Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • A61K9/2846—Poly(meth)acrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/60—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/612—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in position 2 esterified, e.g. salicylsulfuric acid
  • A61K31/616—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in position 2 esterified, e.g. salicylsulfuric acid by carboxylic acids, e.g. acetylsalicylic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2893—Tablet coating processes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical tablet suitable for oral administration comprising acetylsalicylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a method for manufacturing the same.
• Acetylsalicylic acid is a widely recognized and effective analgesic.
• This drug including its salts and derivatives (e.g. its aluminum salt or anhydride), is used as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for both acute and long-term pain or inflammation. It further has an antipyretic (fever-reducing) effect and possesses antiplatelet activity that helps reducing the risk of blood clots. Therefore, it is also employed in the treatment of acute cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke and in the secondary prevention of these events to reduce the risk of recurrent events.
• TIA transient ischemic attack
• ASA is very hygroscopic, leading to quick degradation in a humid environment. It is a weak acid and accumulates in the stomach lumen due to an ion-trapping mechanism of stomach mucosa cells, causing gastric irritation. Most orally administered ASA drugs are therefore enteric-coated, which is commonly achieved by formulating enteric-coated tablets, enteric-coated granules within capsules, or by means of a multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS).
• MUPS multiple-unit pellet system
• ASA has been marketed in many different delivery forms, such as compressed tablets (e.g. Thrombo ASS ® f/c tablets, Aspirin ® tablets), powders (e.g. Goody's ® and BC ® powders) and effervescent tablets (e.g. Alka-Seltzer ® tablets).
• compressed tablets e.g. Thrombo ASS ® f/c tablets, Aspirin ® tablets
• powders e.g. Goody's ® and BC ® powders
• effervescent tablets e.g. Alka-Seltzer ® tablets.
• Tablet compositions offer many advantages, such as facile handling of the product, chemical and physical stability, portability (and thus allowing ready availability to the patients when needed), aesthetic acceptability and precision of dosage (i.e. consistent and accurate dosages of the active pharmaceutical ingredient are ensured).
• a dry coated tablet having an inner core and an outer layer, with the inner core being an enteric-coated tablet containing ASA, is for instance disclosed in EP 2 785331 Bl.
• EP 3027 176 Bl pharmaceutical tablets comprising a core and an external layer are disclosed, with the core comprising ASA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the external layer comprising clopidogrel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the core being separated from the external layer by a three-layer coating.
• EP 0011490 B1 relates to direct compression of a powder mixture to obtain analgesic tablets, hereby obtaining a uniform dispersion of the analgesic medicament throughout the tablet.
• a dosage form comprising a tablet core, preferably in compressed form, that has a coating over its exterior surface and one or more patterns debossed in the tablet surface is disclosed.
• US 2012/0015032 A1 discloses a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, such as simvastatin, and aspirin.
• Said formulation can for example be prepared as an enteric- coated tablet.
• US 4,716,042 A relates to coated aspirin tablets or caplets wherein the decomposition of ASA is inhibited by incorporation of a small amount of citric, alginic or glutamic acids or mixtures thereof.
• Tablet compression and coating are two of the most critical aspects of the manufacturing of a pharmaceutical dosage, as these aspects become immediately apparent to the patient.
• Tablet compression tools are typically designed to manufacture tablets free of visual defects to the extent that is permitted by the equipment used in the manufacturing process and the composition of the tablet. The production process and the quality and characteristics of the resulting tablet are strongly influenced by the particle size and shape of the used ASA grade.
• ASA particles are advantageous in terms of homogeneity of the tablet core, but they decrease the flowability and cause sticking during production, which impedes tabletability, i.e. the formation of a tablet core (or uncoated tablet) via compressing.
• ASA grades with a larger particle size show a good flowability and tabletability but are likely to result in an inhomogeneous, rough surface of the tablet core, which affects mouth feel and swallowability. The quality and/or function of a subsequently applied coating might be negatively affected or even ruined.
• ASA grades with a particle size in a certain range are generally suitable for the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets to ensure good flowability, good tabletability and a smooth tablet surface.
• ASA tends to crystallize in a needle- or rod-like morphology.
• Such acicular crystals with a high aspect ratio are undesirable for pharmaceutical manufacturing applications, as they tend to protrude from the surface and may break during tableting, which may cause surface inhomogeneities.
• pharmaceutical particles with a low aspect ratio exhibit very good tabletability, cohesivity, flowability and enable to manufacture a tablet core with a smooth and homogeneous surface.
• methods to tailor the shape of ASA crystals via in situ manipulation of crystal habit during growth or via pre-treatment steps such as roller compacting of acicular ASA crystals, are often applied to form platelet- or flake-shaped crystals.
• a pharmaceutical tablet suitable for oral administration which comprises (i) a tablet core consisting of ASA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and excipients, and (ii) an enteric coating over said tablet core; and which tablet has an excellent processability, swallowability, smooth surface not a significantly increased tablet size (allowing for good patient comfort and compliance), whilst minimizing the influence of size and shape of ASA particles and thus enabling to choose from a larger portfolio of economically more attractive ASA grades, and whilst keeping the amount of excipients as low as possible to be economically attractive. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for the manufacture of such a pharmaceutical tablet.
• the present invention is thus directed to a pharmaceutical tablet suitable for oral administration, comprising
• a tablet core consisting of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and excipients, and
• ASA acetylsalicylic acid
• the present invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention with the content of the excipients in the range of 20 wt.-% to 30 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the pharmaceutical tablet, comprising the steps of
• ASA acetylsalicylic acid
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• ASA comprises the acid form and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts of ASA likewise.
• ASA is usually given orally as the free acid and as many ASA grades comprising the acid form are available, this free acid form is preferably used in the inventive pharmaceutical tablet.
• the terms "particle(s)” and “crystal(s)” of ASA are interchangeably used within the present application.
• excipients are to be understood as bulking agents, fillers or diluents.
• excipients are selected from the group consisting of starch, cellulose and silica.
• tablette relates to pharmaceutical tablets comprising an inner core and a coating, unless it is explicitly stated that uncoated pharmaceutical tablets are referred to.
• An uncoated pharmaceutical tablet is devoid of any coating.
• coating is intended to refer to the application of a layer onto the whole surface of the core of the pharmaceutical tablet, so that the tablet core is encased by said layer.
• enteric coating is intended to refer to a gastro-resistant coating which dissolves only at a pH value of at least 3.5 or above and protect the gastric environment from the ingredient or the composition that it coats.
• tabletteability is intended to refer to the processability of a homogeneous powder mixture comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients by means of a tableting machine (also referred to as press machine or compression machine). This tableting machine is equipped with a tool having a single tip or multiple tips which compacts the homogeneous powder mixture to form an uncoated tablet, which is generally referred to as tablet core, here of the pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention.
• hardness describes the resistance to crushing of tablets as measured by the force needed to disrupt said tablets by crushing (Ph. Eur. 2.9.8).
• hardness is used synonymously with the terms “crushing force” and “resistance to crushing” within this application.
• the pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention comprises a tablet core that consists of ASA and excipients, and an enteric coating over said tablet core that begins to dissolve when the pH value of the surrounding medium is at least 3.5 or above, allowing the disintegration of the tablet core and the release of ASA.
• the core of the inventive pharmaceutical tablet comprises at least one, but usually several excipients selected from the group consisting of starch, cellulose and silica that serve as flow enhancer, filler and/or binder.
• the content of the excipients is in the range of 23 wt.-% to 33 wt.-%, preferably in the range of 27.6 wt.-% to 29.6 wt.-%, and particularly preferably amounts to 28.6 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the tablet core.
• the content of excipients ranges from 20 wt.-% to 30 wt.-%, preferably from 24.5 wt.-% to 26.5 wt.-%, and particularly preferably amounts to 25.5 wt.-%.
• the resulting pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention comprises a content of excipients within this weight ratio and surprisingly exhibits improved hardness, a smooth, homogeneous surface and an improved dissolution rate, thus a faster release of ASA.
• the core of the pharmaceutical tablet comprises a flow enhancer to improve the flowability and tabletability.
• Silica such as anhydrous colloidal silica, precipitated silica or fumed silica
• Fumed silica is preferably used as flow enhancer due to its ready availability and high purity, making it especially suitable for pharmaceutical use.
• Aerosil ® 200 with a specific BET surface area of 175 m 2 /g to 225 m 2 /g is used.
• the flow enhancer is present in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, preferably in an amount ranging from 0.3 wt.-% to 0.7 wt.-%, particularly preferably in an amount of 0.5 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the tablet core.
• the flow enhancer is present in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, preferably in an amount ranging from 0.2 wt.-% to 0.6 wt.-%, particularly preferably in an amount of 0.4 wt.-%. It was found that the use of a flow enhancer in the given amount significantly improves the flowability and tabletability and provides the inventive pharmaceutical tablet with enhanced hardness and abrasion resistance.
• cellulose such as microcrystalline or powdered cellulose
• powdered cellulose is particularly preferred because it provides a good tabletability without any sticking.
• Starch preferably maize starch, can serve as binder and promotes disintegration and dissolution of the tablet core once the enteric coating has been dissolved.
• a combination of powdered cellulose and maize starch is preferably used as it provides excellent tabletability, with enhanced elasticity provided by the powdered cellulose and good binding of the powder mixture provided by the maize starch.
• the amount of powdered cellulose ranges from 9.0 wt.-% to 19.0 wt.-%, preferably from 12.8 wt.-% to 14.8 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the tablet core.
• the amount of powdered cellulose may range from 8.0 wt.-% to 18.0 wt.-%, preferably from 11.3 wt.-% to 13.3 wt.-%.
• the amount of maize starch ranges from 9.0 wt.-% to 19.0 wt.-%, preferably from 13.3 wt.-% to 15.3 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the tablet core.
• the amount of maize starch may range from 8.0 wt.-% to 18.0 wt.-%, preferably from 11.7 wt.-% to 13.7 wt.-%.
• the enteric coating of the inventive pharmaceutical tablet preferably comprises a gastro-resistant polymer, as polymeric barriers are well suitable to prevent the dissolution or disintegration of orally administered drugs in the gastric environment.
• the enteric coating comprises an acrylic polymer, as this polymer class allows an excellent control of the release of ASA in dependence on the pH value, thus guaranteeing the effectiveness of drug treatment.
• the gastro- resistant polymer is a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, with the two monomeric repeating units preferably being present in the copolymer in a ratio of 1:1. This copolymer does not only provide a good resistance to the gastric environment but also enhances the hardness and toughness of the tablet, with toughness signifying the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
• the gastro-resistant polymer is preferably present in a 30% aqueous dispersion, with the water being aqua purificata which is removed during manufacture of the pharmaceutical tablet.
• the content of the gastro-resistant polymer in the enteric coating is preferably in the range of 40 wt.-% to 55 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 45 wt.-%to 50 wt.-%, particularly preferably in the range of 47 wt.-%to48 wt- % with respect to the total weight of the enteric coating.
• the enteric coating may further comprise an anti-tacking agent such as talc in an amount of 40 wt.-% to 55 wt.-%, preferably in an amount of 45 wt.-% to 50 wt.-%, particularly preferably in an amount of 47 wt.-% to 48 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the enteric coating, which serves to prevent sticking of the pharmaceutical tablet.
• an anti-tacking agent such as talc in an amount of 40 wt.-% to 55 wt.-%, preferably in an amount of 45 wt.-% to 50 wt.-%, particularly preferably in an amount of 47 wt.-% to 48 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the enteric coating, which serves to prevent sticking of the pharmaceutical tablet.
• the enteric coating may further comprise a plasticizer such as triethyl citrate in an amount of 4.0 wt.-% to 5.5 wt.-%, preferably in an amount of 4.6 wt.-% to 4.8 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the enteric coating, which serves as plasticizer to increase the toughness of the enteric coating.
• a plasticizer such as triethyl citrate in an amount of 4.0 wt.-% to 5.5 wt.-%, preferably in an amount of 4.6 wt.-% to 4.8 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the enteric coating, which serves as plasticizer to increase the toughness of the enteric coating.
• the weight of the dry enteric coating ranges from 9 wt.-% to 12 wt.-% and preferably amounts to 10.8 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the inventive pharmaceutical tablet, which ensures a good resistance to the gastric environment, allows for a smooth and homogeneous surface of the tablet and increases its hardness and toughness.
• ASA and the excipients are blended in the weight ratio according to the present invention to form a homogeneous mixture.
• a sieving step can additionally be applied prior to blending in order to further enhance the homogeneity and flowability of the resulting mixture.
• the core of the pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention has a composition which enables its direct compression.
• the compression step is carried out with a tableting machine which compacts the homogeneous mixture into a tablet core. It was surprisingly found that the increased weight of excipients improves the tabletability. A higher compression force can be applied which reduces sticking, so that the inventive method is less sensitive to the particle size and shape of the used ASA grade. This opens up the possibility to choose from a larger portfolio of ASA grades, including commercially more attractive ASA grades with an acicular crystal structure.
• the increased weight ratio of the excipients according to the present invention i.e. the increase of the excipient content of only 20 wt.-% to 30 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the pharmaceutical tablet and compared to commercially available tablets, particularly Aspirin ® Protect, and thus the higher applicable compression force allows to manufacture tablets with a smooth, homogeneous surface and a low friability both with a single-tip tool and multi-tip tool, which allows a higher flexibility in terms of tool selection.
• Using a multi-tip tool further enables to reduce the number of batches and to increase the yield.
• the increased weight of the inventive pharmaceutical tablet allows to apply a higher compression force without damaging the equipment.
• This increases the density of the tablet whilst the tablet size is not significantly increased.
• the increase of the height of the tablet is below 20%, preferably below 16%, particularly preferably below 13%, when increasing the weight ratio of excipients in the tablet core.
• the increase of the volume of the tablet is below 25%, preferably below 20%, when increasing the weight ratio of excipients in the tablet core.
• the method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention allows to use the same manufacturing equipment and the same methods of handling and packaging as applied for commercially available tablets. This brings benefits in view of the high importance of standardization in the pharmaceutical industry to minimize manufacturing and packaging costs. As the same tool can be used in the tableting step, the diameter of the pharmaceutical tablet remains unchanged upon increase of the weight of the tablet core.
• an enteric coating is applied onto the tablet core.
• Various methods may be used, such as spray coating, film coating, dip coating, enrobing or electrostatic deposition.
• the enteric coating is preferably applied by means of film coating. Care has to be taken to avoid the formation of any defects and to homogeneously coat the entire surface of the smooth tablet core to ensure excellent resistance to the gastric environment.
• the tablet core obtained by means of the inventive manufacturing method exhibits smoothness and low friability and thus allows for a homogeneous coating to produce the pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention.
• compositions according to the present invention were produced (Tab. 1). Further, two commercially available tablets, namely Aspirin ® N (uncoated tablet) and Aspirin ® Protect with compositions as listed in Tab. 1 were analyzed as reference, with all tablets comprising 100 mg ASA.
• ASA ASA
• excipients maize starch, powdered cellulose and fumed silica, if present
• the compression step was carried out with a tableting machine (maximum compression force up to 100 kN, maximum permissible punch load up to 54 kN) to compact the homogeneous mixture into a tablet core.
• the approximate compression force applied in the tableting step is listed in Tab. 2 in dependence on the weight of the ingredients to form the tablet core (120 mg versus 140 mg) and on the number of tips of the tool (single-tip tool versus four-tip tool).
• the compression force signifies the force that minimally needs to be applied to form a compressed tablet core with a smooth and homogeneous surface and that maximally can be applied without damaging the equipment.
• Tab. 1 Compositions of an inventive pharmaceutical tablet and reference tablets
• the achievable hardness values upon increase of the weight of excipients used to form the tablet core from 120 mg to 140 mg (tablet compositions according to Tab. 1).
• a tablet core with a smooth surface that resists the mechanical stress during the coating process can only be produced with a single-tip tool, approximately 50 N.
• the maximum compression force that can be applied without damaging the equipment is even lower and leads to tablets with 30 N, which is, depending on the used API quality, too low to form a tablet core with a smooth and homogeneous surface.
• a tablet core with a smooth, even surface and low friability can be manufactured with both a single-tip tool and multi-tip tool, such as with a four-tip tool, as a higher compression force can be applied without damaging the equipment (yielding tablets with approximately 55 N and 45 N for single-tip tool and four-tip tool, respectively). This allows for a higher flexibility in terms of tool selection.
• the use of a multi-tip tool further enables to reduce the number of batches and to increase the yield.
• Tab. 2 Resulting hardness values in dependence on the weight of the mixture and on the number of tips of the tool used to form the tablet core
• an enteric coating comprising the ingredients as listed in Tab. 1 (copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, talc and triethyl citrate) was applied onto the tablet core by means of film coating to obtain pharmaceutical tablets.
• Tab. 1 copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, talc and triethyl citrate
• ASA grades The morphology of several ASA grades is visualized by means of light-microscopic images in Fig. la and Fig. lb (20 times magnified). It is clearly seen that the crystals of ASA grades that were not pre-processed have acicular shapes with a high aspect ratio. This impedes tabletability, as the crystals that protrude from the surface may break during tableting which may consequently lead to surface inhomogeneities. Contrary, the crystals of pre-processed ASA grades (marked with an asterisk) exhibit various shapes. This diverse morphology provides a better tabletability, cohesivity, flowability and facilitates the manufacture of a tablet core with a smooth and homogeneous surface.
• Pre-processed ASA grades are therefore generally preferred for the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets in spite of their higher price. Flowever, it was surprisingly found that both pre-processed and non-pre-processed ASA grades can be used to manufacture the pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention, whilst maintaining excellent processability, tabletability and resulting in a tablet with a smooth and homogeneous surface.
• ASA grades were employed in the manufacture of reference tablets with a tablet core having a weight of 120 mg (composition according to Tab. 1).
• the use of non-pre-processed ASA grades caused sticking during tableting already after a few manufacturing cycles.
• the manufacture of tablet cores comprising the non-pre-processed ASA grade Novacyl 3020 is feasible and suitable for routine production due to the absence of sticking, however, the resulting tablets exhibit a rough surface, which may result in friability and insufficient coating, as well as hindered swallowability.
• pre-processed ASA grades with a particle size in a certain range are suitable for the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets to ensure good flowability, tabletability, and smoothness of the tablet surface.
• a dissolution test of pharmaceutical tablets was performed in a USP apparatus 1 (100 rpm) in accordance with the standards Ph. Eur. 2.9.3, 4.1.3 and 5.17.
• the pH value of the dissolution medium was set to 1.0 by addition of 750 ml of 0.1 M HCI.
• the dissolution behavior of the tablets in the acidic medium was observed over a testing period of 120 min.
• the pH value was raised to 6.8 by addition of a phosphate buffer solution (250 ml of 0.2 M Na 3 P0 4 ). Seven tablets were tested for each ASA grade and taken from the dissolution medium after different durations from 120 min up to 180 min to assess the time-dependent release of ASA.
• Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b show the release kinetics of ASA at a pH value of 6.8 for inventive pharmaceutical tablets with various ASA grades, and Aspirin ® Protect as reference.
• the release is expressed as a percentage of the total ASA content, which is 100 mg for all analyzed tablets.
• the acidic dissolution medium pH value of 1.0
• the release of ASA was inhibited over the course of 120 min, signifying excellent resistance of all analyzed tablets to the gastric environment.
• pH value to 6.8 ASA was completely released from all analyzed tablets within 60 min.
• ASA release of ASA from an inventive pharmaceutical tablet in comparison to Aspirin ® Protect and a reference tablet is displayed in Fig. 2b (compositions of the tablets as listed in Tab. 1).
• Comparison of the reference tablet with Aspirin ® Protect shows that the release of ASA from the reference tablet (Novacyl 3020) occurs faster than the release of ASA from Aspirin ® Protect.
• the increase of the weight ratio of excipients to obtain a pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention further accelerates the release of ASA, as seen for the tablets comprising Novacyl 3020 with a weight of the tablet core of 120 mg and 140 mg, respectively (Fig. 2b).
• the higher weight ratio of excipients in a pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention accelerates the break-up of the tablet, hereby enabling a swift disintegration, enhancing the accessible surface area and promoting a more rapid release of the ASA.
• the inventive pharmaceutical tablet is therefore well suitable to meet the increasing demand of the pharmaceutical industry regarding an improvement of dissolution rates of drugs.
• Geometric dimensions of an inventive pharmaceutical tablet are shown in Tab. 4 along with dimensions of Aspirin ® N (uncoated) and Aspirin ® Protect, all comprising 100 mg ASA (compositions as listed in Tab 1).
• the diameter of Aspirin ® N amounts to 7.0 mm, whilst it increases to 7.3 mm after applying an enteric coating (inventive tablet and Aspirin ® Protect).
• a pharmaceutical tablet according to the present invention are comparable to the dimensions of commercially available tablets, such as Aspirin ® Protect, the same methods of handling and packaging can be used for manufacturing. Further, the same tableting machine with the same tooling can be used, as evidenced by the same diameter of the inventive pharmaceutical tablet and Aspirin ® Protect. This is well in line with the high importance of standardization in the pharmaceutical industry. Also, the similar geometric dimensions do not impede swallowability of the tablet and ensure an easy ingestion by the patient.
• the resistance to crushing relates to the force required to disrupt tablets by crushing according to Ph. Eur. 2.9.8.
• Aspirin ® N shows a resistance to crushing of only 35-40 N
• Aspirin ® Protect has a higher resistance to crushing of 65-70 N, which corresponds to an increase of the hardness.
• the inventive tablet has an even higher resistance to crushing of 95-100 N and thus a higher hardness than commercially available pharmaceutical tablets, which improves the tabletability. Further, the likelihood for defects formed upon manufacturing of the tablet core is reduced. A smooth, defect-free surface of the tablet core hinders the enteric coating to penetrate into the tablet core, which would consequently impede disintegration and release of ASA.
• Tab. 5 Resistance to crushing (according to Ph. Eur. 2.9.8) of an inventive pharmaceutical tablet and references (compositions as listed in Tab. 1)

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