EP4253619A1 - Herstellung von technischen stoffen mit verbesserten absorptionseigenschaften - Google Patents

Herstellung von technischen stoffen mit verbesserten absorptionseigenschaften Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4253619A1
EP4253619A1 EP23161056.9A EP23161056A EP4253619A1 EP 4253619 A1 EP4253619 A1 EP 4253619A1 EP 23161056 A EP23161056 A EP 23161056A EP 4253619 A1 EP4253619 A1 EP 4253619A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibers
yarn
fabric
wool
fiber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23161056.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Dipali Goenka
Vaibhav Dalvi
Rajender SHARMA
Dharmeshkumar Mistry
Animesh LAHA
Umasankar Mahapatra
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Welspun India Ltd
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Welspun India Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Welspun India Ltd filed Critical Welspun India Ltd
Publication of EP4253619A1 publication Critical patent/EP4253619A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
    • D02G3/025—Yarns or threads formed from hair
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
    • D02G3/40—Yarns in which fibres are united by adhesives; Impregnated yarns or threads
    • D02G3/404—Yarns or threads coated with polymeric solutions
    • D02G3/406—Yarns or threads coated with polymeric solutions where the polymeric solution is removable at a later stage, e.g. by washing
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/208—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads cellulose-based
    • D03D15/217—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads cellulose-based natural from plants, e.g. cotton
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/233—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads protein-based, e.g. wool or silk
    • D03D15/235—Cashmere or silk
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/40—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/47—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads multicomponent, e.g. blended yarns or threads
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/60—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the warp or weft elements other than yarns or threads
    • D03D15/68—Scaffolding threads, i.e. threads removed after weaving
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D27/00—Woven pile fabrics
    • D03D27/02—Woven pile fabrics wherein the pile is formed by warp or weft
    • D03D27/06—Warp pile fabrics
    • D03D27/08—Terry fabrics
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    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
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    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
    • D06M11/36—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with oxides, hydroxides or mixed oxides; with salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
    • D06M11/38—Oxides or hydroxides of elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table
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    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
    • D06M11/50—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with hydrogen peroxide or peroxides of metals; with persulfuric, permanganic, pernitric, percarbonic acids or their salts
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    • D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic
    • D06M16/003—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic with enzymes or microorganisms
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    • D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
    • D06P1/673—Inorganic compounds
    • D06P1/67333—Salts or hydroxides
    • D06P1/6735—Salts or hydroxides of alkaline or alkaline-earth metals with anions different from those provided for in D06P1/67341
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    • D06P3/04—Material containing basic nitrogen containing amide groups
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Definitions

  • This disclosure relates generally to the preparation of eco-friendly engineered yarns and fabrics, and more particularly to terry fabric and variations thereof.
  • These eco-friendly engineered fabrics may be used in a variety of applications, including toweling, bathrobes, rugs, and bedding articles.
  • This eco-friendly yarn, and the resulting eco-friendly fabrics and textile articles provide desirable softness and absorptive properties by increasing the yarn's porosity. Porosity is increased by implementing, and later dissolving, wool fibers in the yarns that make up the fabric, and more specifically the loops and tufts of terry fabric.
  • the present disclosure further relates to the technical aspect of producing the engineered yarn, as well as the external appearance and characteristics of the engineered terry fabric.
  • an eco-friendly engineered yarn is comprised of cotton blended with soluble fibers, where the soluble fibers are dissolved in an alkali or enzyme solution to create highly porous yarns. These highly porous eco-friendly engineered yarns are then used for making terry fabrics and variations thereof.
  • Fabrics used in various applications are often designed to maximize the absorptive properties of the fabric.
  • towels are generally thick textile articles with a piled surface (i.e., looped surface) on the front and/or back of the fabric.
  • Thicker towels typically have a deeper pile with a greater surface area.
  • This increased surface area generally increases the absorption properties of the fabric.
  • the pile loops first remove the droplet by drawing the droplet into the spaces between the fibers in the yarn. The water is then wicked throughout the length of the pile and into the ground weave of the fabric. Further, once the water is drawn into the yarn, the water may be absorbed into the lumen of the cotton fiber. The density of the fibers in the yarn impacts the yarn's ability to dry; this in turn impacts the yarn's ability to absorb more water.
  • woven fabrics are made with two sets of yarns: the warp and the weft; however, terry fabrics are generally formed with three sets of yarns.
  • the first set, the ground warp is a longitudinal set of yarns forming the ground fabric.
  • the second set, the pile warp is set of longitudinal warp yarns that are used to form the loop piles on the fabric surface.
  • the third set, the weft yarn forms the transverse yarn that interlaces with the ground and the pile warps to form the fabric. Any of these two (or three) sets of yarns, and the resulting fabric, may be designed to absorb water.
  • the present invention addresses this need and provides a method for sustainably engineering a fabric with superior absorptive properties.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure present technological improvements as solutions to one or more of the above-mentioned technical problems recognized by the inventors in the field of art.
  • a method of creating a sustainable engineered fabric comprises creating an engineered yarn with primary and soluble fibers, dissolving the soluble fibers, and wearing the engineered yarn into a fabric.
  • the primary fibers may comprise at least one of: cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc., or any suitable combinations thereof.
  • the soluble fibers comprise one or more of wool and/or silk. It is to be understood that when referring to wool that the wool may be recycled, virgin, or a combination thereof. It is to be understood that when referring to silk that the silk may be recycled, virgin, or a combination thereof.
  • the primary fibers comprise cotton.
  • the soluble fibers comprise wool.
  • the primary fibers comprise cotton and the soluble fibers comprise wool.
  • a method of creating an engineered fabric comprises creating with primary fibers and wool and/or silk soluble fibers wherein the soluble fibers; dissolving the soluble fibers during yarn dyeing stage, using a process involving a wetting agent, desizing agent, alkali, hydrogen peroxide, peroxide stabilizer, lubricant, core alkali neutralizer/buffer, and a leveling agent, dyes; and weaving the yarn into a fabric.
  • the primary fiber includes cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc., and suitable combinations thereof.
  • the primary fiber is cotton, and the soluble fiber is wool.
  • the wetting agent is an ionic or non-ionic wetting agent.
  • the wetting agent is a commercially available wetting agent.
  • the desizing agent is a group of enzymes.
  • the desizing agent is a commercially available desizing agent.
  • the hydrogen peroxide stabilizer is anionic in nature.
  • the hydrogen peroxide stabilizer is a commercially available hydrogen peroxide stabilizer.
  • the lubricant is cryptanionic in nature. In certain embodiments, the lubricant is a commercially available lubricant.
  • the core alkali neutralizer/buffer is anionic in nature. In certain embodiments, the core alkali neutralizer/buffer is a commercially available alkali neutralizer/buffer. In certain embodiments, the leveling agent is anionic in nature. In certain embodiments, the leveling agent is a commercially available leveling agent. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
  • a ground fabric made of a first warp yarn and provided with loops of a second warp yarn interlaced with weft yarns forms the fabric.
  • the desired engineered terry fabric has a final weight between 200 and 1800 g/m 2 .
  • This engineered terry fabric may have 16 to 34 ends per centimeter in the warp direction, and 10 to 28 picks per centimeter in the weft direction.
  • the pile yarns i.e., the loop-forming yarns
  • the pile yarns are coarse and range from about 6 to 50 Ne (Cotton Count) in single ply yarn. These yarns may be plied as well. Coarser yarns have a greater number of fibers in the cross section.
  • the warp and weft yarns used in the ground weave of the fabric are more varied, ranging from 6 to 120 Ne. Like the pile yarn, the yarns used in the ground weave may be plied.
  • the yarn count and weave construction are generally engineered based on the desired construction. For example, where a heavier basis weight fabric is desired, a coarser yarn may be implemented. And, similarly, the ends and/or picks per inch may be increased.
  • the yarns used in terry fabrics implement cotton where absorptive properties are desired.
  • decorative designs and/or embellishments e.g., embroidery
  • any desirable material for example, polyester filament yarn.
  • a yarn's absorption properties depend on a variety of characteristics, including: fiber type, blend ratios of selected fiber types, and yarn structure. Modifying the yarn structure can increase the wicking properties of the yarn, which may lead to an increase in the hydrophilic properties of the yarn. Additionally, the amount of twist in a yarn affects the properties of the resultant towel. For example, since pile yarn is a commonly a low-twist yarn, pile loops have a greater fiber surface area for the absorption of water. This also imparts wicking properties to the yarn. The pile yarn properties can contrast with the properties of the ground warp and weft yarn, which generally possess higher twist ratios than the pile yarn.
  • cellulose While cellulose, and more specifically cotton, fibers are generally preferred by consumers due to their many desirable properties (e.g., softness, absorptive properties, and sustainability), cellulose holds moisture longer than many synthetic fibers. Therefore, there is a need to engineer a fabric in sustainable manner with superior properties to reduce dry time. Because it is of interest to increase the amount of free space within yarn to increase absorbency of water, structural changes in the yarn need to be engineered. Further research has revealed that hollow and zero twist yarns are excellent for use in toweling. To manufacture hollow yarn, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) has been blended into cotton and spun into a yarn. These yarns have been woven into fabrics and then treated to dissolve the PVA to create a hollow yarn structure that increases the absorbency of the finished towels.
  • PVA polyvinyl acetate
  • PVA is not an environmentally friendly fiber. Further research determined that wool and/or silk, natural protein fibers, tended to dissolve in sodium hydroxide solution (a caustic solution) at a certain concentration. Due to these fibers' excellent properties with regards to its elasticity, resilience, and absorbency, they were explored as a fiber for use in the preparation of the disclosed engineered terry fabric.
  • sodium hydroxide solution a caustic solution
  • an environmentally friendly and organic approach was taken to create an engineered yarn with desirable properties.
  • wool, silk, or a blend of wool and silk was used to increase the porosity of a cellulose (or more specifically, a cotton yarn).
  • a new attachment in the ring spinning system was utilized to eliminate the spinning triangle formed in a conventional ring system.
  • This attachment provides multiple benefits, including reducing yarn hairiness and yarn breakage during spinning, and increasing yarn strength (making lower twist ratios possible) and yarn evenness (lower coefficient of variation). These yarn benefits also provide greater weaving efficiency (i.e., enables higher picks per minute and decreases downtime due to broken yarns). Additionally, a finer yarn count may be obtained by changing the blend ratios.
  • the yarn which maybe be spun with wool, silk, or a blend of wool and silk, may be used in an engineered terry or flat woven fabric to increase the fabric's absorptive properties.
  • the wool and/or silk may be removed during the yarn or fabric stage of a batch or continuous production using an enzyme and/or alkali solution.
  • the combination of enzyme and alkali may be preferred where a more environmentally friendly method is preferred. Where a finer yarn count is desirable in the resulting fabric, silk is preferred.
  • the amount of soluble fiber present can comprise up to about 40 percent of the weight of the yarn prior to dissolution.
  • an engineered fabric that comprises a yarn engineered to have superior absorptive properties.
  • FIG. 1A is a flowchart of a yarn manufacturing method that comprises a yarn dyeing process and continuous post processing illustrating an exemplary method 100 of processing fibers to form yarn for use in the preparation of fabrics.
  • method 100 starts with step 105 , in which primary fiber (e.g., the fiber that remains after the soluble fibers are dissolved) is received from a supplier.
  • the primary fiber may be a one of a variety of fibers or a blend of fibers.
  • the primary fibers may be one or more of cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc. More specifically, the primary fiber may be cotton fibers. Where a finer yarn is desired, finer fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with smaller diameters). Likewise, for coarser yarn, coarser fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with larger diameters).
  • the primary fiber may be stored.
  • the primary fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the fibers undergo carding.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers, and trash (e.g., seed particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the slivers made of the primary fiber may be drafted with wool, silk, or wool/silk blended slivers to create a blended sliver with soluble fibers.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the sliver prior to dissolving. Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber.
  • the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the fibers may optionally undergo lapping and followed by combing operation in step 130 to remove shorter fibers and produce a more lustrous resulting yarn.
  • lapping followed by combing is done where a longer fiber is required (for example, to form a low twist yarn).
  • 20 to 24 slivers are fed into the lapping machine to produce one lap.
  • laps are then input into a combing machine (thus, if optional step 125 is performed, optional step 130 is also performed).
  • the resulting lap should have a count of 0.0079 to 0.0091 Ne.
  • step 130 (which is performed if optional step 125 is performed), the fibers undergo combing.
  • the laps are passed through a set of combs that further orient the fiber, as well as remove additional short fibers.
  • 6 to 8 laps are fed into the combing machine to produce one sliver.
  • lapping and combing are not required.
  • step 135 the resulting slivers undergo breaker drawing.
  • Breaker drawing may be done whether or not the fibers were combed (the process that occurs in optional steps 125 and 130 ).
  • the fibers may proceed from carding in step 120 directly to step 135 to undergo breaker drawing.
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing frame together.
  • These slivers are subjected to drafting, most commonly: a breaker draft and a main draft.
  • a set of rollers is calibrated to ensure that the resulting weight per length is appropriately sized.
  • the fibers which underwent combing in step 130 may be combined with the fibers that underwent carding and breaker drawing to undergo a finisher drawing in step 140 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in treated yarns' cross-section. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • the soluble fibers may be received.
  • Desirable soluble fibers include wool, silk, and/or any other suitable fiber, and combinations thereof.
  • suitable fibers would include any fiber that offers eco-friendly or sustainable properties.
  • wool and silk fibers have varying properties. For example, wool may be fine (i.e., possess a small diameter) or coarse (i.e., possess a large diameter).
  • the fiber properties of the variety of soluble fiber must be considered, as well as other factors such as ratio of primary to soluble fiber, and blend characteristics (e.g., if the soluble fiber is dispersed in tufts or as single fibers).
  • the soluble fibers may be stored.
  • the processed fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the soluble fibers may be blended together to achieve the desired ratio.
  • the soluble fibers may undergo carding and become sliver.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver (e.g., the sliver comprising a blend of primary and soluble fiber). Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber. Generally, the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the soluble fibers may undergo drawing to ensure the unity of the fibers in the stream.
  • drawn slivers are finisher drawn in step 140 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • step 170 the blended slivers produced through any combination of the forgoing processes undergo speed frame roving.
  • roving is required for ring spinning.
  • slivers are further drafted to reduce the weight per length and a low amount of twist is inserted.
  • step 175 the roving that was created in step 170 undergoes ring spinning.
  • Ring spinning is desirable for applications, such as terry toweling, rugs, bedding, and leisure fabrics, where softness is desired. Further, yarn spinning produces yarns with desirable elasticity.
  • ring spinning roving is fed into the ring spinning machine and bobbins of yarn is output. Generally, the resulting yarn should have a count of 6 Ne to 120 Ne.
  • a new attachment in the ring spinning system was utilized to eliminate the spinning triangle formed in a conventional ring system. This attachment provides multiple benefits, including reducing yarn hairiness and yarn breakage during spinning, and increasing yarn strength (making lower twist ratios possible) and yarn evenness (i.e., lower coefficient of variation).
  • step 180 after spinning the bobbins of yarn may be combined onto a cone using an autoconer. Cones are required to convert the bobbins to larger packages suitable for textile processing.
  • the yarns may optionally undergo plying. During this step, yarns of the same or different counts may be plied together. Similarly, yarns with the same fiber and blend content, or yarns with differing fiber and blend contents may be plied. The number of yarns plied may be two or more.
  • the yarns may be wound onto suitable packages.
  • yarns may be wound off of tapered cones onto cylindrical tubes or other forms of packaging more suitable for warping and weaving.
  • Figure 1B is a flowchart of a fabric manufacturing method that comprises a yarn dyeing process and a continuous post processing illustrating an exemplary method 200 of processing yarns into fabrics.
  • step 205 yarn is received from a supplier or the spinning room.
  • the yarn may be stored.
  • the yarns may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the yarns for weaving.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be dissolved and, if desired, the yarn may be dyed.
  • the wool and/or silk fibers may be dissolved in sodium hydroxide (NaOH), an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • the packages may be loaded into a machine where they are placed in a water bath. The temperature of the water bath may be increased before a wetting agent is applied. A wetting agent lowers the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids, and aid in cleaning the surface of fibers and improving the solidity of reactive and disperse dyeing.
  • a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide bleaching may be used to achieve uniform bleaching by suppressing rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
  • a stabilizer prevents degradation of strength and pinholes by suppressing decomposition.
  • a stabilizer plays an important role to obtain high quality bleached products.
  • a core alkali neutralizer (or "buffer") may be added after the bleaching process to remove the alkali and control the pH for further processing.
  • a leveling agent or "retarding agent” or "retarder” may be used to aid in fixing the dye to the yarn and obtain a uniform shade.
  • the appropriate yarn package e.g., tube or cone
  • the yarn package my need to be changed prior to dyeing. After the soluble fibers are dissolved (and repacked if necessary) the yarn may be dyed using any suitable dyeing process.
  • step 220 the yarn undergoes warping. Any known process for warping, including high speed/direct warping, sectional/indirect warping, and/or ball warping, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 225 the yarn undergoes sizing. Any known process for sizing, including wet sizing, solvent sizing, cold sizing, and/or hot melt sizing, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 230 the yarn undergoes weaving.
  • Any known process for weaving including terry weaving, may be utilized.
  • terry weaving two warp beams are prepared (one for the ground warp and one for the pile warp). These two warps are fed through the loom at different speeds to create loops on the pile warp.
  • the weft and ground warp form a ground weave that supports the pile loops.
  • the article may undergo inspection. Any known process for inspection may be utilized.
  • terry fabric may be manually inspected by a trained employee using a light board (sometimes called a light box) or automatically inspected using a camera-based visual inspection system.
  • the article may undergo singeing and desizing in open width form.
  • Singeing is only applied to flat woven fabrics, such as bedding. Singeing is used to remove fine fibers from the surface of the fabric to create a smoother fabric with a less hairy appearance.
  • bio-polishing is done. Bio-polishing is used decrease a fabric's tendency to pill by removing protruding fibers.
  • Desizing agents aid in the removal of added impurities in the form of starch and synthetic sizes without having any effect on the fibers and yarn. It is important that these impurities are removed to ensure better realization of further processing. Thus, desizing is done to remove the sizing that was applied on the warp yarns prior to weaving.
  • step 245 the fabric is washed in its open width form.
  • step 250 the fabric is finished using a stenter. During this step the fabric is pulled and held tight in the weft direction and subjected to finishing treatments. This step ensures that the yarns are properly oriented prior to cutting and sewing.
  • step 255 the finished fabric undergoes a second inspection.
  • step 260 the fabric is cut apart.
  • step 265 if the resulting textile is intended for use as a terry towel, length hemming occurs to finish the raw edges of the towel. After length hemming, partially finished towel may undergo cross-cutting in step 270 and cross hemming in step 275 .
  • the fabric may be stitched or sewn in the manner required for the end application.
  • step 285 the resulting article is subjected to a final inspection.
  • step 290 the inspected article is packed into a bag.
  • step 295 the textile article is carton packaged.
  • FIG. 2A is a flowchart of an exemplary method 300 of processing fibers to form yarn for use in the preparation of fabrics.
  • Method 300 comprises a yarn manufacturing method that comprises a yarn dyeing process and a batch process for post-processing.
  • method 300 starts with step 305 , in which primary fiber (e.g., the fiber that remains after dissolution) is received from a supplier.
  • the primary fibers may be a variety of fibers or a blend of different fibers.
  • the primary fibers may be one or more of cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc. More specifically, the primary fiber may be cotton fibers. Where a finer yarn is desired, finer fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with smaller diameters). Likewise, for coarser yarn, coarser fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with larger diameters).
  • the primary fiber may be stored.
  • the primary fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the fibers undergo carding.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the slivers made of the primary fiber may be drafted with wool, silk, or wool/silk blended slivers to create a blended sliver with soluble fibers.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver.
  • Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber.
  • the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the fibers may undergo lapping to remove shorter fibers and produce a more lustrous resulting yarn.
  • lapping is done where a longer fiber is required (for example, to form a low twist yarn).
  • 20 to 24 slivers are fed into the lapping machine to produce one lap.
  • laps then input into a combing machine (thus, if optional step 125 is performed, optional step 130 is also performed).
  • the resulting lap should have a count of 0.0079 to 0.0091 Ne.
  • step 330 (which is performed if optional step 325 is performed), the fibers undergo combing.
  • the laps are passed through a set of combs that further orient the fiber, as well as removing additional short fibers and noils.
  • 6 to 8 laps are input into the combing machine to produce one sliver.
  • lapping and combing are not required.
  • step 335 the resulting slivers undergo breaker drawing.
  • Breaker drawing may be done whether or not the fibers were combed.
  • the fibers may proceed from carding in step 320 directly to step 335 to undergo breaker drawing.
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing frame together.
  • These slivers are subjected to drafting, most commonly: a breaker draft and a main draft.
  • a set of rollers is calibrated to ensure that the resulting weight per length is appropriately sized.
  • the fibers which underwent combing in step 330 may be combined with the fibers that underwent carding and breaker drawing to undergo a finisher drawing in step 340 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • the soluble fibers may be received.
  • Desirable soluble fibers include wool, silk, and suitable combinations thereof.
  • wool and silk fibers have varying properties.
  • wool may be fine (i.e., possess a small diameter) or coarse (i.e., possess a large diameter).
  • the fiber properties of the variety of soluble fiber must be considered, as well as other factors such as ratio of primary to soluble fiber, and blend characteristics (e.g., if the soluble fiber is dispersed in tufts or as single fibers).
  • the soluble fibers may be stored.
  • the processed fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the soluble fibers may be blended together to achieve the desired ratio.
  • the soluble fibers may undergo carding and become sliver.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver (e.g., the sliver comprising a blend of primary and soluble fiber). Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber. Generally, the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the soluble fibers may undergo drawing to ensure the unity of the fibers in the stream.
  • drawn slivers are finisher drawn in step 340 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • step 370 the blended slivers produced through any combination of the forgoing processes undergo speed frame roving.
  • roving is required for ring spinning.
  • slivers are further drafted to reduce the weight per length and a low amount of twist is inserted.
  • step 375 the roving created in step 370 undergoes ring spinning.
  • Ring spinning is desirable for applications, such as terry toweling, rugs, bedding, and leisure fabrics, where softness is desired. Further, yarn spinning produces yarns with desirable elasticity.
  • ring spinning roving is fed into the ring spinning machine and bobbins of yarn is output. Generally, the resulting yarn should have a count of 6 Ne to 120 Ne.
  • a new attachment in the ring spinning system was utilized to eliminate the spinning triangle formed in a conventional ring system. This attachment provides multiple benefits, including reducing yarn hairiness and yarn breakage during spinning, and increasing yarn strength (making lower twist ratios possible) and yarn evenness (lower coefficient of variation).
  • step 380 after spinning the bobbins of yarn may be combined onto a cone using an autoconer. Cones are required to convert the bobbins to larger packages suitable for textile processing.
  • the yarns may undergo plying. During this step, yarns of the same or different counts may be plied together. Similarly, yarns with the same fiber and blend content, or yarns with differing fiber and blend contents may be plied. The number of yarns plied may be two or more.
  • the yarns may be wound onto suitable packages.
  • yarns may be wound off of tapered cones onto cylindrical tubes or other forms of packaging more suitable for warping and weaving.
  • Figure 2B is a flowchart of a fabric manufacturing method that comprises a yarn dyeing process and a batch post process illustrating exemplary method 400 of processing yarns into fabrics.
  • step 405 yarn is received from a supplier or the spinning room.
  • the yarn may be stored.
  • the yarns may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the yarns for weaving.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be dissolved.
  • the wool and/or silk fibers may be dissolved in alkali (for example including but not limited to NaOH), an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
  • alkali for example including but not limited to NaOH
  • the packages may be loaded into a machine where they are placed in a water bath. The temperature of the water bath may be increased before a wetting agent is applied. A wetting agent lowers the surface tension of a liquid to allow easier spreading, lower the interfacial tension between two liquids, and aid in cleaning the surface of fibers, and improve the solubility of reactive and disperse dyeing.
  • a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide bleaching may be used to achieve uniform bleaching by suppressing rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
  • a stabilizer prevents degradation of strength and pinholes by suppressing decomposition.
  • a stabilizer plays an important role to obtain high quality bleached products.
  • a lubricant in low liquor ratios and high temperature when fabric is processed in full-loaded rope dyeing machines (jets, overflows or winch becks) fabric prone to crease (line caused by folding), chafe (damaged by rubbing) as well as wrinkle line. In high temperature, if crease or chafe marks or wrinkle lines are formed, these are permanently seen on the fabric surface and cannot be removed easily.
  • the lubricating agent is used to prevent running crease, crack, chafe, and crush marks, as well as wrinkle lines. It offers reliability in the pretreatment, dyeing and soaking bath for difficult textiles.
  • a core alkali neutralizer (or “buffer”) may be added after the bleaching process to remove the alkali and control the pH for further processing.
  • a level agent (or "retarding agent” or “retarder”) may be used to aid in fixing the dye to the yarn and obtain a uniform shade. After the soluble fibers are dissolved the yarn may be dyed.
  • the bleaching process may start out with a loading step where the yarn packages are placed in a water bath and the temperature of the bath is increased to 70 °C.
  • a wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent 1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • caustic soda 5.50 ⁇ 0.50 g/l
  • a lubricant e.g., a commercially available lubricant 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and a core alkali neutralizer or buffer (e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and an acid to maintain the bath pH (e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a core alkali neutralizer or buffer e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the yarn dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and a peroxide stabilizer (e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) are introduced.
  • the bleaching process may start out with a loading step where the yarn packages are placed in a water bath and the temperature of the bath is increased to 70 °C.
  • non-ionic wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent
  • caustic soda e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 7.50 ⁇ 1.00 g/l
  • the yarns dwell at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the yarn is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained.
  • the bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and core neutralizer (e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and an acid to maintain the bath pH, such as acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) are introduced.
  • core neutralizer e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH such as acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the yarn dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and a levelling agent (e.g., a commercially available leveling agent 0.40 to 0.60 g/l) are introduced and followed by dye as per required depth of shade is dosed in the bath to complete the dyeing process.
  • the yarn dwells in the modified bath for an additional five
  • step 420 the yarn undergoes warping. Any known process for warping, including high speed/direct warping, sectional/indirect warping, and/or ball warping, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 425 the yarn undergoes sizing. Any known process for sizing, including wet sizing, solvent sizing, cold sizing, and/or hot melt sizing, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 430 the yarn undergoes weaving.
  • Any known process for weaving including terry weaving, may be utilized.
  • terry weaving two warp beams are prepared (one for the ground warp and one for the pile warp). These two warps are fed through the loom at different speeds to create loops on the pile warp.
  • the weft and ground warp form a ground weave that supports the pile loops.
  • the article may undergo inspection. Any known process for inspection may be utilized.
  • terry fabric may be manually inspected by a trained employee using a light board (sometimes called a light box) or automatically inspected using a camera-based visual inspection system.
  • the article may undergo singeing and desizing in open width form.
  • Singeing is only applied to flat woven fabrics, such as bedding. Singeing is used to remove fine fibers from the surface of the fabric to create a smoother fabric with a less hairy appearance.
  • bio-polishing is done. Bio-polishing is used decrease a fabric's tendency to pill by removing protruding fibers.
  • Desizing agents aid in the removal of added impurities in the form of starch and synthetic sizes without having any effect on the fibers and yarn. It is important that these impurities are removed to ensure better realization of further processing. Thus, desizing is done to remove the sizing that was placed on the warp yarns prior to weaving.
  • step 445 the fabric is washed in its rope form.
  • step 450 if terry toweling or similar fabric is being manufactured, the washed "rope" of fabric is opened.
  • step 452 the fabric is finished using a stenter. During this step the fabric is pulled taught in the weft direction and subjected to finishing treatments. This step ensures that the yarns are properly oriented prior to cutting and sewing.
  • step 455 the finished fabric undergoes a second inspection.
  • step 460 the fabric is cut apart.
  • step optional 465 if the resulting textile is intended for use as a terry towel or similar product, then length hemming occurs to finish the raw edges of the towel. After length hemming, partially finished towel may undergo cross-cutting 470 and cross hemming 475 .
  • the fabric may be stitched or sewn in the manner required.
  • step 485 the resulting article is subjected to a final inspection.
  • step 490 the textiles are packed into bags.
  • step 495 the bagged textiles are carton packaged.
  • FIG. 3A is a flowchart of a yarn manufacturing method that comprises a continuous fabric dyeing process illustrating an exemplary method 500 of processing fibers to form yarn for use in the preparation of fabrics.
  • method 500 starts with step 505 , in which primary fiber (e.g., the fiber that remains after dissolution) is received from a supplier.
  • the primary fibers may be a variety of fibers or a blend of different fibers.
  • the primary fibers may be one or more of cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc. More specifically, the primary fiber may be cotton fibers. Where a finer yarn is desired, finer fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with smaller diameters). Likewise, for coarser yarn, coarser fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with larger diameters).
  • the primary fiber may be stored.
  • the primary fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the fibers undergo carding.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the slivers made of the primary fiber may be drafted with wool, silk, or wool/silk blended slivers to create a blended sliver with soluble fibers.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver.
  • Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber.
  • the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the fibers may undergo lapping to remove shorter fibers and produce a more lustrous resulting yarn.
  • lapping is done where a longer fiber is required (for example, to form a low twist yarn).
  • 20 to 24 slivers are fed into the lapping machine to produce one lap.
  • the laps are then fed into a combing machine (thus, if optional step 525 is performed, optional step 530 is also performed).
  • the resulting lap should have a count of 0.0079 to 0.0091 Ne.
  • step 530 (which is performed if optional step 525 is performed), the fibers undergo combing.
  • the laps are passed through a set of combs that further orient the fiber, as well as remove additional short fibers.
  • 6 to 8 laps are input into the combing machine to produce one sliver.
  • lapping and combing are not required.
  • step 535 the resulting slivers undergo breaker drawing.
  • Breaker drawing may be done whether or not the fibers were combed.
  • the fibers may proceed from carding in step 520 directly to step 535 to undergo breaker drawing.
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing frame together.
  • These slivers are subjected to drafting, most commonly: a breaker draft and a main draft.
  • a set of rollers (appropriately spaced to minimize fiber breakage) is calibrated to ensure that the resulting weight per length is appropriately sized.
  • the fibers which underwent combing in step 530 may be combined with the fibers that underwent carding and breaker drawing to undergo a finisher drawing in step 540 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • the soluble fibers may be received.
  • Desirable soluble fibers include wool, silk, and suitable combinations thereof.
  • wool and silk fibers have varying properties.
  • wool may be fine (i.e., possess a small diameter) or coarse (i.e., possess a large diameter).
  • the fiber properties of the variety of soluble fiber must be considered, as well as other factors such as ratio of primary to soluble fiber, and blend characteristics (e.g., if the soluble fiber is dispersed in tufts or as single fibers).
  • the soluble fibers may be stored.
  • the processed fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the soluble fibers may be blended together to achieve the desired ratio.
  • the soluble fibers may undergo carding and become sliver.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver (e.g., the sliver comprising a blend of primary and soluble fiber). Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber. Generally, the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the soluble fibers may undergo drawing to ensure the unity of the fibers in the stream.
  • drawn slivers are finisher drawn in step 540 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • step 570 the blended slivers produced through any combination of the forgoing processes undergo speed frame roving.
  • roving is required for ring spinning.
  • slivers are further drafted to reduce the weight per length and a low amount of twist is inserted.
  • step 575 the roving created in step 570 undergoes ring spinning.
  • Ring spinning is desirable for applications, such as terry toweling, rugs, bedding, and leisure fabrics, where softness is desired. Further, yarn spinning produces yarns with desirable elasticity.
  • ring spinning roving is fed into the ring spinning machine and bobbins of yarn are output. Generally, the resulting yarn should have a count of 6 Ne to 120 Ne.
  • a new attachment in the ring spinning system was utilized to eliminate the spinning triangle formed in a conventional ring system. This attachment provides multiple benefits, including reducing yarn hairiness and yarn breakage during spinning, and increasing yarn strength (making lower twist ratios possible) and yarn evenness (lower coefficient of variation).
  • step 580 after spinning the bobbins of yarn may be combined onto a cone using an autoconer. Cones are required to convert the bobbins to larger packages suitable for textile processing.
  • the yarns may undergo plying. During this step, yarns of the same or different counts may be plied together. Similarly, yarns with the same fiber and blend content, or yarns with differing fiber and blend contents may be plied. The number of yarns plied may be two or more.
  • the yarns may be wound onto suitable packages.
  • yarns may be wound off of tapered cones onto cylindrical tubes or other forms of packaging more suitable for warping and weaving.
  • Figure 3B is a flowchart of a fabric manufacturing method that comprises a continuous fabric dyeing process. Illustrating an exemplary method 600 of processing yarns into fabrics.
  • step 605 yarn is received from a supplier or the spinning room.
  • the yarn may be stored.
  • the yarns may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the yarns for weaving.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • step 615 the yarn undergoes warping. Any known process for warping, including high speed/direct warping, sectional/indirect warping, and/or ball warping, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 620 the yarn undergoes sizing. Any known process for sizing, including wet sizing, solvent sizing, cold sizing, and/or hot melt sizing, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 625 the yarn undergoes weaving.
  • Any known process for weaving including terry weaving, may be utilized.
  • terry weaving two warp beams are prepared (one for the ground warp and one for the pile warp). These two warps are fed through the loom at different speeds to create loops on the pile warp.
  • the weft and ground warp form a ground weave that supports the pile loops.
  • the fabric may undergo inspection. Any known process for inspection may be utilized.
  • terry fabric may be manually inspected by a trained employee using a light board (sometimes called a light box) or automatically inspected using a camera-based visual inspection system.
  • the resulting fabric may be treated using a plasma treatment.
  • Plasma treatment is a dry state treatment on to any textile surface before any wet processing. Essentially, four main effects can be obtained depending on the treatment conditions: surface cleaning, etching, surface activation, and polymerization.
  • plasma treatments find their application in the textile field for a variety of purposes including modification of surface energy, modification of surface topography, improvement of adhesion, and surface cleaning.
  • a plasma treatment is used for surface etching and the creation of micro cracks on the wool fiber.
  • absorbency of the wool fiber will increase, resulting in faster dissolution of wool fiber with various manufacturing benefits (e.g., reduces the volume of chemicals, water, and power required to treat the fabric).
  • plasma treated fabrics are more sustainable.
  • plasma treatment occurs at ambient conditions (temperature and pressure are normal) at a speed of 20 to 40 meters per minute at a power of 16 Kw.
  • ambient conditions temperature and pressure are normal
  • plasma systems may be utilized. For example, atmospheric/air plasma (dry), or N 2 , Argon, or a combination thereof.
  • the plasma treated fabric is subjected to a continuous process pretreatment.
  • the pretreatment stage comprises desizing, scouring, and/or bleaching, where the soluble fibers may be dissolved.
  • the wool and/or silk fibers may be dissolved in NaOH, an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
  • desizing agents aid in the removal of added impurities the form of starch and synthetic sizes without having any effect on the fabric. It is important that these impurities are removed to ensure better realization of further processing.
  • the fabric then undergoes scouring and bleaching.
  • the fabric may be loaded into a machine where they are placed in a water bath. The temperature of the water bath may be increased to 70 °C.
  • a wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent 1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a desizing agent e.g., a commercially available desizing agent 0.40 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • caustic soda 5.50 ⁇ 0.50 g/l
  • a lubricant e.g., a commercially available lubricant 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the bath temperature is increased to 75 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • hydrogen peroxide (4.75 ⁇ 0.50 g/l) is introduced to the bath.
  • the fabric dwells at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes. Once the temperature reaches 100 °C, the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the fabric is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained. The bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and a core alkali neutralizer or buffer (e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and an acid to maintain the bath pH (e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a core alkali neutralizer or buffer e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the fabric dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and a peroxide stabilizer (e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) are introduced.
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the fabric dwells in the modified bath for an additional five minutes before the bath is drained.
  • the entire cycle may take 119 minutes.
  • the bleaching process may start out with a loading step where the fabric is placed in a water bath and the temperature of the bath is increased to 70 °C.
  • non-ionic wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent (1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • enzymatic desizing agent e.g., a commercially available desizing agent 0.40 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the non-ionic wetting agent and enzymatic desizing agent are used to desize the fabric over twenty minutes while the bath is maintained at 70 °C.
  • enzymatic desizing agent e.g., a commercially available enzymatic desizing agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • caustic soda (10.00 ⁇ 2.00 g/l)
  • lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 7.50 ⁇ 1.00 g/l
  • the fabric dwells at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the fabric is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained.
  • the bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and core neutralizer (e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and an acid to maintain the bath pH, such as acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) are introduced.
  • core neutralizer e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH such as acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the fabric dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and a levelling agent (e.g., a commercially available leveling agent 0.40 to 0.60 g/l) are introduced.
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a levelling agent e.g., a commercially available leveling agent 0.40 to 0.60 g/l
  • step 645 the fabric is dyed or printed.
  • the dyeing process depends upon the fiber being dyed.
  • printing may be desirable.
  • Printing may be achieved using any technical method. For example, printing may be achieved with screen printing, block printing, or digital printing.
  • step 650 the fabric is finished using a stenter. During this step the fabric is pulled taught in the weft direction and subjected to finishing treatments. This step ensures that the yarns are properly oriented prior to cutting and sewing.
  • step 655 the finished fabric undergoes a second inspection.
  • step 660 the fabric is cut a part.
  • step 665 if the resulting textile is intended for use as a terry towel, then length hemming occurs to finish the raw edges of the towel. After length hemming, partially finished towel may undergo cross-cutting 670 and cross hemming 675 .
  • the fabric may be stitched or sewn in the manner required.
  • step 685 the resulting article is subjected to a final inspection.
  • step 690 the textile is packed into bags.
  • step 695 the bagged textile is carton packaged.
  • FIG. 4A is a flowchart of a yarn manufacturing method that comprises a batch fabric dyeing process illustrating an exemplary method 700 of processing fibers to form yarn for use in the preparation of fabrics.
  • method 700 starts with step 705 , in which primary fiber (e.g., the fiber that remains after dissolution) is received from a supplier.
  • the primary fibers may be a variety of fibers or a blend of different fibers.
  • the primary fibers may be one or more of cotton, linen, hemp, kapok, nettle, bamboo, lyocell, viscose, polyester (sustainable or recycled), PLA, PBT, nylon, acrylic, etc. More specifically, the primary fiber may be cotton fibers. Where a finer yarn is desired, finer fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with smaller diameters). Likewise, for coarser yarn, coarser fibers may be preferred (e.g., fibers with larger diameters).
  • the primary fiber may be stored.
  • the primary fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the fibers undergo carding.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualize and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the slivers made of the primary fiber may be drafted with wool, silk, or wool/silk blended slivers to create a blended sliver with soluble fibers.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver.
  • Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber.
  • the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the fibers may undergo lapping and followed by combing operation to remove shorter fibers and produce a more lustrous resulting yarn.
  • lapping is done where a longer fiber is required (for example, to form a low twist yarn).
  • 20 to 24 slivers are fed into the lapping machine to produce one lap.
  • laps then input into a combing machine (thus, if optional step 725 is performed, optional step 730 is also performed).
  • the resulting lap should have a count of 0.0079 to 0.0091 Ne.
  • step 730 (which is performed if optional step 725 is performed), the fibers undergo combing.
  • the laps are passed through a set of combs that further orient the fiber, as well as removing additional short fibers and noils.
  • 6 to 8 laps are input into the combing machine to produce one sliver.
  • lapping and combing are not required.
  • step 735 the resulting slivers undergo breaker drawing.
  • Breaker drawing may be done whether or not the fibers were combed.
  • the fibers may proceed from carding in step 720 directly to step 735 to undergo breaker drawing.
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing frame together.
  • These slivers are subjected to drafting, most commonly: a breaker draft and a main draft.
  • a set of rollers is calibrated to ensure that the resulting weight per length is appropriately sized.
  • the fibers which underwent combing in step 730 may be combined with the fibers that underwent carding and breaker drawing to undergo a finisher drawing in step 740.
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • the soluble fibers may be received.
  • Desirable soluble fibers include wool, silk, and suitable combinations thereof.
  • wool and silk fibers have varying properties.
  • wool may be fine (i.e., possess a small diameter) or coarse (i.e., possess a large diameter).
  • the fiber properties of the variety of soluble fiber must be considered, as well as other factors such as ratio of primary to soluble fiber, and blend characteristics (e.g., if the soluble fiber is dispersed in tufts or as single fibers).
  • the soluble fibers may be stored.
  • the processed fibers may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the fibers for spinning.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • the soluble fibers may be processed in a blow room.
  • a blow room is where fiber is processed to prepare the fiber for yarn manufacturing.
  • fibers are selected for opening, cleaning, and blending.
  • the soluble fibers may be blended together to achieve the desired ratio.
  • the soluble fibers may undergo carding and become sliver.
  • the fibers are passed through carding machines to remove short fibers, and trash (e.g., vegetable matter and other undesirable particulate), and individualization and align the fibers into slivers.
  • the slivers are subjected to a drawing process to further align the fibers.
  • a number of carded slivers are fed through a drawing frame where they are drafted to create a more uniform sliver.
  • the ratio may be anywhere from 99:1 to 1:99.
  • the content of the soluble fiber may make up 3% to 40% of the end sliver (e.g., the sliver comprising a blend of primary and soluble fiber). Low blend ratios are preferred, such as 3% to 10% because these ranges are the most cost viable. It would be further preferred to have a 3.5% to 7% ratio of soluble fiber. Generally, the resulting sliver should have a count of 0.100 to 0.180 Ne (cotton count).
  • the soluble fibers may undergo drawing to ensure the unity of the fibers in the stream.
  • drawn slivers are finisher drawn in step 740 .
  • 6 to 8 slivers are fed through the drawing machine to produce one blended sliver.
  • the fibers may be blended in such a way as to create bundles or tufts of wool and/or silk dispersed throughout the primary fiber in the resulting blended sliver. These tufts, when dissolved, leave pores in yarn cross-sections. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desirable.
  • the wool and/or cotton may be evenly distributed throughout the cotton-blend sliver. Where the soluble fiber is evenly distributed, the pores left after dissolving are smaller than the pores that result from tufts of wool and/or silk. These pores are desirable in certain applications where their unique absorbency and wicking properties are desired.
  • step 770 the blended slivers produced through any combination of the forgoing processes undergo speed frame roving.
  • roving is required for ring spinning.
  • slivers are further drafted to reduce the weight per length and a low amount of twist is inserted.
  • step 775 the roving created in step 770 undergoes ring spinning.
  • Ring spinning is desirable for applications, such as terry toweling, rugs, bedding, and leisure fabrics, where softness is desired. Further, yarn spinning produces yarns with desirable elasticity.
  • ring spinning roving is fed into the ring spinning machine and bobbins of yarn is output. Generally, the resulting yarn should have a count of 6 Ne to 120 Ne.
  • a new attachment in the ring spinning system was utilized to eliminate the spinning triangle formed in a conventional ring system. This attachment provides multiple benefits, including reducing yarn hairiness and yarn breakage during spinning, and increasing yarn strength (making lower twist ratios possible) and yarn evenness (lower coefficient of variation).
  • step 780 after spinning the bobbins of yarn may be combined onto a cone using an autoconer. Cones are required to convert the bobbins to larger packages suitable for textile processing.
  • the yarns may undergo plying. During this step, yarns of the same or different counts may be plied together. Similarly, yarns with the same fiber and blend content, or yarns with differing fiber and blend contents may be plied. The number of yarns plied may be two or more.
  • the yarns may be wound onto suitable packages.
  • yarns may be wound off of tapered cones onto cylindrical tubes or other forms of packaging more suitable for warping and weaving.
  • Figure 4B is a flowchart of a fabric manufacturing method that comprises a batch dyeing process illustrating exemplary method 800 of processing yarns into fabrics.
  • step 805 yarn is received from a supplier or the spinning room.
  • the yarn may be stored.
  • the yarns may be conditioned to a certain temperature or relative humidity to prepare the yarns for weaving.
  • the desired temperature and humidity would be dependent, in part, upon the type of fiber and type of processing that will occur.
  • step 815 the yarn undergoes warping. Any known process for warping, including high speed/direct warping, sectional/indirect warping, and/or ball warping, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 820 the yarn undergoes sizing. Any known process for sizing, including wet sizing, solvent sizing, cold sizing, and/or hot melt sizing, may be utilized in this step.
  • step 825 the yarn undergoes weaving.
  • Any known process for weaving including terry weaving, may be utilized.
  • terry weaving two warp beams are prepared (one for the ground warp and one for the pile warp). These two warps are fed through the loom at different speeds to create loops on the pile warp.
  • the weft and ground warp form a ground weave that supports the pile loops.
  • the fabric may undergo inspection. Any known process for inspection may be utilized.
  • terry fabric may be manually inspected by a trained employee using a light board (sometimes called a light box) or automatically inspected using a camera-based visual inspection system.
  • the fabric is treated using a plasma treatment.
  • Plasma treatment is a dry state treatment on to any textile surface before any wet processing. Essentially, four main effects can be obtained depending on the treatment conditions: surface cleaning, etching, surface activation, and polymerization.
  • plasma treatments find their application in the textile field for a variety of purposes including modification of surface energy, modification of surface topography, improvement of adhesion, and surface cleaning.
  • a plasma treatment is used for surface etching and the creation of micro cracks on the wool fiber.
  • absorbency of the wool fiber will increase, resulting in faster dissolution of wool fiber with various manufacturing benefits (e.g., reduces the volume of chemicals, water, and power required to treat the fabric).
  • plasma treated fabrics are more sustainable.
  • plasma treatment occurs at ambient conditions (temperature and pressure are normal) at a speed of 20 to 40 meters per minute at a power of 16 Kw.
  • ambient conditions temperature and pressure are normal
  • plasma systems may be utilized. For example, atmospheric/air plasma (dry), or N 2 , Argon, or a combination thereof.
  • the fabric undergoes a dissolving treatment.
  • the fabric may optionally be dyed and finished in rope form.
  • the wool and/or silk fibers may be dissolved in NaOH, an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
  • the pretreatment stage comprises desizing, scouring, and/or bleaching, where the soluble fibers may be dissolved.
  • the wool and/or silk fibers may be dissolved in NaOH, an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
  • desizing agents aid in the removal of added impurities the form of starch and synthetic sizes without having any effect on the fabric. It is important that these impurities are removed to ensure better realization of further processing.
  • the fabric After desizing, the fabric then undergoes scouring and bleaching.
  • the fabric may be loaded into a machine where they are placed in a water bath.
  • the temperature of the water bath may be increased to 70 °C.
  • a wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent 1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a desizing agent e.g., a commercially available desizing agent 0.40 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • caustic soda 5.50 ⁇ 0.50 g/l
  • a lubricant e.g., a commercially available lubricant 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the bath temperature is increased to 75 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • hydrogen peroxide (4.75 ⁇ 0.50 g/l) is introduced to the bath.
  • the fabric dwells at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes. Once the temperature reaches 100 °C, the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the fabric is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained. The bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and a core alkali neutralizer or buffer (e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and an acid to maintain the bath pH (e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a core alkali neutralizer or buffer e.g., a commercially core alkali neutralizer or buffer 0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the fabric dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) and a peroxide stabilizer (e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l) are introduced.
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer 0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the fabric dwells in the modified bath for an additional five minutes before the bath is drained.
  • the bleaching process may start out with a loading step where the fabric is placed in a water bath and the temperature of the bath is increased to 70 °C.
  • a wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent (1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • a desizing agent e.g., a commercially available desizing agent (0.20 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • a peroxide stabilizer e.g., a commercially available peroxide stabilizer (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • caustic soda 5.5 ⁇ 1.0 g/l
  • a lubricant e.g., a commercially available lubricant (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the bath temperature is increased to 75 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • hydrogen peroxide (4.75 ⁇ 1.00 g/l) is introduced to the bath.
  • the fabric dwells at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes.
  • the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the fabric is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained.
  • the bath is then refilled with 45 °C water and a core neutralizer or buffer (e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer or buffer (0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) and an acid to maintain the bath pH (e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a core neutralizer or buffer e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer or buffer (0.35 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.00 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the fabric dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) and a leveling agent (e.g., a commercially available leveling agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • a leveling agent e.g., a commercially available leveling agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the bleaching process may start out with a loading step where the fabric is placed in a water bath and the temperature of the bath is increased to 70 °C.
  • a wetting agent e.g., a commercially available wetting agent (1.25 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • a desizing agent e.g., a commercially available desizing agent (0.20 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the wetting agent and desizing agent are used to desize the yarns over twenty minutes while the bath is maintained at 70 °C.
  • a leveling agent e.g., a commercially available leveling agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • caustic soda (10 ⁇ 2.00 g/l) e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • the fabric dwells at 75 °C for approximately ten minutes before the temperature is increased to 100 °C over the course of five minutes. Once the temperature reaches 100 °C, the bath is maintained at that temperature for 25 minutes.
  • the bath is then drained and the fabric is subjected to a hot water (90 °C) rinse. After the hot water rinse, the bath is once again drained. The bath is then refilled with 45 °C water, and a core neutralizer (e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer (0.30 ⁇ 0.05 g/l)) and an acid to maintain the bath pH (e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a core neutralizer e.g., a commercially available core neutralizer (0.30 ⁇ 0.05 g/l)
  • an acid to maintain the bath pH e.g., acetic acid or Green Acid (1.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • the fabric dwells in this bath at 45 °C for 29 minutes before a lubricating agent (e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) and leveling agent (e.g., a commercially available leveling agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)) are introduced.
  • a lubricating agent e.g., a commercially available lubricating agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l)
  • leveling agent e.g., a commercially available leveling agent (0.50 ⁇ 0.20 g/l
  • step 845 if terry toweling or similar fabric is being manufactured, the washed "rope" of fabric is opened.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
EP23161056.9A 2022-03-10 2023-03-09 Herstellung von technischen stoffen mit verbesserten absorptionseigenschaften Pending EP4253619A1 (de)

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3169557A (en) * 1963-04-30 1965-02-16 Cannon Mills Co Towel with non-puckering decorative border

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3169557A (en) * 1963-04-30 1965-02-16 Cannon Mills Co Towel with non-puckering decorative border

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
AMELIA SPARAVIGNA: "Plasma treatment advantages for textiles", ARXIV: POPULAR PHYSICS, pages 1 - 16
ANDREA ZILLE ET AL: "Plasma Treatment in Textile Industry", PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, vol. 12, no. 2, 25 February 2015 (2015-02-25), DE, pages 98 - 131, XP055289873, ISSN: 1612-8850, DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201400052 *
MADHU AMIT ET AL: "Developments in application of enzymes for textile processing", JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 145, 6 January 2017 (2017-01-06), pages 114 - 133, XP029907059, ISSN: 0959-6526, DOI: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.01.013 *
R. ABD. JELIL: "A review of low-temperature plasma treatment of textile materials", 50 J. MATER SCI, 2015, pages 5913, XP037122704, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-015-9152-4
R. ABD. JELIL: "A review of low-temperature plasma treatment of textile materials", 50 J. MATER SCI., 2015, pages 5913, XP037122704, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-015-9152-4
SHEILA SHAHIDI ET AL.: "Study of Surface Modification of Wool Fabrics Using Low Temperature Plasma", PROC. OF THE 3RD INT'L CONF. ON THE FRONTIERS OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECH, vol. 1, 2008
SHEILA SHAHIDI ET AL.: "Study of Surface Modification of Wool Fabrics Using Low Temperature Plasma", PROC. OF THE 3RD INT'L CONF. ON THE FRONTIERS OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECH., vol. 1, 2008

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