EP4312760A1 - Verfahren zum bestimmen eines aktuellen glukosewerts in einem transportfluid - Google Patents
Verfahren zum bestimmen eines aktuellen glukosewerts in einem transportfluidInfo
- Publication number
- EP4312760A1 EP4312760A1 EP22717726.8A EP22717726A EP4312760A1 EP 4312760 A1 EP4312760 A1 EP 4312760A1 EP 22717726 A EP22717726 A EP 22717726A EP 4312760 A1 EP4312760 A1 EP 4312760A1
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- Prior art keywords
- measurement
- tissue
- model
- glucose value
- value
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Classifications
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
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- A61B5/14507—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue specially adapted for measuring characteristics of body fluids other than blood
- A61B5/1451—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue specially adapted for measuring characteristics of body fluids other than blood for interstitial fluid
- A61B5/14514—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue specially adapted for measuring characteristics of body fluids other than blood for interstitial fluid using means for aiding extraction of interstitial fluid, e.g. microneedles or suction
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- A61B5/725—Details of waveform analysis using specific filters therefor, e.g. Kalman or adaptive filters
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- A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
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- A61B5/7282—Event detection, e.g. detecting unique waveforms indicative of a medical condition
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- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
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- G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
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- A61B2505/07—Home care
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining, in particular continuously, a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism.
- the invention further relates to a device for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism.
- the invention also relates to an evaluation device for determining, in particular continuously, a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism.
- the invention further relates to a non-volatile, computer-readable medium for storing instructions which, when executed on a computer, cause a method for, in particular, continuous determination of a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism to be carried out.
- the present invention is generally applicable to any method for determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, the present invention will be explained in relation to the blood glucose concentration in an organism.
- CGM Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- a blood glucose concentration BG in an organism, particularly in humans.
- an interstitial tissue glucose concentration IG is typically measured automatically, for example every one to five minutes.
- SMBG Self-monitoring procedures
- measurements can be carried out with a significantly higher frequency. This enables automated evaluations and warning signals to be sent to the patient, especially while the patient is sleeping, which helps to avoid critical health conditions in patients.
- CGM systems are based on the one hand on electrochemical processes. Such a CGM system is described, for example, in WO 2006/017358 A1.
- optical CGM systems have become known, for example from DE 10 2015 101 847 B4, in which a fluorescence dependent on the glucose value is used and which is hereby incorporated by reference. Both types of CGM systems measure an interstitial tissue glucose concentration.
- tissue glucose concentration or interstitial glucose concentration IG differs from the blood glucose concentration, hereinafter abbreviated to BG.
- BG blood glucose concentration
- the CGM system is calibrated using a manual determination of the blood glucose concentration, for example by a drop of blood extracted from a finger and the glucose concentration in the drop of blood is determined using an external measuring device, leads to significant inaccuracies.
- a further object of the present invention is to specify an alternative method, an alternative device and an alternative evaluation device.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method, a device and an evaluation device with an improved determination of the to provide blood glucose concentration in an organism based on a measurement of interstitial tissue glucose level.
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned tasks by a method for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism, comprising the steps a) determining a measurement series using a sensor device, comprising at least two time-spaced measured values for a tissue glucose value in the tissue surrounding the transport fluid, b) determining the tissue glucose value using the determined measurement series based on a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function, with the measurement model using the measurement model measuring values of the sensor device tissue glucose values are assigned taking into account at least one measurement noise value, c) providing at least one state transition model, wherein at least one glucose value in the transport fluid is assigned to the determined tissue glucose values by means of the at least one state transition model rd taking into account at least one process noise value, and d) estimating the current glucose value in the transport fluid based on an approximation of at least one provided state transition model and the determined tissue glucose value using at least one Kalman filter in the case
- the present invention achieves the above-mentioned objects by means of a device for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism, preferably suitable for carrying out a method according to one of claims 1-15.
- a sensor device in particular for measuring fluorescence in a tissue surrounding the transport fluid by means of a probe, in particular a polymer optical fiber probe, designed to determine a series of measurements, comprising at least two measured values, spaced apart in time, for a tissue glucose value in the tissue surrounding the transport fluid
- a provision device designed to provide at least one state transition model, at least one glucose value in the transport fluid being assigned to the determined tissue glucose values by means of the at least one state transition model taking into account at least one process noise value, and for providing a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function, with the measurement model being used to assign measured values of the sensor device to tissue glucose values, taking at least one measurement noise value into account, and an evaluation device designed to determine the Tissue glucose value based on the determined series of measurements based on the measurement model and for estimating the current glucose value in the transport fluid based on an approximation of at least one provided state transition model s and the determined tissue glucose value using at least one Kalman filter in the case of a measurement model in
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned tasks with an evaluation device for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism, comprising at least one interface for connecting a sensor device for providing a Measurement series, comprising at least two measurement values spaced apart in time for a tissue glucose value in the tissue surrounding the transport fluid, at least one memory for storing at least one state transition model, the tissue glucose values determined by means of the at least one state transition model being at least one Glucose value in the transport fluid is assigned taking into account at least one process noise value, and for storing a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function, with the measurement model measuring values of the sensor device tissue glucose value en are assigned taking into account at least one measurement noise value, and a computing device designed to determine the tissue glucose value using the determined series of measurements based on the stored measurement model and to estimate the current glucose value in the transport fluid based on an approximation of at least one provided state transition model and the determined
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned tasks by a non-volatile, computer-readable medium for storing instructions which, executed on a computer, cause a method for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular Blood, an organism, is carried out, preferably suitable for carrying out a method according to one of claims 1-15, comprising the steps a) determining, by means of a sensor device, a series of measurements, comprising at least two measured values for a tissue Glucose value in the tissue surrounding the transport fluid, b) determining the tissue glucose value using the determined series of measurements based on a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function, using the measurement model measuring values of the sensor device tissue glucose values taking into account at least one be assigned to a measurement noise value, c) providing at least one state transition model, with the at least one state transition model being used to assign at least one glucose value in the transport fluid to the determined tissue glucose values, taking into account at least one process noise
- a measurement series is recorded with at least two sensor measurement values spaced apart in time of an interstitial tissue glucose value of the tissue of the organism by means of one or more sensors.
- a measurement or sensor model of the connection between the sensor measurement values and the tissue glucose value is provided and one or more state transition models are provided which include models for the connection between the tissue glucose value and the blood glucose value.
- the blood glucose value of the organism is quantified by means of an estimate based on an approximation of the state transition model and the tissue glucose values, it being essential that the estimate using at least one Kalman filter in the case of a measurement model in the form a linear function or using at least one extended Kalman filter in the case of a measurement model in the form of a non-linear function.
- the Kalman filter is an unbiased and consistent estimator with minimal variance. Because of these estimation properties, the Kalman filter is an optimal linear filter. In contrast to other (recursive) linear estimators, which also minimize least squares, the Kalman filter also allows the treatment of problems with correlated noise components.
- the extended Kalman filter is a non-linear extension of the Kalman filter described above.
- the extended Kalman filter approximates the nonlinear problem analytically based on the nonlinear function by a linear problem.
- the evaluation device can in particular be a computer, an integrated circuit or the like, which is designed in particular for optimized calculation, for example the trace of a matrix.
- the device and/or evaluation device can be designed as a portable device with an independent energy source, for example a battery, a rechargeable battery or the like, which means efficient operation, and therefore the energy consumption for carrying out the method according to one embodiment of present invention as low as possible in order to enable the longest possible battery operation, which improves the user experience.
- power-saving processors, circuits, switching circuits, interfaces, in particular wireless interfaces and the like can be used for this purpose.
- the implementation of the method can be adapted in particular with regard to its parameters, for example to the underlying device or evaluation device, for example with regard to the evaluation horizon and/or the noise horizon, the scope of random samples, the linear or non-linear functions or the like , which is described below in order to achieve sufficient accuracy on the one hand and a long running time on the other.
- One of the possible advantages that can be achieved with the embodiments is that it enables the current glucose value in the transport fluid, in particular blood, to be estimated in a way that is efficient in terms of time and computer resources. Another advantage is that the flexibility is significantly increased compared to known methods, since there are no restrictions on specific sensor models and/or state transition models. A further advantage is that not only is the accuracy of the current glucose value increased, but past glucose values are also improved at the same time.
- a number of state transition models are provided which, depending on the course over time of the estimated current glucose value, in particular its rate of change over time, change. This enables in particular an efficient and at the same time precise determination of the current glucose value.
- At least two state transition models are provided, one based on a constant glucose concentration, one based on a constant change in glucose concentration and/or one based on a weighted sum of previous glucose concentrations. This enables the current glucose value to be determined in a particularly resource-efficient manner, since the state transition model can be adapted as a function of the dynamics of the glucose value. This avoids overestimating or underestimating the glucose value in the blood when the glucose value rises or falls.
- determined values are filtered by means of at least one filter function, errors, in particular measurement errors, of the sensor device being suppressed by means of the at least one filter function.
- faulty measurements for example sensor errors or outliers in the measured values, can be sorted out in a simple manner, ie they are not taken into account in the further calculation of the current glucose value.
- the at least one measurement noise value is adjusted, in particular regularly. This ensures that the respective noise values are adjusted efficiently, in particular at regular intervals, in order to ensure sufficient accuracy of the current glucose value on the one hand and to avoid unnecessary adjustments or updates that do not or only insignificantly result in an increase in the accuracy of the current glucose value to avoid.
- the variance of the measurement noise is determined using a random sample of measured values, in particular this is estimated.
- the measurement noise value can be adjusted in an efficient way.
- a statistical test in particular a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, is used to check whether the null hypothesis—the sample follows a mean-free Gaussian distribution with the determined variance of the measurement noise—is not rejected.
- the variance of the measurement noise is determined for at least one further sample of measured values as long as the null hypothesis is rejected.
- the at least one filter function is used to check measured values for outliers and measured values that were determined as outliers are discarded, in particular using an NIS test.
- a possible advantage is that the accuracy of the determination of the current glucose value is further improved.
- the at least one filter function is used to check the measured values for exceeding and/or falling below specified limit values before they are discarded. This represents a particularly simple way of checking measured values for outliers.
- the state transition model includes a diffusion model for time-dependent modeling of the diffusion process of glucose from the transport fluid into the surrounding tissue. Using a diffusion model, in particular based on a diffusion constant, it is possible to model the damping and time delay between the glucose value in the transport fluid, in particular in the blood, and the tissue glucose value in a simple and at the same time less computationally intensive manner.
- the trend in blood sugar concentration is classified using a number of categories, in particular using at least seven categories.
- the trend or the future course of his blood sugar can thus be displayed to a user in a simple and efficient manner.
- FIG. 2 shows a course of the blood sugar over time when using a Kalman filter and a Kalman smoother according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG 3 shows a course of the blood sugar over time when using a Kalman filter and a Kalman smoother according to an embodiment of the present invention with trend estimation.
- FIG. 1 shows in detail the steps of a method for, in particular, continuously determining a current glucose value in a transport fluid, in particular blood, of an organism, for determining the glucose concentration in the blood, based on the use of at least one Kalman filter in the case a measurement model in the form of a linear function or using at least one extended Kalman filter in the case of a measurement model in the form of a non-linear function.
- a sensor device is used to determine a series of measurements, comprising at least two measured values spaced apart in time for a tissue glucose value in the tissue surrounding the transport fluid.
- the tissue glucose value is determined using the determined series of measurements based on a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function, with the measurement model being used to assign measured values of the sensor device to tissue glucose values, taking into account at least one measurement noise value .
- step S3 at least one state transition model is provided, with the at least one state transition model being used to assign at least one glucose value in the transport fluid to the determined tissue glucose values, taking into account at least one process noise value.
- the current glucose value is estimated based on an approximation of at least one provided state transition model and the determined tissue glucose value using at least one Kalman filter in the case of a measurement model in the form of a linear function or at least one extended Kalman -Filters in the case of a measurement model in the form of a non-linear function.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 in particular also the use of different filters, the identification of outliers and the like.
- the respective features can be combined with one another in whole or in part.
- the Kalman filter is an estimator for dynamic variables with Gaussian distributed measurement and process noise. Furthermore, the Markov property that each state depends only on its previous state is required. Any state vector is defined by the system matrix F k , the previous state vector x k and the process noise w k .
- the process noise generally has the covariance:
- the filter consists of two steps, a first prediction step and a second innovation step:
- Changes in the blood sugar concentration are then modeled using the process uncertainty w. Assuming that disturbances, such as an increase in blood sugar concentration due to food intake or decrease due to insulin administration/release, influence the blood sugar change, according to one embodiment of the present invention, changes in the blood sugar concentration are made using a model based on a constant blood sugar change with
- Disturbances are modeled by a process error w in the blood sugar change.
- the model can be expanded to include the to meet the requirements again. If the current process noise value correlates with historical process noise values, the Markov property is violated.
- this decaying behavior can be represented by a model based on an exponential decay can be modeled with ⁇ ⁇ 1 of the blood sugar change.
- the dynamics of the blood sugar can be calculated using an autoregressive model (AR model) of order p take place.
- the current value is modeled by the weighted sum of the previous values. It should be noted here that this modeling contradicts the requirement of the Kalman filter according to the Markov property of the states that each state depends only on its previous one.
- the diffusion process of the glucose from the blood into the tissue and then into the sensor is considered by a as a series connection of the processes summarized.
- g s corresponds to the concentration of glucose in the sensor
- the time constant consists of the sum of the time constant of the diffusion of glucose from the blood into the tissue fluid and from the tissue fluid in the sensor.
- the overall state vector consists of the blood sugar vector and the glucose value in the sensor g s together.
- measured values of the sensor are assigned to tissue glucose values using a series of measurements based on a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function using the measurement model, taking into account at least one measurement noise value.
- a measurement model in the form of a linear or non-linear function using the measurement model, taking into account at least one measurement noise value.
- Various measurement models--based on a linear function or a non-linear function--according to embodiments of the invention are available for this purpose.
- the Extended Kalman Filter is used.
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring data - CGM data for short - is that changes in blood sugar, for example due to food intake or the effect of insulin, only appear in the tissue fluid with a time delay of more than 10 minutes to make noticable. On the one hand, this is due to physiological reasons. On the other hand, additional time is required until the tissue fluid has then diffused into the sensor for measurement. As a result, when the blood sugar increases, the estimated value first lags behind and then, if there is also a change in the tissue sugar, it rises very steeply, which represents non-physiological behavior.
- Another change in blood glucose change occurs when the insulin wears off. This point in time can also only be determined with additional knowledge about the amount of insulin, duration of action, etc. This can result in a dynamic model with a constant blood sugar change leading to a significant overestimation of the blood sugar when the blood sugar rises and a corresponding underestimation when the blood sugar decreases.
- the effect can be reduced by changing, in particular in a controlled manner, between the dynamic models.
- a constant rate of change (cROC) model with modeling of the uncertainty due to process noise and a constant blood glucose model (cBG) depending on certain parameters:
- a cBG dynamic model is selected in particular when the blood sugar falls below a specified lower blood sugar value BZ U (rate of change/change rate ROC ⁇ 0) or when the blood sugar concentration rises (ROC>0) and an upper blood sugar limit value BZ 0 is exceeded.
- a particularly continuous adjustment of the measurement noise is undertaken, which is assumed to be free of mean values and Gaussian distributed. This makes it possible to take into account variances between different sensors and the aging of the sensors. An adjustment or an update of the variances leads directly to a change, in particular an improvement, in the quality of the estimation of the current blood sugar value. However, if the measurement noise is underestimated, this leads to a very noisy measurement signal and thus to erroneous measurement values. On the other hand, if the measurement noise is estimated too high or the process noise is estimated too low, this leads to a time-delayed estimation, which also reduces the accuracy of the determination of the current blood sugar value.
- a lower limit value for the variance is first determined for this purpose. This corresponds to the minimum variance of the measuring system resulting from physical and technical considerations.
- An initial value for the measurement variance is set based on the expected measurement variance.
- the noise from a series of measurements made up of N measured values and the associated filtered measured values is first determined calculated, whereby the measured values are filtered by means of a Kalman smoother.
- a Kolmogorow-Smirnow test at the significance level ⁇ can then be used to test whether the sample is a mean-free sample Distribution with the measurement variance follows.
- the variance becomes independent of the test result by the sample variance of the named sample where df is the number of degrees of freedom in the filtering.
- the noise of the (next) N measured values is determined and the variance is replaced by the sample variance of the sample until the null hypothesis is no longer rejected.
- outliers in the measurements are detected.
- the so-called “Normalized Innovation Squared Value”, NIS value for short (consistency estimation), can be used to detect outliers.
- NIS Normalized Innovation Squared
- Model errors for example a strong increase when a blood sugar increase also appears in the tissue signal, can also lead to the limit value being exceeded, so that measured values are incorrectly recognized as outliers by the NIS test. Subsequently, these values are filtered through the Kalman filter, although this is not mandatory.
- the measurement signals can therefore also be checked in such a way that a measurement value is only identified as an outlier if it falls below and/or exceeds certain limit values.
- Such outliers in the measured values are based on erroneous measurements, for example caused by pressure fluctuations, which are noticeable through a strong change in temperature.
- the following method is used: If the NIS outlier test is negative, but at least two previous measurements were classified as measurement errors (i>1), it is assumed that there is a system fault, which only occurs again when is considered terminated once the limit values have been met.
- the current measured value is sorted out. This enables relaxation processes to be taken into account.
- the counter i according to the above method is set to 0 again.
- the number of arithmetic operations is reduced by approximating the BG-IG dynamics. Since the covariance of the prediction is symmetrical, it can be sufficient to determine six of the nine entries, which means that additional arithmetic operations can be saved.
- the computing effort can be reduced if the state transition matrix, the measurement matrix and the covariance matrix of the process noise and the measurement noise are constant over a period of time, since in this case the covariance matrix of the prediction is opposite converges. If the change in the middle matrix element is below a limit value, the algorithm is reduced to calculating the state and measured value prediction as well as the updated state. In this way, only the prediction step and the innovation step for the state have to be carried out per step.
- An extended Kalman filter here in the form of a so-called "Kalman Fixed Interval Smoother" is used to filter past measured values.
- filtering past values can also have the advantage that the data can be used for the graphical display.
- the blood sugar signal is relatively noisy, which is non-physiological (curve 101 in FIG. 2). This can only be reduced by a more conservative setting of the parameters, i.e. the variance of the measurement noise. However, this creates an additional time delay.
- a smooth blood sugar signal curve 102 of FIG. 2 can be provided without additional time delay.
- Kalman Fixed Interval Smoother estimate the states in a fixed, past interval of length T from the measurements of this interval. They are based on the solution of the "Bayesian Optimal Smoothing" equations and consist of two-pass filters, with the forward pass corresponding to the Kalman filter. For the calculation of the smoothed states in the interval of length T in the backward run of the two-pass filter, the a priori and a posteriori state estimates are used and covariances of the prediction are stored.
- the so-called Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoother filter can be used for this purpose.
- the so-called Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel (ERTS) smoother can be used for a non-linear measurement model.
- MBF Modified Bryson Frazier
- the MBF-Smoother is initialized with and
- the MBF filter can be used with a measurement model in the form of a non-linear function.
- Estimating the blood sugar as accurately as possible is relevant for the calibration as well as for the evaluation of the data by a doctor.
- the optimization of the blood sugar estimation by the Kalman smoother reduces in particular overshoots and undershoots of the blood sugar, which is relevant for the analysis of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states, since these would otherwise be significantly overestimated (see FIG. 3).
- the current blood sugar change is visualized for the user by arrow symbols.
- the division takes place, for example, in five or seven groups (see table and Fig. 3)
- the measured values 200 recorded are shown in FIG.
- a comparison of a blood glucose profile 201 using a Kalman filter and a blood glucose profile 202 using a Kalman smoother shows that the estimation of the rate of change ROC using the filtered signal an improved classification or an improved trend (see reference number 203 in Figure 3) allows:
- the top row of the classification 203 is based on the blood sugar history 201
- the middle row of the classification 203 is based on the blood sugar history 202
- the Measured values 201 represent the venous blood sugar values here. These are measured here using a YSI 2300 Stat Plus meter.
- the circled arrows in row 203 indicate the more accurate classification of the trend using the Kalman smoother versus the Kalman filter.
- At least one of the embodiments of the invention provides at least one of the following advantages and/or features:
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