Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
  • H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
  • H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
  • H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
  • B64D13/00—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
  • B64D13/06—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/04097—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with recycling of the reactants
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
  • H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
  • H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
  • H01M8/04164—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by condensers, gas-liquid separators or filters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
  • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
  • H01M8/04358—Temperature; Ambient temperature of the coolant
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
  • H01M8/04828—Humidity; Water content
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
  • B64D13/00—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
  • B64D13/06—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
  • B64D2013/0603—Environmental Control Systems
  • B64D2013/0659—Environmental Control Systems comprising provisions for cooling fuel systems
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
  • B64D41/00—Power installations for auxiliary purposes
  • B64D2041/005—Fuel cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
  • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

• the invention relates to a cooling system for a fuel cell intended to equip a transport vehicle, in particular an air transport vehicle such as an aircraft.
• the invention also relates to a fuel cell or a set of fuel cells, equipped with such a cooling system.
• a fuel cell such as a hydrogen cell
• PAC electrolysis
• hydrogen and oxygen are the chemical fuel under which energy can be stored in a fuel cell application.
• a second reaction provided by the fuel cell itself reverses the process and produces electricity from these two fuels.
• the electrolysis reaction described is generally carried out on the ground so that the hydrogen is loaded directly into a dedicated tank and the oxygen is supplied by the air taken from outside the aircraft.
• the fuel cell as such is therefore an electric generator with two electrodes which makes it possible to produce electric energy by an oxidation on an electrode of a reducing fuel, such as hydrogen, coupled with a reduction on the another electrode of an oxidant, such as oxygen in the air for example.
• a reducing fuel such as hydrogen
• the redox reaction of the battery not only generates electricity, but also by-products such as water, heat and oxygen-depleted air.
• the oxidation reaction at the anode level makes it possible to decompose hydrogen molecules on contact with a catalyst to release electrons and release heat.
• the reduction reaction at the cathode makes it possible to form oxygen ions by contact between the oxygen and the electrons released by the oxidation.
• hydrogen protons recombine with oxygen ions to form water.
• the inventors have therefore sought to develop an optimized cooling system which makes it possible in particular to adapt the cooling power to the flight conditions of the aircraft.
• the invention aims to provide a cooling system for a fuel cell which overcomes at least some of the drawbacks of known cooling systems, in particular for on-board aeronautical applications.
• the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, a cooling system which has a limited size compared to known systems.
• the invention aims in particular to provide, in at least one embodiment, a cooling system which makes it possible to divide by three the size of the cooling heat exchanger necessary to remove a given power by a known system.
• the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a system which allows cooling to be boosted in hot weather.
• the invention also aims to provide a fuel cell equipped with a cooling system according to the invention.
• the invention relates to a system for cooling a fuel cell of a transport vehicle, such as an aircraft comprising an anode and a cathode, said system comprising a cooling loop of the cell in thermal interaction. with said anode and / or said cathode.
• a cooling heat exchanger configured to be able to ensure heat exchanges between said cooling loop and a channel for circulating cooling air taken from outside the transport vehicle, called a dynamic air channel,
• the system according to the invention therefore has the particular feature of allowing the recovery of the water produced by the fuel cell during its operation (in particular the water at the cathode outlet) and of using this water to cool the flow of water. 'cooling air taken from outside the vehicle by spraying it upstream of the battery cooling exchanger, which therefore makes it possible to cool the refrigerant fluid of the battery cooling loop in thermal interaction with the anode and / or the cathode of the cell.
• the purpose of vaporizing the water inside the heat exchanger is to take advantage of the latent heat of vaporization of the water. This also aims to improve the exchange coefficient inside the interchange.
• the invention therefore functionalizes the water produced by the fuel cell (which is generally wasted) to optimize the cooling of the fuel cell.
• This reduction in air flow therefore allows a reduction in the drag of the vehicle, which is particularly desirable in the context of an on-board aeronautical application.
• the dimensions and bulk of the cooling heat exchanger can therefore also be reduced.
• the system according to the invention also helps boost cooling in hot weather, that is, when the air taken from outside the vehicle is not cool enough to cool the fuel cell.
• Another advantage of the invention is to be able to control the quantity of water vaporized upstream of the cooling heat exchanger so as to regulate the cooling of the cell.
• the system has a computer for controlling the quantity of water sprayed as a function of a measurement representative of the temperature of the cell (for example a measurement of the temperature of the refrigerant in the cooling loop).
• the water recovery device comprises a water condensation device and a water extraction device arranged in series.
• the condensing device condenses the water present in the cathode fluid.
• This condensation device may for example be of the condenser exchanger or reverse osmosis extractor type.
• a reverse osmosis extractor minimizes the need for energy to ensure water condensation.
• the water extraction device extracts water droplets from the condensed fluid. This extraction can be extraction by membrane filter, by vortex, or by any equivalent means.
• the system further comprises a control valve arranged fluidly between said water storage tank and said spray device, said control valve being controlled by said control computer.
• This control valve is controlled by the computer to regulate the quantity of water which supplies the spraying device and therefore the quantity of water sprayed into the dynamic air channel upstream of the cooling heat exchanger, as a function of the measurement representative of the temperature of the fuel cell.
• the system further comprises a drainage valve arranged fluidly between said water storage tank and a drainage circuit, said drainage valve being controlled by said control computer.
• This drainage valve allows the water stored in the storage tank to be evacuated if necessary.
• said regulating valve and said drainage valve are formed by a single 3-way regulating and drainage valve controlled by said computer.
• This alternative embodiment has the advantage of having a simplified architecture with a single valve controlled by the computer to provide both the function of regulating the water sprayed upstream of the exchanger and the function of draining the system.
• said spray device comprises a plurality of injectors opening into said dynamic air channel.
• This particular structure of the spray device makes it possible to spray a plurality of water droplets into the cooling air stream, for example until saturated with humidity.
• said injectors are configured to allow the spraying of water droplets having a diameter of 10 microns at most so as to allow the spraying of a mist formed from a mixture of water and air. .
• said water storage tank is further configured to be able to be supplied to the ground by water supplied by an external water distribution device.
• the water tank can be supplied with water to the ground by an external device, which makes it possible to have a level sufficient water in the storage tank allowing the cell to be cooled under extreme conditions for which the quantity of water produced by the fuel cell and recovered by the water recovery device would not be sufficient.
• This aspect is particularly interesting on the ground where the outside temperatures are higher than in flight and at the time of take-off where the air ram flow is low.
• the system further comprises a coolant temperature sensor configured to provide said control temperature measurement of said computer.
• a coolant temperature sensor configured to provide said control temperature measurement of said computer.
• it is a direct measurement of the temperature of the refrigerant fluid which is used to control the regulation of the water vaporized in the dynamic air channel.
• said cooling loop of said cell is formed by a cathodic recirculation circuit of the cell connecting a cathode output of the cell intended to deliver a cathode product fluid to a cathode input intended to be supplied by a oxidizing fluid and said water recovery device is arranged on said cathodic recirculation circuit to recover water present in said cathode product fluid.
• the cooling heat exchanger is arranged directly on the cathodic recirculation circuit which therefore acts as a cooling loop for the fuel cell.
• the cathode product fluid intended to be reintroduced into the cell by the cathode recirculation circuit which is cooled by the cooling heat exchanger.
• the water recovery device is arranged directly on the cathodic recirculation circuit to recover the water present in said cathode product fluid.
• the computer is configured to control the spraying of 30 to 40 g of water per kg of air circulating in the dynamic air channel.
• the invention also relates to a fuel cell for an aircraft comprising an anode equipped with an anode inlet intended to be supplied with a fuel fluid and an anode outlet intended to deliver an anode product fluid, a cathode equipped with a cathode inlet intended to be supplied with an oxidizing fluid, and a cathode outlet intended to deliver a cathode product fluid, characterized in that it further comprises a cooling system according to the invention.
• the technical advantages and effects of the cooling system according to the invention apply mutatis mutandis to a fuel cell according to the invention.
• the invention also extends to a system of fuel cells connected in series (same current delivered by the different cells) or in parallel (same voltage delivered by the different cells) or a combination of cells connected in series and in parallel.
• the invention can be used for a main electrical generation (peak power in propulsion, for example) or for an auxiliary power generation (supply of services in hot conditions, for example) or for a propulsion application as such.
• the invention also relates to a transport vehicle such as an aircraft, for example comprising a fuel cell or a set of fuel cells according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to a cooling system for a fuel cell characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell cooling system according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 1 schematically illustrates a cooling system of a fuel cell 10 according to one embodiment of the invention.
• the fuel cell 10 can designate a single cell as such or a plurality of cells connected together and arranged in series and / or in parallel.
• stack or "a stack” therefore does not limit the scope to a single stack as such but can cover a set of stacks.
• the fuel cell cooling system 10 comprises a cooling loop 20 of the cell in thermal interaction with the anode and / or the cathode of the cell to ensure its cooling.
• the cooling loop is directly formed by the cathodic recirculation circuit which connects the cathode outlet which delivers a cathode product fluid (in practice an air) and the cathode inlet which is supplied with a fluid. oxidizer, such as compressed air for example.
• the cooling loop 20 is supplied with a fluid refrigerant which can be a liquid or gaseous fluid.
• the cathode product fluid forms the refrigerant fluid within the meaning of the invention.
• the loop 20 is also equipped with a pump 21 configured to allow the circulation of the refrigerant fluid in the loop 20.
• the cooling system according to the invention further comprises a cooling heat exchanger 30 arranged on the loop 20 and configured to be able to ensure thermal exchanges between the refrigerant fluid circulating in the cooling loop 30 and a cooling air circulating in a channel.
• air circulation channel 40 is for example, and in the case of an on-board aeronautical application, the dynamic air circulation channel, better known under the name RAM Air channel.
• This channel 40 is configured to be able to be supplied by air taken from outside the aircraft at room temperature.
• the flow of cooling air circulating in the dynamic air channel 40 is shown schematically by arrow 45 in Figure 1.
• Air circulation in the dynamic air channel 40 is provided by a fan, not shown in the figure.
• This fan may be an electric fan or a fan carried by a turbine engine shaft of the aircraft, such as for example a turbomachine of an air conditioning system.
• the heat exchanger 30 can be of any known type. It may, for example, be a finned heat exchanger or any equivalent means.
• the cooling system according to the embodiment of FIG. 1 also comprises a circuit for recovering the water produced by the fuel cell.
• This water recovery circuit comprises according to the embodiment of Figure 1 a water condensation device 22, a water extraction (or separation) device 23 and a humidifier 24, configured to extract the water.
• water of the cathode product fluid stream which is generally oxygen-depleted air as a result of the reduction reaction at the cathode of the fuel cell.
• the condensation device 22 is a condenser exchanger or extractor by reverse osmosis. An extractor by reverse osmosis minimizes the need for energy to ensure water condensation.
• the water separator 23 is for example a membrane filter or a vortex system.
• the humidifier 24 aims to humidify the air with cathode product before its condensation by the water condensing device 22.
• the water recovery system also comprises a water storage tank 25 supplied by the water separator. 23. This storage tank makes it possible to store the water produced by the fuel cell and recovered by the water recovery device of the invention.
• the reservoir can also be supplied by an external water source (for example when the aircraft is on the ground) by a pipe not shown in FIG. 1.
• an external water source for example when the aircraft is on the ground
• a pipe not shown in FIG. 1 This makes it possible to ensure a water level. sufficient in the tank, in particular to ensure sufficient cooling at high temperatures.
• a significant vaporization of water in the flow of cooling air upstream of the cooling exchanger 30 is necessary in order to lower as much as possible the temperature of the air ensuring the cooling of the circulating refrigerant fluid. in the cooling loop 20.
• the recovery system comprises a device 50 for spraying water into the dynamic air channel 40 upstream of the heat exchanger 30.
• This spraying device 50 is supplied by the water storage tank 25. .
• this stored water comes either from the fuel cell as such, or from an external water source, or from a combination of these two water sources.
• the spray device 50 can be of any type. It can for example be formed of a row of water injectors which open into the dynamic air channel 40. Each injector is supplied by a dedicated pipe which derives from a main pipe fluidly connected to the water tank 25.
• Each injector is configured to allow the spraying of water droplets, for example of the order of 10 microns in diameter, so as to be able to obtain a mist (mixture of water and air) upstream of the exchanger. or directly in the exchanger. At altitude, provision can also be made to inject water directly into the exchanger.
• the recovery system comprises a computer 28 configured to control the quantity of water sprayed into the dynamic air channel 40 by the water spray device 50.
• the computer controls a valve 26 arranged between the water storage tank 25 and the spraying device 50 according to a temperature measurement taken by a sensor 29 arranged on the cooling loop 20.
• the temperature measurement can be taken elsewhere than on the cooling loop, for example directly on the fuel cell.
• the valve 26, the sensor 29 and the computer 28 form the means for regulating the cooling of the fuel cell 10.
• the level of cooling is regulated by the quantity of water sprayed into the dynamic air channel 40 upstream of the fuel cell. 'interchange.
• the computer 28 can be of any type. It may be a computer which controls the operation of the fuel cell or an independent computer dedicated solely to cooling the cell.
• the dotted lines in FIG. 1 schematically represent the measurement and control signals exchanged between the computer 28, the sensor 29 and the valve 26. These signals can be exchanged by all types of known means.
• the drive can be an electric, pneumatic, hydraulic drive or a combination of such drives.
• the valve 26 is a three-way valve, one way of which also supplies a drainage pipe of the reservoir 25.
• the invention also extends to a transport vehicle, in particular rail, automobile or air, equipped with a fuel cell or a set of fuel cells according to the invention.
• a system according to the invention and a cell equipped with a system according to the invention therefore make it possible to optimize the flow rate of the air ram just necessary for ensure battery cooling under different operating conditions.
• the system also boosts cooling in the event of high temperatures.
• a system according to the invention is not limited to the sole embodiment described and to the only aeronautical application described.
• the invention can be applied to any type of vehicle, in particular air, rail or automobile and for any type of application (main energy generation, auxiliary energy generation or propulsion energy generation) .

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• 2020
  • 2020-06-11 FR FR2006105A patent/FR3111477A1/fr active Pending
• 2021
  • 2021-06-10 EP EP21731880.7A patent/EP4165707A1/de active Pending
  • 2021-06-10 CN CN202180035377.9A patent/CN115606021A/zh active Pending
  • 2021-06-10 US US17/926,620 patent/US20230187662A1/en active Pending
  • 2021-06-10 WO PCT/EP2021/065719 patent/WO2021250213A1/fr unknown

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