin and the first amount of microcrystalline cellulose through a pre mixing screen.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the pre-mixing screen has a mesh size in the range of 0.8-1.2 mm, preferably approximately 1 mm.
• Premixing of micronized melatonin and MCC is enhanced when the two ingredients are sieved through the pre-mixing screen together.
• an amount of MCC and an amount of micronized melatonin may be charged to the pre mixing screen and simultaneously passed through and into the mixing container by agitation of the pre-mixing screen.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises a fraction of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a fraction of said total amount of micronized melatonin that are sieved together through the pre-mixing screen.
• the micronized melatonin and MCC is mixed in a pre-mix blend before addition to the pre-mixing screen.
• micronized melatonin and MCC does not have to be charged onto the pre-mixing screen separately but is charged as a pre-mix blend. This can save some processing time.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the stepwise adding step comprises providing the first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and the total amount of micronized melatonin as a pre-mix blend.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-35 wt% of said pre-mix blend, such as 15-25 wt% of said pre-mix blend, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said pre-mix blend.
• the solid dosage forms comprise other ingredients, such as filler(s), glidant(s), and disintegrant(s), that are typically included in solid dosage forms.
• the method presented herein is not limited to producing a solid dosage form with any specific filler(s), glidant(s), and disintegrant(s).
• the solid dosage form in some variants may comprise one or more ingredients aiming at fulfilling the same function.
• Fillers are substances that provide volume to the solid dosage form. This is especially important for formulations of low active dose, wherein handling and homogeneous distribution of the active ingredient is challenging. Fillers are also sometimes called diluents.
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol.
• the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol.
• Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that is well-tolerated and has favourable characteristics as a filler.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more fillers comprise mannitol.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein mannitol is the only filler.
• the one or more fillers may be added in first and second amounts in different adding steps. For instance, a first amount of a certain filler may be added in the first adding step and the remaining amount of the same filler may be added in the second adding step. Such multiple addition with the same filler may e.g. be when the filler is mannitol.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein a first amount of filler is added in the first adding step and the remaining amount of the filler is added in the second adding step.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form does not comprise lactose.
• Glidants are important ingredients that promote flowability of the non-compacted powder and improve accuracy of dosing in the solid dosage forms. Any traditional glidant can be used with the method described herein. Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more glidants are selected from the group consisting of colloidal anhydrous silica, sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium trisilicate, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate and combinations thereof, preferably colloidal anhydrous silica.
• Colloidal anhydrous silica is a light, fine, white, amorphous powder that fulfil all regulatory requirements for a glidant. It comprises fine particles of approximately 15 nm. Colloidal anhydrous silica is also known as colloidal silicon dioxide. In addition to improving flow properties, colloidal anhydrous silica has anti-caking properties and improves both hardness and friability of the solid dosage form. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more fillers comprise colloidal anhydrous silica. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein colloidal anhydrous silica is the only glidant.
• Disintegrants function upon contact with a solvent, such as water, by expanding, swelling, hydrating and/or dissolving to produce a disruptive force in the solid dosage form that ruptures the solid structure thereby releasing the active ingredient for absorption.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• Croscarmellose sodium is an internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Cross-linking reduces water solubility but allows the material to swell and absorb large amounts of water. Croscarmellose sodium swells 4-8 fold in less than 10 seconds and promotes fast disintegration of the solid dosage form. Thus, bioavailability of the active ingredient is increased as contact with the environment is enhanced.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more disintegrants comprise croscarmellose sodium.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein croscarmellose sodium is the only disintegrant.
• the melatonin formulation may be formulated at different strengths of active ingredient.
• Typical solid dosage forms of melatonin, such as tablets, are formulated in strengths of at least 2 mg, or in some cases 1 mg melatonin.
• a 1 mg dose of active ingredient corresponds to 0.5 wt% of the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• the method described herein enables large scale production of rapid release solid dosage forms, such as tablets, with a content of melatonin of less than 1 mg. It is therefore possible to produce solid dosage forms of a wide range of dose strengths using the method described herein.
• Solid dosage forms of low melatonin strength may be advantageous for specific groups of individuals, such as children wherein less melatonin is needed to reach sufficient blood levels of melatonin to facilitate a quick sleep-inducing effect.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises 0.2-3 wt% micronized melatonin with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises at most 1 wt% micronized melatonin with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form, such as at most 0.5 wt% micronized melatonin with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form, preferably at most 0.25 wt% micronized melatonin with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• the remaining ingredients of the solid dosage form is generally inactive, i.e. they do not contribute significantly to the sleep-inducing effect.
• These ingredients may be included in melatonin formulation in amounts that enhance properties such as disintegration time, friability, resistance to crushing and tensile strength of the solid dosage form. Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises 20-35 wt% microcrystalline cellulose with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises 65-75 wt% of one or more fillers with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• the majority of the one or more fillers is added in the first adding step and therefore form part of the first mixture into which the micronized melatonin and MCC is added.
• the prevalence of filler facilitates good distribution of content.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first mixture comprises at least 80 wt% of the one or more fillers, such as at least 85 wt%, such as at least 90 wt%, such as at least 95 wt%, with respect to the total weight of the one or more fillers in the solid dosage form.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first mixture comprises all of the one or more fillers comprised in the final mixture.
• Binders help to contain melatonin and other ingredients together after compression. Binders may be added in the first and/or second adding step, preferably the second adding step. The method is not limited to any specific binder. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein wherein the first and/or second components comprises one or more binders.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the one or more binders are selected from the group consisting of acacia, carbomer, dextrin, ethyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, liquid glucose, and povidone.
• the one or more binders are selected from the group consisting of acacia, carbomer, dextrin, ethyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, liquid glucose, and povidone.
• the second mixture may be blended within a mixing container.
• the methods disclosed herein are advantageous in that the manufacturing time can be kept short due to the design of the blending scheme.
• the stepwise addition of microcrystalline cellulose and micronized melatonin improves content uniformity.
• the conditions of the first blending can be adjusted to achieve sufficient mixing of the ingredients and keep the processing time to a minimum.
• the processing conditions may suitably be adjusted to large scale manufacture conditions.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second adding step is followed by a first blending of the second mixture.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first blending is performed for a duration of 40-240 seconds, such as 60-180 seconds, such as 100-140 seconds, preferably for approximately 120 seconds.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first blending is performed at less than 120 rpm, such as at less than 100 rpm, such as at less than 80 rpm, preferably at less than 60 rpm.
• Lubricants are added to powder formulations to aid manufacturability of the final solid dosage form.
• lubricants ensures that ingredients do not stick to the surface of the equipment, such as punch and die, during processing potentially halting production and compromising the quality of the solid dosage forms due to pitting or other exterior anomalies.
• magnesium stearate it has been found to be favourable to use magnesium stearate.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises 0.5- 2.0 wt% magnesium stearate with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises at least 3 wt% magnesium stearate with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises 3 - 5 wt% magnesium stearate with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• introduction of lubricants in the melatonin formulation may cause lower wettability and slower disintegration time of the solid dosage form. Higher amounts of lubricants will exacerbate these effects.
• the "over-lubrication" effect can be diminished.
• inclusion of disintegrant(s) can offset the negative impact of lubricants on disintegration time and still yield rapid release of melatonin even at high compression force.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the third adding step is followed by a second blending of the final mixture.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second blending is performed for less than 120 seconds, such as less than 90 seconds, such as less than 80 seconds, such as less than 70 seconds, preferably for approximately 60 seconds.
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second blending is performed at less than 120 rpm, such as at less than 100 rpm, such as at less than 80 rpm, preferably approximately 60 rpm.
• Ingredients may be sieved into the mixing container to remove large particulate matter and facilitate uniform distribution of content throughout the powder blend. Sieving is achieved by passing the ingredients through a screen with a defined mesh size. Such screens suitable for industrial use is known to a person skilled in the art.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first adding step comprises sieving the one or more fillers through a first screen, sieving the optionally one or more glidants through a second screen, and sieving the optionally one or more disintegrants through a third screen.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second adding step comprises sieving the second amount of microcrystalline cellulose through a pre-mixing screen, sieving the optionally one or more fillers through a first screen, sieving the optionally one or more glidants through a second screen, and sieving the optionally one or more disintegrants through a third screen.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the third adding step comprises sieving magnesium stearate through a fourth screen.
• the mesh size of the screens can be selected to effectively remove particulate matter that impair uniform distribution of content in the powder blend. In general, smaller mesh sizes improves uniform distribution of content but also increase processing time.
• the method presented herein enables large scale production of solid dosage forms of melatonin without compromising the quality, such as uniformity of content in the solid dosage forms. Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first screen has a mesh size in the range of 0.8-1.2 mm, the second screen has a mesh size in the range of 2.0-3.0 mm, and/or the third screen has a mesh size in the range of 0.8-1.2 mm.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the fourth screen has a mesh size in the range of 0.8-1.2 mm, preferably approximately 1 mm.
• the method described herein comprises a first and a second adding step wherein first and second components, respectively, are added to the mixing container.
• first and second components respectively, are added to the mixing container.
• the order in which the ingredients are mixed are further defined.
• a preferred order of mixing include only filler as first components and the remaining ingredients as second components. It may also be preferable to add glidant(s) immediately after the stepwise addition of micronized melatonin and MCC.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second components comprise one or more glidants.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second adding step comprises adding the one or more glidants before adding the remaining second components.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second components comprise one or more disintegrants.
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second adding step comprises mixing the second amount of microcrystalline cellulose and the one or more disintegrants and sieving them into the mixing container together.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first components comprise one or more fillers.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the first components comprise a filler.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the second components comprise a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose, a glidant and a disintegrant.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, said method comprising the steps of: i) a first adding step comprising adding first components comprising a filler into a mixing container to form a first mixture, ii) a stepwise adding step comprising adding providing a first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a total amount of micronized melatonin, and adding said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said total amount of micronized melatonin into the mixing container stepwise in multiple portions, iii) a second adding step comprising adding second components comprising a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose, a glidant and a disintegrant into the mixing container to form a second mixture, iv) a third adding step comprising adding magnesium stearate into the mixing container to form a final mixture, and v) a processing step comprising processing the final mixture to a solid dosage form.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the filler is mannitol, the glidant is colloidal anhydrous silica, and the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the final mixture comprises:
• microcrystalline cellulose 25-30 wt% microcrystalline cellulose
• a mixing container Any type of mixing container suitable for large scale production can be used in the method.
• Typical mixing containers include, but are not limited to, "V" blenders, oblicone blenders, container blenders, tumbling blenders, and agitated powder blenders.
• V "V" blenders
• oblicone blenders container blenders
• tumbling blenders tumbling blenders
• agitated powder blenders for the present method is has been favourable to use a high-shear mixer.
• the ingredients are added to the mixing container in consecutive steps.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the mixing container is selected a high-shear mixer.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein said steps i) through v) are consecutive steps.
• the ingredients of the melatonin formulation are provided in dry form, i.e. substantially free from moisture.
• the ingredients are provided as powders.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the micronized melatonin, the microcrystalline cellulose and the one or more fillers, glidants and disintegrants are in dry form, such as powders.
• the melatonin formulation may be manufactured as any type of solid dosage form suitable for oral administration to an individual.
• solid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, pills, lozenges, capsules, and pastilles.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a tablet, pill, lozenge, capsule, and pastille, preferably a tablet.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet.
• the unit dose of the solid dosage form may comprise between 0.2 mg and 10 mg melatonin.
• the unit dose of the solid dosage form comprises between 0.5 mg and 5 mg melatonin.
• Solid dosage form may be provided with 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg or 5 mg melatonin.
• the solid dosage form have a weight in the range of 50 mg to 300 mg, preferably approximately 200 mg.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form has a weight of approximately 200 mg.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage forms comprise 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg or 5 mg melatonin.
• Solid dosage forms such as tablets, are directly compressed from the final powder mixture. This is achieved by filling a die mould followed by compression and ejection of the solid dosage form. Compression may be accomplished by machines including, but not limited to, a single-punch machine (stamping press) or by a multi-station machine (rotary press).
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet, and the final mixture is tabletted by direct compression.
• High compression force improves the stability of solid dosage form but also typically prolongs the release profile of the active ingredient.
• the method described herein allows solid dosage forms to be manufactured at high compression force and still display a fast release profile.
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the compression force is in the range of 5-15 kN, preferably in the range of 5- 10 kN.
• a further embodiment relates to the method as described herein, wherein the compression force is in the range of 5-8 kN, preferably approximately 6 kN.
• the solid dosage form may be provided with a coating.
• a coating is applied in a processing step subsequent to formation of the solid dosage form.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the method comprises a further step of coating the solid dosage form.
• the coating may be designed to serve a specific purpose, such as sugar coatings, film coatings, gelatin coatings or enteric coatings.
• Sugar coatings improve the organoleptic properties of solid dosage forms, while film coatings and enteric coatings may be used to improve stability and protect the active ingredient from stomach acid, respectively.
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of sugar coatings, film coatings, gelatin coatings and enteric coatings.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method as described herein, wherein the coating comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisitng of polysaccharides, sucrose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, glycerin and/or sorbitol.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation described herein can be prepared by a method as described herein.
• the method is suitable for large scale manufacture and produces high quality solid dosages forms with uniform distribution of melatonin, even at low unit dose. Therefore, an aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation obtainable by a method as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation comprising:
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the micronized melatonin has a D90 value of 30 pm or less, preferably 20 pm or less, more preferably 10 pm or less.
• the melatonin formulation is not limited to any specific filler(s), glidant(s) or disintegrant(s). Common excipients known to be suitable for production of solid dosage forms, such as tablets, may be included in the melatonin formulation.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol.
• the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the filler is mannitol.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the one or more glidants are selected from the group consisting of colloidal anhydrous silica, sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium trisilicate, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate and combinations thereof, preferably colloidal anhydrous silica.
• Another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the glidant is colloidal anhydrous silica.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• Still another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the filler is mannitol, the glidant is colloidal anhydrous silica, and the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises:
• microcrystalline cellulose 25-30 wt% microcrystalline cellulose
• croscarmellose sodium 1-3 wt% croscarmellose sodium, and at least 3 wt% magnesium stearate.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation further comprises a lubricant selected from group consisting of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl furmarate, stearic acid, talc and zinc stearate.
• a lubricant selected from group consisting of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl furmarate, stearic acid, talc and zinc stearate.
• flavouring agents may also be desirable to add one or more flavouring agents to improve the organoleptic experience of the consumer.
• Such flavouring agents will only be added in small amounts that does not alter the physical or pharmacokinetic properties of the solid dosage form.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation further comprises one or more flavouring agents.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the one or more flavouring agents are selected from the group consisting of maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, menthol, citric acid, fumaric acid, ethyl maltol, tartaric acid, and combinations thereof.
• the one or more flavouring agents are selected from the group consisting of maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, menthol, citric acid, fumaric acid, ethyl maltol, tartaric acid, and combinations thereof.
• the rapid release may be produced at different strength, i.e. unit dose, that are suitable for different situations and individuals.
• solid dosage forms of low strength may be particularly suited for administration to children or adolescents.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises:
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2 wt% or 2.5 wt% micronized melatonin.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises:
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises: about 0.5 wt% micronized melatonin, about 28.5 wt% microcrystalline cellulose, about 65.5 wt% mannitol, about 0.5 wt% colloidal anhydrous silica, about 2 wt% croscarmellose sodium, and about 3 wt% magnesium stearate.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the formulation comprises: about 2.5 wt% micronized melatonin, about 28.5 wt% microcrystalline cellulose, about 63.5 wt% mannitol, about 0.5 wt% colloidal anhydrous silica, about 2 wt% croscarmellose sodium, and about 3 wt% magnesium stearate.
• the melatonin formulation may be provided as any type of solid dosage form that is suitable for oral administration.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a tablet, pill, lozenge, capsule, and pastille, preferably a tablet.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the solid dosage form is an immediate release tablet.
• the rapid release melatonin tablet has a fast disintegration time which promotes its fast bioavailability upon ingestion. Consequently, it is suitable, amongst others, in situations where a quick sleep-inducing effect is preferred.
• Disintegration time of tablets is defined in the European Pharmacopoeia 10th Edition, 2.9.1 Disintegration of Tablets and Capsules (Ph.Eur.2.9.1) and is herein measured on a tablet disintegration tester of the brand Erweka ZT53. The fast disintegration time is evidenced herein and does not compromise other physical properties of the tablet.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the disintegration time of the tablet is less than 60 seconds, such as less than 55 seconds, such as less than 50 seconds, such as less than 45 seconds, less than 40 seconds.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the disintegration time is defined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.1 Disintegration of Tablets and Capsules (Ph.Eur.2.9.1).
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the disintegration time is measured on a tablet disintegration tester of the brand Erweka ZT53.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, of the nominal content of the tablet is released within 15 minutes.
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, of the nominal content of the rapid release melatonin formulation is released within 15 minutes as determined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.3 Dissolution test for solid dosage forms.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation is a tablet.
• the method disclosed herein facilitates that the active ingredient (melatonin) is uniformly distributed across the formulation thereby ensuring a defined amount of active ingredient in each dosage unit. This is important to certify that the recipient of the dosage unit receives an intended amount of active ingredient upon ingestion.
• Consistency of the dosage units is assessed by the acceptance value (AV), which is a threshold set to evaluate the dosage units against a reference value.
• AV acceptance value
• the method of determining the content uniformity and the acceptance value is described in European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.40 Uniformity of dosage units.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the content uniformity of the rapid release melatonin formulation is at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, as determined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.40 Uniformity of dosage units.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation is in the form of a tablet.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the acceptance value (AV) of the rapid release melatonin formulation is less than 10, such as less than 8, such as less than 7, such as less than 6, as determined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.40 Uniformity of dosage units.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation is in the form of a tablet.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet has a friability of a less than 1%, such as less than 0.7%, such as less than 0.5%.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet has a friability in the range of 0.2- 0.5%.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet has a resistance to crushing in the range of 30-100 N, preferably in the range of 40-80 N.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet has a tensile strength in the range of 0.5-3.0 MPa, such as in the range of 1-2 MPa.
• Particularly favourable rapid release melatonin formulations have been identified and provided in dosage units suitable for administration to patients. The need of the patient may vary and the strength of the rapid release melatonin formulation may therefore be altered accordingly.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet comprises about 0.5-5 mg micronized melatonin.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, wherein the tablet comprises about 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg, 4 mg, 4.5 mg or 5 mg micronized melatonin, preferably 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 3 mg, or 5 mg micronized melatonin.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation described herein is useful for treatment of sleep disorders, such as insomnia.
• insomnia many variants of insomnia exist including, but not limited to, sleep maintenance insomnia, terminal insomnia, sleep onset insomnia, and psychophysiological insomnia.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation may also be used in the treatment of disorder associated with the circadian rhythm including, but not limited to, jet lag, shift work sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPS) and non-24-hour sleep wake disorder.
• DSPS delayed sleep phase disorder
• melatonin formulations include sleep disorders derived from psychiatric conditions and/or neurological disease. These patients may suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dementia or parkinsonism. Moreover, sleep disorders often occur in combination with mental disorders, such as psychoses or mood and anxiety disorders, or in conjunction with medical disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nocturnal cardiac ischemia.
• ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• ASD autism spectrum disorder
• dementia dementia
• sleep disorders often occur in combination with mental disorders, such as psychoses or mood and anxiety disorders, or in conjunction with medical disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nocturnal cardiac ischemia.
• an aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein for use as a medicament.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein for use in the treatment of sleep disorders.
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the sleep disorders are selected from the group consisting of insomnia, sleep disorders associated with the circadian rhythm, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPS), jet lag, sleep disorders associated with a psychiatric condition, sleep disorders associated with neurological disease, sleep disorders associated with a mental condition, sleep disorders associated with a medical disorder.
• the sleep disorders are selected from the group consisting of insomnia, sleep disorders associated with the circadian rhythm, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPS), jet lag, sleep disorders associated with a psychiatric condition, sleep disorders associated with neurological disease, sleep disorders associated with a mental condition, sleep disorders associated with a medical disorder.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the sleep disorders is insomnia due to ADHD.
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the rapid release melatonin formulation is administered to a child or adolescent.
• a still further embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the rapid release melatonin formulation is administered to a child or adolescent with ADHD or a developmental disorder.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the rapid release melatonin formulation is administered to an adult aged 50 years or older, such as 55 years or older, such as 60 years or older, such as 70 years or older, such as 80 years or older.
• Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the rapid release melatonin formulation is administered to an individual that has discontinued the use of a benzodiazepine or non-benzodiazepine hypnotic.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the sleep disorder is insomnia.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation described herein is designed for oral ingestion.
• an embodiment of the present invention relates to the rapid release melatonin formulation for use as described herein, wherein the route of administration is orally.
• the melatonin formulation may be swallowed, orally disintegrated or chewed, preferably swallowed.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation may conveniently be provided to the end-user as a kit of parts with multiple solid dosage forms for continuous use.
• the kit will typically hold information on the use of the content of the kit.
• the solid dosage forms can be practically packaged as is common routine for solid dosage forms and would be known by the person skilled in the art. Such packaging is typically a bottle, such as a plastic bottle.
• an aspect of the present invention relates to a kit of parts comprising: a plurality of solid dosage forms comprising a rapid release melatonin formulation as described herein, and optionally, instructions for use.
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to the kit of parts as described herein, wherein the plurality of solid dosage forms is provided in a bottle, a blister package or in aluminium pouches.
• the solid dosage forms are packaged in a bottle, preferably a plastic bottle.
• a method for manufacture of a rapid release melatonin formulation in solid dosage form comprising: i) a first adding step comprising adding first components into a mixing container to form a first mixture, wherein the first components comprise one or more fillers and optionally one or more glidants and/or disintegrants, ii) a stepwise adding step comprising providing a first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a total amount of micronized melatonin, and adding said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said total amount of micronized melatonin into the mixing container stepwise in multiple portions, iii) a second adding step comprising adding second components into the mixing container to form a second mixture, wherein the second components comprise a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose and optionally one or more fillers, glidants and/or disintegrants, and wherein the second mixture comprises micronized melatonin, microcrystalline cellulose, filler, glidant and disintegrant iv) a third adding step comprising: i)
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises a fraction of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a fraction of said total amount of micronized melatonin.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-50 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, such as 15-40 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, such as 15-25 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-50 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, such as 15-40 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, such as 15-25 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said total amount of micronized melatonin.
• stepwise adding step comprises sieving the total amount of micronized melatonin and the first amount of microcrystalline cellulose through a pre-mixing screen.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises a fraction of said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a fraction of said total amount of micronized melatonin that are sieved together through the pre-mixing screen.
• stepwise adding step comprises providing the first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and the total amount of micronized melatonin as a pre-mix blend.
• each portion of the stepwise adding step comprises between 10-35 wt% of said pre-mix blend, such as 15-25 wt% of said pre-mix blend, preferably approximately 20 wt% of said pre-mix blend.
• the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol.
• glidants are selected from the group consisting of colloidal anhydrous silica, sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium trisilicate, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate and combinations thereof, preferably colloidal anhydrous silica.
• croscarmellose sodium crospovidone
• alginic acid carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• X20 The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the final mixture comprises 1-3 wt% of one or more disintegrants with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• X21 The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the final mixture comprises at least 3 wt% magnesium stearate with respect to the total weight of the solid dosage form.
• the first mixture comprises at least 80 wt% of the one or more fillers, such as at least 85 wt%, such as at least 90 wt%, such as at least 95 wt%, with respect to the total weight of the one or more fillers in the solid dosage form.
• the first adding step comprises sieving the one or more fillers through a first screen, sieving the optionally one or more glidants through a second screen, and sieving the optionally one or more disintegrants through a third screen.
• the second adding step comprises sieving the second amount of microcrystalline cellulose through a pre-mixing screen, sieving the optionally one or more fillers through a first screen, sieving the optionally one or more glidants through a second screen, and sieving the optionally one or more disintegrants through a third screen.
• X40 The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the second components comprise a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose, a glidant and a disintegrant.
• X41 The method according to any one of the preceding items, said method comprising the steps of: i) a first adding step comprising adding first components comprising a filler into a mixing container to form a first mixture, ii) a stepwise adding step comprising adding providing a first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and a total amount of micronized melatonin, and adding said first amount of microcrystalline cellulose and said total amount of micronized melatonin into the mixing container stepwise in multiple portions, iii) a second adding step comprising adding second components comprising a second amount of microcrystalline cellulose, a glidant and a disintegrant into the mixing container to form a second mixture, iv) a third adding step comprising adding magnesium stearate into the mixing container to form a final mixture, and v)
• microcrystalline cellulose 25-30 wt% microcrystalline cellulose
• X45 The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the mixing container is selected a high-shear mixer.
• X46 The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the micronized melatonin, the microcrystalline cellulose and the one or more fillers, glidants and disintegrants are in dry form, such as powders.
• the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a tablet, pill, lozenge, capsule, and pastille, preferably a tablet.
• X50 The method according to any one of items X47-X49, wherein the content uniformity of the tablet is at least about 95%, such as at least about 96%, such as at least about 97%, such as at least about 98%, such as at least about 99%, as determined in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Edition, 2.9.40 Uniformity of dosage units.
• micronized melatonin comprises a population of melatonin particles with a particle size (D90) of about 30 pm or less when measured using laser diffraction.
• a rapid release melatonin formulation comprising:
• the rapid release melatonin formulation according to item Yl wherein the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol. Y3.
• the one or more fillers are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, polyols, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, maltodextrin, polymethacrylates, potassium chloride, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starches, and combinations thereof, preferably mannitol. Y3.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Yl or Y2, wherein the one or more glidants are selected from the group consisting of colloidal anhydrous silica, sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium trisilicate, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate and combinations thereof, preferably colloidal anhydrous silica. Y4.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Y1-Y3, wherein the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• the one or more disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, carboxymethyl starch, guar gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, methyl cellulose, polacrilin potassium, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate and combinations thereof, preferably croscarmellose sodium.
• microcrystalline cellulose 25-30 wt% microcrystalline cellulose, - 60-70 wt% mannitol,
• croscarmellose sodium 1-3 wt% croscarmellose sodium, and at least 3 wt% magnesium stearate.
• Y7 The rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Y1-Y6, wherein the formulation further comprises a lubricant selected from group consisting of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl furmarate, stearic acid, talc and zinc stearate.
• a lubricant selected from group consisting of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl furmarate, stearic acid, talc and zinc stearate.
• the rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Y1-Y9, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a tablet, pill, lozenge, capsule, and pastille, preferably a tablet.
• Y14 The rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Y10-Y13, wherein the tablet has a resistance to crushing in the range of 30-100 N, preferably in the range of 40-80 N.
• Y15 The rapid release melatonin formulation according to any one of items Y10-Y14, wherein the tablet has a tensile strength in the range of 0.5-3.0 MPa, such as in the range of 1-2 MPa.
• AV acceptance value
• D90 particle size
• a rapid release melatonin formulation obtainable by a method according to any one of items X1-X54.
• kits comprising: a plurality of solid dosage forms comprising a rapid release melatonin formulation according to items Y1-Y20 or Zl, and optionally, instructions for use.
• U2 The kit of parts according to Ul, wherein the plurality of solid dosage forms is provided in a bottle, a blister package or in aluminium pouches.
• Example 1 Effect of using non-micronized melatonin or micronized melatonin on the homogeneity of tablets This example investigated if direct compression was a feasible approach to obtain tablets with acceptable uniformity of content of two basic formulations. Thus, tablets with either non-micronized melatonin or micronized melatonin were prepared.
• Melatonin from Flamma S.p.A was available in two different particle sizes - one micronized (Melatonin F micro) and one non-micronized (Melatonin F).
• An additional supplier (Swati) provided micronized melatonin particles of slightly larger size than Flamma S.p.A. To probe additional micronized particle sizes, melatonin was micronized as described below to obtain additionally two particle sizes of melatonin (experiment name 1A and 1C, table 3).
• Micronization was performed using a jet mill, placed in a glove box.
• the jet mill was either equipped with a micronization ring with 3 holes (1.3 mm), micro-mixing ring with 6 holes (2.9 mm) or micro-mixing ring with 5 holes (3.5 mm).
• One gram of melatonin was micronized with selected settings (ejector pressure and milling pressure) to saturate the surfaces in the mill or clean the mill.
• the collecting can was then replaced with another collecting can and the micronization continued.
• exposure to elevated humidity at any step was avoided and the micronized substance was transferred to adequate container with active drying agent as soon as possible.
• Mixing of ingredients was performed using a high shear mixer (Diosna 4 litres). Melatonin was handled using stainless steel utensils due to its affinity to plastic. The following protocol was used for mixing the ingredients.
• Croscarmellose sodium and the remaining part of MCC (80%) were sieved through a 1 mm screen into the mixing container.
• Magnesium stearate was sieved through a 1 mm screen into the mixing container.
• the powder mixtures were compressed on a Fette 52i tablet press, using four sets of 8 mm circular cupped punches and a 10 mm fill cam.
• a force feeder was used to facilitate the filling of the dies. Filling depth was adjusted to reach a target tablet weight of 200 mg.
• the turret speed was 20 rpm and the force feeder speed was 22 rpm.
• Paraffin was used as dispersion agent. Sample was added until the obscuration value was between 3-5. The sample was stirred continuously at 2500 rpm. Sonication of the sample was performed for 10 seconds and particle size analysis was performed after 20 seconds of equilibration to avoid thermal artefacts. Sonication was repeated until the particle size distribution was stable.
• Heptane was used as dispersion agent. Sample was added until the obscuration value was between 9-10. The sample was stirred continuously at 2500 rpm. Sonication was performed for 10 minutes in the measuring cell before analysis.
• Table 3 shows the content uniformity for tablets comprising melatonin of different particle size distribution and tablet strength.
• RSD relative standard deviation
• AV acceptance value
• Example 2 Effect of using non-micronized melatonin or micronized melatonin on the dissolution of tablets
• This example investigated how the dissolution rate of the melatonin tablets was affected by the melatonin particle size.
• Tablets of either 1 mg or 5 mg API were prepared according to example 1. Dissolution testing
• Dissolution apparatus Agilent 708-DS with paddles (Apparatus 2, Ph. Eur. 2.9.3.)
• Syringe filter RC Membrane filter, 0.2pm, 26 mm syringe filters, non-sterile,
• Cannula with filter 10 Micron Porous (Full Flow) Filters, P/N FILOlO-CA-a, QLA
• Table 4 shows the dissolution of the tablets as % of nominal content released after 15 minutes. Dissolution was acceptable for all variants with micronized melatonin, but insufficient for tablets with low strength and non-micronized melatonin (table 4, exp. ID). Since the content was 93.6% in the content uniformity analysis (table 3, exp. ID), the low dissolution is not caused by low assay, but appears to be due to a slower dissolution due to the larger particle size.
• Table 4 shows the dissolution of the tablets as % of nominal content released after 15 minutes. Relative standard deviation (RSD) is given for the released content.
• formulations containing micronized melatonin display a better uniformity of content and a faster dissolution profile compared to formulations with non-micronized melatonin.
• Example 3 Influence of lubricant on tablet processing and characteristics
• This example investigated how magnesium stearate influences the manufacture process and the properties of the final tablet.
• Formulations with varying amount of magnesium stearate were prepared to enable dry processing of the melatonin formulation to tablets.
• the formulations were similar to those of table 5 with the exception that magnesium stearate was added and mixed for 2 min at 23 rpm to obtain a magnesium content of 2.25 wt% or 3 wt%.
• the formulations were prepared as described in example 1 (without addition of disintegrant).
• the main compression force was 5.2 kN. Influence of magnesium stearate on disintegration time
• Tablets of 0.5 mg API were prepared with a composition according to table 6.
• the ingredients were provided by suppliers according to table 2 of example 1.
• Microcrystalline cellulose and melatonin were sieved alternately through a 0.5 mm screen into the mixing container.
• Magnesium stearate was sieved through a 1 mm screen into the mixing container.
• Tablet compression of the powder mixture comprising 1.5 wt% magnesium stearate caused was interrupted due to die sticking that severely clogged the punch/die sets and hindered production of tablets.
• Increasing the amount of magnesium stearate to 2.25 wt% improved the processing of tablets but noise due to die sticking was heard after 8 min and tablet compression was interrupted again.
• Formulations comprising 3 wt% magnesium could be produced with no die sticking in the punch/die sets are no striations or capping of the tablets. Tabletting proceeded for 35 min without interruptions.
• Table 7 shows disintegration for tablets produced using different blending conditions for magnesium stearate.
• Example 4 Alternative method of pre-mixing micronized melatonin with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)
• This example investigated an alternative method of premixing of micronized melatonin to improve distribution of melatonin in the solid dosage forms.
• Tablets of 0.5 mg API were prepared with a composition according to table 6 (as shown in example 3).
• the ingredients were provided by suppliers according to table 2 of example 1.
• Ingredients were mixed using two high shear mixers (Diosna 1 and 4 litres) according to the following protocol.
• Mannitol (50%) was sieved through a 1 mm screen into a high shear mixing container of 4 litre
• Example 5 Influence of compression force on bioavailability of the melatonin formulation
• the three formulations were prepared according to the mixing procedure below, involving formation of a pre-mixture comprising micronized melatonin and MCC, and subsequent mixing with the remaining ingredients.
• Pre-mixing High shear mixer - 1 litre
• the pre-mixture was sieved through a 500 pm screen and transferred to the 5 L mixing container of the Turbula mixer between a bottom and a top layer of mannitol (about equal volumes of mannitol in the two layers). Mannitol was delumped by sieving through a 1.00 mm screen.
• the glidant mixture was added to the 5 L mixing container and blending for 3 min at 32 rpm was performed.
• Magnesium stearate was pre-mixed with a similar volume of the mixture above, sieved through 500 pm and added to the 5 L mixing container. Blending for 2 min at 32 rpm was performed.
• Tablets were compressed in 8 mm circular punch/die sets (4 sets, normal cup depth). Filling corresponding to a target tablet weight of 200 mg was employed. Main compression force approx. 5 kN, turret speed : 20 rpm and filler speed: 22 rpm were applied. Tablets were also made at a lower compression force - approx. 4 kN (3.8-4.9 kN ) - and a higher force - about 6 kN (5.5-6.6 kN ), and a highest force of > 8 kN.
• Dissolution testing Determination of dissolution of tablets were performed as described in example 2.
• the two formulations were prepared according to the mixing procedure described above for the three formulations without disintegrant (N4, N7, N10) with the sole exception that croscarmellose sodium was mixed with a similar volume of mannitol in a plastic bag and sieved through a 500 pm screen as part of step 1 in the powder mixing part of the procedure.
• Table 10 shows disintegration time for formulations of different amount of disintegrant and compressed at increasing compression force.
• the melatonin formulations were prepared as described in example 1. Herein are presented only the formulations with micronized melatonin that allow uniform distribution of content across all tablet strengths. The compression force was varied to investigate the influence on disintegration time and physical properties of the tablets.
• Friability decreases as the compression force increases as expected. Friability is low for all formulations and well within acceptable tablet values. The disintegration results show that higher compression forces result in longer disintegration times. All formulations have fast disintegration times of less than 40 seconds, even at the highest compression force. Thus, the formulations are well suited for rapid release of melatonin. Table 11. Table shows properties of rapid release melatonin formulations.
• This example demonstrates that high quality rapid release melatonin formulations can be prepared using the method described herein.
• the rapid release melatonin formulations have fast disintegration time that promote quick bioavailability of melatonin.

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