EP4297817A1 - Procédé d'analyse d'une valeur de pression mesurée, et dispositifs - Google Patents

Procédé d'analyse d'une valeur de pression mesurée, et dispositifs

Info

Publication number
EP4297817A1
EP4297817A1 EP22708895.2A EP22708895A EP4297817A1 EP 4297817 A1 EP4297817 A1 EP 4297817A1 EP 22708895 A EP22708895 A EP 22708895A EP 4297817 A1 EP4297817 A1 EP 4297817A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pressure
alarm
blood
evaluation
measured
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22708895.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Pascal Kopperschmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH
Original Assignee
Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH filed Critical Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH
Publication of EP4297817A1 publication Critical patent/EP4297817A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3621Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3639Blood pressure control, pressure transducers specially adapted therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3621Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3653Interfaces between patient blood circulation and extra-corporal blood circuit
    • A61M1/3656Monitoring patency or flow at connection sites; Detecting disconnections
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/18General characteristics of the apparatus with alarm
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/33Controlling, regulating or measuring
    • A61M2205/3331Pressure; Flow
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/50General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
    • A61M2205/52General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers with memories providing a history of measured variating parameters of apparatus or patient

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method according to claim 1, a control device according to claim 11, a blood treatment device according to claim 12, also a digital storage medium according to claim 14, a computer program product according to claim 15 or according to the preambles or generic terms of these claims, and a computer program.
  • Alarms are issued regularly when a - e.g. B. in the extracorporeal blood circuit during a blood treatment session of a patient carried out by means of a blood treatment device, for example hemodialysis - a measured pressure value obtained by means of pressure measurement deviates from a stored reference pressure value, exceeds it, falls short of it, etc.
  • alarms are accompanied by an alarm signal, in particular an acoustic and/or visual alarm signal for the caregiver of the patient being treated and/or can also lead to a mostly temporary interruption of the treatment session.
  • the pressures in the blood lines between the blood treatment device and the patient's vascular access are monitored. If an alarm is triggered, the user is asked to rectify the cause of the alarm, to acknowledge the alarm and, if necessary, to arrange for treatment to be continued.
  • the pressure fluctuations that lead to alarms are often not critical, since they are caused either by a brief kinking of the blood circulation (alternatively: blood tubing set) or by repositioning or movements of the patient or therapy-related hemodynamic fluctuations.
  • An object of the present invention can therefore be to propose a method for evaluating a measured pressure value. Suitable devices should also be specified.
  • the object according to the invention can be achieved by the method with the features of claim 1. It can also be solved by means of the control device having the features of claim 11, the blood treatment device having the features of claim 12, the digital storage medium having the features of claim 14, the computer program product having the features of claim 15 and the computer program as described herein .
  • a method for evaluating a measured pressure value runs on a provided blood treatment device or includes providing it, which can be connected to a blood tubing set of an extracorporeal blood circuit.
  • a blood tubing set has an arterial blood line and a venous blood line.
  • Blood treatment device has a blood pump, by means of which extracorporeal blood is conveyed along the arterial blood line when in use or as intended.
  • the blood treatment device also has a pressure gauge or sensor for measuring the pressure in the arterial blood line and/or a pressure gauge or sensor for measuring the pressure in the venous blood line. They serve as intended for measuring at least one measured pressure value prevailing and/or determined in the arterial blood line or in the venous blood line.
  • an alarm output device for outputting an alarm or pressure alarm based on the measured pressure value determined or its level, preferably when an alarm occurs, is included in the blood treatment device or is connected to it or its pressure gauges.
  • the blood treatment device has a control device for controlling or regulating the blood pump and possibly other components of the blood treatment device.
  • the method further includes providing an alarm criterion memory for storing at least one predetermined alarm criterion which indicates an alarm event defined, or using them.
  • the alarm criterion memory can be stored in the sensor, alternatively in an evaluation device, in the control device, it can be part of the programming, etc.
  • the at least one alarm criterion can have been determined and stored beforehand.
  • Alarm criteria can be or include, in particular, threshold values, fluctuation ranges of the measured pressure, the occurrence of pressure fluctuations over time, the occurrence of pressure patterns, etc.
  • the method further includes the provision of a reference data memory, or its use, which has at least one data set, which in turn contains one or more reference pressure curves,
  • the reference data memory can optionally be part of the blood treatment device.
  • the storage device may be or may include any embodiment of a storage device set forth herein.
  • the method according to the invention further comprises the following steps a) to f), which are referred to herein as evaluation steps, some of which are optional: arterial pressure and/or the pressure prevailing in the venous blood line by means of the corresponding arterial or venous pressure gauge, as a result of which a measured pressure value is determined.
  • a measured pressure reading e.g. in units of mm/Hg, mbar, or the like
  • a measured pressure reading can, for example, be a pressure measured directly in the corresponding line, alternatively the result of a determination of this pressure via auxiliary measurements or observations, conversions and the like.
  • the alarm criterion can be or include, for example, exceeding or falling below a limit value and/or leaving a limit range. It can depend on technical parameters such as the flow rate of a pump or the like.
  • the evaluation includes determining whether the measured pressure value satisfies the alarm criterion or whether it fulfills an alarm criterion, and an alarm is therefore present. If it does not meet the alarm criterion or does not fulfill it, there is no alarm - at least based on the alarm criterion on which it is based. c) Controlling the blood pump in such a way that it delivers along the arterial blood line at one or more delivery rates referred to herein as reference delivery rates or applies the power required for this.
  • this control or actuation of the blood pump only takes place if the measured pressure value satisfies the alarm criterion.
  • the reference delivery rate or at least one of the reference delivery rates, is lower than the initial delivery rate.
  • the blood pump is thus controlled in order to deliver at a lower delivery rate, referred to herein as the reference delivery rate, than before after a positive determination that the measured pressure value satisfies the alarm criterion and an alarm is therefore present.
  • at least one measured pressure value referred to herein as an evaluation pressure measured value is determined.
  • one or more arterial and/or one or more venous evaluation pressure measurement values can be collected.
  • the evaluation pressure measurement value(s) can represent one or more profiles or be or include one or more reference pressure profiles.
  • the evaluation result can e.g. B. be a signal.
  • both the alarm criterion (see above) must be met and the evaluation result (see steps e) and f)) must indicate that an alarm has occurred.
  • the outputting of an alarm can be or include the outputting of a message which specifically refers to the evaluation result.
  • the present invention relates to a control device.
  • the control device is configured to carry out or cause the evaluation steps of the method according to the invention and/or further steps as disclosed herein, in any combination, in cooperation with a provided blood treatment device, an alarm criterion memory and a reference data memory.
  • the blood treatment device which is connected to a blood tubing set that has an arterial blood line and a venous blood line, also includes a blood pump for extracorporeally conveying blood along the arterial blood line. It also includes a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the arterial blood line and/or a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the venous blood line, in each case in order to determine at least one arterial or venous pressure measurement value.
  • the alarm output device is for outputting an alarm or pressure alarm based on the measured pressure value or its level in an alarm event.
  • the control device serves to control or regulate the blood pump.
  • the alarm criterion memory is suitable and/or provided for storing at least one predetermined alarm criterion, which defines an alarm event, and/or has stored such.
  • the alarm criterion can be set by the manufacturer, by the service technician, by the doctor treating you, and/or was preferably set or stored before the start of the treatment session.
  • the reference data memory contains at least one data record which includes one or more reference pressure profiles, reference pressure ranges or reference pressure values.
  • the reference data can be stored in tabular form and/or as a functional approximation (for example using tools such as spline fit, polynomial fit, etc.).
  • Interaction can be or include driving, controlling or regulating. Interaction may be or require a signal connection.
  • a signal or communication connection between two elements, components, etc. can be understood to mean a connection that exists during use. This can also be understood to mean that there is a preparation for such a signal connection (wired, wireless or implemented in some other way), for example by coupling both components, for example by means of pairing, etc.
  • Pairing is a process that takes place in the context of computer networks to create an initial link between computer units for the purpose of communication.
  • the most well-known example of this is the establishment of a Bluetooth connection, by means of which various devices (e.g. smartphone, headphones) are connected to one another. Pairing is also sometimes referred to as bonding.
  • the present invention further relates to a blood treatment device.
  • the blood treatment device according to the invention has a blood pump for delivering blood extracorporeally along the arterial blood line.
  • the blood treatment device also has a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the arterial blood line and/or a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the venous blood line, which are each suitable and/or provided for determining at least one arterial or venous pressure measurement value.
  • the blood treatment device also has an alarm output device.
  • the alarm output device is for outputting an alarm or pressure alarm based on the measured pressure value or its level in an alarm event.
  • the alarm can be given acoustically, for example by means of a beep, visually, for example by means of a flashing light or a message, and/or haptically, for example by means of vibration, or in some other way.
  • the blood treatment device also has an alarm criterion memory, which is used to store at least one predetermined alarm criterion.
  • the alarm criterion is intended to define an alarm event as set forth herein.
  • the blood treatment device also has a reference data memory. This contains at least one data set which includes or consists of one or more reference pressure profiles, reference pressure ranges and/or reference pressure values.
  • the blood treatment device also has a control device according to the invention.
  • the blood treatment device is connected to the aforementioned devices.
  • a digital, in particular non-volatile, storage medium according to the invention in particular in the form of a machine-readable carrier, in particular in the form of a diskette, memory card, CD, DVD, EPROM, FRAM (ferroelectric RAM), SSD (solid state drive) or NOVRAM, in particular with electronically or optically readable control signals, can be configured in order to configure a conventional control device into a control device according to the invention, with which the steps, in particular the evaluation steps, of the method according to the invention can be initiated.
  • a computer program product according to the invention has a program code or a signal wave that is volatile, transient or stored on a machine-readable carrier, by means of which a conventional control device is configured into a control device according to the invention, with which the steps, in particular the evaluation steps, of the method according to the invention are initiated can if the computer program product runs on a computer. All, some or some of the steps, in particular the evaluation steps, of this method can be initiated.
  • a computer program product can be, for example, a computer program stored on a carrier, an embedded system as a comprehensive system with a computer program (e.g. electronic device with a computer program), a network of computer-implemented computer programs (e.g. client/server system, cloud computing system, etc.) or a computer on which a computer program is loaded, run, stored, executed or developed.
  • a computer program stored on a carrier
  • an embedded system as a comprehensive system with a computer program
  • a network of computer-implemented computer programs e.g. client/server system, cloud computing system, etc.
  • machine-readable medium refers to a medium that contains data or information that can be interpreted by software and/or hardware.
  • the medium can be a data carrier such as a floppy disk, a CD, DVD , a USB stick, a flash card, an SD card and the like, as well as any other memory or storage medium mentioned herein.
  • a computer program according to the invention comprises a program code, by means of which a conventional control device is configured into a control device according to the invention, with which the steps, in particular the evaluation steps, of the method according to the invention can be initiated when the computer program runs on a computer. All, some or some of the steps, in particular the evaluation steps, of this method can be initiated.
  • a computer program can be understood, for example, as a physical, salable software product which has a program.
  • Determining or determining, in particular of data and/or values can include examining the existence or non-existence, obtaining, detecting, measuring, evaluating, processing, comparing, estimating, assessing or estimating, inferring , calculating, achieving, collecting, achieving and/or recognizing.
  • the object according to the invention has one or more features in a specific embodiment, it is also disclosed herein that the object according to the invention expressly does not have this or these features in other embodiments that are also according to the invention, e.g. B. in the sense of a disclaimer.
  • the contrary embodiment for example formulated as a negation, is also disclosed.
  • Embodiments according to the invention can have one or more of the features mentioned above and/or below in any technically possible combination.
  • the method according to the invention comprises stopping the blood pump as a further evaluation step (or step serving the evaluation), then and when the predetermined alarm criterion is met.
  • a stopping can take place before the blood pump is controlled to deliver at least one reference delivery rate or a first reference delivery rate.
  • the delivery rate of the blood pump is lowered, starting from the initial delivery rate to a reference delivery rate below the initial delivery rate.
  • the method includes, as a further evaluation step, the alarm output device not outputting an alarm in the event that the measured pressure value satisfies the alarm criterion stored in the alarm criterion memory, but the evaluation result does not meet the predetermined requirements for outputting an alarm.
  • any alarm can be omitted, the medical staff cannot be informed, at least acoustically, visually and/or in another way that may be perceived as disturbing, that measured pressure values had meanwhile satisfied the alarm criterion.
  • the medical staff can be informed that pressure readings had meanwhile met the alarm criterion.
  • Such notice may be a communication that does not require human intervention (e.g. by definition, e.g. in the manual).
  • the method includes, as a further evaluation step, controlling the blood pump in order to trigger it again, if necessary after a time that the pump needs to start up, using the initial delivery rate or a delivery rate related thereto (e.g. with 90% of the output flow rate) or with a preset one To promote resume funding rate in the event that the evaluation result does not meet the predetermined requirements for issuing an alarm.
  • a delivery rate related thereto e.g. with 90% of the output flow rate
  • the method includes as further evaluation steps, in particular at the beginning of a blood treatment session, controlling the blood pump to pump blood along the arterial blood line at one or more reference delivery rates, and also measuring the prevailing pressure in the arterial and/or venous blood line the one or more reference delivery rates of the blood pump.
  • the measurement can be carried out in each case by means of the corresponding pressure gauge in the associated line and is used to determine at least one reference pressure measurement value assigned to a reference delivery rate.
  • a course can be determined or recorded from optionally several measured reference pressure values, in particular a characteristic curve.
  • storing at least one data set in the reference data memory is also included in the method as an evaluation step, the data set containing the one or more
  • Reference pressure reading (e) or contains at least one reference pressure profile created therefrom.
  • reference pressure measurement values When reference pressure measurement values are mentioned here, this preferably means values that serve as a reference and are themselves measured. If, on the other hand, reference pressure values are mentioned here, this preferably means values which, although they also serve as a reference, do not but necessarily actually measured. You can rather z. B. as rounded values, values averaged over several reference measurements, weighted values or otherwise changed, estimated, adjusted, etc. values that relate directly or indirectly to measured pressure values, but were not themselves collected by means of a pressure sensor. Thus, in some embodiments, the terms “reference pressure readings” measured on the same or different patients and “reference pressure readings” that have been processed in some way may be interchanged.
  • the above idea also applies to the term "measured pressure value”.
  • This term "measured pressure value” in the sense of the present invention alternatively relates to pressure values based on measured values differ from the measurement result measured in each case through processing, e.g. B. by averaging, smoothing, etc.
  • An interchangeability of the terms “assessment pressure value” and “assessment pressure measured value” is thus also covered by the present invention.
  • the evaluation step of evaluating, by means of which the evaluation result is achieved is or includes forming a difference between the evaluation pressure measurement value measured by means of the pressure sensor and the one or more reference pressure (measurement) value(s) contained in the data set, the latter being a notation herein that includes both measured as well as non-measured reference pressure values.
  • the difference between the evaluation pressure measured value measured by the pressure sensor and the reference pressure curve(s) created from the reference pressure (measured) values is/are formed.
  • the evaluation to achieve the evaluation result includes or consists of smoothing, in particular using a median filter, of the pressure curve measured using the first pressure sensor and/or the pressure curve measured using the second pressure sensor.
  • the evaluation to obtain the evaluation result can include the formation of a
  • the evaluation to obtain the evaluation result is or consists of integrating the differential pressure curve over time.
  • a reference pressure curve is determined from reference pressure measurement values, which were measured using the first pressure sensor and/or using the second pressure sensor while the blood pump is pumping the fluid or is being controlled accordingly for pumping.
  • pressure sensors are pressure gauges and vice versa.
  • the measured pressure value and/or reference pressure (measured) value are not pressure amplitudes.
  • control device is further configured to use an alarm output device, which can be part of the blood treatment device, to issue an alarm in order to prevent a treatment option using the blood treatment device and/or to stop a pump of the blood treatment device, preferably a pump , Which medical liquid, in particular dialysis liquid promotes.
  • an alarm output device which can be part of the blood treatment device, to issue an alarm in order to prevent a treatment option using the blood treatment device and/or to stop a pump of the blood treatment device, preferably a pump , Which medical liquid, in particular dialysis liquid promotes.
  • the alarm criterion and/or the reference pressure curves, reference pressure ranges or reference intervals can be at the set
  • the blood treatment device according to the invention is configured as a blood purification device or dialysis device for hemodialysis, hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration, as a dialysis device in any other configuration known to those skilled in the art for blood purification, or as a plasmapheresis device.
  • the blood treatment device is in certain aspects
  • CW -HDF continuous venous hemodiafiltration
  • the reference pressure profile itself can also be evaluated or processed.
  • the reference pressure curve recorded at the beginning of the treatment (or points characterizing this) can be compared with reference pressure curves or values from the history of the patient.
  • the reference pressure curves or values from the history can be or include values recorded over previous treatment(s) of the same patient and/or other patients. In this way, incidents that influence the recorded reference pressure profile can already be recognized at the beginning of the treatment session.
  • a changed, for example shifted, reference pressure profile could indicate problems in connection with the blood treatment. For example, an incorrectly set needle can be recognized by such a comparison of the reference pressure profile.
  • individual, several or all devices for executing the method according to the invention can be implemented in a cloud.
  • the memory contents can advantageously be called up from a number of blood treatment devices provided for the purpose of processing, and (alarm) outputs can be sent to different terminals, e.g. B. Smartphones of the treating staff.
  • the terminals e.g. B. Smartphones of the treating staff.
  • Blood treatment device connected to an extracorporeal blood circuit and / or a blood tubing set.
  • a reference pressure curve is a sequence of at least 3, 5, 30, 50 or more measurements, or a sequence of measurements at 3, 5, 30, 50 or more points in time.
  • the points in time can be within a maximum time period of 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 or more seconds.
  • the blood pump is controlled to measure the reference pressure reading(s) and store them at the beginning of a treatment session.
  • Reference pressure readings are determined for the pressures prevailing both in the arterial and in the venous blood line.
  • the evaluation is carried out using, in particular after a statistical evaluation, the sum and/or the mean value of the pressures prevailing in the arterial and venous blood line. Used for the evaluation, e.g. B. by comparing, a corresponding reference pressure (measured) value, which was also determined when evaluating the pressure prevailing in the arterial and venous blood line, in particular after a statistical evaluation, by forming the sum and/or the mean value.
  • the determined reference pressure measurement values are compared with at least one data set from at least one past treatment session for the same patient and/or from past treatment sessions reference pressure (measured) values recorded by other patients are compared.
  • the determined reference pressure measurement values are used as reference pressure measurement values for the treatment, preferably if and only if the comparison with data sets from or from previous treatment sessions satisfies predetermined criteria, in particular expected values or ranges obtained from the data sets.
  • An advantage of the present invention may be that pressure readings occurring intratherapeutically, which would conventionally suffice to trigger a pressure alarm, are first subjected to an evaluation using the present invention, which is why objectively uncritical pressure readings do not already lead to an alarm, which medical staff attention, time and requires effort. According to the invention, it can thus be possible to automatically recognize as such one or the other supposed alarm situation which, on closer inspection, does not indicate a state that would require an intervention. Since it can be recognized automatically, personnel costs can also be reduced, material resources (keyword changing gloves while treating a first patient and eliminating an - supposed - alarm condition in a second patient) saved and, moreover, hygienic risks, as explained below, can be minimized.
  • the alarm range or the alarm criteria can be set comparatively narrower and/or patient-specifically by means of the individual consideration of measured pressure values that are per se suspect of an alarm and/or due to the evaluation of such measured pressure values supplemented according to the invention.
  • This setting is possible because reference pressure (measured) values or reference characteristic curves are recorded at the beginning of the treatment. Through this targeted recording of the current reference pressure (measured) values, or reference characteristics, patient-specific and dependent on the patient's condition are thus recorded and taken into account. These can lead to customized alarm criteria, which is also encompassed by the present invention.
  • Possible framework conditions that lead to different reference pressure (measured) values or reference characteristic curves include the size of the needle used, the type of fistula and in particular the blood viscosity of the patient, especially at the beginning of the blood treatment session.
  • the system's evaluation of the alarm on the basis of combinatorial methods of sensor analysis advantageously increases safety for the patient, since the risk of misinterpretation of alarms is reduced.
  • Another advantage of the present invention may be that avoiding unnecessary alarms on the blood treatment device increases its user-friendliness. Ease of use increases when false alarms can be suppressed. Since the condition of a patient can advantageously be specifically checked by means of the present invention, the patient's safety can be increased.
  • Another advantage can be that by avoiding frequent and/or unnecessary alarms, frequent and/or unnecessary touches of the
  • Blood treatment device are avoided by the treating staff.
  • a reduction in human-machine contacts advantageously leads to better hygiene and the avoidance of contamination among the actors in clinical routine, which also indirectly increases patient safety.
  • the use of disposable gloves, in particular for acknowledging alarms can advantageously be reduced and further costs saved as a result.
  • the cases managed by means of the present invention in which supposed alarm states are recognized as such and are not brought to the attention of the medical staff, or are not brought to their attention without comment, advantageously significantly reduce the interaction of the medical staff in the case of an uncritical pressure pattern. It is estimated that the self-analysis of pressure alarms reduces the tactile interruption of treatment by about 70%, the treatment appears advantageously calmer, especially for the patient. If the 'tactile' alarm frequency is reduced, the perceived relevance of the now remaining visible alarms becomes significantly higher. The user can read a message text and react to it appropriately.
  • Another advantage of the present invention can be that the safe clarification of abnormal Abnormalities by means of the present invention, preferably avoiding any audio-visual alarm output where this is not required, helps to counteract the so-called 'alarm fatigue'.
  • 'Alarm fatigue' is the lack of attention paid to alarms due to the frequency with which they occur.
  • the hazard risk associated with 'alarm fatigue' was listed by the Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI) in the top ten list of technology-related hazards in ICUs and intensive care units in 2008 (https://auriga.com/blog /2020/alarm-fatigue/).
  • the present invention is easy to implement in existing systems since, according to the invention, devices such as blood pumps, dialysate pumps, pressure gauges or sensors, hose clamps, etc. are regularly already present on conventional blood treatment devices, and the invention can be implemented using them. Retrofitting existing blood treatment devices is also possible in a simple manner by means of software updates.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematically simplified one
  • Fluid line structure of a blood treatment device according to the invention in a first embodiment 2 shows, in a schematically simplified manner, an evaluation as to whether a determined measured pressure value satisfies an alarm criterion, in an exemplary embodiment
  • Fig. 3a shows schematically simplified typical
  • FIG. 3b additionally shows the representation of the reference pressure curves from FIG. 3a
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematically simplified fluid line structure of a blood treatment device 100 according to the invention in a first, purely exemplary embodiment. Embodiments of the blood treatment device 100 other than that shown herein are also encompassed by the present invention.
  • the blood treatment device 100 is connected to an extracorporeal blood circuit 300, which can be used for treatment by means of double-needle access, or using z.
  • an extracorporeal blood circuit 300 which can be used for treatment by means of double-needle access, or using z.
  • the blood circuit 300 can optionally be present in sections in or on a blood cassette.
  • Pumps, actuators and/or valves, e.g. B. in the area of blood circulation 300, are connected to the blood treatment device 100 according to the invention or to a control device 150 optionally included therein (which can optionally be a regulating device) in signal communication or connection, or prepared for this.
  • a control device 150 optionally included therein (which can optionally be a regulating device) in signal communication or connection, or prepared for this.
  • the blood circuit 300 has an arterial pressure
  • the blood circuit 300 further comprises (or is connected to) a venous patient hose clamp 306 of a venous section, a venous patient line, blood return line or venous blood line 305, here connected to a venous connection needle.
  • a blood pump 101 is provided in or on the arterial blood line 301, a substituate pump 111 is connected to a dialysis fluid supply line 104 for conveying fresh dialysis fluid, which is filtered (substituate) in a further filter stage (F2).
  • a substituate line 105 may be fluidly connected to the inflow line 104 .
  • Substituate pump 111 can substituate by pre-dilution, via a pre-dilution valve 107, or by post-dilution, via a post-dilution valve 109, via associated lines 107a and 109a in line sections, for example in the arterial blood line 301 or in the venous blood line 305 (here between a blood chamber 303b of a blood filter 303 and a venous air separation chamber or venous blood chamber 329) of the blood circuit 300 are introduced.
  • the blood filter 303 has the blood chamber 303b connected to the arterial blood line 301 and to the venous blood line 305 .
  • Dialysis fluid chamber 303a of the blood filter 303 is connected to the dialysis fluid inlet line 104 leading to the dialysis fluid chamber 303a and a dialysate outlet line 102 leading away from the dialysis fluid chamber 303a, which conducts dialysate, ie used dialysis fluid.
  • Dialysis fluid chamber 303a and blood chamber 303b are separated from one another by a mostly semi-permeable membrane 303c. It represents the separating sheath between the blood side with the extracorporeal blood circuit 300 and the machine side with the dialysis liquid or dialysate circuit, which is shown on the left of the membrane 303c in FIG.
  • FIG. 1 optionally also includes a valve V24, which is arranged in the dialysis liquid supply line 104 upstream of the blood filter 303, but downstream of a pressure sensor PS5. It optionally also includes a valve V25, which is in the dialysate discharge line 102, downstream of the blood filter 303 but upstream of another pressure sensor PS4.
  • the arrangement of Figure 1 includes an optional detector 315 for detecting air and/or blood.
  • the arrangement of FIG. 1 also includes at least one or more pressure sensors, here the pressure gauges or sensors PSI (here as an example upstream of the blood pump 101) and PS2 (here as an example downstream of the blood pump 101, it measures the pressure upstream of the blood filter 303 (“ 1.
  • a further venous pressure gauge PS3, for example downstream of the venous blood chamber 329, is also provided. Further pressure sensors can be provided. Of the aforementioned pressure gauges PSI and PS3, only one is mandatory provided, the other one as well as the rest can each be provided optionally.
  • An optional single-needle chamber 317 is used in FIG. 1 as a buffer and/or compensation container in a single-needle method, in which the patient is connected to the extracorporeal blood circuit 300 by only one of the two blood lines 301, 305 .
  • the arrangement of Figure 1 also includes an optional detector 319 for detecting air bubbles and/or blood.
  • An addition point 325 for heparin or another anticoagulant can optionally be provided.
  • An optional mixing device 163 is shown on the left in FIG providing the respective solution for use by the blood treatment device 100 .
  • the solution contains water from a water source 155 (online, e.g. as reverse osmosis water, or from bags), which e.g. B. in the optional heater 162 is heated.
  • An optional pump 171 which may be referred to as a concentrate pump or sodium pump, is fluidly connected to and/or pumps from the mixing device 163 and a source of sodium, such as container A.
  • An optional pump 173 associated with container B, such as for bicarbonate, can also be seen.
  • a drain 153 for the effluent can also be seen in FIG. 1 .
  • An optional heat exchanger 157 and a first flow pump 159 suitable for degassing complete the arrangement shown.
  • the pressure sensor PS4 downstream of the blood filter 303 on the water side but preferably upstream of the ultrafiltration pump 131 in the dialysate discharge line 102 can be provided for measuring the filtrate pressure or membrane pressure of the blood filter 303.
  • Blood leaving the blood filter 303 flows through an optional venous blood chamber 329, which is a
  • venting device 318 can be in fluid communication with the pressure sensor PS3.
  • control device 150 which can be a regulating device. It can be combined with any of the components mentioned here - in any case or in particular with the blood pump 101 - in wired or wireless signal connection for controlling or regulating the blood treatment device 100 are available.
  • the sodium content thereof can be varied within certain limits, controlled by the control device 150 .
  • the measured values determined by means of conductivity sensors 163a, 163b can be included for this purpose. Should this result in an adjustment of the sodium content of the dialysis fluid
  • the blood treatment device 100 includes means for conveying fresh dialysis fluid and dialysate.
  • the valve V24 between the first flow pump 159 and the blood filter 303 can be provided, which opens or closes the inlet to the blood filter 303 on the input side.
  • a second, optional flow pump 169 is z. B. provided downstream of the blood filter 303, which promotes dialysate to the drain 153.
  • the valve V25 can be provided between the blood filter 303 and the second flow pump 169, which opens or closes the outlet on the outlet side.
  • the blood treatment device 100 optionally includes a device 161 for balancing the flow flowing into and out of the dialyzer 303 on the machine side.
  • the device 161 for balancing is preferably arranged in a line area between the first flow pump 159 and the second flow pump 169 .
  • the blood treatment device 100 further comprises means for the exact removal of a volume of liquid specified by the user and/or by the control device 150 from the balanced circuit, such as the ultrafiltration pump 131.
  • Sensors such as the optional conductivity sensors 163a, 163b are used to determine the conductivity, which is temperature-compensated in some embodiments, and the liquid flow upstream and downstream of the dialyzer 303.
  • Temperature sensors 165a, 165b can be provided individually or in groups. According to the invention, temperature values supplied by them can be used to determine a temperature-compensated conductivity.
  • a leakage sensor 167 is optionally provided. Alternatively, it can also be provided elsewhere.
  • V in FIG. Bypass valves are marked with VB.
  • control device 150 determines the electrolyte and/or liquid balance based on the measured values of the aforementioned, optional sensors.
  • Filter F1 and F2 can be connected in series.
  • the filter F1 is used here, for example, to produce sufficiently pure dialysis fluid by means of the mixing device 163 itself using impure water, which can then be used, e.g. B. in the countercurrent principle, through the blood filter 303 flows.
  • the filter F2 is used here, for example, to remove, by filtering z. B. pyrogenic substances to generate sterile or sufficiently filtered substituate, which can safely be fed to the extracorporeal flowing blood of the patient and thus ultimately the patient's body.
  • an alarm output device 500 At the top right of FIG. 1 are an alarm output device 500, an alarm criteria memory 550, and a
  • the alarm output device 500 is used to output an alarm or pressure alarm, in particular to the medical staff, based on the measured pressure value P v x , P a x currently determined in the arterial blood line 301 and/or the venous blood line 305 (see FIG. 2).
  • the alarm criterion memory 550 is used to store at least one predetermined alarm criterion AK a , AK V ( see FIG. 2), which defines an alarm event.
  • the reference data memory 555 has at least one data set, which in turn contains one or more reference pressure curves 410, 420 or
  • the blood treatment device 100 is shown in FIG. 1 as an optional device for hemo(dia)filtration.
  • hemodialysis devices like blood treatment devices that act differently, also fall within the scope of the present invention, although not specifically shown by means of the figure.
  • the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above, which is merely illustrative.
  • the arrowheads shown in FIG. 1 generally indicate the direction of flow in FIG.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematically simplified evaluation of a measured pressure value P v 1 , P v 2 , P a 1 , P a 2 measured during a blood treatment session during which the blood pump 101 delivers at an initial delivery rate or is set to it, with regard to whether this corresponds to an alarm criterion AK V , AK a is sufficient, ie the latter is fulfilled, in an exemplary embodiment.
  • the pressure P is shown over time t.
  • the alarm criteria AK V , AK a were used here as an example of reaching, exceeding or falling below certain measured pressure values for the pressure in the arterial blood line 301 or in the venous blood line 305 of the extracorporeal blood tubing set 300 of the blood treatment device 100 is defined. They are stored in the alarm criterion memory 550 (see FIG. 1).
  • the prevailing pressure in the arterial blood line 301 and in the venous blood line 305 is measured at two different points in time t1, t2.
  • a measured pressure value P a l in the arterial blood line 301 and a measured pressure value P V 1 in the venous blood line 305 of the blood tubing set 300 result for the point in time ti.
  • the measured pressure value P a l is in the arterial blood line 301 above the alarm criterion AK a
  • the measured pressure value P V 1 in the venous blood line 305 is below the alarm criterion AK V .
  • no alarm criterion AK V , AK a is met.
  • the blood pump 101 (not shown here, see FIG. 1) would not be stopped or its delivery rate would not be reduced according to the invention, as is very well the case below for pressure measurement values other than P a 1 , P V 1 is.
  • a measured pressure value P a 2 in the arterial blood line 301 and a measured pressure value P v 2 in the venous blood line 305 of the blood tubing set 300 were measured for the point in time t2.
  • the measured pressure value P a 2 in the arterial blood line 301 is below the alarm criterion AK a and the measured pressure value P v 2 in the venous blood line 305 is above the alarm criterion AK V .
  • the blood pump 101 would be stopped or its delivery rate would be reduced in order to carry out an assessment of the relevance of the measured pressure values P a 2 and P v 2 . This is described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • an evaluation in particular an averaging or the sum of the arterial pressure measurement value and the venous pressure measurement value, can be compared with an alarm criterion (not shown here).
  • a deviation of the sum of the arterial pressure measurement value and the venous pressure measurement value from reference pressure (measurement) values or ranges can indicate the condition and the development of the condition of the fistula, in particular the presence or risk of a stenosis.
  • An arterial stenosis could be characterized by a low or comparatively low sum of the arterial and venous pressure readings.
  • the alarm criteria can differ depending on the type of measured pressure value.
  • the alarm criteria can be formed from a range of measured pressure values with upper and lower limit values.
  • the definition of the alarm criteria AK V , AK a can include exceeding or falling below limit values.
  • boundary areas in the present example for example the area between AK V and AK a , can also be defined, which must not be left.
  • limit ranges can be defined in which measured pressure readings must not fall. In the present example, these would be the areas above AK V and below AK a .
  • the alarm criteria can be adjusted during treatment.
  • Fig. 3a shows schematically simplified typical reference pressure curves 410, 420 (e.g. in [mbar] or [hPa] over the delivery rate Q (e.g. in [ml/min])) of the blood pump 101, here in the form of pressure flow -Characteristics as they are recorded at the beginning of the method according to the invention and could be available as a reference during the treatment session.
  • typical reference pressure curves 410, 420 e.g. in [mbar] or [hPa] over the delivery rate Q (e.g. in [ml/min]) of the blood pump 101, here in the form of pressure flow -Characteristics as they are recorded at the beginning of the method according to the invention and could be available as a reference during the treatment session.
  • the measured reference pressure values R v x , R a x determined for the different reference delivery rates Q1, Q2, Q3 are stored in a suitable reference data memory 555 provided for this purpose stored for retrieval.
  • Reference pressure curves 410, 420 can thus already be present at this point, ie after determining two, three (as in the example in FIG. 3a) or more reference pressure measurement values R v x , R a x .
  • continuous or solid curves or characteristic curves can be calculated or recorded from the different reference delivery rates Q1, Q2, Q3 approached by the blood pump 101 and the reference pressure measurement values Rvx , Rax determined for this purpose. Such are shown in Fig. 3a purely as an option and can serve as reference pressure curves.
  • historical data of the patient to be treated and/or data of a patient collective are used in addition or as an alternative for reference formation.
  • the further processing of the determined reference pressure measurement values R v x , R a x can result in reference intervals L a , L v . These intervals can play a role in later evaluating evaluation print readings and determining evaluation results.
  • the reference pressure readings R v x, R a x at the beginning of the blood treatment session by increasing the delivery rate of the blood pump 101 and repeatedly measuring the pressures prevailing at the individual delivery rates, or by reducing the delivery rate of the blood pump 101 and repeatedly measuring the pressures at the individual production rates prevailing,
  • Pressures are each determined as reference pressure measurement values R v x , R a x .
  • the hysteresis that occurs can itself serve as a reference interval for comparing the evaluation measured values recorded later in the treatment.
  • the hysteresis curves themselves can serve as a reference interval, for example, by optionally multiplying the curves by a factor. In principle, this factor can assume different values for upper or lower deviations.
  • the reference pressure readings can be used after equilibrating the pressures at specific blood flow rates.
  • the confidence interval can be formed around these reference pressure measurement values or characteristic curve. The interval can be formed proportionally to the pressure value or as an absolute distance from the reference pressure measurement value. The width of a reference interval can be selected to be constant or variable (depending on the delivery rate).
  • the acquisition of the reference pressure measurement values R v x, R a x at the beginning of the treatment has the advantage that, in comparison to the limit values preset by the manufacturer, the patient-specific conditions of the current treatment, e.g. the size of the needle used, the peculiarities of the fistula and in particular the blood viscosity of the patients can be considered.
  • the patient-specific conditions of the current treatment e.g. the size of the needle used, the peculiarities of the fistula and in particular the blood viscosity of the patients can be considered.
  • more accurate reference pressure measurement values R v x , R a x for reference pressure profile 410 , 420 can be achieved.
  • the reference pressure curves 410, 420 can be recorded separately for both the arterial blood line 301 and the venous blood line 305 of the blood tubing set and stored in the reference data memory 555.
  • historical data of the patient to be treated and/or data of a patient population are additionally or alternatively used
  • the reference pressure measurement values recorded at the beginning of a treatment session or reference pressure profiles with stored reference (measurement) pressure values, or
  • Reference (measured) pressure curves from previous treatment sessions of the same patient are compared. Is there a - e.g. B. measured against predetermined criteria - strong or the predetermined criteria sufficient deviation, that is, a deviation which z. B. exceeds a predetermined limit value, an alarm can already be issued at this point in time. For example, this comparison or review of the reference (measured) pressure values or reference pressure curves an incorrectly set needle can be identified.
  • Fig. 3b shows the reference pressure curves 410, 420 from FIG. 3a.
  • evaluation pressure measurement values B a x , B v x are additionally plotted for evaluating an alarm event.
  • a measured pressure value P v x , P a x measured during the treatment fulfills at least one alarm criterion, as shown for example in Fig. 2 for the measured pressure values P v 2 , P a 2
  • the current blood treatment regime is deviated from according to the invention by stopping the blood pump 101 or at least slowed down. While the delivery rate of the blood pump 101 is then gradually increased again, analogous to the determination of the reference pressure measurement values R v x , R a x , as was done at the beginning of the treatment and was discussed with reference to FIG.
  • Each of the measured evaluation pressure values B v x or B a x can be used for evaluation, in particular by being compared with the same reference delivery rate Qx associated, reference pressure (measured) value R v x or R a x, readable from the reference pressure curves 410, 420, compared or related in some other way.
  • This relating can, in particular, include forming a difference between the evaluation (measured) pressure value B v x , B a x , and the one or more reference (measured) pressure values R v x , R a x , in the data set of the reference data memory 555, or with the reference pressure curve(s) 410, 420 created from this.
  • Reference pressure (measured) value R V 1 corresponds.
  • the arterial determined for the same reference delivery rate Ql corresponds.
  • Evaluation pressure (measured) value B a l is still within the reference pressure interval L a . Up to this point in the ongoing evaluation process, no alarm event would have been confirmed and no alarm triggered.
  • assessment pressure measurement values B v x or Ba x cannot only be collected for reference delivery rates Qx of blood pump 101 , for which reference pressure (measurement) values R v x or R a x have already been measured beforehand. It Rather, evaluation pressure measured values B v x or B a x can also be collected for reference delivery rates Qx, which lie between reference delivery rates Qx for which no reference pressure (measured) values R v x or R a x were actually measured, but their reference pressure values based on the reference pressure (measured) values R v x or R a x were determined, for example by interpolation.
  • the latter evaluation pressure measurements include the evaluation pressure measurements B v 2 and B a 2.
  • Reference delivery rate Q2' at which they are measured, is between Q1 and Q2.
  • the reference pressure values R v 2 ′ and R a 2 ′ required for their evaluation can be read from the reference pressure curves 410 , 420 completed to form characteristic curves.
  • the reference delivery rate Q2′ determined for the evaluation pressure (measured) values B a 2 , B v 2 lying between the reference delivery rate Q 1 and the reference delivery rate Q 2 also lie in the respective reference pressure interval L a , L v . They would not yet represent confirmation of an alarm case either, ie they would not trigger an alarm.
  • the alarm case is therefore confirmed and an alarm to the medical staff would be triggered.
  • the medical personnel can then continue with the usual procedures for alarm handling or elimination.
  • Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of the method according to the invention in a first embodiment in a highly simplified representation.
  • the illustrated method optionally includes the steps of providing a blood treatment device 100, an alarm criterion memory 550 and a
  • Reference data memory 555 in particular as explained in FIG. 1, ahead. In the following, reference is made to the reference symbols in the previous figures.
  • Step S1 represents the acquisition of reference pressure (measured) values R v x, R a x (pressure-flow pairs) at the beginning of the treatment in the arterial blood line 301 and/or the venous blood line 305, in particular as explained herein in connection with predetermined flow rates of the blood pump 101. It also includes the storage of these reference pressure (measured) values R v x, R a x, directly or further processed, for example as
  • Reference data curves 410, 420 or reference intervals L a are reference data curves 410, 420 or reference intervals L a .
  • the monitoring of the blood treatment is represented by the following steps, during step S2, in particular at regular intervals, in the arterial blood line 301 and/or in the venous blood line 305 the prevailing pressures can be determined as measured pressure values P v x , P a x using the pressure gauges PSI and PS3 provided there.
  • step S3 the question is answered as to whether the determined measured pressure values P v x , P a x are predetermined, im
  • the blood pump 101 is stopped in step S4 or alternatively its delivery rate is slowed down such that it is below a predetermined initial delivery rate. In this case, no alarm can be given and the medical staff cannot be informed, at least acoustically, visually and/or in some other way that may be perceived as disturbing, that measured pressure values had in the meantime satisfied the alarm criterion.
  • Step S5 represents increasing a
  • Reference delivery rate of the blood pump 101 in particular analogous to the reference delivery rates when determining the
  • step S6 at the reference delivery rate of the blood pump 101 in the arterial blood line 301 and/or in the venous blood line 305, the respectively prevailing pressure is measured using the corresponding pressure gauge PSI, PS3, and assessment pressure measurement values B v x , B a x are thus determined.
  • the determined evaluation pressure measurement values B v x , B a x with the reference pressure curves 410, 420 are compared with the reference pressure (mess) in step S9 values R v x, R a x and den
  • Reference intervals L a , L v from the reference data store 555 are compared and the question is clarified as to whether the evaluation pressure measurement values B v x , B a x remain within the reference intervals L a , L v .
  • the system returns to step S5 and the delivery rate of the blood pump is further increased according to the method according to the invention.
  • an acoustic, visual or haptic alarm in particular a nurse call, in particular for a treating person, is triggered in step S10.
  • step S7 If the check in step S7 shows that a critical pressure or the maximum delivery rate of the blood pump 101 has been reached and that all evaluation pressure measurement values B v x , B a x are within the reference pressure intervals L v , L a , the treatment is continued (step S10 ).
  • the medical staff cannot be informed, at least acoustically, visually and/or in some other way that may be perceived as disturbing, that measured pressure values in the meantime had met the alarm criterion, because e.g. B. have meanwhile exceeded or fallen below a threshold value (cf. FIG. 2).
  • the medical staff can be informed that pressure readings had meanwhile met the alarm criterion.
  • Such an indication can be a notification that the result of the method according to the invention has not resulted in a confirmation of the alarm event. It can be designed in such a way that it does not require human intervention.
  • a container for A concentrate sodium
  • PSI arterial pressure gauge (optional)
  • PS2 arterial pressure sensor (optional)
  • PS5 pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in the

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un procédé d'analyse d'une valeur de pression mesurée, comprenant l'utilisation d'un appareil de traitement du sang (100), pouvant être raccordé à un ensemble de tubulures pour le sang (300) qui comporte une ligne de circulation de sang artériel (301) et une ligne de circulation de sang veineux (305), l'appareil de traitement du sang (100) comprenant en outre une pompe à sang (101), une jauge de pression (PS1, PS3) servant à mesurer la pression dans les lignes de circulation du sang (301, 305), tout en établissant au moins une valeur de pression mesurée (Pax, Pvx) dans chaque ligne, un dispositif d'émission d'alarme (500) servant à émettre une alarme sur la base de la valeur de pression mesurée (Pax, Pvx), et un dispositif de commande (150) pour la commande en boucle ouverte ou en boucle fermée de la pompe à sang (101). L'invention comprend en outre l'étape consistant à fournir une mémoire de critère d'alarme (550) servant à définir ce qu'est un événement déclenchant une alarme, et à fournir une mémoire de données de référence (555). Le procédé comprend en outre des étapes d'analyse, telles que la mesure de pressions prédominantes, l'analyse des valeurs de pression mesurées établies à l'aide de critères d'alarme, et la répétition des étapes de mesure de pression à certains débits de la pompe à sang (101) afin d'analyser, sur la base de la mémoire de données de référence, s'il y a une fausse alarme. Le procédé comprend éventuellement l'étape consistant à émettre l'alarme. La présente invention se rapporte également à des dispositifs destinés à lancer ou à mettre en œuvre le procédé. (Fig. 3)
EP22708895.2A 2021-02-26 2022-02-23 Procédé d'analyse d'une valeur de pression mesurée, et dispositifs Pending EP4297817A1 (fr)

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DE102021104683.1A DE102021104683A1 (de) 2021-02-26 2021-02-26 Verfahren zum Bewerten eines gemessenen Druckwerts, und Vorrichtungen
PCT/EP2022/054506 WO2022180086A1 (fr) 2021-02-26 2022-02-23 Procédé d'analyse d'une valeur de pression mesurée, et dispositifs

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JP5986258B1 (ja) * 2015-04-20 2016-09-06 日機装株式会社 血液浄化装置
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DE102021104683A1 (de) 2022-09-01
WO2022180086A1 (fr) 2022-09-01

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