EP4139319A1 - Benzyloxy-phosph(on)at-verbindungen - Google Patents

Benzyloxy-phosph(on)at-verbindungen

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Publication number
EP4139319A1
EP4139319A1 EP21793248.2A EP21793248A EP4139319A1 EP 4139319 A1 EP4139319 A1 EP 4139319A1 EP 21793248 A EP21793248 A EP 21793248A EP 4139319 A1 EP4139319 A1 EP 4139319A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
optionally substituted
compound
alkyl
group
aryl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21793248.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Lin Zhi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP4139319A1 publication Critical patent/EP4139319A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
    • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
    • C07F9/40—Esters thereof
    • C07F9/4071—Esters thereof the ester moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
    • C07F9/4087—Esters with arylalkanols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/657163—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being bound to at least one carbon atom
    • C07F9/657181—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being bound to at least one carbon atom the ring phosphorus atom and, at least, one ring oxygen atom being part of a (thio)phosphonic acid derivative
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/683—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6552—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a six-membered ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/655381—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a seven-(or more) membered ring
    • C07F9/65539—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a seven-(or more) membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
    • C07F9/65616—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings containing the ring system having three or more than three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members, e.g. purine or analogs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the field of chemistry and medicine. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds, their preparation and their uses. In some embodiments, such compounds are useful to effectively deliver certain pharmaceutical agents to the target cells or organs.
  • Phosph(on)ates are important compound class that can be used as medical agents to improve human health. Many types of phosph(on)ate derivative compounds are designed as prodrugs to facilitate oral absorption and delivery of the active to the target cells or organs. Synthetic nucleotides and their derivatives are widely used as antiviral or anticancer agents. Prodrug technologies have been used to improve the nucleotides molecular properties to enable the nucleotides to be more bioavailable, including improving oral bioavailability. Thus, new compounds with bioavailability enhancement may significantly improve the therapeutic benefits of nucleos(t)ide based therapies.
  • Novel 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds their preparation and their uses are described.
  • Some embodiments are novel 2-substituted benzyloxy phospb(on)ate compounds that are delivered orally to the liver and other organs where the compounds provide a therapeutic benefit.
  • Additional embodiments include novel 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds that treat a disease, disorder or condition including: certain mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes, hepatitis, cancer, liver fibrosis, fatty liver, malaria, viral infection, parasitic infection, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, a hormonal condition, HIV, and various types of cancer.
  • Another aspect includes the use of the 2-substituted henzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds to treat diseases that benefit from enhanced drug distribution to the target cells or organs.
  • the 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds are used to increase the pharmacological or clinical activity of certain classes of pharmaceutical compounds such as nucleotide derived analog compounds.
  • the 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds are useful in the more efficient oral delivery of the nucleotide or its derivative compounds to the liver and/or other target organs.
  • Some embodiments provided herein include a compound of Formula I or Formula la: or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and n have any of the values described herein.
  • Some embodiments relate to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one of the above compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • Some embodiments relate to a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition comprising administering an effective amount of the above compounds.
  • the disease, disorder or condition is a disease, disorder or condition of the liver.
  • the disease, disorder or condition is a non-liver disease, disorder or condition.
  • Some embodiments relate to a method of treating a liver disease comprising administering an effective amount of one of the above compounds to a subject in need thereof.
  • Some embodiments relate to a method of treating a non-liver disease comprising administering an effective amount of a combination of one of the above compounds to a subject in need thereof.
  • Some embodiments further comprise administering an effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent to the subject in need thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is human.
  • Some embodiments relate to a method of intervening in a molecular pathway or modulating a target in a cell comprising contacting the cell with one of the above compounds.
  • the cell is in vivo.
  • the cell is ex vivo.
  • the cell is a hepatocyte.
  • the cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the cell is a human cell.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising one of the compounds provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein include a method of treating a disease or condition of the liver in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of one of the compounds provided herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein include a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of one of the compounds provided herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • Some embodiments also include administering an effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents to the subject in need thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal. [0026] In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • Some embodiments also include the use of one of the compounds provided herein in combination with an additional therapeutic agent.
  • Some embodiments also include the use of one or more of the compounds provided herein in combination with an additional therapeutic agent.
  • compositions provided herein include one or more of the compositions provided herein for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease or condition in the liver or a disease or condition in which the physiological or pathogenic pathways involve the liver.
  • compositions, and methods provided herein include one or more of the compositions provided herein for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating a non-liver disease or condition.
  • the present embodiments are directed to compositions and methods related to novel 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds, their preparation and their uses.
  • the novel 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds facilitate delivery into cells of nucleotide or nucleotide derivative or nucleotide analog agents.
  • R 1 is selected from a group of -CH(OR 6 )2, -
  • R 1 is selected from a group of -CH(OR 6 )2,
  • each R 7 is independently selected from a group of halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, and an optionally substituted alkyloxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H and an optionally substituted aryl.
  • R 3 is an unsubstituted aryl.
  • R 3 is phenyl
  • R 4 is selected from a nucleoside or analog thereof or a nucleoside base or analog thereof, or alternatively, R 4 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclyl substituted with a nucleoside base or analog thereof, or R 4 and R 5 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl substituted with a nucleoside base or analog thereof.
  • the nucleoside or analog thereof is a therapeutically active fragment of an agent such as abacavir, aciciovir, acyclovir, cytarabine, didanosine, edoxudine, eratricitabme, entecavir, galidesivir, ganciclovir, gemcitabine, ibacitabine, idoxuridine, inosine, lamivudine, maribavir, molnupiravir, penciclovir, remdesivir, ribavirin, stavudine, telbivudme, trifluridine, vidarabine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine, or in some embodiments the nucleoside or analog thereof is a therapeutically active fragment of an agent such as adefovir, brincidofovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir.
  • an agent such as abacavir, aciciovir, acycl
  • R 5 is selected from a group of H and an optionally substituted alkyl. [0043] In some embodiments, R 5 is an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is ethyl
  • R 5 is i-propyl
  • R 5 is H.
  • each R 6 is independently an optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 7 is selected from a group of H, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 acyl, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OC(O)-, an optionally substituted ( C 6-10 aryl)-C(O)-, and an optionally substituted ( C 6-10 aryl)-OC(O)-.
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • n 1
  • nucleoside base or analog thereof is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 9 is H, halo, or an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of H, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OCH 2 ⁇ -, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-NHCH 2 -, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 acyl, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OC(O)-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-CH 2 OCH 2 -, an optionally substituted ( C 6-10 aryl)-OCH2-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-C(O)-, and an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-OC(O)-.
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , NHOR 7 , an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyloxy, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkylammo, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 acyloxy, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 acyl amino, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OC(0)NH-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-C(O)O-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-C(O)NH-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-OC(O)NH-, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OCH2NH-, and an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OCH2O-.
  • R 12 is selected from a group of H, NH2, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkylamino, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 acylamino, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl-OC(O)NH-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-C(O)NH-, an optionally substituted (C 6-10 aryl)-OC(O)NH-, and an optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl- OCH 2 NH-.
  • the nucleoside base or analog thereof is [0057]
  • R 11 is NH2.
  • R 12 is H.
  • the nucleoside base or analog thereof is [0060] In some embodiments, the nucleoside base or analog thereof is . [0061] In some embodiments, R 9 is H. [0062] In some embodiments, R 11 is NH2. [0063] In some embodiments, R 1 is selected from a group of -CH(OR 6 ) 2 , - C(O)N(R 6 )2, and [0064] In some embodiments, R 2 is H. [0065] In some embodiments, the nucleoside base or analog thereof is selected from the group consisting of
  • L is a sugar or sugar analog
  • nucleoside base or analog thereof is selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleoside base or analog thereof is selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleoside base or analog thereof is N
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds of Formula 1 and la are substrates of liver enzymes such as cytochrome p450 isozymes CYP3As fa family of monooxygenase), dehydrogenases, esterases, and amidases.
  • the compound is activated within a cell upon cleavage of the prodrug moieties, releasing an active form of the compound.
  • the compounds are used to treat diseases that benefit from enhanced drug distribution to the liver and like tissues and cells, including but not limited to diseases of the liver.
  • the disclosed compounds are used to improve pharmacokinetic properties such as prolonging half-life or enhancing absorption of a nucleotide or its analog.
  • the disclosed methodology can be used to achieve sustained delivery of a biologically relevant nucleotide or its analog. Due to the pharmacokinetic property- enhancement of the 2-substituted benzyloxy phosph(on)ate compounds of Formula I and la, the compounds are used to treat diseases that benefit from enhanced drug properties. In some embodiments, a method of making these compounds is described.
  • Certain compounds of Formula I and la have asymmetric centers where the stereochemistry may be unspecified, and the diastereomeric mixtures of these compounds are included, as well as the individual stereoisomers when referring to a compound of Formula I and la generally.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed compound is used to treat a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject m need thereof.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions and methods pro v ided herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Some embodiments also include administering an effective amount of a second or multiple therapeutic agents in combination with a compound provided herein to the subject in need thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is human.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions and methods provided herein include a method of testing a compound in a cell comprising contacting the cell with the disclosed compounds.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions and methods provided herein include use of a compound provided herein m the treatment of a disease of the liver.
  • Some embodiments include the use of a compound provided herein in combination with additional therapeutic agent(s) for the treatment of a disease of the liver,
  • the compounds provided herein are used in the preparation of a medicament for treating a liver disease.
  • the compounds provided herein are used in a method of treating a liver disease comprising administering an effective amount of the compound to a subject in need thereof.
  • Some embodiments of the compounds, compositions and methods provided herein include use of a compound provided herein in the treatment of a non-liver disease.
  • Some embodiments include the use of a compound provided herein in combination with additional therapeutic agent(s) for the treatment of a non-liver disease.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may exist as individual enantiomers and diastereomers or as mixtures of such isomers, including racemates. Separation of the individual isomers or selective synthesis of the individual isomers is accomplished by application of various methods which are well known to practitioners in the art. Unless otherwise indicated, all such isomers and mixtures thereof are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein. Furthermore, compounds disclosed herein may exist in one or more crystalline or amorphous forms. Unless otherwise indiicated, all such forms are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein including any polymorphic form. In addition, some of the compounds disclosed herein may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents. Unless otherwise indicated, such sol vates are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • Isotopes may be present in the compounds described. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element.
  • a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound.
  • the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
  • reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. “About” also includes the exact amount. Hence “about 10%” means “about 10%” and also “10% ”
  • an optionally substituted group means that the group is unsubstituted or is substituted.
  • compositions comprising “a therapeutic agent” includes compositions with one or a plurality of therapeutic agents.
  • C a to C b or “C a-b ” in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in the specified group. That is, the group can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms.
  • a “C1 to C4 alkyl” or “ C 1-4 alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, ( CH 3 ) 2 CH-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH( CH 3 ) - and ( CH 3 ) 3 C-.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that is fully saturated (i.e., contains no double or triple bonds).
  • the alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group may be designated as “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like.
  • a substituted group is derived from the unsubstituted parent group in which there has been an exchange of one or more hydrogen atoms for another atom or group.
  • substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 3 -C 7 carbocyclyl (optionally substituted with halo, C 1 - C 6 , alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, and C 1-6 haloalkoxy), C 3 -C 7 -carbocyclyl- C 1 -C 6 ,- alkyl (optionally substituted with halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl
  • R is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3- 10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • Non-limiting examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl.
  • alkyloxymethylene refers to -CH 2 OR, wherein R is a C 1-6 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, all optionally substituted.
  • R is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.
  • a “cyano” group refers to a “-CN” group.
  • a “cyanato” group refers to an “-OCN” group.
  • An “isocyanato” group refers to a “-NCO” group.
  • a “thiocyanato” group refers to a “-SCN” group.
  • An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “ -NCS” group.
  • a “sulfonyl” group refers to an “-SO 2 R” group in which R is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • S-sulfonamido refers to a “-SO2NR A R B ” group in which R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • N-sulfonamido refers to a “-N(R A )SO 2 R B ” group in which R A and R b are each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • amino group refers to a “-NRARB” group in which R A and RB a re each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • R A and RB a re each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycyl, as defined herein.
  • a non-limiting example includes free amino (i.e., -NH 2 ).
  • aminoalkyl refers to an amino group connected via an alkylene group.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group connected via an alkylene group, such as a “C 2-8 alkoxyalkyl” and the like.
  • acyloxy refers to ⁇ OC(O)R where R is alkyl.
  • alkoxy or “alkyloxy” refers to OR where R is alkyl, or heteroalkyl, all optionally substituted.
  • halogen refers to F (fluoro), Cl (chloro), Br (bromo) and I (iodo).
  • haloalkyl refer to alkyl groups containing at least one halogen, in a further aspect are 1 to 3 haloatoms. Suitable haloatoms include F, Cl, and Br.
  • haloacyl refer to -C(O)-haloalkyl groups.
  • alkenyl refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon carbon double bond and includes straight chain, branched chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl.
  • alkynyl refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon carbon triple bond and includes straight chain, branched chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., two or more fused rings that share two adjacent carbon atoms) containing only carbon in the ring backbone. When the aryl is a ring system, every ring in the system is aromatic.
  • the aryl group may have 6 to 18 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “aryl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the aryl group has 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl group may be designated as “C 6-10 aryl,” “C 6 or C 10 and,” or similar designations. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, and anthracenyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., two or more fused rings that share two adjacent atoms) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, in the ring backbone.
  • heteroaryl is a ring system, every ring in the system is aromatic.
  • the heteroaryl group may have 5-18 ring members (i.e,, the number of atoms making up the ring backbone, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms), although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “heteroaryl” where no numerical range is designated.
  • the heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring members or 5 to 7 ring members.
  • the heteroaryl group may be designated as “5-7 membered heteroaryl,” “5-10 membered heteroaryl,” or similar designations.
  • Heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, aromatic C3-8 heterocyclic groups comprising one oxygen or sulfur atom or up to four nitrogen atoms, or a combination of one oxygen or sulfur atom and up to two nitrogen atoms, and their substituted as well as benzo- and pyrido-fused derivatives, for example, connected via one of the ring- forming carbon atoms.
  • heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents, independently selected from halo, hydroxy, amino, cyano, nitro, alkylamido, acyl, C 1-6 -alkoxy, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 -hydroxyalkyl, C1-6-aminoaikyl, C1-6- alkylamino, alkyls ulfenyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, sulfamoyl, or trifluoromethyl.
  • substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, amino, cyano, nitro, alkylamido, acyl, C 1-6 -alkoxy, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 -hydroxyalkyl, C1-6-aminoaikyl, C1-6- alkylamino, alkyls ulfenyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl,
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, unsubstituted and mono- or di- substituted derivatives of furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, mdole, oxazole, benzoxazole, isoxazole, benzisoxazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, indazole, tetrazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyridazine, pyrimidine, purine and pyrazine, furazan, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4- thiadiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, pteridine, phenoxazole, oxadiazole, benzopyrazole, quinoiizme, ciniioline, phthalazme
  • the substituents are halo, hydroxy, cyano, O-C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 -alkyl, hydroxy- C 1-6 -alkyl, and amino- C 1-6 -alkyl.
  • cycloalkyl means a fully saturated carbocyclyl ring or ring system. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group may have 3 to 10 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range.
  • the cycloalkyl group may be designated as “C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl” indicates that there are three to eight carbon atoms in the carbocyclyl ring or ring system.
  • heterocyclyelyl means a non-aromatic cyclic ring or ring structure that is fully saturated or partially saturated and includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in the ring backbone. Heterocyclyls may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in the ring system is not aromatic. The heteroatom(s) may be present in either a non-aromatic or aromatic ring in the ring system.
  • the heterocyelyl group may have 3 to 20 ring members (i.e., the number of atoms making up the ring backbone, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms), although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “heterocyelyl” where no numerical range is designated.
  • the heterocyelyl group may also be a medium size heterocyelyl having 3 to 10 ring members.
  • the heterocyelyl group could also be a heterocyelyl having 3 to 6 ring members.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group may be designated as
  • the heterocyclyl group could also be a C 2- C 9 heterocyclyl having 3 to 10 ring members with from one up to three of O (oxygen), N (nitrogen) or S (sulfur).
  • the heterocyclyl group may be designated as “3-10 membered C 2- C 9 heterocyclyl” or similar designations.
  • the heteroatom(s) are selected from one up to three of O (oxygen), N (nitrogen) or S (sulfur), and in preferred five membered monocyclic heterocyclyls, the heteroatom(s) are selected from one or two heteroatoms selected from O (oxygen), N (nitrogen) or S (sulfur).
  • heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, oxiranyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxopiperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolidionyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, 1,3- dioxinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-oxathianyl, 1,4-oxathiinyl, 1,4- oxathianyl, 2H-1,2-oxazinyl, trioxanyl, hexahydride
  • R 1 and R 2 are defined as selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, or R 1 and R 2 together with the atoms to which they are attached form an aryl or carbocyclyl, it is meant that R 1 and R 2 can be selected from hydrogen or alkyl, or alternatively, the substructure has structure: where A is an aryl ring or a carbocyclyl containing the depicted double bond.
  • a substituent is depicted as a di-radical (i.e. , has two points of attachment to the rest of the molecule), it is to be understood that the substituent can be attached in any directional configuration unless otherwise indicated.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of a compound or a combination of compounds that partially or fully ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition or prevents, modifies, or delays the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition. Such amount can be administered as a single dosage or can be administered according to a regimen, whereby it is effective. Repeated administration may be needed to achieve a desired result (e.g., treatment of the disease and/or condition).
  • salts of compounds of Formula I include salts of compounds of Formula I derived from the combination of a compound of the present embodiments and an organic or inorganic acid or base.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids.
  • Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, adipic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, maionic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanes ulfonic acid, ethanesulfomc acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, (+)-7, 7-dimethyl- 2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-methanesulfonic acid, 1 ,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, dodecyl sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, hippuric acid, hydrochloride hemiethanolic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfomc acid
  • Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, bases that contain sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like: particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
  • treatment of the compounds disclosed herein with an inorganic base results in loss of a labile hydrogen from the compound to afford the salt form including an inorganic cation such as LG, Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ and the like.
  • Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary', secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine.
  • haloalkyl there may be one or more substituents present.
  • haloalkyl can include one or more of the same or different halogens.
  • haloalkyl includes each of the substituents CF 3 , CHF 2 and CH 2 F.
  • the term “patient.” refers to an animal being treated including a mammal, such as a dog, a cat, a cow, a horse, a sheep, and a human. In some embodiments, the patient is a mammal, either male or female. In some embodiments, the patient is a male or female human.
  • prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a biologically active compound as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), or a combination of each.
  • Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g. HO-, HS-, HGQC-, HOOPR2-, associated with the drug, that cleave in vivo.
  • Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxy carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate.
  • the groups illustrated are examples, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs.
  • Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound, in some cases, the prodrug is biologically active, usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve drug efficacy or safety- through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, etc.
  • Prodrug forms of compounds may be utilized, for example, to improve bioavailability, improve subject acceptability such as by masking or reducing unpleasant characteristics such as bitter taste or gastrointestinal irritability, alter solubility such as for intravenous use, provide for prolonged or sustained release or delivery, improve ease of formulation, or provide site specific delivery of the compound.
  • stereoisomer refers to the relative or absolute spatial relationship of the R group(s) attached to the stereogenic centers either carbon or phosphorus atoms, and refers to individual or any combination of the individual isomers such as a racemic mixture and a diastereomeric mixture. When a compound has two stereogenic centers, there are 4 potential stereoisomers.
  • liver refers to the liver organ.
  • liver specificity refers to the ratio:
  • the ratio can be determined by measuring tissue levels at a specific time or may represent an AUC (area under a curve) based on values measured at three or more time points.
  • the term “increased or enhanced liver specificity” refers to an increase in liver specificity ratio in animals treated with the prodrug relative to animals treated with the parent drug.
  • the term “enhanced oral bioavailability” refers to an increase of at least about 50% of the absorption of the dose of the reference drug. In an additional aspect, the increase in oral bioavailability of the compound (compared to the reference drug) is at least about 100%, or a doubling of the absorption. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, plasma, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following parenteral administration.
  • therapeutic index refers to the ratio of the dose of a drug or prodrug that produces a therapeutically beneficial response relative to the dose that produces an undesired response such as death, an elevation of markers that are indicative of toxicity, and/or pharmacological side effects.
  • sustained delivery refers to an increase in the period in which there is a prolongation of therapeutically-effective drug levels due to the presence of the prodrug.
  • treating includes inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting or partially arresting its development), preventing the disease, providing relief from the symptoms or side effects of the disease (including palliative treatment), and/or relieving the disease (causing regression of the disease).
  • therapeutic or diagnostic moiety refers to a moiety that itself confers a therapeutic or diagnostic property when the compound to which is attached is administered to a subject, or when cleaved from the rest of the molecule to which is attached forms a compound that has therapeutic or diagnosis properties.
  • the therapeutic or diagnostic moiety contains a radioactive isotope or a heavy atom.
  • molecular pathway refers to a series of molecular events in tissues such as a receptor modulating sequence, an enzyme modulating sequence, or a biosynthesis sequence that is involved in physiological or pathophysiological functions of a living animal.
  • a “nucleoside or analog thereof” refers to a natural nucleoside or an analog or derivative of a natural nucleoside, and includes compounds or moieties containing a nucleobase and a sugar or sugar analog. Nucleosides or analogs thereof can include therapeutically active fragments of known therapeutic nucleoside analogs or nucleotide analogs.
  • the known therapeutic nucleoside analogs can include an agent selected from the group consisting of abacavir, aciciovir, acyclovir, cytarabine, didanosme, edoxudine, emtricitabine, entecavir, galidesivir, ganciclovir, gemcitabine, ibacitabine, idoxuridine, inosine, lamivudine, penciclovir, remdesivir, ribavirine, stavudine, telbivudine, trifluridine, vidarabine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine.
  • an agent selected from the group consisting of abacavir, aciciovir, acyclovir, cytarabine, didanosme, edoxudine, emtricitabine, entecavir, galidesivir, ganciclovir, gemcitabine, ibacitabine, i
  • the known therapeutic nucleotide analogs can include an agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir, brincidofovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir.
  • the nucleoside or analog thereof is a therapeutically active fragment of a therapeutic nucleotide analog
  • the fragment can include the portion of the nucleotide analog left after cleavage of any phosphate groups from the nucleotide.
  • a “therapeutically active fragment” refers to a portion of a molecule that retains therapeutic activity when it is cleaved from the rest of the molecule to which it is attached, including when such cleavage occurs in vivo.
  • the disclosed compounds may be used alone or in combination with other treatments. These compounds, when used in combination with other agents, may be administered as a daily dose or an appropriate fraction of the daily dose (e.g., b.i.d.). The compounds may be administered after a course of treatment by another agent, during a course of therapy with another agent, administered as part of a therapeutic regimen, or may be administered prior to therapy with another agent in a treatment program.
  • compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration.
  • the compounds of a method and/or composition described herein can be provided via oral administration, rectal administration, transmucosal administration, intestinal administration, enteral administration, topical administration, transdermal administration, intrathecal administration, intraventricular administration, intraperitoneal administration, intranasal administration, intraocular administration and/or parenteral administration.
  • oral administration for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared.
  • compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
  • Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • inert diluents such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents such as maize starch, or alginic acid
  • binding agents such as starch, ge
  • Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient can be mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient can be mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain, for example, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze- dried (lyophi!ized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • unit dosage formulations contain a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a drug. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs which have previously been administered; and the severi ty of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those skilled in the art.
  • a daily dose may be from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg or more of body weight, from about 0.25 mg/kg or less to about 50 mg/kg from about 0.5 mg/kg or less to about 25 mg/kg, from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight.
  • the dosage range would be from about 7 mg per day to about 7000 mg per day, from about 35 mg per day or less to about 2000 mg per day or more, from about 70 mg per day to about 1000 mg per day.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention include methods of treating a disease, disorder or condition is selected from the group consisting of hepatitis, liver cancer, liver fibrosis, faty liver, malaria, viral infection, parasitic infection, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, a hormonal condition, HIV, and various types of cancer with the compounds, and compositions comprising compounds described herein.
  • Some methods include administering a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • a subject can be an animal, e.g., a mammal, a human.
  • the subject is a human.
  • Further embodiments include administering a combination of compounds to a subject in need thereof.
  • a combination can include a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein with an additional medicament.
  • Some embodiments include co-admimstering a compound, composition, and/or pharmaceutical composition described herein, with an additional medicament or additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • co-administration it is meant that the two or more agents may be found in the patient’s bloodstream at the same time, regardless of when or how they are actually administered, in one embodiment, the agents are administered simultaneously. In one such embodiment, administration in combination is accomplished by combining the agents In a single dosage form. In another embodiment, the agents are administered sequentially. In one embodiment, the agents are administered through the same route, such as orally. In another embodiment, the agents are administered through different routes, such as one being administered orally and another being administered i.v.
  • Scheme I describes general synthesis of the phosph(on)ate compounds of Formula I.
  • the 2-substituted benzyl alcohol (!) reacts with the phosph(on)ate chloride (2) to give the product of structure 3, the final product of Formula I.
  • Compound 103 can be prepared according to the method described in Scheme 1 from 2-(chloromethyl)benzoic acid chloride and phenyl hydrogen (S) ⁇ (((1-(4-amino- 2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphomc acid as a mixture of two isomers. [M+1 ] + calculated for C 22 H 22 N 3 O 7 P: 472.13.
  • the prodrug efficiency of the disclosed compounds is compared relative to a corresponding active compound in target organs.
  • Reference compounds and the compounds disclosed herein are administered at 5-50 mg/kg to fasted rats by oral gavage.
  • Plasma concentrations of the metabolites, and parent compounds in circulation and in the hepatic portal vein are determined by HPLC-UV, and the liver, small intestine, and other organ concentrations are measured by LC-MS using standard chromatography methods.
  • the terms “generally parallel” and “substantially parallel” refer to a value, amount, or characteristic that departs from exactly parallel by less than or equal to 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0.1%, or otherwise.
  • the terms “generally perpendicular” and “substantially perpendicular” refer to a value, amount, or characteristic that departs from exactly perpendicular by less than or equal to 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0.1%, or otherwise.

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