EP4289013A1 - Composition pour la fabrication d'électrode, électrode et procédé associé - Google Patents
Composition pour la fabrication d'électrode, électrode et procédé associéInfo
- Publication number
- EP4289013A1 EP4289013A1 EP22704342.9A EP22704342A EP4289013A1 EP 4289013 A1 EP4289013 A1 EP 4289013A1 EP 22704342 A EP22704342 A EP 22704342A EP 4289013 A1 EP4289013 A1 EP 4289013A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- electrode
- catalyst
- electrically conductive
- chitosan
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8875—Methods for shaping the electrode into free-standing bodies, like sheets, films or grids, e.g. moulding, hot-pressing, casting without support, extrusion without support
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9008—Organic or organo-metallic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of electrode compositions and materials. It finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of glucose biofuel cell electrodes, for example for powering implanted devices.
- Active implantable medical devices are generally electrically powered by lithium-ion batteries.
- lithium-ion batteries have drawbacks, particularly in terms of size and lifespan.
- a trade-off is required between battery volume and power delivery.
- the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries is limited, so surgical replacement is required every 5 to 8 years.
- Biofuel cells and in particular glucose/O 2 biofuel cells, constitute a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries.
- Glucose/O 2 biofuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. This conversion is ensured by catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions of glucose and oxygen.
- Biofuel cells offer a theoretically sustainable power supply, since the reactants are naturally present in the tissue fluids of the human or animal body.
- the catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions take place at the level of the electrodes electrically connected to each other. Reduction of oxygen to water occurs at the cathode, while oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid occurs at the anode.
- the electron transfers associated with each oxidation-reduction reaction allow the circulation of electrons between the cathode and the anode, and thus the supply of the implantable medical device.
- the electrodes comprise at least one catalyst which can be either enzymatic or abiotic and an electrically conductive compound based on carbon.
- the catalyst and the electrically conductive compound based on carbon are generally coated in a binder based on a polymer.
- the polymer can be chitosan or polyvinyl alcohol (commonly abbreviated P VA).
- An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a solution improving the electrochemical performance of an electrode.
- composition for the manufacture of an electrode, the composition comprising:
- the composition further comprises cellulose microfibrils, the chitosan being encapsulated in the cellulose microfibrils.
- the cellulose microfibrils create a fibrous mesh linking the electrically conductive compound and the species capable of forming the catalyst, in the composition and in the material of the electrode formed.
- the cellulose microfibrils make it possible to bind the composition while limiting the coating of the catalyst.
- the catalytic sites of the catalyst remain accessible to the surrounding environment, thus facilitating the development of redox reactions at the level of the electrode formed.
- chitosan Since chitosan is in powder form, it is encapsulated in cellulose microfibrils. Since the chitosan is in powder form in the composition, it is in a non-soluble form in the composition. This makes it possible to avoid the coating of the catalyst induced by the use of chitosan in soluble form in the composition. Thus, access to the catalyst is improved.
- the composition thus makes it possible to obtain an electrode material having good cohesion and good printability, while improving the access of the electrolyte to the catalytic sites of the catalysts, The electrochemical performance of the electrode are therefore improved.
- the joint use of cellulose microfibrils and chitosan in powder form makes it possible to improve the rheological properties of the composition, and thus facilitate the shaping of the composition, for example by 3D printing. It was in fact demonstrated during the development of the invention that the chitosan in powder form in the composition is undissolved and allows the rheology of the composition to be improved.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to an electrode intended to be electrically connected to the electrical circuit of a device, the electrode comprising a body based on a material comprising:
- the body further comprises cellulose microfibrils encapsulating chitosan in powder form.
- the body of the electrode has the advantages described relative to the electrode material described above.
- the body of the electrode has good cohesion and good printability, while improving the access of the electrolyte to the catalytic sites of the catalysts, compared to existing solutions.
- the electrochemical performance of the electrode is therefore improved.
- a third aspect of the invention relates to an electrode intended to be electrically connected to the electrical circuit of a device, the electrode comprising a body based on a material comprising:
- the body further comprises pyrolyzed residues of cellulose and chitosan microfibrils.
- the body has a porosity induced by the pyrolysis of cellulose microfibrils encapsulating chitosan in powder form.
- the body of the electrode has the advantages described relative to the electrode material described above. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of cellulose microfibrils and chitosan further improves the microporosity of the electrode material. This porosity further increases the access of the electrolyte to the catalytic sites of the catalysts. The electrochemical performance of the electrode is thus further improved.
- a fourth aspect relates to a method of manufacturing an electrode comprising the use of the composition.
- the manufacturing process comprises:
- the composition is shaped by 3D printing, which can also be designated equivalently by additive manufacturing.
- a fifth aspect relates to a device comprising an electrical circuit connected to an electrode according to the second or the third aspect, or an electrode manufactured by the method according to the fourth aspect.
- the device is a biobattery, and more particularly a glucose biobattery.
- the device may be configured to power a device, such as an implantable medical device.
- FIG. 1 represents a composition for the manufacture of electrodes of the state of the art.
- Figure 2 represents the fibrous mesh, by the cellulose microfibers, of the species capable of forming a catalyst.
- FIG. 3 represents the composition according to an exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 4 represents the electrode material after pyrolysis of the composition illustrated in FIG. 3, according to an example embodiment.
- Figure 5 shows an example of a device including the electrode.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the shaping by 3D printing of the composition illustrated in FIG. 3, according to an example embodiment.
- Figures 7 to 9 represent the body of the electrode obtained according to different embodiments of the method.
- FIGS 10 to 14 represent embodiment examples of the electrode.
- Figures 15 and 16 are scanning electron microscopy views of an electrode obtained after pyrolysis, according to an example embodiment.
- Figure 17 is a diagram of the surface area of the pores (in mm 2 ) as a function of the number of pores, for different filling rates.
- Figure 18 is a diagram of the measured current (in pA/mg) related to the mass of the electrode, as a function of the filling rate.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate cross-sectional views of an example of a device comprising the electrode encapsulated in a membrane, respectively before and after sealing, according to an example embodiment.
- the composition has a viscosity of between 250 Pa.s and 700 Pa.s, preferably between 290 Pa.s and 670 Pa.s.
- the composition has a specific surface substantially between 500 and 600 m 2 /g, and preferably between 500 and 550 m 2 /g,
- the cellulose microfibrils represent a proportion substantially between 5% and 20%, preferably between 10% and 15%, of the total dry mass of the composition
- the chitosan represents a proportion substantially between 6% and 10% of the total dry mass of the composition
- the electrically conductive carbon-based compound represents a proportion substantially between 70% and 85%, preferably between 75% and 83%, of the total dry mass of the composition
- the at least one species capable of forming a catalyst is chosen from an enzymatic catalyst, metal particles, a molecular catalyst, a portion of the electrically conductive compound doped by a catalyst, a portion of the electrically conductive compound doped by a catalyst precursor , for example graphene oxide reduced and doped with an iron precursor such as a ferric or ferrous ion,
- the carbon-based electrically conductive compound is chosen from particles of graphite, graphene or carbon nanotubes, carbon black, mesoporous carbon.
- the electrically conductive carbon-based compound is graphene, and for example reduced graphene oxide,
- At least one species capable of forming a catalyst is an iron precursor, for example an iron precursor such as a ferric or ferrous ion, doping a portion of the electrically conductive compound.
- the body has a total volume whose filling rate by the material is less than 100%
- the body has a total volume whose filling rate by the material is substantially between 25% and 50%, preferably substantially between 30% and 40%, and even more preferably the filling rate is substantially equal to 40% ,
- the material is placed in a homogeneous way in the total volume of the body, - the electrode has a specific surface substantially between 500 and 600 m 2 /g, and preferably between 550 and 600 m 2 /g,
- the electrically conductive carbon-based compound is graphene, at least a portion of the electrically conductive compound being doped with iron and nitrogen atoms to form the catalyst .
- the electrode can be surrounded, preferably entirely, by a membrane configured to limit biofouling, preferably based on or made of PVA.
- the device comprising the electrode can be surrounded, preferably entirely, by a membrane configured to limit biofouling, preferably based on or made of PVA.
- the PVA membrane makes it possible to improve the biocompatibility of the electrode and/or of the device and to limit biofouling, in particular after implantation in a human or animal body.
- the device is isolated from the biological environment once implanted in a human or animal body, because the use of the membrane limits the phenomenon of biofouling.
- the device comprising two electrodes (and more particularly an anode and a cathode), the electrodes are separated from each other by a membrane, preferably based on or made of PVA.
- This membrane acts as a separator to avoid short circuits between the electrodes.
- the PVA has a molar mass by mass of between 80,000 and 125,000 g/mol.
- the method may comprise: o supplying a composition according to the first aspect, o shaping the composition by 3D printing to form a body of the electrode,
- the process includes pyrolysis of the body of the electrode.
- An element “based” on a material A is understood to mean an element comprising this material A only or this material A and possibly other materials.
- a parameter “substantially equal to/greater than/less than” a given value means that this parameter is equal to/greater than/less than the given value, to within plus or minus 10%, or even within plus or minus 5%, of this value.
- the thickness of an element as well as the depths are generally measured in a direction perpendicular to the main extension plane of the element, for example perpendicular to its surface.
- cellulose microfibrils also called cellulose microfibers
- Cellulose microfibrils form a heterogeneous nanomaterial composed of elements of micrometric size, fragments of cellulose fibres, and at least 50% by number of nano-objects (i.e. objects of which at least one dimensions is between 1 and 100 nanometers -nm).
- cellulosic nano-objects are called nanofibrillated cellulose, nanofibers or cellulose nanofibrils, NFC, or CNF (short for cellulose nanofibrils), or even microfibrillated cellulose, microfibers or microfibrils, MFC or CMF (short for cellulose microfibrils ) .
- Cellulose micro- or nanofibrils typically have a diameter of between 5 and 100 nm and a length of between 0.2 and 5 ⁇ m. It should be noted that, in the context of the present invention, the terms “cellulose microfibrils” or “cellulose microfibers” are used interchangeably to designate these cellulosic nano-objects.
- porosity of an element or material we mean the volume not occupied by the material composing it, relative to the apparent volume of the element or material. This volume proportion can be occupied by the environment surrounding the element or material, vacuum, gas or a liquid, for example water. This proportion is delimited by a plurality of cavities.
- porosity we mean a volume not occupied by the material and formed in the element or the material.
- the porosity of the material can be multi-scale, i.e. it can include both microporosity and macroporosity.
- microporosity designates more particularly the cavities of which one dimension, for example the diameter, is substantially less than 2 nm.
- macroroporosity is meant more particularly the cavities having a dimension, for example the diameter, substantially greater than 50 nm.
- the quantity of the element per unit volume is substantially identical in any portion of the same determined size of the other element or volume.
- a metal ion generally refers to an ion of a metal element of the periodic table of chemical elements.
- the term “doping” refers to the addition of a compound or chemical element in small quantities to a compound, a substance or a material, in order to modify its electrical conductivity properties.
- the doping can consist of the addition of holes, it is then the doping of "P" type, or the addition of electrons, this is called "N" type doping.
- the properties of semiconductors are largely governed by the amount of charge carriers they contain. These carriers are electrons or holes.
- the doping of a material consists in introducing, in its matrix, atoms of another material. These atoms will replace certain initial atoms and thus introduce more electrons or holes.
- catalyst in general, in the field of chemistry, is understood to mean a compound which increases the rate of a chemical reaction by participating in the reaction without being part of the reactants and the products.
- a catalyst makes it possible in particular to introduce new reaction paths, for example it does not participate directly in the reaction but its presence facilitates the breaking of the bonds, or for example it participates in it and is regenerated during the reaction.
- chitosan refers to a polymer having a chemical formula corresponding to that of the polymer produced by deacetylation of chitin.
- Chitin is a polysaccharide with 2 constituent units: N-acetylglucosamine and N-glucosamine linked together by a glycosidic bond of the p-1,4 type.
- a simplified chemical formula (I) of chitin and chitosan is for example given below.
- the degree of deacetylation designates the percentage of monomer units of the polymer having an amine group, of chemical formula —NH2, instead of an N-acetyl group, of chemical formula —NH—CO—CH3.
- the degree of acetylation designates the percentage of monomer units of the polymer having an N-acetyl group, of chemical formula —NH—CO—CH3, instead of an amine group, of chemical formula —NH2.
- the sum of the degree of acetylation and the degree of deacetylation is equal to 100%.
- a chitosan having a degree of deacetylation of 85% has 15% of monomer units presenting a group N-acetyl and 85% of monomer units having an amine group.
- the term “chitosan” may denote the polymers corresponding to formula (I) below having a low degree of acetylation, typically less than 60%.
- Composition 1 is intended for the manufacture of electrode 2.
- Electrode 2 may be an electrode 2 comprising a body 20 electrically connected to the electric circuit 30 of a device, for example illustrated by FIG. 5 and possibly comprising a resistor 31
- device 3 comprises a capacitor.
- the device 3 can more particularly be a biofuel cell, for example:
- an ethanol biofuel cell configured to oxidize ethanol and reduce oxygen
- a methanol biofuel cell configured to oxidize methanol and reduce oxygen
- a glucose/O 2 biofuel cell configured to oxidize glucose and reduce dioxygen.
- the electrode 2 can be an anode and/or a cathode of the device 3.
- the device 3 can comprise an electrode 2 according to the invention and a counter-electrode 32.
- the device 3 can comprise two electrodes 2 according to the invention.
- the device 3 being a biofuel cell
- the electrode 2 is a cathode, and therefore the electrode is configured to allow the reduction of chemical species, preferably dioxygen.
- Composition 1 from which material T of electrode 2 can be formed, is now described with reference to Figures 2 and 3.
- Composition 1 comprises:
- the microfibrils therefore make it possible to bind composition 1 by limiting, and preferably avoiding, the coating of at least species 11 capable of forming a 1T catalyst. Consequently, in the electrode formed, the contact between the catalytic sites of the 1T catalyst and the electrolyte is facilitated. A reaction between the catalyst 1 T and the reagent is therefore favored, which makes it possible to increase the electrochemical performance of the electrode 2.
- composition 1 and the electrode formed have a specific surface substantially between 500 and 600 m 2 /g, and preferably between 500 and 550 m 2 /g.
- the cellulose microfibrils 13 are in a proportion substantially greater than 5%, and preferably substantially greater than 10%, of the total dry mass of composition 1, in order to ensure effective meshing. This proportion may be substantially less than 20%, preferably less than 15% of the total dry mass of composition 1, to control the viscosity of the composition
- the cellulose microfibrils are oxidized.
- the hydroxyl groups present at C-6 of the glucopyranose units of cellulose are oxidized to carboxyls.
- this oxidation can be carried out using the radical (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin -1-yl)oxy, also designated TEMPO, according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Provision can be made for this oxidation to be carried out by enzymes, and in particular enzymes of the cellulase family.
- the microfibrils are oxidized at 2% by TEMPO, that is to say that substantially 2% of the hydroxyl groups present at C-6 of the glucopyranose units of the cellulose are oxidized to carboxyls.
- Microfibrils 13 and chitosan 12 are configured such that microfibrils 13 encapsulate chitosan 12 to further limit the coating of the species
- the chitosan 12 is in powder form in composition 1.
- powder it is understood that the chitosan is in a state broken down into particles of which at least 50% are of a size substantially less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably substantially less than 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably still substantially between 1 and 2 ⁇ m.
- the size of the particles can be measured by electron microscopy, and for example by scanning electron microscopy.
- the specific surface of the powder can be between 0.5 and 1 m 2 /g, and preferably substantially equal to 0.64 m 2 /g.
- the powder may have a total pore volume substantially equal to 0.005 cm 3 /g. Chitosan 12 is therefore not soluble in composition 1.
- the cellulose microfibrils thus encapsulate the chitosan powder, the chitosan powder being adsorbed on the cellulose microfibrils. Equivalently, the cellulose microfibrils at least partially envelop the particles of chitosan powder. Synergistically with the mesh formed by the cellulose microfibrils, the use of chitosan in powder form makes it possible to further minimize the coating of the species capable of forming the catalyst, and to improve the rheology of the composition for its impression.
- chitosan 12 is in a proportion at least substantially greater than 6%, in composition 1. Preferably, this proportion substantially comprised between 6% and 10% of the total dry mass of composition 1. During development of the invention, it has been demonstrated that these proportions improve the 3D printability of the composition. In addition, following the pyrolysis (described later), the carbonization of the chitosan in these proportions allows an optimal understanding between the microporosity obtained and the mechanical strength.
- chitosan since the chitosan is in powder form, its molar mass and its degree of deacetylation will not affect the catalytic activity of the composition. According to one example, chitosan has a mass-average molar mass substantially less than 300,000 g/mol, and preferably between 50,000 g/mol and 200,000 g/mol. The chitosan can have a degree of deacetylation substantially greater than 70%, and preferably between 75 and 85%.
- the electrically conductive compound 10 is carbon-based.
- the electrically conductive compound 10 makes it possible to ensure the electrical conductivity in the composition 1 and especially in the material T of the electrode.
- the proportion of electrically conductive compound 10 can at least be substantially greater than 70%, and preferably substantially between 70% and 85%, and even more preferably between 75% and 83%, of the total dry mass of the composition 1.
- At least 50%, and preferably at least 80%, of the electrically conductive compound 10 is made of carbon-based particles having at least one nanometric dimension, that is to say less than 200 nm, and preferably less than 100 nm .
- a nanometric dimension of the electrically conductive compound promotes its homogeneous distribution in the composition 1.
- the electrically conductive compound conductor 10 can be: particles of graphite, graphene or carbon nanotubes or their derivatives.
- Graphene has good biocompatibility with living cells.
- the electrode once implanted does not induce the death of the organism carrying it, nor its rejection.
- an inflammatory reaction of the implanted organism is minimized, and preferably avoided.
- the electrode thus induces a low, and preferably an absence, of cytotoxicity, in particular compared to an electrode comprising carbon nanotubes.
- Graphene can be in the form of reduced graphene oxide.
- the graphene can be in the form of graphene nanosheets, also referred to in English by the term “graphene nanoribbons”.
- Graphene nanosheets can have a width of less than 100 nm.
- species 11 capable of forming a 1T catalyst can be a 1T catalyst.
- the catalyst 1T in the material T of electrode 2 is conductive, in order to allow an electron transfer to the electrically conductive compound 10.
- the composition 1 can comprise a plurality of species 11 capable of forming a catalyst 11.
- the 1T catalyst can be an enzymatic catalyst.
- the enzyme can be coupled to a mediator to facilitate the transfer of electrons between the enzyme and the electrically conductive compound 10, according to techniques known to those skilled in the art, and thus allow the electrical connection of the enzyme in the electrode.
- the electron transfer can take place directly between the enzyme and the electrically conductive compound.
- the enzyme can be chosen from the enzyme glucose oxidase (Gox) for the oxidation of glucose, and laccase.
- the mass proportion of enzyme in composition 1 can be substantially between 20 and 30%, for example substantially equal to 22%, relative to the total dry mass of composition 1.
- the 1T catalyst can be an abiotic catalyst, as opposed to enzymatic catalysts.
- the 1T catalyst may be metallic particles, and in particular of noble metals, or of an alloy of noble metals.
- Noble metals include the following metals: gold (Au), silver (Ag), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt).
- the 1T catalyst can be metallic particles of gold, platinum, palladium or osmium, or an alloy of these. Catalysts based on noble metals are expensive and quite sensitive in physiological media, in particular by poisoning by chloride ions.
- the catalysts based only carbon with heteroatoms generally show poor performance in physiological medium. Catalysts based on transition metals are therefore more suitable for the manufacture of electrodes, in particular for an application in an implanted device.
- the 1T catalyst can be a molecular catalyst, that is to say non-enzymatic organic or organometallic catalysts, such as porphyrins.
- the species 11 capable of forming a 1T catalyst can be a precursor of a 1T catalyst, that is to say a chemical species configured to be converted into a 1T catalyst during the manufacture of the electrode 2, for example by precursor reduction.
- the use of a 1T catalyst precursor has several advantages. On the one hand, it can be an alternative to enzymatic catalysts and noble metals. Enzymatic catalysts are selective but suffer from low stability over time due to the progressive denaturalization of the enzyme. Noble metal catalysts are expensive.
- a 1T catalyst precursor generally has a lower cost compared to a catalyst, which makes it possible to limit the cost of composition 1 and therefore of the electrode 2 formed.
- composition 1 a larger quantity of precursor can be used in composition 1, which makes it possible to increase the quantity of catalyst 1T in material T at a lower cost, and therefore to increase the electrochemical performance of electrode 2.
- a homogeneous distribution of the 1T catalyst in the material T is then facilitated.
- the precursor can be chemically coupled to the electrically conductive compound 10, for example by covalent bond, by weak interactions, by TT-TT stacking and/or hydrogen interactions, so as to dope the electrically conductive compound 10 and form catalytic sites.
- the 1T catalyst precursor comprises a metal ion capable of intervening in the reduction of oxygen once reduced.
- the ion is an iron ion, in particular a ferric or ferrous ion.
- the 1T catalyst precursor comprises a cobalt ion.
- the 1T catalyst precursor can in particular be a salt or a complex of the metal ion, for example iron(III) chloride of formula FeCl 3 .
- the conversion of the precursor into 1T catalyst makes it possible to dope, by reduction of the iron ions, the electrically conductive compound 10, and to form iron catalytic sites.
- the conversion of the precursor into a 1T catalyst makes it possible to dope the electrically conductive compound 10 with metal ions and nitrogen.
- An electrically conductive doped catalyst is then referred to as a catalyst based on carbides and metal nitrides, in which the compound supports metal ions or atoms bonded to nitrogen atoms forming catalytic sites.
- the catalytic sites for example based on iron and nitrogen, will intervene in the reduction of oxygen.
- the material T in the material T, at least a portion 100 of the electrically conductive compound 10 is doped to form the catalyst 11. Preferably, this proportion is less than 5%, and preferably substantially equal to 2% by mass, to maximize the electrochemical performance of electrode 2.
- material T comprises iron and nitrogen doped graphene. It should be noted that it is possible to provide for composition 1 to comprise electrically conductive compound 10, at least partly doped to form catalyst 1T, without requiring conversion during the manufacture of the electrode.
- the nature of the 1T catalyst or of the 1T species can be adapted according to the application of the electrode 2, and in particular according to the redox reaction(s) envisaged.
- the choice of the type of electrically conductive compound 10 can be made according to the catalyst 1T present in the material T of the electrode formed.
- the electrically conductive compound 10 is graphene. It may be preferable to use carbon nanotubes when the 1T catalyst is an enzyme, and in particular for the enzyme glucose oxidase (Gox).
- the proportions of the components of composition 1 were in particular identified to obtain both good 3D printability and adequate electrochemical performance.
- these proportions can make it possible to achieve a viscosity that is particularly suitable for 3D printing of the body 20 of the electrode 2.
- the composition has a viscosity of between 250 Pa.s and 700 Pa.s, of preferably between 290 Pa.s and 670 Pa.s.
- This range of viscosity, and more particularly the restricted range are particularly suitable for shaping the composition by 3D printing, described in more detail later.
- the water content of composition 1 can more particularly be between 83% and 90% by mass.
- Process 4 for manufacturing electrode 2 is now described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 6 to 9.
- Process 4 uses composition 1 to manufacture electrode 2.
- process 4 can include any step configured to obtain a characteristic of electrode 2.
- Method 4 comprises providing a composition 1.
- Prior to this supply method 4 may comprise the preparation of composition 1.
- the components of composition 1 may be mixed together.
- the mixture can then be homogenized to promote homogeneous dispersion of the components in composition 1.
- the homogenization is carried out by a three-cylinder homogenizer.
- method 4 comprises shaping 40 of composition 1, to form body 20 of the electrode.
- Composition 1 can be shaped by molding, by extrusion, by screen printing, or any other method known to those skilled in the art.
- the composition 1 is printed in 3D, by a printing means 400 as illustrated in FIG. 6.
- the 3D printing makes it possible to control the shape of the body 20 of the electrode 2 and in particular to control the filling rate of the body 20 of the electrode 2, described in more detail later.
- 3D printing induces an increase in the microporosity of composition 1 during shaping 40, and of the material T of the electrode.
- composition 1 can be printed in successive layers 210, 211 to form the volume 21 occupied by the material T of the body 20 of the electrode 2.
- a layer 210 can be formed by a plurality of extruded portions of composition 1, for example cylinders extending from one edge to the other of the body 20. The spacing between the extruded portions of a layer 210 can be varied to adjust the theoretical filling rate, described later. Between two successive layers 210, 211, the extruded portions can be oriented differently, in particular by being offset by a non-zero angle, and for example by 90° as illustrated in FIG. 6 and in FIG. 7.
- the printing parameters can be optimized to avoid under-extrusion and to avoid over-extrusion which can deform the body 20 of the electrode.
- the extrusion diameter D can be substantially between 0.9 and 1.1 mm, and preferably substantially equal to 0.96 mm. In addition, these diameters make it possible to obtain extruded portions of suitable diameter for a satisfactory exchange surface of the body 20 of the electrode 2.
- Figures 7-9 show cross-sectional views of body 20 after shaping 40.
- method 4 may include a drying 41, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Drying 41 can be configured so that the proportion of water in the material is less than 10%. Drying 41 makes it possible to obtain a solid material more suited to the manufacture of electrodes.
- the drying can for example be done by lyophilization, in order to further improve the porosity of the electrode.
- the drying can, according to another example, be done in the open air, and for example over 72 hours.
- the process 4 may comprise a thermal annealing, and more particularly a pyrolysis 42 of the composition 1, as illustrated in FIG. 9.
- the body 20 of the electrode 2 shaped can be heated to a temperature substantially greater than 500°C, and preferably substantially greater than 650°C, and more preferably to a temperature substantially equal to 700°C.
- the electrically conductive compound 10 comprises graphene
- the pyrolysis temperature is substantially less than or equal to 700°C.
- Pyrolysis induces several effects on composition 1.
- microfibrils 13 and chitosan 12 are pyrolyzed, and therefore are thermally decomposed.
- the pyrolysis makes it possible to create a porosity in place of the microfibrils 13 and the chitosan 12, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the pyrolysis thus makes it possible to further increase the microporosity of the material T of the body 20 of the electrode 2, as well as its conductivity, and therefore the electrochemical performance of the electrode 2. It has in particular been shown that the limit currents increase by a factor of 1.5 following the pyrolysis, in particular for a degree of filling of 40%.
- composition 1 comprises a catalyst precursor 11
- pyrolysis makes it possible to convert the precursor into catalyst in situ, for example by reducing the metal ions.
- the use of a precursor makes it possible in particular to increase, at a lower cost, the quantity of 1T catalyst in the material T and to dispense with the incorporation into the composition of a 1T catalyst. Losses of 1T catalyst linked to possible manufacturing defects during the preparation of composition 1 and/or during shaping 40 are thus limited.
- the 1T catalyst in the material T is doped graphene, it is possible to dispense with the mass use of graphene particles supporting the previously synthesized 1T catalyst, in the formulation of composition 1.
- the method 4 does not implement this pyrolysis step, in order to avoid degradation of the 1T catalyst.
- the pyrolysis can be carried out in a reactive atmosphere, to dope at least a portion 100 of the electrically conductive compound 10, for example illustrated in FIG. 4, and thus increase the activity of the 1T catalyst.
- N doping can be obtained by different methods.
- the pyrolysis 42 is carried out in an atmosphere comprising ammonia so as to carry out nitrogen doping.
- the high temperature thermal reduction of graphene in the presence of ammonia can pose risks.
- the pyrolysis can be carried out in the presence of a solid nitrogen precursor incorporated into composition 1, such as melamine powder. The pyrolysis can then be carried out at a temperature substantially equal to 800°C.
- electrical contacts can be connected to body 20 to form electrode 2.
- Electrode 2 is now described with reference to FIGS. 10 to 14. Electrode 2 may have any characteristic resulting from the manufacturing process described, and from the transformation of composition 1 by process 4.
- the material of the electrode may have the same dry matter proportions as composition 1 except when electrode 2 has undergone pyrolysis following which the chitosan 12 and the cellulose microfibrils 13 have been carbonized.
- the body 20 of the electrode 2 can have an apparent or total volume, delimited by its outer circumference 200 .
- the material T including its microporosity, fills the apparent volume of the body 20.
- the degree of filling of the body 20 of the electrode 2 is then considered to be substantially equal to 100%.
- the degree of filling of the body 20 by the material T may be less than 100%.
- the material T then fills an occupied volume 21.
- the apparent volume of the body 20 then comprises a free volume 22 and an occupied volume 21.
- the filling rate can be defined as the ratio of the occupied volume 21 to the free volume 22.
- the material occupying only a portion of the apparent volume of the body, the accessible surface of the electrode 2 is adjustable, and can be increased.
- the electrochemical performance of electrode 2 can thus be further improved.
- the infill rate can be determined by measurement on the 1' material, and/or can be deduced from a theoretical infill rate defined from the model on the basis of which the 1' material is printed.
- the material T is arranged so as to maximize the accessible surface of the body 20 of the electrode 2.
- the material T can be arranged homogeneously in the total volume of the body 20. Equivalently, the occupied volume 21 and the volume 22 can be distributed homogeneously in the apparent volume, as illustrated for example in FIG. 11.
- the body 20 of the electrode comprises a macroporosity further improving access to the 1T catalyst and therefore the electrochemical performance of the electrode 2.
- the degree of filling may be substantially between 25% and 50%, preferably substantially between 30% and 40%, and even more preferably the degree of filling is substantially equal to 40%. In these ranges and even more so for the preferential ranges and values, the accessible surface of the electrode 2 is increased, while ensuring good mechanical properties of the body 20 of the electrode 2.
- a filling rate of the order of 40 % provides the highest electrochemical performance. Beyond these rates, clogging of the extruded filaments may occur, causing a decrease in macroporosity as well as electrochemical performance. In addition, a filling rate below 30% weakens the body 20.
- the overall shape of the body 20, and in particular its cross-section can be polygonal, and for example rectangular or square.
- the overall shape of the body 20 may be a cylinder.
- a circular perimeter 200 makes it possible to avoid possible injury caused by acute angles of the electrode, in particular when the electrode 2 is implanted.
- the body can preferably have a continuous perimeter 200, and thus further minimize the risk of possible injury.
- the body may have a discontinuous visible perimeter 200', that is to say that the outer perimeter is not formed by a continuous strip of material.
- the printed portions of electrode 2 have a diameter of less than 1 mm.
- composition 1 presents a dry matter content of 17%, and 83% water.
- the dry matter comprises 6.6% chitosan 12, 83.3% graphene 10, including 25% doped graphene and 10% cellulose microfibrils 13.
- the graphene is doped with 2% iron, c that is to say that a proportion of 2% by mass of the graphene is doped.
- the specific surface of the composition is of the order of 536 ⁇ 2 m 2 /g.
- body 20 is 3D printed and then dried in the open air for 72 hours. Electrical contacts are then added.
- composition 1 The printing parameters for composition 1 are given in the following table.
- the diameter of the printed portions of the electrode, after drying, is substantially between 684 ⁇ m and 666 ⁇ m for an extrusion diameter of 0.96 mm.
- the density of the body 20 as a function of the degree of filling is given in the following table.
- Figure 15 illustrates the macroporosity created by a filling rate equal to 40%.
- Figure 16 which is an enlargement of Figure 15, illustrates the microporosity obtained after 3D printing.
- the specific surface of the 3D printed bodies 20 varies between 552 and 582 m 2 /g.
- the current measured in operation of a non-pyrolyzed electrode, according to this example, is measured at around 400 pA/cm 2 and 8 pA/mg.
- FIG. 17 illustrates the surface 5 of the pores (in mm 2 ) as a function of the number of pores 6, for different theoretical filling rates 7, deduced from the model from which the electrode is printed.
- the 40% fill rate results in the highest pore count and homogeneous pore distribution, which improves electrochemical performance.
- the highest measured currents 8 in pA/mg
- the highest electrochemical performances are measured under air 9a and under oxygen 9B are obtained for a theoretical filling rate 7 by 40%.
- the body of the electrode 20 is subjected, after its shaping 40, to pyrolysis at 700° C. in a reactive ammonia atmosphere.
- the filling rate as well as the pyrolysis thus allow an increase in the electrochemical performance of the electrode.
- the electrode 2 and/or the device 3 comprising the electrode 2 can be encapsulated by a membrane 33, for example of PVA, in order to isolate it from the biological medium, which makes it possible to improve the biocompatibility and to limit the biofouling of the electrode 2 and/or of the device 33.
- a membrane 33 for example of PVA
- Other materials chosen to limit the biofouling can be envisaged.
- the PVA solution is then poured into a circular mold 1 mm thick placed between two glass plates allowing the excess PVA and air bubbles to be eliminated. These plates are placed at ⁇ 20° C. for 12 hours in order to carry out physical crosslinking of the PVA. After thawing, a PVA membrane is obtained.
- One or more membrane(s) 33 may/may be shaped into a "sandwich", that is to say so as to separate by the membrane 33 the electrodes 2, 32 of the device 3, and so as to isolate the device of the surrounding medium, as for example illustrated in FIG. 19B.
- the resistor 31 can be placed in one or the other of the compartments 34.
- the pressure is maintained on the edges with pliers overnight in order to have a complete seal.
- cathode cytocompatibility was validated.
- An in vivo cathode implantation test for one month in a rat was carried out, as well as an in vivo implantation test for three months, demonstrating the feasibility of using a biofuel cell comprising an electrode according to the 'invention.
- a cylindrical biocathode 2 having a diameter of approximately 1.3 cm and a height of approximately 0.25 cm with a theoretical filling rate of the order of 40% was manufactured according to the manufacturing method described.
- the biocathode 2 was connected to an enzymatic bioanode 32 based on Glucose-Dehydrogenase-Elavine-Adenine-Dinucleotide through an 80 kOhm resistor 31 to form a biobattery 3.
- the assembly was encapsulated in a membrane 33 made of PVA in the form of a sandwich so as to avoid contact between the two electrodes 2, 32.
- the distance between the two electrodes 2, 32 is approximately 0.5 mm.
- biofuel cell 3 was sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation (source of 60 Co), so as not to modify the structure of the PVA membrane 33 or denature the enzymes, compared to sterilization methods such as washing with the alcohol.
- Two stacks 3 were implanted in the intra-abdominal medium of two rats for two different periods (one month and three months). For each period of implantation, the organs of the rats (liver, kidneys, heart and lungs) were intact, no abnormality was revealed. Monitoring the weight of the implanted rats revealed no significant difference compared to a non-implanted control rat.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and extends to all the embodiments covered by the invention.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2101130A FR3119713B1 (fr) | 2021-02-05 | 2021-02-05 | Composition pour la fabrication d’électrode, électrode et procédé associé |
| PCT/EP2022/052421 WO2022167458A1 (fr) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-02-02 | Composition pour la fabrication d'électrode, électrode et procédé associé |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4289013A1 true EP4289013A1 (fr) | 2023-12-13 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP22704342.9A Pending EP4289013A1 (fr) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-02-02 | Composition pour la fabrication d'électrode, électrode et procédé associé |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12456737B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4289013A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3207400C (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3119713B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022167458A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| FR3119713B1 (fr) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-12-30 | Univ Grenoble Alpes | Composition pour la fabrication d’électrode, électrode et procédé associé |
| GB202316004D0 (en) * | 2023-10-19 | 2023-12-06 | Pipeline Organics Ltd | Biofuel cell electrode |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US20200381758A1 (en) * | 2019-05-30 | 2020-12-03 | Lih-Ren Shiue | System for generating electricity using oxygen from water |
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| CN1275344C (zh) * | 2004-11-01 | 2006-09-13 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种用于氢氧燃料电池的催化材料及其制备方法 |
| WO2011089709A1 (fr) * | 2010-01-22 | 2011-07-28 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | Composition visqueuse |
| WO2011140150A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-03 | 2011-11-10 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Compositions contenant de l'alginate destinées à être utilisées dans des applications de batterie |
| FR3019384B1 (fr) | 2014-03-25 | 2018-01-12 | Universite Grenoble Alpes | Reacteur implantable biocompatible |
| JP2016058246A (ja) * | 2014-09-10 | 2016-04-21 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 電池電極用組成物および電池 |
| US10676869B2 (en) * | 2015-09-17 | 2020-06-09 | Oji Holdings Corporation | Composition, material comprising ultrafine cellulose fibers, and method for producing material comprising ultrafine cellulose fibers |
| JP6800608B2 (ja) * | 2016-05-17 | 2020-12-16 | 日清紡ホールディングス株式会社 | 電池電極、電池電極触媒層用組成物及び電池 |
| JP7068585B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-25 | 2022-05-17 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | バイポーラ型金属空気電池、空気極製造方法、及び、集電体製造方法 |
| KR20220052345A (ko) * | 2019-08-22 | 2022-04-27 | 유니버시티 오브 매릴랜드, 칼리지 파크 | 이온-전도성 구조체(ion-conducting structures), 이온-전도성 구조체를 포함하는 장치, 및 이의 사용 및 제조 방법 |
| US20210313617A1 (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2021-10-07 | Sila Nanotechnologies Inc. | Lithium-ion battery with anode comprising blend of intercalation-type anode material and conversion-type anode material |
| FR3119713B1 (fr) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-12-30 | Univ Grenoble Alpes | Composition pour la fabrication d’électrode, électrode et procédé associé |
-
2021
- 2021-02-05 FR FR2101130A patent/FR3119713B1/fr active Active
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2022
- 2022-02-02 EP EP22704342.9A patent/EP4289013A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-02-02 US US18/264,197 patent/US12456737B2/en active Active
- 2022-02-02 WO PCT/EP2022/052421 patent/WO2022167458A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-02-02 CA CA3207400A patent/CA3207400C/fr active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20200381758A1 (en) * | 2019-05-30 | 2020-12-03 | Lih-Ren Shiue | System for generating electricity using oxygen from water |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA3207400A1 (fr) | 2022-08-11 |
| FR3119713A1 (fr) | 2022-08-12 |
| US20240039007A1 (en) | 2024-02-01 |
| US12456737B2 (en) | 2025-10-28 |
| FR3119713B1 (fr) | 2022-12-30 |
| WO2022167458A1 (fr) | 2022-08-11 |
| CA3207400C (fr) | 2024-03-26 |
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