EP4332265A1 - Wire rod and steel wire for spring, spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and method for manufacturing same - Google Patents
Wire rod and steel wire for spring, spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and method for manufacturing same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4332265A1 EP4332265A1 EP22816386.1A EP22816386A EP4332265A1 EP 4332265 A1 EP4332265 A1 EP 4332265A1 EP 22816386 A EP22816386 A EP 22816386A EP 4332265 A1 EP4332265 A1 EP 4332265A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- less
- wire rod
- spring
- temperature
- steel wire
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 78
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 48
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 29
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000366596 Osiris Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000003443 Unconsciousness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007571 dilatometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/001—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/005—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of wire
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
- C21D1/32—Soft annealing, e.g. spheroidising
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/44—Methods of heating in heat-treatment baths
- C21D1/48—Metal baths
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/13—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
- C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/02—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for springs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
- C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
- C21D9/573—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
- C21D9/5732—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling of wires; of rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/76—Adjusting the composition of the atmosphere
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/009—Pearlite
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring, a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring and a spring having an ultra-high strength at a level of 2,200 MPa and excellent workability, allowing easy nitriding at a high temperature, and having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- springs used in transmissions and engine valves of vehicles are also required to have high strength.
- wire diameter decreases to increase sensitivity to inclusions, thereby reducing fatigue limit. That is, there are limits to increase fatigue limit by increasing strength.
- spring manufacturers attempted to increase fatigue limit of materials for springs by increasing surface hardness while maintaining strength by nitriding.
- nitriding for other parts is generally performed at a temperature above 500°C
- nitriding for steels for springs is performed at a temperature of 420 to 460°C to prevent a decrease in strength and for a long time over 10 hours to obtain a sufficient nitrogen penetration depth.
- a tempering heat treatment temperature of common steels for springs is 450°C is below, heat treatment for a long time at a temperature of 420 to 450°C may decrease strength of most of the springs, and thus a highly alloying material including an element capable of improving softening resistance by forming a carbide should be used.
- a carbide-forming element such as Mo and V
- a decrease in strength may be inhibited during nitriding, but a low-temperature structure may be formed by central segregated region and a problem of decreasing a reduction of area may be caused.
- PAGS prior austenite grain size
- spring manufacturers require to shorten a processing time of nitriding by performing nitriding at a temperature as high as possible to shorten a nitriding time and also requires a high strength wire rod not causing a problem in productivity in the field.
- Patent Document 0001 Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-2000-0043776 (Published on July 15, 2000 )
- a wire rod, a steel wire, and a spring each having excellent strength and workability, allowing easy nitriding at a high temperature, and having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8% is satisfied, 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at% is satisfied, a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% is 10% or less within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the wire rod may include, in an area fraction, 80% or more of a pearlite structure and the balance of a bainite structure or a martensite structure.
- a prior austenite average grain size may be 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to a lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm 2 .
- a tensile strength may be 1,400 MPa or less, and a reduction of area may be 35% or more.
- a method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: preparing a bloom by continuously casting a molten steel including, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; heating the bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the bloom to prepare a billet; heating the billet at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolling the billet at a temperature of 1,000°C below to prepare a wire rod; coiling the rolled wire rod at a temperature of 800 to 900°C; and cooling the coiled wire rod
- the continuously casting process may include performing soft reduction with a total rolling reduction 20 mm or more.
- the soft reduction may be performed to allow each roll to roll by reducing 4 mm or less and may have a cumulative rolling reduction of 60% or more at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more.
- a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8% is satisfied, 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at% is satisfied, and the steel wire includes, in an area fraction, 85% or more of a tempered martensite structure and the balance of an austenite structure.
- a prior austenite average grain size may be 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm 2 .
- the number of carbides in an area of 100 ⁇ m 2 may be from 10 to 50, the maximum diameter of the carbide may be from 5 to 50 nm, and a content of V or Nb may be 10 at% or more.2
- a tensile strength may be 2,100 MPa or more, and a reduction of area may be 45% or more.
- a method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod; drawing the LP heat-treated wire rod to prepare a steel wire; and performing QT heat treatment on the steel wire, wherein the LP heat treatment includes: a primary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a process of passing the primarily austenized wire rod through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 700°C within 3 minutes.
- a pearlite transformation completion time may be less than 130 seconds.
- the method may further include performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod before the LP heat treatment, wherein the LA heat treatment may further include performing heat treatment at a temperature of 650 to 750°C; and performing acid pickling.
- the QT heat treatment may include a secondary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 900 to 1000°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a primary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below; a tempering process of heating to a temperature of 450 to 550°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a secondary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below.
- a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may include, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8% and 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at% are satisfied, and a fatigue limit which withstands repeated stress more than 10 million times is 700 MPa or more.
- a method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: cold forming the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in a spring form; performing stress-relieving heat treatment on the formed spring; and nitriding the resultant.
- the fatigue limit may increase by 10% or more after nitriding.
- a wire rod, a steel wire, and a spring capable of inhibiting formation of a low-temperature structure at a central region by reducing central segregation, and obtaining an excellent reduction of area and a tensile strength of 2,200 MPa or more, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a wire rod, steel wire, and a spring having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit by controlling the grain size and the number of precipitates, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8% and 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at% are satisfied, and a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% is 10% or less within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities.
- a content of C is from 0.6 to 0.7%.
- C is an element increasing strength of a material and may be added in an amount of 0.6% or more to obtain sufficient strength of the material.
- an excess of C may cause a significant deterioration in impact properties after quenching & tempering (QT) heat treatment and an increase in the possibility of formation of a low-temperature structure during a manufacturing process of wire rods, thereby deteriorating the quality of the wire rods.
- QT quenching & tempering
- the C content is excessive, a heat treatment time of LP heat treatment, one of steel wire-manufacturing processes, significantly increases to reduce productivity.
- an upper limit of the C content may be controlled to 0.7%.
- a content of Si is from 2.0 to 2.5%.
- Si used for deoxidization of steels is also effective for obtaining strength by solid solution strengthening, and may be added in an amount of 2.0% or more to inhibit a decrease in strength during nitriding and to improve deformation resistance of a spring.
- an excess of Si may cause surface decarburization and deterioration of workability of a material.
- an upper limit of the Si content may be controlled to 2.5%.
- a content of Mn is from 0.2 to 0.7%.
- Mn as a hardenability-enhancing element, may be added in an amount of 0.2% or more to obtain hardenability of a material, form a high strength tempered martensite structure, and make S harmless by fixing S.
- an excess of Mn may cause deterioration of quality due to segregation.
- an upper limit of the Mn content may be controlled to 0.7%.
- a content of Cr is from 0.9 to 1.5%.
- Cr is a hardenability-enhancing element together with Mn and may be added in an amount of 0.9% or more to enhance softening resistance of a steel.
- an excess of Cr may cause a significant decrease in toughness of a steel wire and promote formation of a low-temperature structure while cooling a wire rod.
- an upper limit of the Cr content may be controlled to 1.5%.
- a content of P is 0.015% or less.
- P is an element segregated in grain boundaries resulting in deterioration of toughness and deterioration of hydrogen delayed fracture resistance of materials, and thus it is desirable to remove P from steel materials.
- an upper limit of the P content may be controlled to 0.015%.
- a content of S is 0.01% or less.
- S may be segregated in grain boundaries resulting in deterioration of toughness and deterioration of hydrogen delayed fracture resistance of materials by forming MnS.
- an upper limit of the S content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- a content of Al is 0.01% or less.
- Al as a powerful deoxidizing element, increases purity by removing oxygen from a steel, Al 2 O 3 inclusions may be formed thereby, resulting in a decrease in fatigue resistance.
- an upper limit of the Al content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- a content of N is 0.01% or less.
- N is an impurity
- N binds to Al or V to form crude AlN or VN precipitates that do not melt during heat treatment.
- an upper limit of the N content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- a content of Mo is 0.25% or less.
- Mo is an element improving softening resistance and forming a carbide with V to improve strength during temperature.
- Mo forms a MC carbide and maintain strength of a material even after a heat treatment for a long time.
- an excess of Mo inhibits formation of a pearlite structure, and thus quality of the wire rod may deteriorate due to formation of a low-temperature structure after rolling the wire rod.
- an excess of Mo inhibits perlite transformation during LP heat treatment before drawing to increase a pearlite transformation time, resulting in a significant decrease in productivity.
- an upper limit of the Mo content may be controlled to 0.25%.
- a content of W is 0.25% or less.
- W as an element improving softening resistance together with Mo among the materials for nitriding, forms a MC carbide to maintain strength of a material even after heat treatment for a long time.
- an excess of W may inhibit formation of pearlite and promote formation of a low-temperature structure in the wire rod.
- an upper limit of the W content may be controlled to 0.25%.
- a content of V is from 0.05 to 0.2%.
- V as an element improving softening resistance, together with Mo, among the materials for nitriding, forms a carbide to increase strength during tempering and may maintain strength even after nitriding is performed for a long time.
- V unlike Mo and W, has a high solid solution temperature of a carbide serving to maintain a prior austenite grain size.
- a thermostatic transformation time may be reduced during LP heat treatment, and productivity may be improved during a steel wire manufacturing process, and thus V may be added in an amount of 0.05% or more.
- the V content is excessive, a crude carbonitride may be formed during a wire rod producing process, and temperature should be raised by heating while rolling the wire rod. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the V content may be controlled to 0.2%.
- a content of Nb is 0.05% or less.
- Nb as a carbonitride-forming element, has a higher solid solution temperature than that of V to have superior effects on controlling the prior austenite grain size to V.
- an upper limit of the Nb content may be controlled to 0.05%, and the addition of Nb may be omitted in the case where the prior austenite grain size is controlled during the manufacturing process.
- the remaining component of the composition of the present disclosure is iron (Fe).
- the composition may include unintended impurities inevitably incorporated from raw materials or surrounding environments, and thus addition of other alloy components is not excluded.
- the impurities are not specifically mentioned in the present disclosure, as they are known to any person skilled in the art of manufacturing.
- the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy, in percent by weight (wt%), Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8%.
- a low-temperature structure such as bainite or martensite may be formed during a process of cooling the wire rod, and a pearlite transformation completion time may increase during LP heat treatment.
- carbon equivalent (Ceq) significantly increases to limit the amounts of W and Mo, and thus a decrease in strength of a material may be prevented during nitriding.
- the pearlite transformation time increases failing to obtain a complete pearlite structure during the process of cooling the wire rod and the LP heat treatment time increases to cause a decrease in productivity.
- the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at%.
- at% refers to atomic weight percent.
- the pearlite transformation completion time during the lead patenting (LP) heat treatment may be less than 130 seconds.
- the LP heat treatment process may include a process of heating at a temperature of 950 to 1100°C and rapidly cooling to a temperature of 650 to 750°C. If the pearlite transformation completion time exceeds 130 seconds during the LP heat treatment, a problem of decreasing productivity may occur.
- the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a pearlite structure in an area fraction of 80% or more.
- the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit may have a prior austenite average grain size of 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the prior austenite average grain size exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the time for the LP heat treatment process increases and a problem of deteriorating workability of the wire rod may occur.
- a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% may be 10% or less within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm 2 .
- the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more existing in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm 2 .
- the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a tensile strength of 1,400 MPa or less and a reduction of area (RA) of 35% or more.
- a method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: preparing a bloom by continuously casting a molten steel including, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; heating the bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the bloom to prepare a billet; heating the billet at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolling the billet at a temperature of 1,000°C below to prepare a wire rod; coiling the rolled wire rod at a temperature of 800 to 900°C; and cooling the coiled wire rod at a seed
- the continuously casting process may include performing soft reduction with a total rolling reduction 20 mm or more.
- a method of casting a slab having a unsolidified layer in the final solidification stage in a continuous casting machine while gradually compressing the slab with a total rolling reduction and at a compressing rate approximately corresponding to a sum of the amount of solidification shrinkage and the amount of thermal shrinkage by passing the slab through a collection of reduction rolls is referred to as soft reduction.
- the total rolling reduction refers to an amount of rolling reduction from the start to the end of the compression.
- the total rolling reduction is less than 20 mm, it is difficult to obtain a segregation-removing effect by soft reduction, and thus the total rolling reduction of the soft reduction may be controlled to 20 mm or more to minimize segregation of the wire rod.
- the soft reduction may be performed such that each roll reduces 4 mm or less, and a cumulative rolling reduction is 60% or more at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more.
- the solidification fraction refers to a ratio of a weight of sold-phase molten steel to a total weight of the entire molten steel.
- a Mold Electro Magnetic Stirrer (Mold-EMS) and a Strand-EMS may be set according to conditions for conventional springs or arbitrarily set depending on equipment.
- the internal carbonitride may be minimized by heating the prepared bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the heated blood to a billet.
- the billet may be heat-treated at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolled at a temperature of 1,000°C or below to prepare a wire rod.
- the component V in the material does not sufficiently melt failing to form a solid solution of the carbide, thereby causing a problem of deterioration in softening resistance in a final product.
- the rolling of the billet to a wire rod may be performed at a temperature of 1000°C or below to perform the coiling at a temperature of 900°C or below.
- the rolled wire rod may be coiled at a temperature of 800 to 900°C.
- the process of coiling the rolled wire rod may be performed at a temperature of 800 to 900°C.
- the coiled wire rod may be cooled at a rate of 0.5 to 2°C/s.
- steels for spring for nitriding include a lot of highly alloying elements, and thus it is necessary to inhibit formation of a low-temperature structure. If the coiled wire rod is cooled at a rate less than 0.5°C/s, decarburization may occur. On the contrary, if the cooling speed exceeds 2°C/s, a material may break by a low-temperature structure.
- a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may include, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities.
- the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8%.
- the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at%.
- the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may include, in area fraction, 85% or more of a tempered martensite structure and the balance of an austenite structure.
- the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may have a prior austenite average grain size of 15 ⁇ m or less.
- a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% may be 10% or less within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the above-described proportion (wt%) of the area exceeds 10%, deterioration of quality of a material such as formation of a low-temperature structure due to central segregation may be caused, and deterioration of workability may be caused thereby increasing a frequency of breakage while processing a spring.
- the above-described proportion (wt%) of the area exceeds 10%, the carbide effect may decrease due to concentration of carbide forming elements at the center.
- the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm 2 .
- the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 ⁇ m or more may be less than 2 per cm 2 in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm.
- the number of carbides within an area of 100 ⁇ m 2 may be from 10 to 50, the maximum diameter of the carbides may be from 5 to 50 nm, and the content of V or Nb may be 10 at% or more.
- the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm is less than 10, it is difficult to control the prior austenite grain size. On the contrary, if the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm is greater than 50, the carbides with 5 nm or less used for precipitation hardening decreases, thereby decreasing a tensile strength of the steel wire.
- the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may have a tensile strength of 2,100 MPa or more and a reduction of area (RA) of 45% or more.
- a method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; performing LP heat treatment; and drawing the wire rod to prepare a steel wire; and performing QT heat treatment on the steel wire.
- the wire rod according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be subjected to a low temperature annealing (LA) at a temperature of 650 to 750°C.
- LA low temperature annealing
- the carbide coarsens making it difficult to control the carbide during a subsequent process and thus the LA heat treatment may be performed within 2 hours.
- the strength of the wire rod may decrease to 1,200 MPa or less. If required, the LA heat treatment process may be omitted.
- the LA heat-treated wire rod is acid-pickled and lead patenting (LP) heat treatment may be performed.
- the LP heat treatment may include a primary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1 100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a process of passing the primarily austenized wire rod through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 700°C within 3 minutes.
- an austenite structure may be obtained and the carbide coarsened in the LA process may form a solid solution again.
- the primarily austenized wire rod may be isothermally transformed via rapid cooling by passing through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 750°C within 3 minutes, and a pearlite structure may be obtained. If the Pb bath temperature is below 650°C, a low-temperature structure may be formed. On the contrary, if the Pb bath temperature is above 750°C, the carbide coarsens and strength may decrease.
- LP heat-treated wire rod may be drawn to prepare a steel wire.
- the prepared steel wire may have a wire diameter of 5 mm.
- the LP heat treatment may be performed again to control the wire diameter of the steel wire to 2 mm or less.
- the prepared steel wire may be subjected to QT heat treatment process to obtain a tempered martensite structure.
- the QT heat treatment may include a secondary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 900 to 1000°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a primary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below; a tempering process of heating to a temperature of 450 to 550°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a secondary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below.
- the austenizing temperature may be from 900 to 1000°C such that the fine carbides precipitated during the LP heat treatment are maintained.
- the austenizing process may be performed for 6 minutes or less in the QT heat treatment.
- the tempering temperature is below 450°C in the QT heat treatment, the nitriding temperature is lowered, formation of additional carbides cannot be induced, and toughness may deteriorate. On the contrary, if the tempering temperature exceeds 550°C in the QT heat treatment, a sufficient strength cannot be obtained.
- a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, satisfies Mn+Cr ⁇ 1.8%, and satisfies 0.05 at% ⁇ Mo+W ⁇ 0.15 at%.
- a fatigue limit increases by 10% or more after nitriding.
- the fatigue limit refers to a limit withstanding repeated loads more than 10 million times during a fatigue test after designing a spring.
- the spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a fatigue limit of 700 MPa or more which withstands repeated stress more than 10 million times.
- a strength change before and after nitriding is 15% or less, and a nitriding temperature may be 430°C or above.
- a method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: cold forming the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in a spring form; performing stress-relieving heat treatment on the formed spring; and nitriding the resultant.
- the fatigue limit of the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be improved by performing nitriding before shot peening in the spring-manufacturing process.
- nitriding temperature if the nitriding temperature is too low, nitrogen cannot appropriately penetrate into the surface. If the nitriding temperature is too high, hardness of the central region of the material decreases and a desired strength of the material cannot be obtained.
- the nitriding process may be performed at a temperature of 420 to 450°C for 10 hours or more.
- Steel materials including various compositions of alloying elements shown in Table 1 below were continuously cast with a total soft reduction of 10 to 25 mm to prepare blooms.
- the prepared blooms were subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 1,200°C for homogenization and heat treatment at a temperature of 1050°C, and then hot rolled to a final wire diameter of 6.5 mm while cooling to 850°C to prepare wire rods having a final wire diameter of 6.5 mm. Then, the hot-rolled wire rods were coiled at a temperature of 800 to 900°C and cooled at a rate of 1°C/s.
- Table 2 below shows at% contents of W+Mo and total soft reduction of the examples and comparative examples.
- the segregation areas of Table 2 below were derived by analyzing 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction of the prepared wire rod.
- the 'C segregation area' of Table 2 refers to a proportion of an area satisfying C > 0.85 wt% within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the 'Si segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Si > 3.0 wt% within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the 'Mn segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Mn > 0.8 wt% within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the 'Cr segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Cr > 2.0 wt% within an area of 1 mm 2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- the segregation area was measured by using an Electron Probe X-ray Micro Analyzer, EPMA (Model No. E MPA-1600).
- Example 1 0.11 25 mm ⁇ 1% 2.5 ⁇ 1% 2.5 ⁇ 7%
- Example 2 0.08 25 mm ⁇ 1% 4.3 ⁇ 1% 2.3 ⁇ 8.6%
- Comparative Example 1 0.11 10 mm 5.5 11.2 3.1% 10.2 30%
- Comparative Example 2 0.08 25 mm ⁇ 1% 4.5 ⁇ 1% 2.2 ⁇ 8.7%
- Comparative Example 3 0.17 25 mm ⁇ 1% 3.2 ⁇ 1% 3.4 ⁇ 8.6%
- Comparative Example 4 0.11 25 mm ⁇ 1% 4.2 ⁇ 1% 2.4 ⁇ 8.6%
- Table 3 below shows tensile strength, reduction of area (RA), central low-temperature structure, prior austenite average grain size, pearlite structure, and the number of carbonitrides of the prepared wire rods.
- the prior austenite average grain size, the pearlite structure, and the number of carbonitrides were measured by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Model No. JEOL, JSM-6610LV).
- the 'O' of Table 3 indicates a case in which an area fraction of the low-temperature structure exceeded 20%, and the 'X' indicates a case in which an area fraction of the low-temperature structure is not more than 20%.
- the pearlite structure of Table 3 below refers to the number of samples in which an area fraction of the pearlite structure was 80% or more in a microstructure of a cross-section perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of each sample.
- Examples 1 and 2 a low-temperature structure was not formed in central areas, and the prior austenite average grain size was not more than 20 ⁇ m.
- 6 or more samples exhibited 80% or more of the pearlite structure according to Examples 1 and 2, and the tensile strength was not more than 1400 MPa indicating excellent workability.
- a carbonitride was not formed on the surfaces in Examples 1 and 2.
- Comparative Example 1 the tensile strength exceeded 1400 MPa, the reduction of area less than 35% exhibited inferior workability, and the low-temperature structure was formed in the central area.
- Comparative Example 1 only 5 samples included 80% or more of the pearlite structure among the 8 samples, and 80% of more of the pearlite structure was not uniformly formed.
- Comparative Example 2 referring to the alloying elements of Table 1, because the V content was less than 0.15%, the prior austenite average grain size was 24 ⁇ m exceeding 20 ⁇ m indicating coarsening of grains.
- Comparative Example 3 because the tensile strength was 1510 MPa and the reduction of area was only 10%, workability was inferior and a low-temperature structure was formed in the central area. In addition, in Comparative Example 3, only 2 samples includes 80% or more of the pearlite structure among the 8 sample, indicating that the pearlite structure was not sufficiently formed.
- the samples of the examples and comparative examples were subjected to LA heat treatment at 720°C for 2 hours and acid pickling, and then LP heat treatment was performed.
- the LP heat treatment was performed by heating to a primary austenizing temperature within 3 minutes, and then proceeded under conditions shown in Table 4 below.
- Table 4 showed pearlite transformation time of LP heat treatment according to the examples and the comparative examples. The pearlite transformation time was measured by deriving a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve via a dilatometry experiment.
- TTT time-temperature-transformation
- the pearlite transformation time of Examples 1 and 2 was 110 seconds and 105 seconds, respectively less than 130 seconds, indicating excellent productivity. On the contrary, the pearlite transformation time of Comparative Example 3 was 130 seconds indicating inferior productivity to the extent that field production is difficult.
- the LP heat-treated materials of the examples and comparative examples were drawn to prepare steel wires having a wire diameter of 3 mm.
- the prepared steel wires were subjected to a secondary austenizing process and a primary quenching process, and then tempered and subjected to a secondary quenching process to obtain QT steel wires.
- the steel wires were heated to a secondary austenizing temperature within 3 minutes, and the primary and secondary quenching processes were performed in an oil at 60°C. The remaining process was performed under conditions of Table 5 below.
- Table 6 shows tensile strength, reduction of area (RA), and the number of carbides of the prepared QT steel wires.
- the number of carbides refers to the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm and including the content of V or Nb is 10 at% or more in an area of 100 ⁇ m 2 .
- the number of carbides refers to an average of 8 values measured from 8 positions in an area of 100 ⁇ m 2 of the surface of the wire rod by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of FEI Tecnai OSIRIS.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Examples 1 and 2 exhibited 2200 MPa or more of excellent tensile strengths and 45% or more of reduction of area.
- the number of carbides of Examples 1 and 2 was from 10 to 50.
- Comparative Example 2 On the contrary, the reduction of area of Comparative Example 1 was only 32% and the number of carbides exceeded 50. According to Comparative Example 2, an inferior tensile strength not more than 2200 MPa was obtained, and the number of carbides was less than 10 causing a problem of difficulties in controlling the prior austenite average grain size. Comparative Example 4 exhibited an inferior tensile strength of 2200 MPa or less and the number of carbides exceeded 50.
- the QT steel wire was cold formed in a spring shape and the formed spring was heat treated and nitrided at a temperature of 420 to 450°C.
- Table 7 shows whether the spring breaks while forming the spring, fatigue limit values, and fatigue limit after nitriding.
- the fatigue limits before and after nitriding were measured under the conditions of a stress ratio R (tensile capacity/compression capacity) of -1 and a test speed of 30 to 60 Hz.
- the samples of Examples 1 and 2 did not break due to excellent workability and had excellent fatigue limits over 650 MPa before nitriding. In addition, the samples of Examples 1 and 2 had fatigue limits over 750 MPa after nitriding. Since the fatigue limit after nitriding was higher than that before nitriding by 10% or more, excellent nitriding properties were obtained.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 exhibited breakage due to inferior workability, and the fatigue limit after nitriding increased by less than 10% compared to that before nitriding.
- the composition of alloying elements and conditions of the manufacturing process by optimizing the composition of alloying elements and conditions of the manufacturing process, excellent tensile strength and reduction of area may be obtained and also nitriding properties and fatigue limit may be improved, and thus the spring may be applicable as a material of transmissions and engine valves of vehicles.
- a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring and a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit and a method for manufacturing the same may be provided.
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Abstract
Disclosed are a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring, a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same.The disclosed wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment includes, in percent by weight (wt%): 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr≤1.8% and 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% may be satisfied.
Description
- The present disclosure relates to a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring, a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring and a spring having an ultra-high strength at a level of 2,200 MPa and excellent workability, allowing easy nitriding at a high temperature, and having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- To meet continuous demands for lightweight automotive parts with the development of lightweight vehicles, springs used in transmissions and engine valves of vehicles are also required to have high strength. However, as strength of spring materials increases, wire diameter decreases to increase sensitivity to inclusions, thereby reducing fatigue limit. That is, there are limits to increase fatigue limit by increasing strength. To overcome this, spring manufacturers attempted to increase fatigue limit of materials for springs by increasing surface hardness while maintaining strength by nitriding.
- Although nitriding for other parts is generally performed at a temperature above 500°C, nitriding for steels for springs is performed at a temperature of 420 to 460°C to prevent a decrease in strength and for a long time over 10 hours to obtain a sufficient nitrogen penetration depth.
- Since a tempering heat treatment temperature of common steels for springs is 450°C is below, heat treatment for a long time at a temperature of 420 to 450°C may decrease strength of most of the springs, and thus a highly alloying material including an element capable of improving softening resistance by forming a carbide should be used. However, in the case of using a large amount of a carbide-forming element such as Mo and V, a decrease in strength may be inhibited during nitriding, but a low-temperature structure may be formed by central segregated region and a problem of decreasing a reduction of area may be caused.
- Also, because a high-temperature heat treatment process is repeated while processing a spring material, a problem may occur in controlling a prior austenite grain size (PAGS) and a technique of controlling a carbide is required during the heat treatment.
- Meanwhile, spring manufacturers require to shorten a processing time of nitriding by performing nitriding at a temperature as high as possible to shorten a nitriding time and also requires a high strength wire rod not causing a problem in productivity in the field.
- Therefore, there is a need to develop a wire rod and a steel wire having excellent quality such as strength and workability and improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit.
- (Patent Document 0001)
Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-2000-0043776 (Published on July 15, 2000 - To solve the problems as described above, provided is a wire rod, a steel wire, and a spring each having excellent strength and workability, allowing easy nitriding at a high temperature, and having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr≤ 1.8% is satisfied, 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% is satisfied, a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% is 10% or less within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- In this regard, the wire rod may include, in an area fraction, 80% or more of a pearlite structure and the balance of a bainite structure or a martensite structure.
- In this regard, a prior austenite average grain size may be 20 µm or less.
- In this regard, the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to a lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm2.
- In this regard, a tensile strength may be 1,400 MPa or less, and a reduction of area may be 35% or more.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: preparing a bloom by continuously casting a molten steel including, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; heating the bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the bloom to prepare a billet; heating the billet at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolling the billet at a temperature of 1,000°C below to prepare a wire rod; coiling the rolled wire rod at a temperature of 800 to 900°C; and cooling the coiled wire rod at a seed of 0.5 to 2°C/sec.
- In this regard, the continuously casting process may include performing soft reduction with a total rolling reduction 20 mm or more.
- In this regard, the soft reduction may be performed to allow each roll to roll by reducing 4 mm or less and may have a cumulative rolling reduction of 60% or more at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr≤ 1.8% is satisfied, 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% is satisfied, and the steel wire includes, in an area fraction, 85% or more of a tempered martensite structure and the balance of an austenite structure.
- In this regard, a prior austenite average grain size may be 15 µm or less.
- In this regard, the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm2.
- In this regard, the number of carbides in an area of 100 µm2 may be from 10 to 50, the maximum diameter of the carbide may be from 5 to 50 nm, and a content of V or Nb may be 10 at% or more.2
- In this regard, a tensile strength may be 2,100 MPa or more, and a reduction of area may be 45% or more.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod; drawing the LP heat-treated wire rod to prepare a steel wire; and performing QT heat treatment on the steel wire, wherein the LP heat treatment includes: a primary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a process of passing the primarily austenized wire rod through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 700°C within 3 minutes.
- In this regard, in the LP heat treatment, a pearlite transformation completion time may be less than 130 seconds.
- In this regard, the method may further include performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod before the LP heat treatment, wherein the LA heat treatment may further include performing heat treatment at a temperature of 650 to 750°C; and performing acid pickling.
- In this regard, the QT heat treatment may include a secondary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 900 to 1000°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a primary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below; a tempering process of heating to a temperature of 450 to 550°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a secondary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit may include, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr≤1.8% and 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% are satisfied, and a fatigue limit which withstands repeated stress more than 10 million times is 700 MPa or more.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit includes: cold forming the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in a spring form; performing stress-relieving heat treatment on the formed spring; and nitriding the resultant.
- In addition, according to the method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, the fatigue limit may increase by 10% or more after nitriding.
- According to an aspect of the present disclosure, provided are a wire rod, a steel wire, and a spring capable of inhibiting formation of a low-temperature structure at a central region by reducing central segregation, and obtaining an excellent reduction of area and a tensile strength of 2,200 MPa or more, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- According to another aspect of the present disclosure, provided are a wire rod, steel wire, and a spring having improved nitriding properties and fatigue limit by controlling the grain size and the number of precipitates, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- A wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to the present disclosure includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein Mn+Cr≤1.8% and 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% are satisfied, and a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% is 10% or less within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
- The terms used herein are merely used to describe particular embodiments. Thus, an expression used in the singular encompasses the expression of the plural, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context. In addition, it is to be understood that the terms such as "including" or "having" are intended to indicate the existence of features, processes, functions, components, or combinations thereof disclosed in the specification, and are not intended to preclude the possibility that one or more other features, processes, functions, components, or combinations thereof may exist or may be added.
- Meanwhile, unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Thus, these terms should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. As used herein, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
- In addition, the terms "about", "substantially", etc. used throughout the specification mean that when a natural manufacturing and substance allowable error are suggested, such an allowable error corresponds a value or is similar to the value, and such values are intended for the sake of clear understanding of the present invention or to prevent an unconscious infringer from illegally using the disclosure of the present invention.
- A wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities.
- Hereinafter, reasons for numerical limitations on the contents of the alloying elements will be described. Hereinafter, the unit is wt% unless otherwise stated.
- A content of C is from 0.6 to 0.7%.
- C is an element increasing strength of a material and may be added in an amount of 0.6% or more to obtain sufficient strength of the material. However, an excess of C may cause a significant deterioration in impact properties after quenching & tempering (QT) heat treatment and an increase in the possibility of formation of a low-temperature structure during a manufacturing process of wire rods, thereby deteriorating the quality of the wire rods. Also, if the C content is excessive, a heat treatment time of LP heat treatment, one of steel wire-manufacturing processes, significantly increases to reduce productivity. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the C content may be controlled to 0.7%.
- A content of Si is from 2.0 to 2.5%.
- Si used for deoxidization of steels is also effective for obtaining strength by solid solution strengthening, and may be added in an amount of 2.0% or more to inhibit a decrease in strength during nitriding and to improve deformation resistance of a spring. However, an excess of Si may cause surface decarburization and deterioration of workability of a material. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Si content may be controlled to 2.5%.
- A content of Mn is from 0.2 to 0.7%.
- Mn, as a hardenability-enhancing element, may be added in an amount of 0.2% or more to obtain hardenability of a material, form a high strength tempered martensite structure, and make S harmless by fixing S. However, an excess of Mn may cause deterioration of quality due to segregation. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Mn content may be controlled to 0.7%.
- A content of Cr is from 0.9 to 1.5%.
- Cr is a hardenability-enhancing element together with Mn and may be added in an amount of 0.9% or more to enhance softening resistance of a steel. However, an excess of Cr may cause a significant decrease in toughness of a steel wire and promote formation of a low-temperature structure while cooling a wire rod. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Cr content may be controlled to 1.5%.
- A content of P is 0.015% or less.
- P is an element segregated in grain boundaries resulting in deterioration of toughness and deterioration of hydrogen delayed fracture resistance of materials, and thus it is desirable to remove P from steel materials. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the P content may be controlled to 0.015%.
- A content of S is 0.01% or less.
- As well as P, S may be segregated in grain boundaries resulting in deterioration of toughness and deterioration of hydrogen delayed fracture resistance of materials by forming MnS. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the S content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- A content of Al is 0.01% or less.
- Although Al, as a powerful deoxidizing element, increases purity by removing oxygen from a steel, Al2O3 inclusions may be formed thereby, resulting in a decrease in fatigue resistance. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Al content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- A content of N is 0.01% or less.
- Although N is an impurity, N binds to Al or V to form crude AlN or VN precipitates that do not melt during heat treatment. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the N content may be controlled to 0.01%.
- A content of Mo is 0.25% or less.
- Among materials for nitriding, Mo is an element improving softening resistance and forming a carbide with V to improve strength during temperature. In addition, Mo forms a MC carbide and maintain strength of a material even after a heat treatment for a long time. However, an excess of Mo inhibits formation of a pearlite structure, and thus quality of the wire rod may deteriorate due to formation of a low-temperature structure after rolling the wire rod. In addition, an excess of Mo inhibits perlite transformation during LP heat treatment before drawing to increase a pearlite transformation time, resulting in a significant decrease in productivity. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Mo content may be controlled to 0.25%.
- A content of W is 0.25% or less.
- Like Mo, W, as an element improving softening resistance together with Mo among the materials for nitriding, forms a MC carbide to maintain strength of a material even after heat treatment for a long time. However, an excess of W may inhibit formation of pearlite and promote formation of a low-temperature structure in the wire rod. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the W content may be controlled to 0.25%.
- A content of V is from 0.05 to 0.2%.
- V, as an element improving softening resistance, together with Mo, among the materials for nitriding, forms a carbide to increase strength during tempering and may maintain strength even after nitriding is performed for a long time. In addition, V, unlike Mo and W, has a high solid solution temperature of a carbide serving to maintain a prior austenite grain size. In addition, because V accelerates pearlite transformation, formation of a low-temperature structure may be inhibited while the wire rod is produced, a thermostatic transformation time may be reduced during LP heat treatment, and productivity may be improved during a steel wire manufacturing process, and thus V may be added in an amount of 0.05% or more. However, if the V content is excessive, a crude carbonitride may be formed during a wire rod producing process, and temperature should be raised by heating while rolling the wire rod. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the V content may be controlled to 0.2%.
- A content of Nb is 0.05% or less.
- Nb, as a carbonitride-forming element, has a higher solid solution temperature than that of V to have superior effects on controlling the prior austenite grain size to V. However, if the Nb content is excessive, a problem of increasing the prior austenite grain size may occur. In consideration thereof, an upper limit of the Nb content may be controlled to 0.05%, and the addition of Nb may be omitted in the case where the prior austenite grain size is controlled during the manufacturing process.
- The remaining component of the composition of the present disclosure is iron (Fe). However, the composition may include unintended impurities inevitably incorporated from raw materials or surrounding environments, and thus addition of other alloy components is not excluded. The impurities are not specifically mentioned in the present disclosure, as they are known to any person skilled in the art of manufacturing.
- Meanwhile, the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy, in percent by weight (wt%), Mn+Cr≤1.8%.
- If the sum of Mn and Cr exceeds 1.8%, a low-temperature structure such as bainite or martensite may be formed during a process of cooling the wire rod, and a pearlite transformation completion time may increase during LP heat treatment. In addition, if the sum of Mn and Cr exceeds 1.8%, carbon equivalent (Ceq) significantly increases to limit the amounts of W and Mo, and thus a decrease in strength of a material may be prevented during nitriding. In addition, if the carbon equivalent (Ceq) increases, the pearlite transformation time increases failing to obtain a complete pearlite structure during the process of cooling the wire rod and the LP heat treatment time increases to cause a decrease in productivity.
- In addition, the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at%. In this regard, at% refers to atomic weight percent.
- If the sum of at% of Mo and W is less than 0.05 at%, a decrease in strength cannot be inhibited during nitriding, and thus a steel material cannot be used as a nitrided steel. On the contrary, if the sum of at% of Mo and W exceeds 0.15 at%, the carbon equivalent increases to increase the pearlite transformation time, thereby causing a problem of decreasing productivity.
- Meanwhile, the reason for controlling by at% is to control the ratio of Mo and W to the carbide to 1: 1 because Mo and W contribute to increase strength by forming a carbide in the form of MC (wherein M=Mo or W and C=carbon).
- In addition, in the wire rod according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the pearlite transformation completion time during the lead patenting (LP) heat treatment may be less than 130 seconds. In this regard, the LP heat treatment process may include a process of heating at a temperature of 950 to 1100°C and rapidly cooling to a temperature of 650 to 750°C. If the pearlite transformation completion time exceeds 130 seconds during the LP heat treatment, a problem of decreasing productivity may occur.
- In addition, the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a pearlite structure in an area fraction of 80% or more.
- Also, the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a prior austenite average grain size of 20 µm or less. When the prior austenite average grain size exceeds 20 µm, the time for the LP heat treatment process increases and a problem of deteriorating workability of the wire rod may occur.
- In addition, in the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% may be 10% or less within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- When the above-described proportion of the area exceeds 10%, deterioration of quality of a material such as formation of a low-temperature structure due to central segregation may be caused, and a reduction of area (RA) decreases after manufacturing a steel wire to cause deterioration of workability thereby increasing a frequency of breakage while processing a spring. In addition, when the above-described area exceeds 10%, the carbide effect may decrease due to concentration of carbide forming elements at the center.
- In addition, in the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm2.
- In the case where a carbonitride having a diameter of 15 µm or more is present on the surface of the wire rod, fatigue breakage may occur in a material. Therefore, it may be preferable that the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more existing in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm2.
- In addition, the wire rod with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a tensile strength of 1,400 MPa or less and a reduction of area (RA) of 35% or more.
- Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described.
- A method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: preparing a bloom by continuously casting a molten steel including, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; heating the bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the bloom to prepare a billet; heating the billet at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolling the billet at a temperature of 1,000°C below to prepare a wire rod; coiling the rolled wire rod at a temperature of 800 to 900°C; and cooling the coiled wire rod at a seed of 0.5 to 2°C/sec.
- Reasons for numerical limitations on the contents of alloying elements are as described above, and hereinafter, processes of the manufacturing method thereof will be described in more detail.
- According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the continuously casting process may include performing soft reduction with a total rolling reduction 20 mm or more.
- A method of casting a slab having a unsolidified layer in the final solidification stage in a continuous casting machine while gradually compressing the slab with a total rolling reduction and at a compressing rate approximately corresponding to a sum of the amount of solidification shrinkage and the amount of thermal shrinkage by passing the slab through a collection of reduction rolls is referred to as soft reduction. In this regard, the total rolling reduction refers to an amount of rolling reduction from the start to the end of the compression. When the total rolling reduction is less than 20 mm, it is difficult to obtain a segregation-removing effect by soft reduction, and thus the total rolling reduction of the soft reduction may be controlled to 20 mm or more to minimize segregation of the wire rod.
- In addition, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the soft reduction may be performed such that each roll reduces 4 mm or less, and a cumulative rolling reduction is 60% or more at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more. The solidification fraction refers to a ratio of a weight of sold-phase molten steel to a total weight of the entire molten steel.
- Meanwhile, if a casting speed is too low, solidification is completed before soft reduction so that a ratio of a liquid phase to a solid phase is too low to obtain the segregation-removing effect by soft reduction. On the contrary, if the casting speed is too high, a ratio of a liquid phase to a solid phase becomes too high, resulting in segregation caused by solidification shrinkage. Therefore, there is a need to control the casting speed such that the rolling reduction is 60% at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more.
- An amount of a coolant is adjusted appropriately such that solidification may be completed until the soft reduction is completed. A Mold Electro Magnetic Stirrer (Mold-EMS) and a Strand-EMS may be set according to conditions for conventional springs or arbitrarily set depending on equipment.
- Meanwhile, unlike common wire rods for springs, spring steels for nitriding include a lot of highly alloying elements, and it is necessary to control carbonitrides therein. Therefore, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the internal carbonitride may be minimized by heating the prepared bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the heated blood to a billet.
- Subsequently, the billet may be heat-treated at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolled at a temperature of 1,000°C or below to prepare a wire rod.
- If the heat treatment temperature for the billet is below 1030°C, the component V in the material does not sufficiently melt failing to form a solid solution of the carbide, thereby causing a problem of deterioration in softening resistance in a final product. The rolling of the billet to a wire rod may be performed at a temperature of 1000°C or below to perform the coiling at a temperature of 900°C or below.
- Subsequently, the rolled wire rod may be coiled at a temperature of 800 to 900°C.
- As a difference between the rolling temperature to prepare the wire rod and the coiling temperature increases, severe F decarburization may be caused by local supercooling. In consideration thereof, the process of coiling the rolled wire rod may be performed at a temperature of 800 to 900°C.
- Then, the coiled wire rod may be cooled at a rate of 0.5 to 2°C/s.
- Unlike common wire rods for springs, steels for spring for nitriding include a lot of highly alloying elements, and thus it is necessary to inhibit formation of a low-temperature structure. If the coiled wire rod is cooled at a rate less than 0.5°C/s, decarburization may occur. On the contrary, if the cooling speed exceeds 2°C/s, a material may break by a low-temperature structure.
- Hereinafter, a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described.
- A steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities.
- In addition, the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy Mn+Cr≤1.8%.
- In addition, the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may satisfy 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at%.
- Reasons for numerical limitations on the contents of alloying elements are as described above.
- In addition, the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include, in area fraction, 85% or more of a tempered martensite structure and the balance of an austenite structure.
- In addition, the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a prior austenite average grain size of 15 µm or less.
- In addition, in the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% may be 10% or less within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- If the above-described proportion (wt%) of the area exceeds 10%, deterioration of quality of a material such as formation of a low-temperature structure due to central segregation may be caused, and deterioration of workability may be caused thereby increasing a frequency of breakage while processing a spring. In addition, if the above-described proportion (wt%) of the area exceeds 10%, the carbide effect may decrease due to concentration of carbide forming elements at the center.
- In addition, in the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm may be less than 2 per cm2.
- In the case where a carbonitride having a diameter of 15 µm or more is present on the surface of the steel wire, fatigue breakage may occur in the material. Therefore, it may be preferable to control the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more to be less than 2 per cm2 in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm.
- In addition, in the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the number of carbides within an area of 100 µm2 may be from 10 to 50, the maximum diameter of the carbides may be from 5 to 50 nm, and the content of V or Nb may be 10 at% or more.
- Once a carbide including V or Nb grows over 10 nm, other carbide-forming elements such as Cr and Mo as well as V are included therein, and thus it is necessary to appropriately distribute carbide-forming elements used for inhibiting the growth of the prior austenite grains and carbide-forming elements used for precipitation hardening.
- If the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm is less than 10, it is difficult to control the prior austenite grain size. On the contrary, if the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm is greater than 50, the carbides with 5 nm or less used for precipitation hardening decreases, thereby decreasing a tensile strength of the steel wire.
- In addition, the steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a tensile strength of 2,100 MPa or more and a reduction of area (RA) of 45% or more.
- Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described.
- A method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; performing LP heat treatment; and drawing the wire rod to prepare a steel wire; and performing QT heat treatment on the steel wire.
- First, the wire rod according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be subjected to a low temperature annealing (LA) at a temperature of 650 to 750°C.
- Although not limited thereto, as a processing time of the LA heat treatment increases, the carbide coarsens making it difficult to control the carbide during a subsequent process, and thus the LA heat treatment may be performed within 2 hours. By the LA heat treatment, the strength of the wire rod may decrease to 1,200 MPa or less. If required, the LA heat treatment process may be omitted.
- Then, the LA heat-treated wire rod is acid-pickled and lead patenting (LP) heat treatment may be performed.
- The LP heat treatment may include a primary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1 100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a process of passing the primarily austenized wire rod through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 700°C within 3 minutes.
- By performing the austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less, an austenite structure may be obtained and the carbide coarsened in the LA process may form a solid solution again.
- Subsequently, the primarily austenized wire rod may be isothermally transformed via rapid cooling by passing through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 750°C within 3 minutes, and a pearlite structure may be obtained. If the Pb bath temperature is below 650°C, a low-temperature structure may be formed. On the contrary, if the Pb bath temperature is above 750°C, the carbide coarsens and strength may decrease.
- Subsequently, LP heat-treated wire rod may be drawn to prepare a steel wire. In this regard, the prepared steel wire may have a wire diameter of 5 mm. The LP heat treatment may be performed again to control the wire diameter of the steel wire to 2 mm or less.
- Subsequently, the prepared steel wire may be subjected to QT heat treatment process to obtain a tempered martensite structure.
- According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the QT heat treatment may include a secondary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 900 to 1000°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a primary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below; a tempering process of heating to a temperature of 450 to 550°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; and a secondary oil quenching process performed at 70°C or below.
- In the QT heat treatment, the austenizing temperature may be from 900 to 1000°C such that the fine carbides precipitated during the LP heat treatment are maintained. Although not limited thereto, the austenizing process may be performed for 6 minutes or less in the QT heat treatment.
- If the tempering temperature is below 450°C in the QT heat treatment, the nitriding temperature is lowered, formation of additional carbides cannot be induced, and toughness may deteriorate. On the contrary, if the tempering temperature exceeds 550°C in the QT heat treatment, a sufficient strength cannot be obtained.
- Hereinafter, a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described.
- A spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, satisfies Mn+Cr≤1.8%, and satisfies 0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at%.
- Reasons for numerical limitations on the contents of alloying elements are as described above.
- In addition, in the spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a fatigue limit increases by 10% or more after nitriding. In this regard, the fatigue limit refers to a limit withstanding repeated loads more than 10 million times during a fatigue test after designing a spring.
- In addition, the spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may have a fatigue limit of 700 MPa or more which withstands repeated stress more than 10 million times.
- In addition, in the spring according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a strength change before and after nitriding is 15% or less, and a nitriding temperature may be 430°C or above.
- Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described.
- A method for manufacturing a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: cold forming the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in a spring form; performing stress-relieving heat treatment on the formed spring; and nitriding the resultant.
- The fatigue limit of the steel wire according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be improved by performing nitriding before shot peening in the spring-manufacturing process. In this regard, if the nitriding temperature is too low, nitrogen cannot appropriately penetrate into the surface. If the nitriding temperature is too high, hardness of the central region of the material decreases and a desired strength of the material cannot be obtained. In consideration thereof, the nitriding process may be performed at a temperature of 420 to 450°C for 10 hours or more.
- Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail through examples. However, it is necessary to note that the following examples are only intended to illustrate the present disclosure in more detail and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. This is because the scope of the present disclosure is determined by matters described in the claims and able to be reasonably inferred therefrom.
- Steel materials including various compositions of alloying elements shown in Table 1 below were continuously cast with a total soft reduction of 10 to 25 mm to prepare blooms. The prepared blooms were subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 1,200°C for homogenization and heat treatment at a temperature of 1050°C, and then hot rolled to a final wire diameter of 6.5 mm while cooling to 850°C to prepare wire rods having a final wire diameter of 6.5 mm. Then, the hot-rolled wire rods were coiled at a temperature of 800 to 900°C and cooled at a rate of 1°C/s.
Table 1 Alloying element (wt%) C Si Mn Cr P S Mo V Al Nb W Example 1 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.009 0.005 0.2 0.15 <0.003 0.02 Example 2 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.011 0.005 0.15 0.15 <0.003 0.1 Comparative Example 1 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.009 0.005 0.2 0.15 <0.003 0.02 Comparative Example 2 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.011 0.005 0.15 0.02 <0.003 0.1 Comparative Example 3 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.009 0.005 0.2 0.15 <0.003 0.02 0.2 Comparative Example 4 0.63 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.009 0.005 0.2 0.15 <0.003 0.02 - Table 2 below shows at% contents of W+Mo and total soft reduction of the examples and comparative examples. The segregation areas of Table 2 below were derived by analyzing 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction of the prepared wire rod. The 'C segregation area' of Table 2 refers to a proportion of an area satisfying C > 0.85 wt% within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction. The 'Si segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Si > 3.0 wt% within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction. The 'Mn segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Mn > 0.8 wt% within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction. The 'Cr segregation area' refers to a proportion of an area satisfying Cr > 2.0 wt% within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction. The segregation area was measured by using an Electron Probe X-ray Micro Analyzer, EPMA (Model No. E MPA-1600).
Table 2 W+Mo (at%) Total soft reductio n (mm) C segregat ion area (%) Si segregat ion area (%) Mn segregat ion area (%) Cr segregat ion area (%) Sum of C, Si, Mn, and Cr segregatio n areas (%) Example 1 0.11 25 mm <1% 2.5 <1% 2.5 <7% Example 2 0.08 25 mm <1% 4.3 <1% 2.3 <8.6% Comparative Example 1 0.11 10 mm 5.5 11.2 3.1% 10.2 30% Comparative Example 2 0.08 25 mm <1% 4.5 <1% 2.2 <8.7% Comparative Example 3 0.17 25 mm <1% 3.2 <1% 3.4 <8.6% Comparative Example 4 0.11 25 mm <1% 4.2 <1% 2.4 <8.6% - Referring to Table 2, because Examples 1 and 2 satisfy the composition of alloying elements and the total soft reduction suggested by the present disclosure, the sum of C, Si, Mn, and Cr segregation areas was not more than 10%. On the contrary, because Comparative Example 1 had the total soft reduction was 10 mm which is less than 20 mm, the sum of C, Si, Mn, Cr segregation areas was 30%.
- Table 3 below shows tensile strength, reduction of area (RA), central low-temperature structure, prior austenite average grain size, pearlite structure, and the number of carbonitrides of the prepared wire rods. The prior austenite average grain size, the pearlite structure, and the number of carbonitrides were measured by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Model No. JEOL, JSM-6610LV).
- The 'O' of Table 3 indicates a case in which an area fraction of the low-temperature structure exceeded 20%, and the 'X' indicates a case in which an area fraction of the low-temperature structure is not more than 20%.
- 8 samples were prepared by cutting a 3 m-long wire rod into 8 pieces. The pearlite structure of Table 3 below refers to the number of samples in which an area fraction of the pearlite structure was 80% or more in a microstructure of a cross-section perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of each sample.
- 10 samples were prepared by cutting a 10 cm-long wire rod into 10 pieces each having a length of 1 cm. The number of carbonitrides of Table 3 below refers to the number of carbonitrides having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more measured in a microstructure of a cross-section of the sample parallel to a lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm.
Table 3 Tensile strength (MPa) Reductio n of area of wire rod (%) Central low-temperatur e structure Prior austenite average grain size (µm) Pearlite structure No. of carbonitri des Example 1 1221 42 X 14 7/8 0 Example 2 1231 35 X 18 8/8 0 Comparative Example 1 1455 25 O 20 5/8 2 Comparative Example 2 1253 35 X 24 7/8 0 Comparative Example 3 1510 10 O 15 2/8 0 Comparative Example 4 1233 42 X 16 8/8 0 - Referring to Table 3, in Examples 1 and 2, a low-temperature structure was not formed in central areas, and the prior austenite average grain size was not more than 20 µm. In addition, among 8 samples, 6 or more samples exhibited 80% or more of the pearlite structure according to Examples 1 and 2, and the tensile strength was not more than 1400 MPa indicating excellent workability. Also, a carbonitride was not formed on the surfaces in Examples 1 and 2.
- On the contrary, according to Comparative Example 1, the tensile strength exceeded 1400 MPa, the reduction of area less than 35% exhibited inferior workability, and the low-temperature structure was formed in the central area. In addition, according to Comparative Example 1, only 5 samples included 80% or more of the pearlite structure among the 8 samples, and 80% of more of the pearlite structure was not uniformly formed.
- In Comparative Example 2, referring to the alloying elements of Table 1, because the V content was less than 0.15%, the prior austenite average grain size was 24 µm exceeding 20 µm indicating coarsening of grains.
- In Comparative Example 3, because the tensile strength was 1510 MPa and the reduction of area was only 10%, workability was inferior and a low-temperature structure was formed in the central area. In addition, in Comparative Example 3, only 2 samples includes 80% or more of the pearlite structure among the 8 sample, indicating that the pearlite structure was not sufficiently formed.
- Subsequently, the samples of the examples and comparative examples were subjected to LA heat treatment at 720°C for 2 hours and acid pickling, and then LP heat treatment was performed. The LP heat treatment was performed by heating to a primary austenizing temperature within 3 minutes, and then proceeded under conditions shown in Table 4 below. In addition, Table 4 showed pearlite transformation time of LP heat treatment according to the examples and the comparative examples. The pearlite transformation time was measured by deriving a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve via a dilatometry experiment.
[Table 4] LP heat treatment Primary austenizing Pb bath Pearlite transformation time during LP heat treatment (sec) Temperatur e (°C) Maintaining time (min) Temperatur e (°C) Passing time (min) Example 1 1000 3 675 2 110 Example 2 1000 3 675 2 105 Comparative Example 1 1000 3 675 2 110 Comparative Example 2 1000 3 675 2 112 Comparative Example 3 1000 3 675 2 130 Comparative Example 4 930 3 690 2 110 - The pearlite transformation time of Examples 1 and 2 was 110 seconds and 105 seconds, respectively less than 130 seconds, indicating excellent productivity. On the contrary, the pearlite transformation time of Comparative Example 3 was 130 seconds indicating inferior productivity to the extent that field production is difficult.
- Subsequently, the LP heat-treated materials of the examples and comparative examples were drawn to prepare steel wires having a wire diameter of 3 mm. The prepared steel wires were subjected to a secondary austenizing process and a primary quenching process, and then tempered and subjected to a secondary quenching process to obtain QT steel wires. The steel wires were heated to a secondary austenizing temperature within 3 minutes, and the primary and secondary quenching processes were performed in an oil at 60°C. The remaining process was performed under conditions of Table 5 below.
[Table 5] QT heat treatment Secondary austenizing Tempering Temperature (°C) Maintaining time (min) Temperature (°C) Maintaining time (min) Example 1 930 2 470 2 Example 2 930 2 470 2 Comparative Example 1 930 2 470 2 Comparative Example 2 930 2 470 2 Comparative Example 3 930 2 470 2 Comparative Example 4 930 2 470 2 - Table 6 below shows tensile strength, reduction of area (RA), and the number of carbides of the prepared QT steel wires. In this regard, the number of carbides refers to the number of carbides having a maximum diameter of 5 to 50 nm and including the content of V or Nb is 10 at% or more in an area of 100 µm2. The number of carbides refers to an average of 8 values measured from 8 positions in an area of 100 µm2 of the surface of the wire rod by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of FEI Tecnai OSIRIS.
[Table 6] Tensile strength of QT steel wire (MPa) Reduction of area of QT steel wire (%) No. of carbides Example 1 2242 51 31 Example 2 2232 49 23 Comparative Example 1 2232 32 65 Comparative Example 2 2180 44 2 Comparative Example 3 2352 44 24 Comparative Example 4 2120 46 61 - Referring to Table 6, Examples 1 and 2 exhibited 2200 MPa or more of excellent tensile strengths and 45% or more of reduction of area. In addition, the number of carbides of Examples 1 and 2 was from 10 to 50.
- On the contrary, the reduction of area of Comparative Example 1 was only 32% and the number of carbides exceeded 50. According to Comparative Example 2, an inferior tensile strength not more than 2200 MPa was obtained, and the number of carbides was less than 10 causing a problem of difficulties in controlling the prior austenite average grain size. Comparative Example 4 exhibited an inferior tensile strength of 2200 MPa or less and the number of carbides exceeded 50.
- Subsequently, the QT steel wire was cold formed in a spring shape and the formed spring was heat treated and nitrided at a temperature of 420 to 450°C.
- Table 7 below shows whether the spring breaks while forming the spring, fatigue limit values, and fatigue limit after nitriding.
- The fatigue limits before and after nitriding were measured under the conditions of a stress ratio R (tensile capacity/compression capacity) of -1 and a test speed of 30 to 60 Hz.
- In table 7 below, 'X' indicates that breakage did not occur while forming the spring, and 'O' indicates that breakage occurred while forming the spring.
[Table 7] Breakage Fatigue limit before nitriding (MPa) Fatigue limit after nitriding (MPa) Example 1 X 700 780 Example 2 X 710 780 Comparative Example 1 O 680 750 Comparative Example 2 O 650 700 Comparative Example 3 X 700 770 Comparative Example 4 X 660 710 - The samples of Examples 1 and 2 did not break due to excellent workability and had excellent fatigue limits over 650 MPa before nitriding. In addition, the samples of Examples 1 and 2 had fatigue limits over 750 MPa after nitriding. Since the fatigue limit after nitriding was higher than that before nitriding by 10% or more, excellent nitriding properties were obtained.
- On the contrary, Comparative Examples 1 and 2 exhibited breakage due to inferior workability, and the fatigue limit after nitriding increased by less than 10% compared to that before nitriding.
- Although the spring of Comparative Example 4 did not break during processing, the fatigue limit after nitriding could not be increased by 10% or more compared to that before nitriding, indicating inferior nitriding properties.
- According to the disclosed embodiments, by optimizing the composition of alloying elements and conditions of the manufacturing process, excellent tensile strength and reduction of area may be obtained and also nitriding properties and fatigue limit may be improved, and thus the spring may be applicable as a material of transmissions and engine valves of vehicles.
- According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a wire rod and a steel wire for a spring and a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit and a method for manufacturing the same may be provided.
Claims (15)
- A wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, the wire rod comprising, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities,wherein Mn+Cr≤1.8% is satisfied,0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% is satisfied,a proportion (wt%) of an area satisfying one or more of C > 0.85%, Si > 3.0%, Mn > 0.8%, and Cr > 2.0% is 10% or less within an area of 1 mm2 of a central region of a cross-section perpendicular to a lengthwise direction.
- The wire rod according to claim 1, wherein the wire rod comprises, in an area fraction, 80% or more of a pearlite structure and the balance of a bainite structure or a martensite structure.
- The wire rod according to claim 1, wherein a prior austenite average grain size is 20 µm or less.
- The wire rod according to claim 1, wherein the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to a lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm is less than 2 per cm2.
- The wire rod according to claim 1, wherein a tensile strength is 1,400 MPa or less, and a reduction of area is 35% or more.
- A method for manufacturing a wire rod for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, the method comprising:preparing a bloom by continuously casting a molten steel including, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities;heating the bloom at a temperature of 1,200°C or above and rolling the bloom to prepare a billet;heating the billet at a temperature of 1,030°C or above and rolling the billet at a temperature of 1,000°C below to prepare a wire rod;coiling the rolled wire rod at a temperature of 800 to 900°C; andcooling the coiled wire rod at a seed of 0.5 to 2°C/sec.
- The method according to claim 6, wherein the continuously casting process comprises performing soft reduction with a total rolling reduction 20 mm or more.
- The method according to claim 7, wherein the soft reduction is performed to allow each roll to roll by reducing 4 mm or less and have a cumulative rolling reduction of 60% or more at a solidification fraction of 0.6 or more.
- A steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, the steel wire comprising, in percent by weight (wt%), 0.6 to 0.7% of C, 2.0 to 2.5% of Si, 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn, 0.9 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.015% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, 0.01% or less of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.25% or less of Mo, 0.25% or less of W, 0.05% to 0.2% of V, 0.05% or less of Nb, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities,wherein Mn+Cr≤1.8% is satisfied,0.05 at%≤Mo+W≤0.15 at% is satisfied, andthe steel wire comprises, in an area fraction, 85% or more of a tempered martensite structure and the balance of an austenite structure.
- The steel wire according to claim 9, wherein a prior austenite average grain size is 15 µm or less.
- The steel wire according to claim 9, wherein the number of a carbonitride having a maximum diameter of 15 µm or more distributed in a cross-section parallel to the lengthwise direction within a surface depth of 1 mm is less than 2 per cm2.
- The steel wire according to claim 9, wherein the number of carbides in an area of 100 µm2 is from 10 to 50, the maximum diameter of the carbide is from 5 to 50 nm, and a content of V or Nb is 10 at% or more.
- The steel wire according to claim 9, wherein a tensile strength is 2,100 MPa or more, and a reduction of area is 45% or more.
- A method for manufacturing a steel wire for a spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, the method comprising:performing LA heat treatment on the wire rod according to any one of claims 1 to 5;drawing the LP heat-treated wire rod to prepare a steel wire; andperforming QT heat treatment on the steel wire,wherein the LP heat treatment comprises:a primary austenizing process of heating to a temperature of 950 to 1100°C within 3 minutes and maintaining for 3 minutes or less; anda process of passing the primarily austenized wire rod through a Pb bath at a temperature of 650 to 700°C within 3 minutes.
- The method according to claim 14, wherein, in the LP heat treatment, a pearlite transformation completion time is less than 130 seconds.
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PCT/KR2022/007483 WO2022255727A1 (en) | 2021-06-02 | 2022-05-26 | Wire rod and steel wire for spring, spring with improved strength and fatigue limit, and method for manufacturing same |
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