EP4093566A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce multi-matériaux par fabrication additive, selon la technique de fusion sélective ou de frittage sélectif de lit de poudre par laser - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce multi-matériaux par fabrication additive, selon la technique de fusion sélective ou de frittage sélectif de lit de poudre par laserInfo
- Publication number
- EP4093566A1 EP4093566A1 EP21702194.8A EP21702194A EP4093566A1 EP 4093566 A1 EP4093566 A1 EP 4093566A1 EP 21702194 A EP21702194 A EP 21702194A EP 4093566 A1 EP4093566 A1 EP 4093566A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- laser
- zone
- powder
- metal
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/145—Chemical treatment, e.g. passivation or decarburisation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/16—Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/34—Process control of powder characteristics, e.g. density, oxidation or flowability
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
- B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
- B22F3/1143—Making porous workpieces or articles involving an oxidation, reduction or reaction step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C2204/00—End product comprising different layers, coatings or parts of cermet
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/12—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/16—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on nitrides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention lies in the field of additive manufacturing by the technique of powder bed fusion by laser (LPBF for "Laser Power Bed Fusion” in English), and more precisely the selective fusion of powder bed by laser (SLM). for “Selective Laser Melting”) or selective laser powder bed sintering (SLS for “Selective Laser Sintering”), so as to obtain multi-material parts.
- SLM powder bed fusion by laser
- SLS selective laser powder bed sintering
- selective melting can denote both melting and sintering.
- the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a multi-material part by the selective laser melting technique, and a multi-material part produced by this method.
- the general problem is to manufacture multi-material parts with complex shapes, including metal parts and dielectric parts in the manufacturing plan and in the manufacturing direction, which is referred to as "3D" multi-material parts.
- Dielectric designates a substance of low conductivity in which a strong electrical polarization can appear in the presence of an electric field.
- An example of a dielectric targeted by the invention is an oxide ceramic (metal oxide) or a non-oxide ceramic such as a nitride ceramic (metal nitride) or a silicon oxide (SiO x ).
- Some of the sought-after 3D multi-material parts can be constituted by periodic dielectric patterns included in a metal matrix or, conversely, by periodic metal patterns in a dielectric matrix.
- the periodic organization of the dielectric or the metal can indeed generate a metamaterial with original properties.
- the term “metamaterial” is understood to mean an artificial composite material which exhibits optical, magneto-optical, acoustic or electromagnetic properties which are not found in a natural material.
- the invention can in particular find applications in the production of multi-material parts for electronic devices, for example passive microwave devices such as filters with dielectric resonators or 3D transitions for integrated microwave front-end for active antennas, for metallic devices comprising thermal or mechanical protection by a dielectric, metallic devices whose optical properties are modified by a dielectric, and / or metamaterials.
- passive microwave devices such as filters with dielectric resonators or 3D transitions for integrated microwave front-end for active antennas
- metallic devices comprising thermal or mechanical protection by a dielectric
- metallic devices whose optical properties are modified by a dielectric and / or metamaterials.
- the sought-after 3D multi-material parts include metal parts and other dielectric parts (typically a metal oxide or metal nitride ceramic) in the fabrication plane (XY) and in the fabrication direction (ZX or ZY), such as this is illustrated in FIGS. 1 A and IB in which dielectric parts D can be seen in a metal matrix M (FIG. 1 A) or metal parts M in a dielectric matrix D (FIG. IB).
- metal parts and other dielectric parts typically a metal oxide or metal nitride ceramic
- XY fabrication plane
- ZX or ZY fabrication direction
- FIGS. 1 A and IB in which dielectric parts D can be seen in a metal matrix M (FIG. 1 A) or metal parts M in a dielectric matrix D (FIG. IB).
- additive manufacturing designates according to the NF E 67-001 standard, "all the processes making it possible to manufacture layer by layer by adding material a physical object from a digital object". This term covers dozens of names of manufacturing technologies, classified into seven categories of processes according to standard NF ASTM 52900.
- Additive manufacturing by binder jetting is a process in which a bed of powder is spread and then a nozzle projects a liquid binder to solidify a section of the part in the production plane (XY). It is necessary to remove the binder and to densify the part by conventional heat treatment. You can use any type of powder (polymer, metal, ceramic) or mixture of powders to make multi-material parts in composite form.
- this technique requires an additional step, controlling the withdrawal of the binder which can be critical when it is important to respect part dimensions, such as to form passive microwave functions.
- this technique does not make it possible, or very difficult, to form different materials in the same plane (XY fabrication plane).
- Additive manufacturing by material / ink jet (“Material Jetting” in English) is a process in which a printhead movable along the three axes projects a photosensitive polymer, which acts as an ink, which is then polymerized. by UV radiation.
- Polymers can be loaded with particles of interest (ceramic, metal).
- Some systems include multi-channel printheads for selectively projecting different polymers (which may be loaded with different particles).
- the photopolymerization produced by UV radiation makes it possible to have a multi-material part with a polymer matrix containing charged parts of ceramic or metal in three dimensions.
- Additive manufacturing by tank photopolymerization is a process in which a liquid photosensitive polymer is contained in a tank having at the bottom a window transparent to UV radiation: an energy source (for example a laser) Selectively polymerizes the liquid resin in the build plane through this window.
- An energy source for example a laser
- a platform movable in the manufacturing direction rises of a controlled thickness allowing the liquid resin to fill the gap between the previous cured layer and the transparent window.
- a new iteration occurs, and so on in order to obtain the desired part.
- the resins can be loaded with particles of interest (metal or ceramic) so as to form a mono-material or a composite. This technique requires the availability of suitable devices, making it possible to change the resin bath during manufacture, so as to actually obtain a multi-material part in the three directions and not just a composite.
- Additive manufacturing by material extrusion is a process in which a three-axis movable printhead extrudes a continuous polymer matrix filament to manufacture a part.
- Multifilament print heads whose polymer matrix filaments can be loaded with particles of interest (metal or ceramic), make it possible to manufacture multi-material parts.
- the temperature resistance is limited depending on the type of polymers, which can lead to problems with the dimensions of parts and / or parts of parts that are not respected, in particular if the polymer is withdrawn, or insufficient microwave characteristics;
- the dielectric losses at microwave frequencies in particular are higher on polymers than on ceramics, in particular if the polymer is maintained;
- the presence of polymer can also induce pollution, the polymer having a tendency to capture particles and then to release them.
- Additive manufacturing by directed energy deposition is a process in which a head moving in three directions projects metal powder which is simultaneously melted under a laser (LENS for “Laser Engineered Net Shaping”) or electron (EBAM for “Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing” in English) allowing the obtaining of a part.
- LENS Laser Engineered Net Shaping
- EBAM Electro Beam Additive Manufacturing
- Power Bed Fusion additive manufacturing is a process in which a layer of powder of controlled thickness is spread on a build plate.
- This powder can be a polymer, a metal, a ceramic or even a composite mixture.
- An energy source laser or electron beam
- Another layer of powder is spread over the previous layer and then the manufacturing iteration continues to form a part.
- this family of techniques mention may be made of the techniques described below.
- selective means within defined areas. In other words, selective melting or selective powder bed sintering techniques allow powder to be melted or sintered in particular areas.
- MJF Multi Jet Fusion
- SLM Selective Laser Melting
- metallic, ceramic or cermet (ceramic-metal mixture) powders can be used so as to manufacture multi-material 3D parts, that is to say comprising metal parts and other ceramic parts in the production plan and in the production direction.
- this generally requires using a suitable experimental device or changing the powder during manufacture, which in both cases complicates the process.
- known SLM techniques do not make it possible to obtain two different materials in the manufacturing plan.
- the invention aims to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art.
- the invention aims to have a process for manufacturing multi-material parts and in particular multi-material parts with complex shapes, comprising metal parts and dielectric parts (typically ceramic metal oxide or ceramic nitride. metal) in the production plan and in the production direction.
- metal parts and dielectric parts typically ceramic metal oxide or ceramic nitride. metal
- the invention aims to manufacture multi-material parts with distinct metal and dielectric parts in the three directions of space, arranged periodically or not, and without limit of form factor and with precision in relationship with the targeted areas, for example with the microwave requirements (either typically less than or equal to 100 ⁇ m, depending on the size of the laser beam, the diffusion of heat around the laser beam and also the targeted frequency band) .
- the invention aims to provide a manufacturing process in which it is not necessary to change the powder during manufacture.
- the invention aims to have a manufacturing process which makes it possible to use a conventional selective laser melting device, that is to say which does not require the latter to be significantly adapted.
- An object of the invention making it possible to remedy these drawbacks is a method of manufacturing a multi-material part by additive manufacturing, said method comprising the following steps: a) a step of supplying a pretreated metal powder comprising grains and an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of said grains; b) a step of selective melting of the powder bed by laser comprising the implementation of steps i) and ii) the following: i) a step of forming a layer from the pretreated metal powder; ii) a laser melting step of all or part of said pretreated metal powder layer, said melting step being carried out in a reactive atmosphere and said melting step comprising the adaptation of laser application parameters to transform at least one first zone of said layer of pretreated metal powder so as to lower its electrical conductivity, thus forming a dielectric, and to densify at least a second zone of said layer of pretreated metal powder without transforming it, the at least one first zone being formed when the laser application parameters make it possible to apply a first energy density to said first zone and / or
- the process is thus carried out according to the technique of selective melting or selective sintering of the powder bed by laser.
- the pretreated metal powder layer may include one or more zones not subjected to the laser, as is generally the case for making parts by additive manufacturing using a powder bed melting technique.
- pretreated metal powder layer is carried out by depositing pretreated metal powder, typically on a support or on a previously formed layer.
- the thickness of the formed layer can vary from one layer to another.
- a material is obtained with a first predominantly dielectric zone and a second predominantly metallic zone.
- the method can include a plurality of successions of steps i) and ii).
- the method can also comprise, for at least one layer of powder, an alternative step to step ii) in which only at least one predominantly dielectric first zone is formed.
- the method can also comprise, for at least one layer of powder, an alternative step to step ii) in which only at least one second predominantly metallic zone is formed.
- the solution is to use a pretreated metal powder, usually a chemical pretreatment with an oxidizing reagent (oxy-reduction reaction).
- the powder can be supplied already pretreated, or be pretreated during the process.
- the pretreatment of the powder must be adapted to replace any compact layer of passivation of the metal by an oxidized (valence state of the metal greater than zero) and porous layer.
- This oxidized and porous layer makes it possible to facilitate the subsequent modification of the metal into a dielectric at the heart of the grains of the powder during additive manufacturing, according to the desired patterns.
- the modification of the surface of the grains makes it possible to increase the optical absorbance and therefore to facilitate the transformation into a dielectric.
- An example of a dielectric targeted by the invention is an oxide ceramic (metal oxide) or a non-oxide ceramic such as a nitride ceramic (metal nitride), associated with the metal or with a metal of the alloy of the metal powder.
- oxide ceramic metal oxide
- metal nitride metal nitride
- Another example is silicon oxide (SiO x ).
- this pretreated powder can then be placed in a powder feed tank of a powder bed laser fusion additive manufacturing machine.
- This pretreatment makes it possible to transform and melt the pretreated metal powder into a dielectric or, in a different way, to melt the metal powder to densify it without transforming it, and this, in the manufacturing plan (on a single layer powder) and according to the production direction (according to the different layers).
- the laser application parameters are in fact suitable either for bringing and maintaining the powder at a temperature and for a period sufficient to form a dielectric, or for bringing the powder to a more suitable temperature, and especially for a shorter period in order to to keep the majority metal, without transforming it while causing its densification.
- the parameters are therefore adapted as a function of the areas that it is mainly desired to transform into a dielectric, or mainly to densify in metallic form.
- densification and densify are known to those skilled in the art in the field of powder metallurgy. They refer to increasing the density of a material, usually by sintering or melting. Densification of a powder amounts to agglomerating the grains together so as to form a material whose porosity is reduced or even eliminated.
- dense denotes a material with low porosity or even without porosity.
- the invention therefore consists in adjusting the reactivity of a metal powder by a preliminary pretreatment aimed at creating an oxidized porous layer on its surface, so that it can then, during the step of selective melting of the powder, be transformed. dielectric or only densified in the metallic state according to predetermined zones.
- the geometry and relative positioning of the predominantly dielectric areas and the predominantly metallic areas can be fixed by programming a conventional additive manufacturing device.
- the invention therefore makes it possible to adjust the selectivity of the metal powder both in the manufacturing plan and in the manufacturing direction, with form factors related to an LPBF technique.
- Another advantage of the process is its simplicity.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to use only a single powder, which is a metal powder, unlike the methods of the state of the art which require having several powders in order to produce multiple parts. materials. It therefore makes it possible to do away with the successive implementation of two powders (a metal powder and a powder of material dielectric, in particular ceramic), which has the drawback of complicating the process and the device, and also of risking pollution of one material by another.
- the invention does not require adapting the additive manufacturing device (by adding, for example, a nozzle system or a powder suction / deposition system to reduce the pollution of one powder by another, systems which are generally difficult to adapt for a powder bed laser fuser). It thus makes it possible to use a conventional device for additive manufacturing by powder bed fusion.
- a metal powder is a metal or an alloy in a finely divided state, comprising a plurality of grains.
- the standard powders used for additive manufacturing by powder bed fusion have grains whose particle size typically varies from a few micrometers to a few tens of micrometers.
- the metal powder used is a metal powder or a metal alloy powder and is suitable for additive manufacturing by powder bed fusion.
- metal powder oxidized on the surface means that the grains of the powder are oxidized on the surface, or at least that a major part of the grains are oxidized on the surface.
- the grains are thus not oxidized throughout their volume, and must mainly retain a metallic volume at the heart of the grains.
- the oxidized layer is porous and replaces the grain passivation layer.
- a porous oxidized layer for example a layer of metal oxide, metal hydroxide or metal oxyhydroxide (if chemical treatment with a base) or a layer of metal salt (if chemical treatment with an acid) on the surface of the grains of the metal powder.
- oxidized layer can be used to denote such an oxidized layer and porous at the surface.
- an oxy-reduction reaction occurs with the metal: the reagent oxidizes the metal and the metal reduces the reagent. The metal therefore loses electrons and forms a new oxidized compound at the surface of the grains (of the metal salt type if reactive acid or of the oxide type if reactive basic). Chemical attack changes the surface finish of the metal grains, creating a porous layer.
- the thickness of the oxidized and porous layer formed on the surface of the grains is greater than or equal to 0.02 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the oxidized and porous layer formed on the surface of the grains is less than or equal to 5 ⁇ m.
- the method comprises, prior to the supply step, a step of pretreating a metal powder so as to form an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of the grains.
- the pretreatment step comprises bringing the metal powder into contact with an oxidizing reagent in order to carry out an oxy-reduction reaction of said metal powder, the oxidizing reagent preferably being a strong acid or an oxidizing reagent. strong base, for example a halogenated acid or an alkali hydroxide.
- the contacting of the reagent is carried out around all the grains.
- the reagent is generally in the form of a more or less concentrated solution of active element. The solution can permeate the powder or be sprayed onto the grains.
- the pretreatment step comprises bringing the metal powder into contact with a strong acid, preferably a halogenated acid, for example hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid.
- a strong acid preferably a halogenated acid, for example hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid.
- the pretreatment step comprises bringing the metal powder into contact with a strong base, preferably an alkali hydroxide, for example a sodium hydroxide or a potassium hydroxide.
- a strong base preferably an alkali hydroxide, for example a sodium hydroxide or a potassium hydroxide.
- the pretreatment step comprises bringing the metal powder into contact with water at a temperature greater than or equal to 80 ° C.
- the pretreatment step comprising, subsequent to the oxy-reduction reaction, at least one of the following steps: a drying step, a grinding step, a sieving step.
- the dielectric can be a ceramic obtained by a chemical transformation of the pretreated metal powder, typically an oxidation, or a nitriding.
- high temperature is meant a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the metal or metal alloy.
- the temperature of the metal powder and the temperature maintenance are related to the energy density transmitted to said metal powder.
- the energy density expressed per unit area (in kJ / mm 2 ), is defined by the product of the energy transmitted by the power of the laser beam and the duration of the laser beam being maintained on said unit area. For a given area, the energy received is then the product of the energy density and the area of the area on which the laser beam is held.
- the energy density is directly related to the length of time the laser is held on a unit area (which is logically related to the time in which the temperature is kept).
- certain parameters of application of the laser on the pretreated metal powder layer are adapted depending on whether the formation of a dielectric material or the densification of the metal in a given area of the layer is desired.
- Other laser application parameters can be held constant depending on whether the formation of a dielectric material or the densification of the metal is desired.
- additive manufacturing parameters - which are not laser application parameters - are generally defined (layer thickness, atmosphere in the enclosure of the additive manufacturing device, etc.), although these parameters generally remain constant depending on whether the formation of a dielectric material or the densification of the metal is desired.
- the laser application parameters can be adapted according to the zones so as to submit:
- a first energy density that is to say a laser beam at a first power for a first holding time at at least a first zone of the layer so as to transform said first zone into dielectric material
- a second energy density that is to say a laser beam at a second power for a second duration of maintenance at at least a second zone of the layer so as to densify said second zone without transforming it; the first hold time being greater than the second hold time or / the first energy density being greater than the second energy density.
- the first hold time is at least five times greater than the second hold time, preferably at least ten times.
- the first hold time is of the order of a second, that is to say a few seconds or even a little less than a second
- the second hold time is of the order of a tenth of a second. , that is to say a few tenths of a second, or even a little less than a tenth of a second, and less than a second.
- the first energy density is between 6 and 30 kJ mm 2 and / or the second energy density is between 0.2 and 5 kJ mm 2 .
- the laser application parameters making it possible to vary the duration of maintenance of the laser beam and therefore the energy density subjected to a zone of the powder layer are chosen from: the speed of movement of the laser, the distance between two successive positions of the laser, the power of the laser and the distance traveled by the laser during a movement (and possibly the surface scanned by the laser). These parameters can act on the transformation kinetics of the pretreated metal powder and are very easily programmable.
- the first laser power can be between 30 and 60 W, for example 50 W.
- the second laser power can be between 30 and 60 W, for example 50 W.
- the first power of the laser to form the at least one first zone is equal to the second power of the laser to form the at least one second zone.
- the first displacement speed to form the at least one first zone is between 10 and 1000 mm. s 1 and the first spacing to form the at least one first zone is less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the first displacement speed is between 100 and 1000 mm. s 1 .
- the second displacement speed to form the at least one second zone is between 30 and 5000 mm.
- s 1 and the second spacing to form the at least one second zone is between 1 and 200 ⁇ m.
- the second displacement speed is between 100 and 1000 mm. s 1 .
- the first distance traveled by the laser to form the at least one first zone is less than or equal to 2 mm.
- the diameter of the laser beam is typically between 40 and 100 ⁇ m, for example equal to 70 ⁇ m. But it is possible to enlarge it by defocusing it. At the same laser power, this makes it possible to reduce the energy density submitted by the laser beam.
- the melting step is carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the melting step is carried out under a nitriding atmosphere.
- Another object of the invention is a part obtained by the method and comprising at least a first part mainly comprising first dielectric zones and at least a second part mainly comprising second metal zones in the manufacturing plane and in the manufacturing direction. .
- the first part is distributed periodically in a metal matrix or the second part is distributed periodically in a dielectric matrix.
- the part comprises a metal core covered with a dielectric thermal barrier.
- FIG.lA illustrates a multi-material part comprising dielectric parts in a metal matrix.
- FIG.lB illustrates a multi-material part comprising metal parts in a dielectric matrix.
- FIG.2 shows a powder bed laser fusion (SLM) additive manufacturing device.
- SLM powder bed laser fusion
- FIG. 3 shows four layers of powder arranged one on top of the other, indicates the thickness of a layer and the laser application parameters.
- FIG.4 illustrates the parameters used to transform the pretreated metal powder into a dielectric or to densify it without transforming it.
- FIG.5E illustrate a first example of multi-material parts obtained by a first example of the process according to the invention with variants.
- FIG.6D illustrate a second example of multi-material parts obtained by a second example of the process according to the invention with variations.
- FIG.7B illustrate two Ellingham diagrams grouping the equilibrium curves of a metal and its oxides for several metals.
- the invention relates to a method which combines the use of a pretreated metal powder, that is to say with an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of the grains of said powder, and the melting of said pretreated powder by the technique of powder bed fusion by laser, the parameters of which are adapted to selectively melt and transform the pretreated metal powder bed into the majority dielectric (typically metal oxide ceramic or metal nitride ceramic) and / or the majority metal, in a reactive atmosphere (typically oxidizing or nitriding).
- a pretreated metal powder that is to say with an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of the grains of said powder
- the parameters of which are adapted to selectively melt and transform the pretreated metal powder bed into the majority dielectric (typically metal oxide ceramic or metal nitride ceramic) and / or the majority metal, in a reactive atmosphere (typically oxidizing or nitriding).
- the additive manufacturing parameters by the laser powder bed melting technique include laser application parameters, but also powder layering parameters, the choice of the atmosphere in the enclosure of the manufacturing device. additive ...
- the method comprises a step of pretreating a metal powder so as to form an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of the grains.
- the aim of the pretreatment is to form an oxidized and porous layer on the surface of the grains of the metal powder. This makes it possible to modify the reactivity of the powder with the gas contained in the enclosure of the additive manufacturing stage.
- the thickness of the oxidized layer must be sufficient to sufficiently modify the absorbance of the metal powder. However, it should not be too large in order to mainly retain a metallic volume at the heart of each grain.
- the aim of the pretreatment is to modify the surface of the grains sufficiently to make the powder more reactive with the gas contained in the additive manufacturing enclosure by creating a porous oxidized layer around the grains. The consequence of this is to increase the absorbance of the powder for the wavelength of the laser and therefore to facilitate the transfer of energy to the powder while retaining the predominantly metallic phase.
- an average oxidized and porous surface thickness of between 0.02 and 5 ⁇ m is suitable, although this range is not limiting and depends in particular on the metal or the alloy constituting the powder, from the particle size of said powder, the reactivity targeted during the additive manufacturing step, etc.
- the pretreatment is a chemical pretreatment, preferably using an oxidizing reagent, so as to produce an oxy-reduction reaction with the metal.
- the oxidation-reduction reaction changes the surface finish of the metal grains by generating a porous layer.
- the redox reaction depends on the pH (which itself depends on the concentration of reagent and on the dissociation constant of the reagent) and on the potential of the solution containing the oxidant and the reducing agent with respect to to the normal hydrogen electrode, according to the Pourbaix diagram.
- the redox reaction can therefore be configured according to the type of metal powder (reducing agent), the oxidant chosen (for example strong base or strong acid) which conditions the pH value of the solution.
- the product obtained is generally dried, ground and / or sieved so as to obtain a homogeneous pretreated powder. This can be checked to check for homogeneity.
- An exemplary embodiment is given for an alloy of type A1SÎ12 (very predominant aluminum).
- Reagents capable of oxidizing aluminum are for example:
- halogenated acid HCl, HF
- aluminum salts such as aluminum fluoride (A1F 6 3 ) or aluminum chloride (AICI3).
- bases are preferred to halogenated acids.
- the liquid of the reagent should advantageously envelop all the grains of the powder.
- the inventors used a calculation method to determine a minimum volume to coat all the grains of powder of AlSÎ12 alloy from its bulk density (between 0.96 g. Cm 3 and 1.44 g. Cm 3 ) and its actual density (2.66 g. cm 3 ).
- An apparent mass volume is obtained (between 0.69 cm 3. G 1 and 1.04 cm 3. G 1 ) and an actual mass volume (0.38 cm 3. G 1 ).
- the difference between the apparent mass volumes and the actual mass volume we obtain the interstitial mass volume around the powder of between 0.66 cm 3 . g 1 and 0.31 cm 3 .
- concentration of the reagent influences in particular:
- An exemplary embodiment is given with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as oxidizing reagent.
- sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration range of between 0.125 mol.L 1 and 5 mol.L 1 in the solution. This concentration range is given as a guide, for sodium hydroxide as a reagent and an AlSÎ12 alloy powder. This range is in no way limiting, because it depends in particular on the metal or the alloy constituting the powder, the reagent used, the thickness of the oxidized layer targeted, the type of phase targeted, etc.
- the metal powder to be treated is mixed with the oxidizing reagent solution.
- the AlSÎ12 alloy powder is poured into a suitable container, for example a cry stalli evening, preferably metallic, then the reagent solution is added.
- the reagent must be poured in gradually to prevent the reaction from racing, and then mixed regularly to prevent the product from sticking to the walls of the cry stalli evening.
- drying is carried out to remove water, for example by heating the reaction product to around 150 ° C until there is no water. more steam generated.
- the powder obtained must generally be ground and sieved so as to obtain a particle size suitable for additive manufacturing.
- the powder thus obtained can finally be controlled, for example using DRX and / or FTIR.
- the attack of the soda on the A1SÎ12 alloy generates on the surface of the grains an oxidized and porous layer with mainly aluminosilicates and sodium carbonate in the presence of highly concentrated sodium hydroxide or of aluminum hydroxide and sodium carbonate in the presence. less concentrated soda. Thanks to the porous structure of the oxidized layer, oxidation at the heart of the grains is facilitated during additive manufacturing.
- These porous oxidized elements can, with suitable laser melting parameters, easily transform into majority stoichiometric alumina and some minority phases such as: non-stoichiometric alumina, aluminosilicates, metal residues.
- One method implemented by the inventors is to carry out tests with different concentrations of reagent brought into contact with identical samples of metal powders, then to determine the thicknesses obtained around the grains, the nature of the oxidized phases, the porosities and / or the absorbances obtained, using for example one or more of the following techniques:
- FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- UV, visible, or near infrared makes it possible to evaluate the absorbance of the powder treated for an NIR (near infrared) laser
- This method makes it possible to determine the most suitable reagent concentrations.
- FIG. 2 shows a device 100 for additive manufacturing on a so-called SLM powder bed, making it possible to implement the step of selective melting of the powder bed by laser, comprising a support plate 102 on which one or more parts 2 are manufactured according to the method of selective melting of a powder bed 1 by laser.
- the system 100 comprises a reservoir 104 capable of containing a powder and a powder diffuser 106 which makes it possible to deposit a layer of powder from the reservoir to the support 102 where, under the effect of the energy transmitted by a laser 110, the fusion of the powder operates to produce a layer of the part (s) to be manufactured. The deposition then fusion process is repeated layer by layer until the final part (s) is obtained.
- Plateau 102 descends at each once a layer is formed and a new layer of powder needs to be deposited.
- the assembly is placed in a gas-tight enclosure 108 which makes it possible to control the desired gas atmosphere.
- the complete process is not described in more detail, and those skilled in the art will be able to refer to the numerous literature on additive manufacturing processes by laser fusion of a powder bed and the variant embodiments based on this same principle.
- the pretreated metal powder is placed in the reservoir 104 and the powder diffuser 106 makes it possible to deposit a layer of said powder towards the support 102.
- the first layer is deposited on the support, and the following layers are deposited. one over the other.
- the part that one wishes to manufacture comprises dielectric and metallic parts, even for the same powder layer, which correspond to different areas of said layer. Depending on the areas, the laser application parameters are adapted.
- Figure 3 illustrates four layers of pretreated metal powder (11, 12, 13, 14) arranged one on top of the other, and indicates the thickness of a layer (Th) and the laser application parameters: the laser power (P), the speed of movement (v) of the laser, the distance (d) between two movements.
- Figure 3 also illustrates a tile in a checkerboard sweep strategy.
- the pad has a surface (S) and a side which corresponds to the displacement (D) of the laser in the longitudinal direction which is also a laser application parameter which can be varied.
- Laser powder bed melting techniques use different laser beam scanning strategies. For most laser scanning strategies on a given layer, the laser beam travels a certain distance (D) in a longitudinal direction in a given direction, and then is shifted transversely to the longitudinal direction by a spacing value (d ) given, and starts again in the longitudinal direction in the other direction and so on so as to sweep an entire surface (S) defined on the powder layer.
- the powder layer is divided into blocks and the distance (D) traveled by the laser corresponds to one side of the block.
- the sweeping of a paving stone is done by successions of longitudinal movements and transverse offsets. Then we move on to sweeping another pavement until sweeping the entire checkerboard. There are usually overlaps between the pavers.
- Scanning strategies are generally defined by device programming.
- the surface of a paving stone is either predominantly metallic (generally with residues of oxidized phases) or predominantly dielectric (generally with metallic residues or even minor oxidized phases).
- the surface of a paving stone is defined as a function of the predominantly metallic and / or dielectric phase surfaces desired.
- the laser power is usually a first parameter to adjust. Indeed, too low a power does not provide enough energy to raise the powder to a sufficient temperature and transform it and conversely, too high a power generates ablation, making additive manufacturing impossible.
- the pfd density is adjusted, which is linked to the power of the laser and to the diameter of the laser beam.
- the laser is preferably focused so as to maintain better resolution.
- the diameter of the laser beam is between 40 and 100 ⁇ m, for example 70 ⁇ m. You can keep the same laser power for metal densification without transformation, or you can change the laser power.
- the speed of movement of the laser In all cases (transformation of the powder or densification without transformation), the speed of movement of the laser must not be too low, to avoid hollows and / or deformations in the powder bed. And it should not be too high to allow the powder to heat sufficiently.
- the speed of movement of the laser is typically between 10 mm. s 1 and 5000 mm. s 1 .
- the following description gives speed values which are particularly suitable for transforming a metal powder into a ceramic dielectric material (typically metal oxide or metal nitride), or for densifying said powder without transforming it, as a function of other parameters of laser application.
- a chemical reaction must be produced between a gas and the metal, at high temperature for a certain period of time.
- first holding time ti typically of the order of a second, that is to say of a few seconds, or even a little less than a second. Examples of the first hold time f are given below.
- An inter-vector overlap refers to the distance between the centers of the laser beam of two consecutive laser displacement vectors. If this center-to-center distance is less than the diameter of the laser beam, there is an overlap.
- first spacing value di A strong coverage, sufficient to transform the metal powder into dielectric material, is obtained by a low spacing value (first spacing value di).
- first spacing value di Typical inter-vector spacing values are on the order of pm, resulting in at least 90% coverage. Examples of the first spacing value di are given below.
- the speed of movement of the laser beam is suitable for transforming a given unit of powder surface into dielectric material.
- Examples of the first travel speed vi are given later. Since the oxidation kinetics must be relatively slow to be effective, the beam travels slowly and the laser power may be lowered, or not necessarily increased.
- the laser beam can move at a speed (second displacement speed V2) equivalent to the first displacement speed vi, or even lower, but a lower inter-vector overlap is required.
- a low recovery value is obtained by a high gap value (second gap value d2). Examples of second displacement speed V2 and of second spacings d2 are given further below.
- the second temperature holding time t 2 is in this case typically of the order of a tenth of a second, that is to say a few tenths of a second, or even less than a tenth of a second, and less than one second. Examples of a second hold time t 2 are given below.
- the laser application parameters are adapted according to the zones so as to submit:
- a first energy density Qi that is to say a laser beam at a first power Pi for a first holding time L at at least a first zone of a layer of powder so as to transform said first part dielectric
- a second energy density Q 2 that is to say a laser beam at a second power P 2 for a second holding time t 2 at at least a second zone of the powder layer so as to densify said second part in metal without transforming it; the first hold time L being greater than the second hold time t 2 or the first energy density Qi is greater than the second energy density Q 2.
- the first laser power P 1 can be between 30 and 60 W.
- the second laser power P 2 can be between 30 and 60 W.
- the first laser power can be equal to the second laser power.
- the first holding time ti can be between 0.7 and 2 seconds, preferably between 1 and 2 seconds.
- the first energy density Qi can be between 10 and 20 kJ.mm 2 .
- the second holding time t 2 can be between 0.07 and 0.26 seconds, preferably between 0.1 and 0.2 seconds.
- the second energy density C can be between 0.2 and 2 kJ.mm 2 .
- the laser application parameters making it possible to vary the maintenance time t of the laser beam and therefore the energy density Q subjected to a zone of the powder layer are chosen from: the speed of movement v of the laser, the distance d between two successive positions of the laser, the power of the laser P and the distance D traveled by the laser during a movement (and possibly the surface S scanned by the laser). These parameters can act on the transformation kinetics of the metal powder and are very easily programmable.
- the movements of the laser beam are generally carried out in a direction which will be called the longitudinal direction.
- Said displacement is generally called “laser vector”, the length of which corresponds to the distance D.
- the spacing d of the laser beam corresponds to an offset between two longitudinal displacements of the laser beam, in the same plane and generally transverse to the longitudinal direction and is generally called “difference between two vectors", or “inter-vector” difference).
- the distance traveled by the laser is not necessarily rectilinear, in particular in concentric movements of the laser beam, as will be described later.
- first displacement speed (vi), respectively first separation (di)” denotes the displacement speed, respectively G separation, to transform a first part of powder into ceramic.
- second displacement speed (V2), respectively second spacing (d2) denotes the displacement speed, respectively the spacing, to densify a second part of powder into metal without transforming it.
- the first movement speed vi can be between 10 and 1000 mm. s 1 , preferably between 50 and 1000 mm. s 1 even more preferably between 100 and 1000 mm. s 1 .
- the first spacing di is preferably less than 10 ⁇ m and may be between 1 and 10 ⁇ m.
- the first spacing and the first movement speed are linked: the higher the first movement speed, the lower the first spacing must be to apply a sufficient temperature holding time, and conversely, a high first spacing can be chosen if the first travel speed is low.
- the second movement speed can be between 30 and 5000 mm. s 1 , preferably between 100 and 2000 mm. s 1 even more preferably between 100 and 1000 mm. s 1 .
- the second spacing d2 can be between 1 and 200 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 and 200 ⁇ m, even more preferably between 20 and 100 ⁇ m, or between 50 and 100 ⁇ m.
- the second spacing and the second movement speed are linked: the lower the second movement speed, the greater the second spacing must be to avoid applying too long a temperature holding time, and conversely, a second spacing can be chosen. low if the second travel speed is high.
- the distance traveled by the laser, linked to the strategy for moving the laser beam, is a parameter that can also be used.
- the first distance traveled by the laser to form the dielectric material is less than 2 mm.
- the suitable parameters can be determined beforehand by making several identical samples of pretreated powder, by varying the parameters of application of the laser on the different samples, the thicknesses of powder deposited, and / or the atmosphere in the chamber, then by characterizing the parts obtained, which are called "test dies" and which are for example in the form of identical cubes. For example, by varying the laser application parameters: the laser power (P), the displacement speed (v) of the laser, the distance (d) between two successive passes of the laser, or even the distance (D ) from the laser, several test cubes are obtained. The test cubes are then taken from the manufacturing support and characterized to determine which is the predominant phase (metal or dielectric).
- the thickness (Th) of the metal powder layer formed is greater than or equal to the mean diameter of the grains, typically greater than or equal to 30 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 50 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the layer formed is also generally less than or equal to 200pm, preferably less than or equal to 150pm
- the enclosure is in a reactive, oxidizing or nitriding atmosphere.
- the gas used in the additive manufacturing chamber participates in the chemical reaction allowing the transformation of the pretreated metal powder into a dielectric.
- the presence of oxygen makes it possible to obtain a majority oxide phase of the transformed pretreated metal powder (for example: Al2O3).
- the presence of oxygen in the enclosure is typically obtained with an oxygen partial pressure greater than or equal to 5%, preferably greater than or equal to 10%. It can be air.
- the presence of nitrogen makes it possible to obtain a majority nitride phase of the transformed pretreated metal powder (for example: AIN).
- the presence of nitrogen in the enclosure can be ensured with air, knowing that by the consumption of oxygen, the partial pressure of nitrogen in the enclosure increases. It is possible to achieve a majority nitrogen atmosphere in the enclosure by flushing with nitrogen once the enclosure is closed and before manufacture.
- the pieces formed are metal-ceramic parallelepipeds of square section, obtained by selective laser melting from an Al Si 12 alloy powder pretreated as described above.
- the outer shell of the part is mostly metal and the core is mostly alumina.
- the laser scanning strategies chosen consist of a central block to form the alumina core and three different strategies were used to form the metallic outline around the core to either:
- the alumina core uses a 1cm 2 square pad
- the metal outline uses a strategy either rectilinear (figure 5C corresponding to the left columns of figures 5A and 5B), or hexagonal (figure 5D corresponding to the central columns of figures 5A and 5B), or concentric (figure 5E corresponding to the right columns Figures 5A and 5B).
- the partial pressure of oxygen in the enclosure is between 10 and 21% (oxidizing atmosphere).
- the laser spot diameter is between 70 and 80 ⁇ m. Layering thickness is around 50pm.
- the first duration (ti) of maintenance is equal to 0.7 seconds
- the first energy density (Qi) is 11 kJ.mm 2 .
- the power per unit area density is 15.6 kW.mm 2 .
- the power of the laser does not vary, depending on whether one wishes to oxidize or densify without oxidizing.
- the second duration (t 2 ) of maintenance is equal to 0.14 seconds
- the second energy density (Q 2 ) is 2, 2 kJ.mm 2 .
- the power per unit area density is 15.6 kW.mm 2 .
- the parts formed are metal-ceramic cylinders obtained by selective laser melting from an A1SÎ12 alloy powder pretreated as described above.
- the outer shell of the part is mostly metal and the core is mostly alumina.
- the sweep strategy for the alumina core is a 1cm wide hexagonal checkerboard pattern.
- the scanning strategy for the metal consists of concentric paths around the central alumina.
- FIGS 6C and 6D illustrate in detail two different outer shell thicknesses.
- the partial pressure of oxygen in the enclosure is between 10 and 21% (oxidizing atmosphere).
- the laser spot diameter is between 70 and 80 ⁇ m. Layering thickness is around 50pm.
- the first duration (ti) of maintenance is equal to 0.7 seconds
- the first energy density (Qi) is 11 kJ.mm 2 .
- the power per unit area density is 15.6 kW.mm 2 .
- the second holding time (t2) is equal to 0.014 seconds
- the second energy density ((3 ⁇ 4) is 0.22 kJ. mm 2.
- the power per unit area density is 15.6 kW.mm 2 .
- the absorbance of the pretreated metal powder is increased compared to a non-pretreated powder, at equal power, the transfer of electromagnetic energy from the laser into thermal energy in the powder is better, so the pretreated metal powder will heat up more.
- the power of the laser is set equal to or below a power threshold from which ablation no longer exists; and once this threshold is found and the laser power is set, in a second step we adjust the other parameters depending on whether we want to transform the pretreated metal powder into a dielectric or only to densify the metal without transforming it.
- the invention thus makes it possible, by simply adjusting the parameters of additive manufacturing, to create in 3D, at will and in selected regions, zones that are predominantly metallic or predominantly made of dielectric materials.
- the additive manufacturing parameters are easily adjustable by programming the additive manufacturing device.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to produce multi-material parts in the direction of manufacture and in the production plan (3D multi-material parts), without having to change the powder during manufacture, and by using a device. of additive manufacturing by conventional powder bed fusion. This has a significant advantage in terms of costs, whether for the manufacture or preparation of the powder but also for the ease of implementation of the process.
- the chemical pretreatment of the metal powder makes it possible to increase the absorbance of the powder, and thus to increase the efficiency of the energy transfer to the powder, so as to increase the temperature within the powder, without having to increase the power of the laser and thus without risking the ablation phenomenon.
- a pretreated powder but without the appropriate laser application parameters (speed too high and / or spacing too high and / or unsuitable power)
- the powder cannot be oxidized, but is kept in metallic form.
- the temperature within the powder cannot be reached and the powder is not only not oxidized, but is also not densified (it remains in the form of a partially oxidized metal powder of the powder. preprocessing).
- the invention indeed consists of a combination of the pretreatment with suitable laser application parameters which makes it possible to obtain a synergistic effect and to form a multi-material part (metal and dielectric material) in three dimensions.
- A1SÎ12 alloy powder With an A1SÎ12 alloy powder, it is possible to obtain multi-material parts comprising metal parts and ceramic parts in predominantly narrow stoichiometric alumina with a few minority phases such as: non-stoichiometric alumina, aluminosilicates, metal residues. In addition, at the interface between metal and ceramic, a probably non-stoichiometric and less conductive layer of alumina can be formed.
- metal parts may contain some dielectric inclusions and conversely dielectric parts may contain metal incursions. This is why we speak of a "predominantly metallic" phase with a few dielectric residual phases or a "predominantly” dielectric phase with a few metallic residues, or even residues of oxidized metal phases resulting from the pretreatment.
- the dielectric part is preferably surrounded by a metal part which grips well on the plate and which plays the role barrier.
- the dielectric material is formed on a majority metal part part.
- Other metal powders used can be powders conventionally used in additive manufacturing, in powder bed melting techniques by laser, for example other aluminum-based alloys, powders of metals or metal alloys. other than aluminum, such as transition metals and poor metals, for example: alloys based on iron, cobalt or nickel, or metalloids such as silicon.
- the metals located in the central and upper part of the Ellingham diagrams as described for example in the publication “Ellingham Diagram” by Masakatsu Hasegawa (Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University), reproduced in FIGS. 7A and 7B, are particularly targeted. than alloys based on these metals.
- Ellingham's diagrams make it possible to predict the equilibria between a metal and its oxides as a function of temperature and pressure, and to know the thermodynamically possible redox reactions between two species.
- the invention applies in particular to:
- metamaterials in particular metamaterials comprising dielectric / ceramic inclusions distributed periodically in a metal matrix or metal inclusions distributed periodically in a dielectric / ceramic matrix.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2000641A FR3106512B1 (fr) | 2020-01-23 | 2020-01-23 | Procédé de fabrication d’une pièce multi-matériaux par fabrication additive, selon la technique de fusion sélective ou de frittage sélectif de lit de poudre par laser |
| PCT/EP2021/051485 WO2021148624A1 (fr) | 2020-01-23 | 2021-01-22 | Procede de fabrication d'une piece multi-materiaux par fabrication additive, selon la technique de fusion selective ou de frittage selectif de lit de poudre par laser |
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| CN114472919B (zh) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-05-30 | 航发优材(镇江)增材制造有限公司 | 一种多孔金属薄网结构成形工艺 |
| CN114713846A (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2022-07-08 | 吉林大学 | 一种异质仿生结构设计及其定向能量沉积增材制造方法 |
| CN115533091B (zh) * | 2022-10-11 | 2024-05-17 | 中南大学 | 一种高密度钨合金3d打印制备方法 |
| CN116144962B (zh) * | 2023-04-17 | 2023-06-27 | 北京科技大学 | 一种高强韧哈氏合金及其制备工艺 |
| CN116197418B (zh) * | 2023-05-06 | 2023-08-04 | 湖南华曙高科技股份有限公司 | 一种大幅面激光选择性熔化设备模块化共轭风场系统及控制方法 |
| CN116586636B (zh) * | 2023-05-18 | 2025-10-17 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院股份有限公司 | 去除选区激光熔化制备钛及钛合金产品支撑结构的方法 |
| EP4467263A1 (fr) * | 2023-05-25 | 2024-11-27 | MAHLE International GmbH | Procédé de fabrication d'une structure multicouche à partir d'une poudre métallique par fusion à base de lit de poudre |
| US12429367B1 (en) | 2024-03-19 | 2025-09-30 | Concept Laser, GmbH | Fill level sensing devices and additive manufacturing apparatuses including same |
| CN121666280A (zh) * | 2024-04-26 | 2026-03-13 | 香港中文大学 | 一种基于微选区激光熔化技术的增材制造方法 |
| CN119457128B (zh) * | 2025-01-08 | 2025-04-01 | 西安赛隆增材技术股份有限公司 | 一种增材制造金属材料的致密度提升方法 |
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| EP2815823A1 (fr) * | 2013-06-18 | 2014-12-24 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Procédé de production d'un article en trois dimensions et article produit avec un tel procédé |
| WO2018084056A1 (fr) * | 2016-11-02 | 2018-05-11 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | Poudre métallique, objet fabriqué de manière additive par frittage de poudre et procédé pour le fabriquer |
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| CN108687339B (zh) * | 2017-04-06 | 2019-10-29 | 中国科学院福建物质结构研究所 | 低氧含量的钛或钛合金球形粉末及其制备方法和用途 |
| CN107737932B (zh) * | 2017-10-26 | 2019-08-06 | 西北工业大学 | 一种钛或钛合金选区强化的一体化激光增材制造方法 |
| CN110331324B (zh) * | 2019-06-28 | 2021-02-19 | 西安交通大学 | 一种用于增材制造的陶瓷-铝复合材料、制备方法及陶瓷-铝复合材料结构件增材制造方法 |
-
2020
- 2020-01-23 FR FR2000641A patent/FR3106512B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-01-22 WO PCT/EP2021/051485 patent/WO2021148624A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-01-22 EP EP21702194.8A patent/EP4093566A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-01-22 US US17/793,199 patent/US12311441B2/en active Active
- 2021-01-22 CA CA3165810A patent/CA3165810A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3106512B1 (fr) | 2022-06-17 |
| FR3106512A1 (fr) | 2021-07-30 |
| WO2021148624A1 (fr) | 2021-07-29 |
| US20230058595A1 (en) | 2023-02-23 |
| CA3165810A1 (fr) | 2021-07-29 |
| US12311441B2 (en) | 2025-05-27 |
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