EP4085967A1 - Applying tumor treating fields (ttfields) via electrodes embedded into skull implants - Google Patents
Applying tumor treating fields (ttfields) via electrodes embedded into skull implants Download PDFInfo
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- EP4085967A1 EP4085967A1 EP22180751.4A EP22180751A EP4085967A1 EP 4085967 A1 EP4085967 A1 EP 4085967A1 EP 22180751 A EP22180751 A EP 22180751A EP 4085967 A1 EP4085967 A1 EP 4085967A1
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- skull
- lead
- substrate
- electrodes
- plates
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- 210000003625 skull Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 title claims description 41
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 title abstract description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 210000004761 scalp Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 6
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000005017 glioblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005524 ceramic coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002529 medical grade silicone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
- A61N1/0529—Electrodes for brain stimulation
- A61N1/0539—Anchoring of brain electrode systems, e.g. within burr hole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
- A61N1/0472—Structure-related aspects
- A61N1/0488—Details about the lead
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
- A61N1/0529—Electrodes for brain stimulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/36002—Cancer treatment, e.g. tumour
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
- A61N1/36017—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes with leads or electrodes penetrating the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/40—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals
Definitions
- Tumor Treating Fields are low intensity (e.g., 1-3 V/cm) alternating electric fields within the intermediate frequency range (e.g., 100-500 kHz) that inhibit cancer cell growth.
- This non-invasive treatment targets solid tumors and is described in US Patent 7,565,205 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- 200 kHz TTFields are FDA approved for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), and may be delivered, for example, via the Optune TM system.
- Optune TM includes a field generator and two pairs of transducer arrays (i.e., electrode arrays) that are placed on the patient's shaved head. One pair of arrays is positioned to the left and right of the tumor, and the other pair of arrays is positioned anterior and posterior to the tumor.
- the first apparatus comprises a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull.
- the substrate has an inner side and an outer side.
- the first apparatus also comprises an electrically conductive plate having an inner side and an outer side. The outer side of the plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate.
- the first apparatus also comprises a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of the plate; and an electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end. The inner end of the lead is disposed in electrical contact with the plate, the lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- the first apparatus further comprise a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer.
- these embodiments may further comprise at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device.
- the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000. In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- the second apparatus comprises a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull.
- the substrate has an inner side and an outer side.
- the second apparatus also comprises a plurality of electrically conductive plates, each having an inner side and an outer side. The outer side of each plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate.
- the second apparatus also comprises a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of each plate; and a first electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end. The inner end of the first lead is disposed in electrical contact with a first one of the plates, the first lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the first lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- Some embodiments of the second apparatus further comprise a second electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end.
- the inner end of the second lead is disposed in electrical contact with a second one of the plates, the second lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the second lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from the external device.
- Some embodiments of the second apparatus further comprise an additional electrically conductive lead disposed to electrically connect the first one of the plates with a second one of the plates.
- the second apparatus further comprise a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer.
- these embodiments may further comprise at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device.
- the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000. In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to a first method of treating a tumor in a person's head.
- the first method comprises positioning a first set of electrodes on an inner side of a first skull implant on a first side of the tumor; positioning a second set of electrodes on a second side of the tumor that is opposite to the first side; and applying an AC voltage between the first set of electrodes and the second set of electrodes to generate an alternating electric field that passes through the tumor.
- the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of the first skull implant. In some instances of the first method, the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of a second skull implant. In some instances of the first method, the second set of electrodes is positioned on an exterior surface of the person's head.
- the Optune TM transducer arrays In a patient with glioblastoma, when the Optune TM transducer arrays are positioned on a patient's shaved head, the electric field must pass through the patient's scalp and skull twice in order to reach the tumor.
- This situation introduces two problems. First, the presence of the skull between the transducer array and the tumor makes it more difficult to aim the field at the desired location (i.e., the tumor bed) in the brain. And second, due to attenuation of the electric field introduced by the skull and scalp, the voltage and current that is applied to the transducer arrays must be relatively high (e.g., on the order of 50 VAC and on the order of 1 A) in order to obtain an electric field with a therapeutically effective magnitude in the tumor bed.
- FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment that ameliorates both these problems by incorporating transducer arrays into one or more skull implants.
- skull implants 10L and 10R are positioned on the left and right sides of the patient's skull 15, respectively; and skull implants 10A and 10P are positioned on the anterior and posterior sides of the patient's skull 15, respectively.
- An AC field generator 11 applies an AC voltage between the electrodes in skull implant 10A and the electrodes in skull implant 10P for a first interval of time (e.g., 1 second); then (b) applies an AC voltage between the electrodes in skull implant 10L and the electrodes in skull implant 10R for a second interval of time (e.g., 1 second); then repeats that two-step sequence (a) and (b) for the duration of the treatment.
- FIG. 2 depicts a first embodiment for implementing any one of the skull implants 10A/P/L/R depicted in FIG. 1 .
- a rigid substrate 20 is shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull.
- the substrate 20 has an inner side and an outer side, and may be formed using any of a variety of conventional approaches for forming a skull implant (including but not limited to 3D printing), In some preferred embodiments, the substrate 20 has an area of at least 5 cm 2 .
- An electrically conductive plate 22 is affixed to the inner side of the substrate 20.
- This plate 22 is preferably metal (e.g., copper, steel, etc.), but alternative conductive materials may also be used.
- the shape of the plate 22 may be customized to match the contours of the substrate 20, and the outer side of the plate 22 may be affixed to the substrate 20 using any of a variety of conventional approaches including but not limited to 3D printing and adhesives.
- a dielectric layer 24 is disposed on the inner side of the plate 22.
- the conductive plate 22 and the dielectric layer 24 form a capacitor, and using a higher capacitance improves the coupling of the electric field into the tumor.
- One approach for achieving a high capacitance is to use a ceramic dielectric material with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000 for implementing the dielectric layer 24, similar to the approach used in the conventional Optune TM system.
- An alternative approach for increasing the capacitance is to use a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer as the dielectric layer 24.
- any portion of the conductive plate 22 that is not covered by the dielectric 24 should be covered by an appropriate insulator (e.g., medical grade silicone) to prevent non-capacitive coupling between the conductive plate 22 and tissue in the patient's head.
- an appropriate insulator e.g., medical grade silicone
- an electrically conductive lead 26 (e.g., a wire) is disposed in electrical contact with the plate 22.
- the lead 26 passes through the substrate 20, and the outer end of the lead 26 is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device (e.g., the field generator 11 depicted in FIG. 1 ). This may be accomplished, for example, by providing a terminal at the outer end of the lead 26.
- the field generator 11 generates an AC voltage on the wires that lead to implant 10A and 10P, then generates an AC voltage on the wires that lead to implants 10L and 10R (in a repeating and alternating sequence as described above).
- a corresponding AC current will travel through the wires 26 until it reaches the conductive plate 22 in each of the implants 10 A/B/L/R. Due to the presence of the dielectric layers 24, the desired electric field will be imposed in the tumor bed via capacitive coupling.
- At least one temperature sensor e.g. a thermistor, not shown
- a temperature sensor is integrated into each implant 10 A/P/L/R to reduce the risk of overheating any portion of the patient's brain.
- appropriate wiring passes through the substrate 20 and is used to route the signal from the temperature sensor to the system's controller (which may be located, for example, in the field generator 11 shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the system may be configured to communicate with the temperature sensor wirelessly using any of a variety of conventional approaches.
- FIG. 3 is similar to the FIG. 2 embodiment, except that instead of using a single conductive plate 22 and a single dielectric layer 24 (as in the FIG. 2 embodiment), a plurality of smaller conductive plates 32 and smaller dielectric layers 34 are used.
- each of these smaller conductive plates 32 may be round.
- each of the smaller dielectric layers 34 may be a ceramic coating disposed on the smaller conductive plate 32.
- a single lead 36 passes through the substrate 20 to one of the conductive plates 32, and internal wiring 37 is used to route the current to the other conductive plates.
- the internal wiring may be omitted if each of the conductive plates 32 is provided with its own lead 36 that passes through the substrate 20.
- the voltage and current used in this embodiment can be significantly lower than the voltage and current used in the conventional Optune TM system for any given desired field strength at the tumor. (This is because in the conventional Optune TM system, the electrodes are all positioned on the shaved scalp of the patient, which means that the electric field must traverse the scalp and skull twice to reach the tumor.)
- transducer arrays when the transducer arrays are incorporated into skull implants, the planning of treatment so that the desired field appears in the tumor bed may be simplified because the electrical path between the transducer arrays on opposite sides of the tumor is simplified.
- incorporating transducer arrays into skull implants can improve treatment planning in situations where the position of a surgical wound or skin abnormalities might prevent the application of conventional Optune TM transducer arrays to particular places on the surface of a patient's skin.
- FIG. 1 depicts that all of the electrodes are incorporated into respective skull implants 10A/P/L/R. But in alternative embodiments, only some sets of electrodes are incorporated into a skull implant, and the remaining sets of electrodes are positioned outside the patient's skull (as in conventional TTFields treatment using Optune TM ). For example, one set of electrodes could be positioned in a skull implant 10A on the anterior side of the patient's head, and the sets of electrodes on the right, left, and posterior sides could all be positioned outside the patient's skull.
- two or more sets of electrodes are incorporated into a single skull implant.
- a single roughly hemispherical skull implant could be installed on a patient's head in place of the top hemisphere of the patient's skull, and all four sets of electrodes could be incorporated into that single skull implant (i.e., on the left, right, anterior, and posterior inner walls of the implant),
Abstract
Description
- This Application claims the benefit of
US Provisional Application 62/880,893, filed July 31, 2019 - Tumor Treating Fields, or TTFields, are low intensity (e.g., 1-3 V/cm) alternating electric fields within the intermediate frequency range (e.g., 100-500 kHz) that inhibit cancer cell growth. This non-invasive treatment targets solid tumors and is described in
US Patent 7,565,205 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 200 kHz TTFields are FDA approved for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), and may be delivered, for example, via the Optune™ system. Optune™ includes a field generator and two pairs of transducer arrays (i.e., electrode arrays) that are placed on the patient's shaved head. One pair of arrays is positioned to the left and right of the tumor, and the other pair of arrays is positioned anterior and posterior to the tumor. - One aspect of the invention is directed to a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull. The substrate has an inner side and an outer side. The first apparatus also comprises an electrically conductive plate having an inner side and an outer side. The outer side of the plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate. The first apparatus also comprises a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of the plate; and an electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end. The inner end of the lead is disposed in electrical contact with the plate, the lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- Some embodiments of the first apparatus further comprise a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer. Optionally, these embodiments may further comprise at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device. Optionally, in these embodiments, the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000. In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull. The substrate has an inner side and an outer side. The second apparatus also comprises a plurality of electrically conductive plates, each having an inner side and an outer side. The outer side of each plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate. The second apparatus also comprises a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of each plate; and a first electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end. The inner end of the first lead is disposed in electrical contact with a first one of the plates, the first lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the first lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- Some embodiments of the second apparatus further comprise a second electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end. The inner end of the second lead is disposed in electrical contact with a second one of the plates, the second lead passes through the substrate, and the outer end of the second lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from the external device.
- Some embodiments of the second apparatus further comprise an additional electrically conductive lead disposed to electrically connect the first one of the plates with a second one of the plates.
- Some embodiments of the second apparatus further comprise a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer. Optionally, these embodiments may further comprise at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device. Optionally, in these embodiments, the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000. In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to a first method of treating a tumor in a person's head. The first method comprises positioning a first set of electrodes on an inner side of a first skull implant on a first side of the tumor; positioning a second set of electrodes on a second side of the tumor that is opposite to the first side; and applying an AC voltage between the first set of electrodes and the second set of electrodes to generate an alternating electric field that passes through the tumor.
- In some instances of the first method, the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of the first skull implant. In some instances of the first method, the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of a second skull implant. In some instances of the first method, the second set of electrodes is positioned on an exterior surface of the person's head.
-
-
FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment that incorporates transducer arrays into four skull implants. -
FIG. 2 depicts a first embodiment for implementing any one of the skull implants depicted inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 depicts a second embodiment for implementing any one of the skull implants depicted inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 depicts a third embodiment for implementing any one of the skull implants depicted inFIG. 1 . - Various embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like elements.
- In a patient with glioblastoma, when the Optune™ transducer arrays are positioned on a patient's shaved head, the electric field must pass through the patient's scalp and skull twice in order to reach the tumor. This situation introduces two problems. First, the presence of the skull between the transducer array and the tumor makes it more difficult to aim the field at the desired location (i.e., the tumor bed) in the brain. And second, due to attenuation of the electric field introduced by the skull and scalp, the voltage and current that is applied to the transducer arrays must be relatively high (e.g., on the order of 50 VAC and on the order of 1 A) in order to obtain an electric field with a therapeutically effective magnitude in the tumor bed.
-
FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment that ameliorates both these problems by incorporating transducer arrays into one or more skull implants. In the illustrated embodiment,skull implants skull 15, respectively; andskull implants skull 15, respectively. An AC field generator 11 (a) applies an AC voltage between the electrodes inskull implant 10A and the electrodes in skull implant 10P for a first interval of time (e.g., 1 second); then (b) applies an AC voltage between the electrodes inskull implant 10L and the electrodes inskull implant 10R for a second interval of time (e.g., 1 second); then repeats that two-step sequence (a) and (b) for the duration of the treatment. -
FIG. 2 depicts a first embodiment for implementing any one of theskull implants 10A/P/L/R depicted inFIG. 1 . In this embodiment, arigid substrate 20 is shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull. Thesubstrate 20 has an inner side and an outer side, and may be formed using any of a variety of conventional approaches for forming a skull implant (including but not limited to 3D printing), In some preferred embodiments, thesubstrate 20 has an area of at least 5 cm2. - An electrically
conductive plate 22 is affixed to the inner side of thesubstrate 20. Thisplate 22 is preferably metal (e.g., copper, steel, etc.), but alternative conductive materials may also be used. The shape of theplate 22 may be customized to match the contours of thesubstrate 20, and the outer side of theplate 22 may be affixed to thesubstrate 20 using any of a variety of conventional approaches including but not limited to 3D printing and adhesives. Adielectric layer 24 is disposed on the inner side of theplate 22. - In many situations, it is preferable to capacitively coupled the electric field into the target region. The
conductive plate 22 and thedielectric layer 24 form a capacitor, and using a higher capacitance improves the coupling of the electric field into the tumor. One approach for achieving a high capacitance is to use a ceramic dielectric material with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000 for implementing thedielectric layer 24, similar to the approach used in the conventional Optune™ system. An alternative approach for increasing the capacitance is to use a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer as thedielectric layer 24. - Any portion of the
conductive plate 22 that is not covered by the dielectric 24 should be covered by an appropriate insulator (e.g., medical grade silicone) to prevent non-capacitive coupling between theconductive plate 22 and tissue in the patient's head. - The inner end of an electrically conductive lead 26 (e.g., a wire) is disposed in electrical contact with the
plate 22. The lead 26 passes through thesubstrate 20, and the outer end of thelead 26 is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device (e.g., thefield generator 11 depicted inFIG. 1 ). This may be accomplished, for example, by providing a terminal at the outer end of thelead 26. - Assume, for example, that four sets of the
apparatus 10 depicted inFIG. 2 are positioned on all four sides of the patient's head, (i.e., left, right, anterior, and posterior, respectively), as depicted inFIG. 1 . Thefield generator 11 generates an AC voltage on the wires that lead to implant 10A and 10P, then generates an AC voltage on the wires that lead toimplants wires 26 until it reaches theconductive plate 22 in each of theimplants 10 A/B/L/R. Due to the presence of thedielectric layers 24, the desired electric field will be imposed in the tumor bed via capacitive coupling. - Preferably, at least one temperature sensor (e.g. a thermistor, not shown) is integrated into each
implant 10 A/P/L/R to reduce the risk of overheating any portion of the patient's brain. In some embodiments, appropriate wiring (not shown) passes through thesubstrate 20 and is used to route the signal from the temperature sensor to the system's controller (which may be located, for example, in thefield generator 11 shown inFIG. 1 ). In alternative embodiments, the system may be configured to communicate with the temperature sensor wirelessly using any of a variety of conventional approaches. -
FIG. 3 is similar to theFIG. 2 embodiment, except that instead of using a singleconductive plate 22 and a single dielectric layer 24 (as in theFIG. 2 embodiment), a plurality of smallerconductive plates 32 and smallerdielectric layers 34 are used. Optionally, each of these smallerconductive plates 32 may be round. Optionally, each of the smallerdielectric layers 34 may be a ceramic coating disposed on the smallerconductive plate 32. - In the
FIG. 3 embodiment, asingle lead 36 passes through thesubstrate 20 to one of theconductive plates 32, andinternal wiring 37 is used to route the current to the other conductive plates. Alternatively, as depicted inFIG. 4 , the internal wiring may be omitted if each of theconductive plates 32 is provided with itsown lead 36 that passes through thesubstrate 20. - Notably, since the electric field does not have to pass through the scalp or skull, the voltage and current used in this embodiment can be significantly lower than the voltage and current used in the conventional Optune™ system for any given desired field strength at the tumor. (This is because in the conventional Optune™ system, the electrodes are all positioned on the shaved scalp of the patient, which means that the electric field must traverse the scalp and skull twice to reach the tumor.)
- In addition, when the transducer arrays are incorporated into skull implants, the planning of treatment so that the desired field appears in the tumor bed may be simplified because the electrical path between the transducer arrays on opposite sides of the tumor is simplified. Finally, incorporating transducer arrays into skull implants can improve treatment planning in situations where the position of a surgical wound or skin abnormalities might prevent the application of conventional Optune™ transducer arrays to particular places on the surface of a patient's skin.
- Note that
FIG. 1 depicts that all of the electrodes are incorporated intorespective skull implants 10A/P/L/R. But in alternative embodiments, only some sets of electrodes are incorporated into a skull implant, and the remaining sets of electrodes are positioned outside the patient's skull (as in conventional TTFields treatment using Optune™). For example, one set of electrodes could be positioned in askull implant 10A on the anterior side of the patient's head, and the sets of electrodes on the right, left, and posterior sides could all be positioned outside the patient's skull. - In other alternative embodiments, two or more sets of electrodes are incorporated into a single skull implant. For example, a single roughly hemispherical skull implant could be installed on a patient's head in place of the top hemisphere of the patient's skull, and all four sets of electrodes could be incorporated into that single skull implant (i.e., on the left, right, anterior, and posterior inner walls of the implant),
- While the present invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations, and changes to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the sphere and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the described embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by the language of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
- Furthermore, the present invention is represented by the following statements of invention.
- 1. An apparatus, comprising:
- a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull, the substrate having an inner side and an outer side;
- an electrically conductive plate having an inner side and an outer side, wherein the outer side of the plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate;
- a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of the plate; and
- an electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end, wherein the inner end of the lead is disposed in electrical contact with the plate, wherein the lead passes through the substrate, and wherein the outer end of the lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- 2. The apparatus of statement 1, further comprising:
a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer. - 3. The apparatus of statement 2, further comprising:
at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device. - 4. The apparatus of statement 3, wherein the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- 5. The apparatus of statement 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000.
- 6. The apparatus of statement 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- 7. An apparatus, comprising:
- a rigid substrate shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull, the substrate having an inner side and an outer side;
- a plurality of electrically conductive plates, each having an inner side and an outer side, wherein the outer side of each plate is affixed to the inner side of the substrate;
- a dielectric layer disposed on the inner side of each plate; and
- a first electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end, wherein the inner end of the first lead is disposed in electrical contact with a first one of the plates, wherein the first lead passes through the substrate, and wherein the outer end of the first lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device.
- 8. The apparatus of statement 7, further comprising:
- a second electrically conductive lead having an inner end and an outer end,
- wherein the inner end of the second lead is disposed in electrical contact with a second one of the plates, wherein the second lead passes through the substrate,
- and wherein the outer end of the second lead is configured to accept an electrical signal from the external device.
- 9. The apparatus of statement 7, further comprising:
an additional electrically conductive lead disposed to electrically connect the first one of the plates with a second one of the plates. - 10. The apparatus of statement 7, further comprising:
a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer. - 11. The apparatus of
statement 10, further comprising:
at least one wire that passes through the substrate and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device. - 12. The apparatus of
statement 11, wherein the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor. - 13. The apparatus of statement 7, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000.
- 14. The apparatus of statement 7, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a flexible thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- 15. A method of treating a tumor in a person's head, the method comprising:
- positioning a first set of electrodes on an inner side of a first skull implant on a first side of the tumor;
- positioning a second set of electrodes on a second side of the tumor that is opposite to the first side; and
- applying an AC voltage between the first set of electrodes and the second set of electrodes to generate an alternating electric field that passes through the tumor.
- 16. The method of
statement 15, wherein the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of the first skull implant. - 17. The method of
statement 15, wherein the second set of electrodes is positioned on an inner side of a second skull implant. - 18. The method of
statement 15, wherein the second set of electrodes is positioned on an exterior surface of the person's head.
Claims (8)
- A skull implant, comprising:a rigid substrate (20) shaped and dimensioned to replace a section of a skull, the substrate (20) having an inner side and an outer side;a plurality of electrically-conductive plates (32), each having an inner side and an outer side, wherein the outer side of each plate (32) is affixed to the inner side of the substrate (20);a dielectric layer (34) disposed on the inner side of each plate (32); anda first electrically-conductive lead (36) having an inner end and an outer end, wherein the inner end of the first lead (36) is disposed in electrical contact with a first one of the plates (32), and the first lead (36) passes through the substrate (20), with the outer end of the first lead (36) being configured to accept an electrical signal from an external device (11).
- The skull implant of claim 1, further comprising:
a temperature sensor positioned adjacent to the dielectric layer (34) on the first plate (32). - The skull implant of claim 2, further comprising:
a wire that passes through the substrate (20) and terminates at the temperature sensor, wherein the wire is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the temperature sensor to the external device (11). - The skull implant of claim 3, wherein the temperature sensor comprises a thermistor.
- The skull implant of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer (34) comprises a ceramic layer with a dielectric constant of at least 10,000.
- The skull implant of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer (34) comprises a flexible, thin layer of high dielectric polymer.
- The skull implant of claim 1, further comprising:
a second electrically-conductive lead (36) having an inner end and an outer end, wherein the inner end of the second lead (36) is disposed in electrical contact with a second one of the plates (32), and the second lead (36) passes through the substrate (20), with the outer end of the second lead (36) being configured to accept an electrical signal from the external device (11). - The skull implant of claim 7, further comprising:
an additional electrically-conductive lead (37) disposed to electrically connect the first one of the plates (32) with a second one of the plates (32).
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PCT/IB2020/057022 WO2021019403A1 (en) | 2019-07-31 | 2020-07-24 | Applying tumor treating fields (ttfields) via electrodes embedded into skull implants |
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EP4085967C0 (en) | 2023-09-06 |
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