EP4065369A1 - Composite pane with functional element, which is incorporated into a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and ventilation structure - Google Patents

Composite pane with functional element, which is incorporated into a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and ventilation structure

Info

Publication number
EP4065369A1
EP4065369A1 EP20803190.6A EP20803190A EP4065369A1 EP 4065369 A1 EP4065369 A1 EP 4065369A1 EP 20803190 A EP20803190 A EP 20803190A EP 4065369 A1 EP4065369 A1 EP 4065369A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pane
functional element
ventilation structure
composite pane
composite
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20803190.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christian SCHÜRGERS
Stephan GILLESSEN
Sebastian ARENDT
Andrea WILLMS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Publication of EP4065369A1 publication Critical patent/EP4065369A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
    • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
    • B60J1/001—Double glazing for vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10293—Edge features, e.g. inserts or holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10376—Laminated safety glass or glazing containing metal wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10541—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing comprising a light source or a light guide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
    • B32B17/10816—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor by pressing
    • B32B17/10825—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts
    • B32B17/10834—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts using a fluid
    • B32B17/10844—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts using a fluid using a membrane between the layered product and the fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
    • B32B17/10972—Degassing during the lamination
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/30—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer formed with recesses or projections, e.g. hollows, grooves, protuberances, ribs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
    • B32B38/0008—Electrical discharge treatment, e.g. corona, plasma treatment; wave energy or particle radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
    • B60J1/02—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor arranged at the vehicle front, e.g. structure of the glazing, mounting of the glazing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/1271—Supports; Mounting means for mounting on windscreens
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • H01Q13/085—Slot-line radiating ends
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
    • B32B2250/02—2 layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2310/00—Treatment by energy or chemical effects
    • B32B2310/08—Treatment by energy or chemical effects by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B32B2310/0806—Treatment by energy or chemical effects by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B32B2310/0843—Treatment by energy or chemical effects by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using laser
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
    • B32B2605/006—Transparent parts other than made from inorganic glass, e.g. polycarbonate glazings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
    • B32B2605/08—Cars

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a composite pane with a functional element and ventilation structure embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer of the composite pane, a method for producing the composite pane, and the use of the composite pane as a motor vehicle pane.
  • Modern glazing systems are equipped with a wide variety of electrically controllable functional elements, such as sensors, detectors or receiving units.
  • functional elements are rain sensors, antennas and capacitive touch sensors in particular in the automotive sector.
  • these functional elements should be designed to be as inconspicuous as possible for the viewer and, if they are visually perceptible, to be designed as appealing as possible.
  • the components must be protected against weather and environmental influences.
  • EP 2462007 B1 describes a composite pane with an optically transparent sensor field and a sensor attached in the area of the sensor field.
  • the sensor is located within an encapsulation that protrudes into the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle. This encapsulation is visible in the passenger compartment as an elevation on the window and is perceived by the vehicle driver as possibly disruptive and restricts the field of vision.
  • WO 2017/097536 discloses a light sensor which comprises a photodiode and a printed circuit board and is introduced between a glass pane and the thermoplastic intermediate layer of the laminated composite pane adjacent to it.
  • the circuit board of the photodiode has no adhesion to the neighboring glass, which means that optically recognizable air inclusions remain between these layers. This can be concealed by means of an opaque cover print.
  • WO 2016/116372 discloses a composite pane with a touch sensor in the form of a capacitive switching area for controlling any electrical consumers in the vehicle, such as optically active switchable glazing.
  • the capacitive sensor comprises a structured, electrically conductive layer on a carrier film.
  • the carrier film is inserted between two thermoplastic intermediate layers of the composite pane. This second additional layer of the thermoplastic intermediate layer is introduced into the laminated pane essentially over the entire surface in order to keep the local differences in thickness in the area of the sensor as small as possible. This disadvantageously increases the overall thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • WO 2019/186507 A1 discloses a composite pane comprising an inner pane, an outer pane, a thermochromic intermediate layer and a thermoplastic intermediate layer made from a polyvinyl butyral film, the polyvinyl butyral film being embossed in order to ensure improved ventilation. Such an improved ventilation is possible in areas in which the thermoplastic intermediate layer is present, but not at the direct contact surfaces between the thermochromic intermediate layer and one of the panes.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a composite pane with a functional element laminated in the thermoplastic intermediate layer, air inclusions in the area of the functional element being avoided and the overall thickness of the composite pane not being significantly increased.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a method for producing such a composite pane.
  • the composite pane according to the invention with at least one functional element comprises at least a first pane, a second pane and a thermoplastic intermediate layer between the first pane and the second pane.
  • the first disk has an inside III and an outside IV.
  • the second pane comprises an inside II and an outside I.
  • the inside III of the first pane is flatly connected to the inside II of the second pane via the thermoplastic intermediate layer, the functional element being embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • the functional element is inserted in the thermoplastic intermediate layer in such a way that the at least one functional element directly adjoins the inside III of the first pane and / or the inside II of the second pane. Accordingly, there is no thermoplastic intermediate layer between the functional element and at least one inside of the pane.
  • the total thickness of the composite pane is reduced by dispensing with an additional thermoplastic layer.
  • a ventilation structure is attached in this contact area between the functional element and the inside of the first pane and / or the second pane.
  • the ventilation structure prevents the functional element from completely resting against the inside of the pane, that is to say the inside II of the second pane and / or the inside III of the first pane.
  • the ventilation structure according to the invention improves the lamination of the composite pane, since the raised structure enables air bubbles to escape completely in the lamination process.
  • An unstructured surface of a functional element which in turn rests against an unstructured glass surface, often leads to only an incomplete evacuation of the layer stack of the laminated pane in the lamination process.
  • the ventilation structure can comprise the most varied of regular or irregular structures, these preferably being aligned in such a way that enclosed air bubbles can escape on the shortest path, that is to say in the direction of the closest pane edge of the composite pane.
  • the ventilation structure has a plurality of ventilation channels which run essentially perpendicular to the side edge closest to the functional element.
  • a ventilation duct in the context of the invention is a structure that is permeable to gases and whose length exceeds its width many times over. As a result of the essentially perpendicular alignment of the ventilation ducts to the nearest side edge, the ventilation ducts are aligned along their width with an opening in the direction of the nearest side edge.
  • the ventilation ducts can run linear, curved or also meander-shaped, with more complex course shapes of the ducts also having a main course direction perpendicular to the nearest pane edge. Adjacent ventilation ducts can optionally be cut through short duct sections be connected to each other. This is advantageous to ensure faster venting. Ventilation channels with a simple geometric structure can be implemented with little technical effort and are usually sufficient to ensure good ventilation.
  • the ventilation channels according to the invention preferably have a width of 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably 1.0 mm to 4.0 mm, for example 3.0 mm.
  • the width of the ventilation channels used depends on the number of channels used, the geometric complexity of the functional element and the thickness and rigidity of the functional element. With greater complexity and thickness of the functional element, an increasing tendency towards the formation of air pockets can be observed. In this case, the width of the ventilation channels can be increased to counteract this. The greater the number of channels introduced, the smaller the width of the individual channel that can be selected.
  • the ventilation structure is designed as a regular or irregular fracture structure.
  • a structure in which island-shaped areas are surrounded by venting paths that are connected to one another is referred to as a fracture structure.
  • Such a fracture structure enables a small-scale subdivision of an area into ventilated areas and areas in between.
  • a honeycomb structure is an example of a regular broken structure.
  • Ventilation structures in the form of a fracture structure enable a further improved ventilation, since the air inclusions can escape along the path of the least resistance over the structure.
  • the width of the ventilation paths of the fracture structure given by the average distance between neighboring islands, depends on the delicacy of the structure. The finer the structure, the narrower the width of the ventilation paths that can be selected. As a rule, the width of the ventilation paths of a fracture structure is between 0.01 mm and 1.0 mm.
  • the ventilation structure comprises surface areas located on a base area and higher in relation to this base area.
  • This design of the ventilation structure can be used for ventilation channels as well as for fracture structures.
  • a higher-lying surface area denotes an area which is offset by a positive amount in one direction to the base area, with the base area and the higher-lying surface area in the Run essentially parallel to each other.
  • the base area is usually given by a surface of the functional element.
  • the amount by which the higher surface area is offset determines the distance between the base area of the functional element and the adjacent pane surface.
  • the higher-lying surface areas are preferably offset in height from the base surface by at least 15 ⁇ m, particularly preferably by at least 30 ⁇ m, in particular by at least 50 ⁇ m.
  • the higher lying surface areas can also have a multilayer design.
  • the cross-section of the ventilation channels or the ventilation paths of a fracture structure increases as the height offset of the higher lying surface area increases.
  • the cross section of the ventilation channels or ventilation paths used depends, among other things, on the number of ventilation channels or ventilation paths and the geometric complexity and thickness of the functional element.
  • the cross section of the individual ventilation channels or ventilation paths should be selected.
  • the cross section can also be influenced via the width of the individual ventilation channels or ventilation paths. Good results were achieved within the areas mentioned.
  • the higher-lying surface areas preferably occupy an area proportion of at least 20%, particularly preferably at least 40%, in particular at least 50% and in each case at most 80% of the total area of the functional element, consisting of the base area and higher-lying surface areas. Particularly reliable ventilation is guaranteed within these areas.
  • the ventilation structure can be introduced onto and / or into the functional element in the most varied of ways.
  • the ventilation structure is preferably applied additively to the functional element or introduced subtractively into the functional element.
  • the ventilation structure is to be provided between the surfaces between which the entrapment of air is to be prevented.
  • the ventilation structure can, for example, also be attached to the inside III of the first pane and / or the inside II of the second pane. This is advantageous in terms of a simple application of the ventilation structure.
  • the ventilation structure can already be applied to the panes during the manufacturing process, so that the Functional element only needs to be placed in the appropriate area.
  • the surface of the pane on which the ventilation structure is to be applied depends on the positioning of the functional element.
  • the functional element is to be arranged adjacent to the first pane or to the second pane depends on the type and use of the functional element and is apparent to a person skilled in the art.
  • a ventilation structure can also be provided on both pane surfaces.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a cutout into which the functional element is inserted.
  • the functional element preferably only adjoins one of the inner sides of the first pane or the second pane, while the opposite surface of the functional element makes contact with a section of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer can be introduced into the layer stack over the entire surface. This is advantageous in terms of a mechanically stable connection of the functional element.
  • the ventilation structure is applied additively or subtractively to the functional element, the functional element is inserted directly adjacent to one of the inner sides of the pane and adjoins a section of the thermoplastic intermediate layer on the opposite surface of the functional element.
  • the ventilation structure is attached at least to the surface of the functional element which is directly adjacent to the inside of the first pane or the second pane.
  • the ventilation structure can also be attached to the opposite surface of the functional element, which is oriented in the direction of the thermoplastic intermediate layer. This also improves the ventilation between these layers mentioned.
  • the ventilation structure is applied additively by means of printing processes, preferably screen printing processes or ink printing processes.
  • Printing processes are suitable for applying a ventilation structure to a wide variety of materials, with the material of the surface to be printed being decisive for the choice of the printing process.
  • Screen printing processes for example, are well suited for the Printing on glass surfaces or polymeric materials.
  • the ventilation structure is particularly preferably applied by means of an ink printing process. These are suitable for printing on polymeric materials and, depending on the printing inks used, also for printing on glass.
  • Printing inks comprising synthetic resin varnishes are preferably used for printing the ventilation structure. Tests by the inventors have shown that printing inks which are used in the electronics industry for printing printed circuit boards are generally very suitable.
  • the printing inks used preferably contain synthetic resin varnishes, particularly preferably epoxy resin varnishes.
  • Thermosetting 2-component epoxy resin lacquers are examples of suitable printing inks. These can be processed using both screen printing and inkjet printing.
  • the ventilation structure is applied to glass surfaces, for example to the inside of the first pane and / or the inside of the second pane, the printing inks customary for opaque cover printing in the edge area of windshields can also be used.
  • a ventilation structure is applied subtractively to the functional element.
  • a targeted material removal takes place on the surface of the functional element, with ventilation channels or ventilation paths being formed in the areas with material removal, the bottom surface of which forms the base surface of the ventilation structure.
  • the person skilled in the art is familiar with various possibilities for targeted material removal. For example, methods such as etching, grinding or engraving can be used. The inventors have found that a particularly effective automatable material removal by means of laser processes is possible.
  • the ventilation structure is particularly preferably generated by means of a C0 2 laser.
  • the ventilation structure can also be created using a combination of additive and subtractive methods.
  • the additive methods and subtractive methods can be used on the same surface as well as on different surfaces.
  • the ventilation structure according to the invention can be used for the integration of a large number of different functional elements, since this is to be applied to the functional element independently of the function and nature of the functional element.
  • the electrically switchable functional element can assume a wide variety of configurations known to those skilled in the art.
  • the functional element is preferably an electrically switchable functional element, particularly preferably an antenna, a sensor, a switching element, an electrical connection element, an electrical busbar, an SPD, a PDLC, an electrochromic or an electroluminescent functional element.
  • the composite pane according to the invention can also have several electrically switchable functional elements, and these can also be of different designs and functions.
  • the functional element has a thickness of at least 50 ⁇ m, preferably at least 100 ⁇ m, in particular at least 150 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the functional element is determined without taking the ventilation structure into account. It is also possible to apply the invention to functional elements of smaller thickness, but the described quality problems due to air inclusions increase with increasing thickness of the functional element to be introduced.
  • the functional elements used with a ventilation structure within the meaning of the invention typically have a thickness of 50 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m. In this regard, it is advantageous to dispense with an additional laminating film that is locally limited to the functional element, since this would increase the risk of undesirable stress cracks due to excessive local thickness differences in the composite pane.
  • the ventilation structure according to the invention makes this possible, since the inclusion of air is prevented even with direct contact between the functional element and the inside of at least one pane.
  • the invention is particularly preferably used to integrate an antenna arrangement in a composite pane.
  • antenna arrangements in composite panes are known in the prior art. A wide variety of designs are possible, depending on the function and field of application of the antenna. The individual designs differ in particular in their geometric complexity and their thickness. These factors are decisive for whether and to what extent quality problems arise due to air inclusions in the lamination process.
  • the composite pane according to the invention is particularly suitable for integrating so-called Vivaldi antennas, also known as tapered slot antennas (TSA). Vivaldi antennas in composite panes can be used, for example, to receive mobile radio signals.
  • TSA tapered slot antennas
  • Vivaldi antennas Coplanar broadband antennas for the microwave range are referred to as Vivaldi antennas, which for example consist of a solid sheet of metal, a printed circuit board or a dielectric layer metallized on one or both sides.
  • Vivaldi antennas comprising a dielectric layer with at least one metallic, electrically conductive layer on at least one of the surfaces of the dielectric layer are preferably used in the composite pane according to the invention. Due to their low overall height, these can be easily integrated into composite panes. In comparison to the functional elements customarily used in the prior art, Vivaldi antennas are, however, much thicker with a thickness of, for example, 220 ⁇ m. The use of the ventilation structure according to the invention thus considerably facilitates the integration of these components.
  • a Vivaldi antenna as a functional element comprises, for example, a non-thermoplastic fusible carrier film as a dielectric layer.
  • the carrier film which does not melt thermoplastically, forms a barrier and prevents the air from escaping during the venting process. It shows no adhesion to glass or no air dissolving properties, which leads to air inclusions between the carrier film and an adjacent pane of glass.
  • the invention provides a remedy here.
  • the electrically conductive layer of the Vivaldi antenna is applied to the non-thermoplastic fusible carrier film by means of methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, sputtering.
  • Suitable Vivaldi antennas comprising an electrically conductive layer on a carrier film are commercially available.
  • Vivaldi antennas are characterized by their ease of manufacture and broadband.
  • the actual antenna can be seen as a two-dimensional exponential horn, which causes the directional emission of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave.
  • a Vivaldi antenna is usually divided into two equal sub-areas, between which there is a slot line.
  • the two subregions of the antenna are preferably arranged at an angle of 180 ° to one another, but can also assume different angles, the arrangement of the two subregions to one another usually being mirror-symmetrical to a mirror plane running along the slot line.
  • the electrically switchable functional element is a sensor, for example a touch sensor or rain sensor.
  • the sensor comprises a carrier film with an electrically conductive coating, at least one capacitive switching area in the electrically conductive coating being separated from the electrically conductive coating by at least one coating-free separating line.
  • the capacitive switching area has a contact area, a supply line area and a connection area.
  • the lead area electrically connects the contact area with the connection area, wherein the connection area can be electrically connected to sensor electronics.
  • the switching area is a capacitive switching area, that is, it is specially designed for capacitive touch detection. In an advantageous embodiment, the switching area forms a flat electrode. The capacitance of the flat electrode is measured by an external capacitive sensor electronics.
  • the capacitance of the surface electrode changes with respect to earth when a body (for example a human body) comes near it or, for example, touches an insulating layer above the surface electrode.
  • the insulator layer comprises, in particular, a pane of the composite pane as such.
  • the change in capacitance is measured by the sensor electronics and a switching signal is triggered when a threshold value is exceeded.
  • the switching range is determined by the shape and size of the surface electrode.
  • the area of the electrically conductive layer that is arranged outside the capacitive switching area and is electrically isolated from it by the dividing line is referred to as the surrounding area.
  • the surrounding area can be connected to the sensor electronics via a further connection area.
  • the composite pane according to the invention can furthermore comprise an electrical connection element or an electrical busbar.
  • Electrical connection elements and bus bars are used to connect electrically conductive structures, for example electrically conductive layers as heatable coatings or heating wires, to an external power source.
  • the electrical connection is made via so-called bus bars, for example strips of an electrically conductive material or electrically conductive prints, with which the electrically conductive structures of the composite pane are connected.
  • the bus bars also known as bus bars, are used to transmit electrical power and enable homogeneous voltage distribution.
  • the bus bars are advantageously produced by printing a conductive paste.
  • the conductive paste preferably contains silver particles and glass frits.
  • the layer thickness of the conductive paste is preferably from 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
  • busbars which preferably contain copper and / or aluminum, in particular copper foil strips with a thickness of, for example, about 50 ⁇ m are used.
  • the width of the copper foil strips is preferably 1 mm to 10 mm.
  • the electrical contact between a conductive structure of the composite pane and the busbar can be established, for example, by soldering or gluing with an electrically conductive adhesive.
  • the electrical contact between the electrical connection cable and the busbar can take place indirectly via electrical connection elements as well as directly. Electrical connection elements are used to achieve the best possible connection to the busbar in terms of mechanical stability of the connection and minimization of an undesired voltage drop.
  • connection elements Suitable means are known to those skilled in the art for fixing connection elements to the busbar in an electrically conductive manner, for example by soldering or gluing using a conductive adhesive.
  • the connection elements themselves are usually made of conductive metals such as copper, silver, nickel, chromium-containing steels and / or alloys thereof.
  • the mentioned functional elements antennas, sensors, connection elements and busbars are typically placed outside the transparent area of the pane.
  • an opaque cover print is common in the edge area, which is placed accordingly if necessary in order to conceal these functional elements as well.
  • the ventilation structure can be made without regard to the visual appearance. In this case, both subtractive methods such as laser ablation and printing methods are equally suitable.
  • the functional elements arranged in the visible area of a composite pane include, for example, SPD, PDLC, electrochromic or electroluminescent functional elements. These contain an active layer with electrically controllable optical properties, which is arranged between two carrier films.
  • the carrier films usually consist of a non-thermoplastic melting material that does not adhere to glass surfaces.
  • An SPD functional element (suspended particle device) contains an active layer comprising suspended particles, whereby the absorption of light by the active layer can be changed by applying a voltage to the surface electrodes. The change in absorption is based on the alignment of the rod-like particles in the electric field when an electric voltage is applied.
  • SPD functional elements are known, for example, from EP 0876608 B1 and WO 2011033313 A1.
  • a PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) functional element contains an active layer comprising liquid crystals which are embedded in a polymer matrix. If no voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the liquid crystals are aligned in a disordered manner, which leads to a strong scattering of the light passing through the active layer. If a voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the liquid crystals align themselves in a common direction and the transmission of light through the active layer is increased.
  • Such a functional element is known, for example, from DE 102008026339 A1.
  • the active layer of the functional element is an electrochemically active layer.
  • the transmission of visible light depends on the degree of incorporation of ions in the active layer, the ions being provided, for example, by an ion storage layer between the active layer and a surface electrode.
  • the transmission can be influenced by the voltage applied to the surface electrodes, which causes the ions to migrate.
  • Suitable functional layers contain, for example, at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide.
  • Electrochromic functional elements are known, for example, from WO 2012007334 A1, US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1 and EP 1862849 A1.
  • the active layer contains electroluminescent materials, in particular organic electroluminescent materials, the luminescence of which is excited by applying a voltage.
  • Electroluminescent functional elements are known, for example, from US 2004227462 A1 and WO 2010112789 A2.
  • the electroluminescent functional element can be used as a simple light source or as a display with which any representations can be shown.
  • the functional elements used comprise a carrier film, this is preferably transparent and preferably contains or consists of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the thickness of the carrier film is preferably from 0.025 mm to 0.3 mm.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer of the composite pane comprises at least one first laminating film and optionally one or more second laminating films. If necessary, the first laminating film can be put together from several individual, congruent, full-surface thermoplastic films. This is advantageous, for example, when the desired thickness of the first laminating film corresponds to an integral multiple of the thickness of a commercially available film with a standard thickness.
  • the first laminating film and the second laminating films are thermoplastic films which are suitable for producing an adhesive connection to one another and to adjacent panes and / or adjacent functional elements. During the lamination process, the laminating foils begin to flow under the action of heat, whereby they adhere to adjacent elements and are connected to them and to one another.
  • the first and second laminating films preferably contain polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and / or polyurethane (PU). These materials are common for the thermoplastic intermediate layer of composite panes and create an adhesive connection to glass. This guarantees a good connection.
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
  • PU polyurethane
  • the inside of the first pane of the laminated glass according to the invention is the surface of the first pane directed in the direction of the thermoplastic intermediate layer, while the outside of the first pane is oriented towards the vehicle or building interior in the installed position.
  • the inside of the second pane is also aligned with the thermoplastic intermediate layer, whereas the outside of the second pane faces the external environment.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer comprising the first laminating film and optionally one or more second laminating films connects the inside of the first pane to the inside of the second pane.
  • first disk and second disk arbitrarily describe two different disks.
  • the inner pane can be referred to as a first pane and the outer pane as a second pane.
  • the composite pane is intended to be installed in a window opening
  • the interior pane (first pane) facing the interior (vehicle interior) is referred to as an inner pane in the context of the invention.
  • the outer pane (second pane) that faces the external environment is referred to as the outer pane.
  • the invention is not restricted to this.
  • the first laminating film and / or the second laminating films each have a thickness of 0.30 mm to 1.5 mm, preferably 0.35 mm to 1.0 mm, particularly preferably 0.35 mm to 0.86 mm.
  • PVB films are offered in standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm and 0.76 mm.
  • the ventilation structure according to the invention is used in particular for small-area functional elements. With these, without taking mechanical properties of the composite pane into account, a functional element can be attached in the immediate vicinity of a pane without using an intermediate laminating film.
  • the invention is typically used for functional elements with an area proportion of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1% to 5%, for example 2.5% of the total glazing area.
  • the edge length of the functional elements is generally a maximum of 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm, preferably a maximum of 15 cm ⁇ 15 cm, particularly preferably a maximum of 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm.
  • the glazing area with a thickness that is locally increased by the functional element accordingly extends over a comparatively small area of the glazing, so that this also minimizes the risk of glass breakage.
  • the composite pane can, for example, be the windshield or the roof pane of a vehicle or some other vehicle glazing, for example a partition in a vehicle, preferably in a rail vehicle or a bus.
  • the composite pane can be architectural glazing, for example in an outer facade of a building or a partition pane inside a building.
  • the composite pane according to the invention contains a functional element which is arranged at least in sections between a thermoplastic intermediate layer and the pane surface.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer usually has the same dimensions as the first and second panes.
  • the composite pane according to the invention is a windshield of a motor vehicle. This comprises an engine edge, which is adjacent to the engine hood when the composite pane is installed in the vehicle body, and a roof edge which is adjacent to the vehicle roof when installed.
  • the motor edge and the roof edge form two opposite window edges. Two opposite side edges run between the engine edge and the roof edge, which border on the so-called A-pillars of the body when the windshield is installed.
  • the first and second panes contain glass and / or transparent plastics.
  • the first pane and / or the second pane particularly preferably contain flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, or clear plastics, preferably rigid clear plastics, in particular polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate and / or mixtures thereof.
  • the panes are preferably made of glass. In principle, any further panes can be arranged on the outer sides of the first and second panes and connected to them via lamination with interposition of thermoplastic films or via spacers in the case of insulating glazing.
  • the first pane and / or the second pane are preferably transparent, in particular for the use of the pane as a windshield or rear pane of a vehicle or other uses in which a high level of light transmission is desired.
  • Transparent in the context of the invention is then understood to mean a pane that has a transmission in the visible spectral range of greater than 70%.
  • the transmission can also be much lower, for example greater than 5%.
  • the thickness of the first pane and / or the second pane is between 0.3 mm and 25 mm, the pane thickness being heavily dependent on the application of the pane.
  • the pane thicknesses of automobile glazing are generally in the range from 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm for the inner pane and in the range from 0.8 mm to 2.5 mm for the outer pane.
  • An asymmetrical combination of thicknesses, in which the thickness of the outer pane is greater than the thickness of the inner pane, is advantageous, particularly in the case of a small overall thickness, with regard to improved stability of the composite pane.
  • the outer pane or the The nomenclature of the inner pane of the automobile glazing corresponds to the first or the second pane within the meaning of the invention, and depends on the positioning of the functional element in the intermediate layer.
  • the composite pane is a windshield, the thickness of the outer pane being between 0.8 mm and 2.1 mm and the thickness of the inner pane being between 0.5 mm and 1.8 mm.
  • Windshields have a central field of vision, the optical quality of which is subject to high requirements.
  • the central field of view must have a high light transmission (typically greater than 70%).
  • Said central field of vision is in particular that field of vision which is referred to by the person skilled in the art as field of vision B, field of vision B or zone B.
  • Field of vision B and its technical requirements are specified in Regulation No. 43 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) (ECE-R43, "Uniform conditions for the approval of safety glazing materials and their installation in vehicles").
  • Field of vision B is defined there in Appendix 18.
  • the composite pane is a roof pane of a motor vehicle, the thickness of the outer pane being between 1.1 mm and 2.1 mm and the thickness of the inner pane being between 0.5 mm and 2.1 mm. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical glazing are possible here.
  • the roof pane has a symmetrical structure, the outer and inner glass having the same thickness, for example 2.1 mm and 2.1 mm.
  • the laminated glass is preferably curved in one or more directions of the room, as is customary for vehicle windows, with typical radii of curvature in the range from about 10 cm to about 40 cm.
  • the laminated glass can also be flat, for example if it is intended as a pane for buses, trains, tractors or as building glazing.
  • the first disk and / or the second disk can be thermally or chemically prestressed, partially prestressed or not prestressed.
  • the laminated glass can also be provided with an additional function in that the thermoplastic intermediate layer has functional inclusions, for example Storage with IR-absorbing, IR-reflecting, UV-absorbing, coloring or acoustic properties.
  • the inclusions are, for example, organic or inorganic ions, compounds, aggregates, molecules, crystals, pigments or dyes.
  • the composite pane according to the invention is used in vehicles, for example as a windshield, it is advantageous to implement additional functions in order to reduce the negative effects of weather influences such as strong sunlight or ice formation.
  • so-called low-E coatings and / or heatable coatings can be applied to the inside of the inner pane or the outer pane.
  • Suitable material compositions for an electrically heatable coating that also functions as a low-E coating can be found, for example, in WO 2013/104439 and WO 2013/104438.
  • the invention is further achieved by a method for producing a laminated glass according to the invention, wherein a) at least one ventilation structure additively or subtractively to a
  • Functional element is applied, b) a layer stack at least comprising a first pane, the functional element with ventilation structure, a thermoplastic intermediate layer and a second pane is formed, the ventilation structure directly adjoining the inside of the first pane and / or the inside of the second pane, c ) the stack of layers from step b) is laminated to form a composite pane, the inside of the first pane and the inside of the second pane being connected via the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • the ventilation structure is applied additively in step a) by means of a printing method, preferably by means of a screen printing method or an inkjet printing method.
  • the ventilation structure is introduced into the functional element subtractively in step a) by means of a laser method, preferably by means of a CO2 laser.
  • a laser method preferably by means of a CO2 laser.
  • the laminated glass is to function as curved vehicle glazing
  • at least the pane used as the outer pane is subjected to a bending process before lamination.
  • the pane used as the inner pane is also subjected to a bending process. This is particularly advantageous in the case of sharp bends in several directions in space (so-called three-dimensional bends).
  • the pane used as the inner pane is not pre-bent. This is particularly advantageous in the case of panes with very small thicknesses, since these have a film-like flexibility and can thus be adapted to the pre-bent outer pane without having to be pre-bent themselves.
  • the first and second discs can be bent individually.
  • the panes are preferably bent congruently together (i.e. at the same time and using the same tool), because this means that the shape of the panes is optimally matched to one another for the subsequent lamination.
  • the joining of the first pane and the second pane in process step c) is preferably carried out under the action of heat, vacuum and / or pressure. Methods known per se for producing a composite pane can be used.
  • so-called autoclave processes can be carried out at an elevated pressure of about 1 bar to 15 bar and temperatures of 110 ° C. to 145 ° C. for about 2 hours.
  • Vacuum bag or vacuum ring processes known per se work, for example, at around 50 mbar and 80 ° C to 130 ° C.
  • the first disk, the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the second disk can also be pressed into a disk in a calender between at least one pair of rollers.
  • Systems of this type are known for the production of panes and normally have at least one heating tunnel in front of a press shop.
  • the temperature during the pressing process is, for example, from 40 ° C to 150 ° C. Combinations of calender and autoclave processes have proven particularly useful in practice.
  • vacuum laminators can be used. These consist of one or more heatable and evacuable chambers in which the first pane and the second pane are laminated within, for example, about 60 minutes at reduced pressures of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and temperatures of 80 ° C to 170 ° C.
  • Another aspect of the invention comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention as vehicle glazing, in particular as a windshield, rear window, side window or roof window.
  • FIG. 1a shows a plan view of a composite pane 1 according to the invention with a functional element 2, the composite pane 1 being laminated flat with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 and a Vivaldi antenna inserted as the functional element 2,
  • FIG. 1b shows a detailed view of the functional element 2 from FIG. 1a, the detailed view showing the ventilation structure 8,
  • FIG. 1c shows a cross section through the composite pane 1 in the area of the functional element 2 along the section line AA ‘according to FIG. 1a,
  • Figure 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention of the composite pane 1 shown along the section line AA ‘analogous to Figure 1c.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a plan view of a composite pane 1 according to the invention with a Vivaldi antenna as functional element 2, the composite pane 1 being laminated flat with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5.
  • FIG. 1b shows a detailed view of the functional element 2 with ventilation structure 8 laminated into the composite pane 1 according to FIG. 1a.
  • FIG. 1c shows a cross section through the composite pane 1 according to FIG. 1a in the area of the functional element 2, the cross section being along the section line AA '.
  • the composite pane 1 is intended for use as a windshield of a motor vehicle and comprises a first pane 3, which here represents the inner pane of the windshield, and a second pane 4 (here: outer pane of the windshield).
  • the panes 3, 4 are laminated to one another via a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 consists of a first laminating film 5.1, which is applied over the entire surface between the panes 3, 4.
  • the first pane 3 has an outside IV and an inside III.
  • the second pane 4 has an inside II and an outside I.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 connects the inside III of the first pane 3 and the inside II of the second pane 4.
  • the second pane 4 and the first pane 3 consist of soda-lime glass.
  • the first laminating film 5.1 is a thermoplastic film, here a polyvinyl butyral film with a thickness of 0.76 mm measured before the lamination process.
  • the layer sequence of the composite pane 1 in the area outside the functional element 2 consists of the first pane 3, the first laminating film 5.1 and the second pane 4 according to FIG. 1c.
  • This is particularly advantageous because the structure is reduced to the essentials by using only a single film element , there is no slipping of film layers against each other in the production process and a weight reduction is achieved compared to full-surface multi-layer intermediate layers.
  • the layer sequence of the composite pane 1 consists of the first pane 3, the functional element 2 placed on the inside III of the first pane 3, the first laminating film 5.1 and finally the second pane 4, the inside II of which rests on the first laminating film 5.1 .
  • the functional element 2 comprises a carrier film 6 and an electrically conductive structure 7 arranged thereon.
  • the ventilation structure 8 is introduced into the carrier film 6 of the functional element 2 subtractively by means of a CO 2 laser.
  • the ventilation structure 8 is designed in the form of ventilation channels which extend perpendicular to the nearest pane edge K of the composite pane 1. This ensures that air bubbles escape via the shortest route.
  • the ventilation structure 8 comprises a base area 8.1, which is located in the areas in which material was removed by laser. Higher-lying surface sections 8.2 of the ventilation structure 8 are essentially parallel to the base area 8.1. In the embodiment of FIG. 1c, the higher-lying surface sections 8.2 correspond to the surface of the carrier film 6 facing away from the electrically conductive structure 7.
  • the base area 8.1 forms the bottom surface of the ventilation channels 9.
  • the ventilation channels 9 have a width of 3.0 mm (distance between adjacent higher-lying surface areas 8.2 to one another), a depth of 100 ⁇ m (distance from the base area 8.1 to the higher-lying surface areas 8.2) and a distance of 2.0 mm from one another.
  • the functional element 2 has a total thickness of 215 ⁇ m.
  • the ventilation structure 8 of the functional element 2 enables a good evacuation of the stack of layers before lamination of the laminated pane, so that no air inclusions occur in the vicinity of the functional element. The appearance and the stability of the composite pane are thus significantly improved. Introducing the ventilation structure 8 by removing material has the advantage that the total thickness of the functional element 2 remains constant. FIG.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of the composite pane 1 according to the invention, FIG. 2 showing a cross section through a composite pane according to the invention analogous to the section line AA 'shown in FIG.
  • the basic structure corresponds to that shown in FIG. 1c.
  • the ventilation structure in FIG. 2 is applied additively.
  • the ventilation structure 8 is also provided in the form of ventilation channels 9, the base area 8.1 of the ventilation structure 8 being formed by the surface of the carrier film 6 facing away from the electrically conductive structure 7.
  • the higher-lying surface areas 8.2 of the ventilation structure 8 are formed by lines applied by means of an inkjet printing process. Applying the ventilation structure using printing processes can be accomplished technically with simple means.
  • the functional element 2, measured without the ventilation structure 8, has a total thickness of 215 ⁇ m.
  • the ventilation channels 9 have a width of 3.0 mm (distance between adjacent higher-lying surface areas 8.2 to one another), a depth of 100 ⁇ m (distance from the base area 8.1 to the higher-lying surface areas 8.2) and a distance of 2.0 mm from one another.
  • thermoplastic intermediate layer

Abstract

The invention relates to a composite pane (1) with at least one functional element (2), at least comprising: - a first pane (3) which comprises an inner face III and an outer face IV, - a second pane (4) which comprises an inner face II and an outer face I, - a thermoplastic intermediate layer (5) which connects the inner face III of the first pane (3) to the inner face II of the second pane (4) over the surfaces thereof, and - at least one functional element (2) which is incorporated into the thermoplastic intermediate layer (5), wherein - the at least one functional element (2) directly adjoins the inner face III of the first pane (3) and/or the inner face II of the second pane (4), and - a ventilation structure (8) is mounted at least in the region of the functional element (2) directly adjoining the first pane (3) and/or second pane (4).

Description

Verbundscheibe mit in thermoplastischer Zwischenschicht eingelagertem Funktionselement und Entlüftungsstruktur Composite pane with a functional element embedded in a thermoplastic intermediate layer and a ventilation structure
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbundscheibe mit einem in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht der Verbundscheibe eingelagerten Funktionselement und Entlüftungsstruktur, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung der Verbundscheibe, sowie die Verwendung der Verbundscheibe als Kraftfahrzeugscheibe. The invention relates to a composite pane with a functional element and ventilation structure embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer of the composite pane, a method for producing the composite pane, and the use of the composite pane as a motor vehicle pane.
Moderne Verglasungssysteme sind mit den verschiedensten elektrisch steuerbaren Funktionselementen, wie Sensoren, Detektoren oder Empfangseinheiten ausgestattet. Als Beispiele derartiger Funktionselemente sind insbesondere im Automobilbereich Regensensoren, Antennen und kapazitive Berührungssensoren zu nennen. Diese Funktionselemente sollen in der Regel für den Betrachter möglichst unauffällig und, sofern optisch wahrnehmbar, möglichst ansprechend gestaltet sein. Gleichzeitig sind die Bauteile gegenüber Witterungs- und Umwelteinflüssen zu schützen. Modern glazing systems are equipped with a wide variety of electrically controllable functional elements, such as sensors, detectors or receiving units. Examples of such functional elements are rain sensors, antennas and capacitive touch sensors in particular in the automotive sector. As a rule, these functional elements should be designed to be as inconspicuous as possible for the viewer and, if they are visually perceptible, to be designed as appealing as possible. At the same time, the components must be protected against weather and environmental influences.
EP 2462007 B1 beschreibt eine Verbundscheibe mit einem optisch transparenten Sensorfeld und einem im Bereich des Sensorfeldes angebrachten Sensor. Der Sensor befindet sich innerhalb einer Einkapselung, die in den Fahrgastraum eines Kraftfahrzeugs ragt. Diese Einkapselung ist im Fahrgastraum als Erhebung auf der Scheibe sichtbar und wird vom Fahrzeugführer als möglicherweise störend und das Sichtfeld einschränkend empfunden. EP 2462007 B1 describes a composite pane with an optically transparent sensor field and a sensor attached in the area of the sensor field. The sensor is located within an encapsulation that protrudes into the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle. This encapsulation is visible in the passenger compartment as an elevation on the window and is perceived by the vehicle driver as possibly disruptive and restricts the field of vision.
Je nach Art und Größe der benötigten Sensoren können diese auch im Laminat der Verbundscheibe eingebracht sein. So ist aus WO 2017/097536 ein Lichtsensor bekannt, der eine Photodiode und eine Leiterplatte umfasst und zwischen einer Glasscheibe und der dieser benachbarten thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht der laminierten Verbundscheibe eingebracht ist. Die Leiterplatte der Photodiode weist dabei keine Haftung zum benachbarten Glas auf, wodurch optisch erkennbare Lufteinschlüsse zwischen diesen Schichten verbleiben. Dies kann mittels eines opaken Abdeckdrucks kaschiert werden. Depending on the type and size of the sensors required, these can also be incorporated in the laminate of the composite pane. For example, WO 2017/097536 discloses a light sensor which comprises a photodiode and a printed circuit board and is introduced between a glass pane and the thermoplastic intermediate layer of the laminated composite pane adjacent to it. The circuit board of the photodiode has no adhesion to the neighboring glass, which means that optically recognizable air inclusions remain between these layers. This can be concealed by means of an opaque cover print.
Aus US 2019/299852 A1 ist eine beleuchtete Dachscheibe für Fahrzeuge bekannt, in deren Zwischenschicht Dioden eingelagert sind. From US 2019/299852 A1 an illuminated roof window for vehicles is known, in the intermediate layer of which diodes are embedded.
WO 2016/116372 offenbart eine Verbundscheibe mit Berührungssensor in Form eines kapazitiven Schaltbereichs zur Steuerung beliebiger elektrischer Verbraucher im Fahrzeug, wie beispielsweise optisch aktiver schaltbarer Verglasungen. Der kapazitive Sensor umfasst eine strukturierte elektrisch leitfähige Schicht auf einer Trägerfolie. Die Trägerfolie ist zwischen zwei thermoplastischen Zwischenschichten der Verbundscheibe eingelegt. Diese zweite zusätzliche Lage der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht wird im Wesentlichen vollflächig in den Scheibenverbund eingebracht um die lokalen Dickenunterschiede im Bereich des Sensors möglichst gering zu halten. Dadurch wird die Gesamtdicke der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht unvorteilhaft erhöht. WO 2016/116372 discloses a composite pane with a touch sensor in the form of a capacitive switching area for controlling any electrical consumers in the vehicle, such as optically active switchable glazing. The capacitive sensor comprises a structured, electrically conductive layer on a carrier film. The carrier film is inserted between two thermoplastic intermediate layers of the composite pane. This second additional layer of the thermoplastic intermediate layer is introduced into the laminated pane essentially over the entire surface in order to keep the local differences in thickness in the area of the sensor as small as possible. This disadvantageously increases the overall thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
WO 2019/186507 A1 offenbart eine Verbundscheibe umfassend eine Innenscheibe, eine Außenscheibe, eine thermochrome Zwischenschicht und eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht aus einer Polyvinylbutyralfolie, wobei die Polyvinylbutyralfolie geprägt ist um eine verbesserte Entlüftung zu gewährleisten. Eine solche verbesserte Entlüftung ist dadurch in Bereichen möglich, in denen die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht vorhanden ist, nicht jedoch an unmittelbaren Kontaktflächen zwischen thermochromer Zwischenschicht und einer der Scheiben. WO 2019/186507 A1 discloses a composite pane comprising an inner pane, an outer pane, a thermochromic intermediate layer and a thermoplastic intermediate layer made from a polyvinyl butyral film, the polyvinyl butyral film being embossed in order to ensure improved ventilation. Such an improved ventilation is possible in areas in which the thermoplastic intermediate layer is present, but not at the direct contact surfaces between the thermochromic intermediate layer and one of the panes.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, eine Verbundscheibe mit in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht laminiertem Funktionselement bereitzustellen, wobei Lufteinschlüsse im Bereich des Funktionselementes vermieden werden und die Gesamtdicke der Verbundscheibe nicht wesentlich erhöht wird. Des Weiteren ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Verbundscheibe zur Verfügung zu stellen. The object of the present invention is to provide a composite pane with a functional element laminated in the thermoplastic intermediate layer, air inclusions in the area of the functional element being avoided and the overall thickness of the composite pane not being significantly increased. A further object of the invention is to provide a method for producing such a composite pane.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Verbundscheibe mit einem in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht eingelagerten Funktionselement und Entlüftungsstruktur gemäß dem unabhängigen Anspruch 1 gelöst. Bevorzugte Ausführungen gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor. The object of the present invention is achieved according to the invention by a composite pane with a functional element embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer and a ventilation structure according to independent claim 1. Preferred embodiments emerge from the subclaims.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe mit mindestens einem Funktionselement umfasst zumindest eine erste Scheibe, eine zweite Scheibe und eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht zwischen erster Scheibe und zweiter Scheibe. Die erste Scheibe weist eine Innenseite III und eine Außenseite IV auf. Die zweite Scheibe umfasst eine Innenseite II und eine Außenseite I. Die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe ist mit der Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe über die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht flächig verbunden, wobei das Funktionselement in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht eingelagert ist. Das Funktionselement ist so in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht eingelegt, dass das mindestens eine Funktionselement unmittelbar an die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe und/oder die Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe grenzt. Demnach ist zwischen Funktionselement und mindestens einer Scheibeninnenseite keine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht vorhanden. Die Gesamtdicke der Verbundscheibe wird durch den Verzicht auf eine zusätzliche thermoplastische Schicht verringert. In diesem Kontaktbereich zwischen Funktionselement und Innenseite der ersten Scheibe und/oder zweiten Scheibe ist eine Entlüftungsstruktur angebracht. Die Entlüftungsstruktur verhindert, dass das Funktionselement vollflächig an der Scheibeninnenseite, also der Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe und/oder der Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe, anliegt. Die erfindungsgemäße Entlüftungsstruktur verbessert die Lamination der Verbundscheibe, da die erhabene Struktur ein vollständiges Entweichen von Luftblasen im Laminationsprozess ermöglicht. Eine un strukturierte Oberfläche eines Funktionselementes, die wiederum an einer unstrukturierten Glasoberfläche anliegt, führt im Laminationsvorgang häufig zu einer nur unvollständigen Evakuierung des Schichtstapels der Verbundscheibe. Als Resultat dessen sind im Produkt Luftblasen erkennbar, die einerseits im optischen Erscheinungsbild der Verbundscheibe nicht akzeptabel sind und andererseits auch zu Qualitätsproblemen wie Delamination führen. Dies kann mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe mit Funktionselement und Entlüftungsstruktur vermieden werden. The composite pane according to the invention with at least one functional element comprises at least a first pane, a second pane and a thermoplastic intermediate layer between the first pane and the second pane. The first disk has an inside III and an outside IV. The second pane comprises an inside II and an outside I. The inside III of the first pane is flatly connected to the inside II of the second pane via the thermoplastic intermediate layer, the functional element being embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer. The functional element is inserted in the thermoplastic intermediate layer in such a way that the at least one functional element directly adjoins the inside III of the first pane and / or the inside II of the second pane. Accordingly, there is no thermoplastic intermediate layer between the functional element and at least one inside of the pane. The total thickness of the composite pane is reduced by dispensing with an additional thermoplastic layer. A ventilation structure is attached in this contact area between the functional element and the inside of the first pane and / or the second pane. The ventilation structure prevents the functional element from completely resting against the inside of the pane, that is to say the inside II of the second pane and / or the inside III of the first pane. The ventilation structure according to the invention improves the lamination of the composite pane, since the raised structure enables air bubbles to escape completely in the lamination process. An unstructured surface of a functional element, which in turn rests against an unstructured glass surface, often leads to only an incomplete evacuation of the layer stack of the laminated pane in the lamination process. As a result, air bubbles can be seen in the product, which on the one hand are unacceptable in terms of the optical appearance of the laminated pane and on the other hand also lead to quality problems such as delamination. This can be avoided by means of the composite pane according to the invention with a functional element and a ventilation structure.
Die Entlüftungsstruktur kann die verschiedensten regelmäßigen oder unregelmäßigen Strukturierungen umfassen, wobei diese bevorzugt so ausgerichtet werden, dass eingeschlossene Luftblasen auf dem kürzesten Weg, also in Richtung der nächstliegenden Scheibenkante der Verbundscheibe, entweichen können. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform weist die Entlüftungsstruktur mehrere Entlüftungskanäle auf, die im Wesentlichen senkrecht zu der dem Funktionselement nächstliegenden Seitenkante verlaufen. Als Entlüftungskanal im Sinne der Erfindung wird eine für Gase durchlässige Struktur bezeichnet, deren Länge ihre Breite um ein Vielfaches übersteigt. Durch die im Wesentlichen senkrechte Ausrichtung der Entlüftungskanäle zur nächstliegenden Seitenkante sind die Entlüftungskanäle entlang ihrer Breite mit einer Öffnung in Richtung der nächstliegenden Seitenkante ausgerichtet. Dadurch können eventuell bestehende Lufteinschlüsse während der Evakuierung des Schichtstapels entlang der auf die Scheibenkante gerichteten Entlüftungskanäle entweichen. Die Entlüftungskanäle können linear, gebogen oder auch mäanderförmig verlaufen, wobei auch komplexere Verlaufsformen der Kanäle eine Hauptverlaufsrichtung senkrecht zur nächstliegenden Scheibenkante aufweisen. Benachbarte Entlüftungskanäle können optional durch kurze Kanalabschnitte miteinander verbunden werden. Dies ist vorteilhaft um eine schnellere Entlüftung zu gewährleisten. Entlüftungskanäle einfacher geometrischer Struktur sind mit geringem technischen Aufwand umsetzbar und in der Regel ausreichend um eine gute Entlüftung zu gewährleisten. The ventilation structure can comprise the most varied of regular or irregular structures, these preferably being aligned in such a way that enclosed air bubbles can escape on the shortest path, that is to say in the direction of the closest pane edge of the composite pane. In a preferred embodiment, the ventilation structure has a plurality of ventilation channels which run essentially perpendicular to the side edge closest to the functional element. A ventilation duct in the context of the invention is a structure that is permeable to gases and whose length exceeds its width many times over. As a result of the essentially perpendicular alignment of the ventilation ducts to the nearest side edge, the ventilation ducts are aligned along their width with an opening in the direction of the nearest side edge. As a result, possibly existing air inclusions can escape during the evacuation of the layer stack along the ventilation channels directed towards the edge of the pane. The ventilation ducts can run linear, curved or also meander-shaped, with more complex course shapes of the ducts also having a main course direction perpendicular to the nearest pane edge. Adjacent ventilation ducts can optionally be cut through short duct sections be connected to each other. This is advantageous to ensure faster venting. Ventilation channels with a simple geometric structure can be implemented with little technical effort and are usually sufficient to ensure good ventilation.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Entlüftungskanäle haben bevorzugt eine Breite von 0,5 mm bis 5,0 mm, bevorzugt 1 ,0 mm bis 4,0 mm, beispielsweise 3,0 mm. Die Breite der verwendeten Entlüftungskanäle hängt dabei von der Anzahl der verwendeten Kanäle, der geometrischen Komplexität des Funktionselementes sowie der Dicke und Steifigkeit des Funktionselementes ab. Mit höherer Komplexität und Dicke des Funktionselementes ist eine steigende Tendenz zur Bildung von Lufteinschlüssen zu beobachten. In diesem Fall kann die Breite der Entlüftungskanäle erhöht werden um dem entgegenzuwirken. Je größer die Anzahl der eingebrachten Kanäle, desto geringer kann die Breite des einzelnen Kanals gewählt werden. The ventilation channels according to the invention preferably have a width of 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm, preferably 1.0 mm to 4.0 mm, for example 3.0 mm. The width of the ventilation channels used depends on the number of channels used, the geometric complexity of the functional element and the thickness and rigidity of the functional element. With greater complexity and thickness of the functional element, an increasing tendency towards the formation of air pockets can be observed. In this case, the width of the ventilation channels can be increased to counteract this. The greater the number of channels introduced, the smaller the width of the individual channel that can be selected.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Entlüftungsstruktur als regelmäßige oder unregelmäßige Bruchstruktur ausgeführt. Als Bruchstruktur wird dabei eine Struktur bezeichnet, in der inselförmige Bereiche von miteinander verbundenen Entlüftungswegen umgeben sind. Eine derartige Bruchstruktur ermöglicht eine kleinteilige Aufgliederung einer Fläche in entlüftete Flächen und dazwischenliegende Flächen. Als Beispiel für eine regelmäßige Bruchstruktur ist eine Wabenstruktur zu nennen. Entlüftungsstrukturen in Form einer Bruchstruktur ermöglichen eine weiter verbesserte Entlüftung, da die Lufteinschlüsse entlang des Weges des geringsten Widerstands über die Struktur entweichen können. Bei Verwendung einer Bruchstruktur ist die Breite der Entlüftungswege der Bruchstruktur, gegeben durch den durchschnittlichen Abstand benachbarter Inseln, von der Feingliedrigkeit der Struktur abhängig. Je feingliedriger die Struktur, desto geringer kann die Breite der Entlüftungswege gewählt werden. In der Regel beträgt die Breite der Entlüftungswege einer Bruchstruktur zwischen 0,01 mm und 1 ,0 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the ventilation structure is designed as a regular or irregular fracture structure. A structure in which island-shaped areas are surrounded by venting paths that are connected to one another is referred to as a fracture structure. Such a fracture structure enables a small-scale subdivision of an area into ventilated areas and areas in between. A honeycomb structure is an example of a regular broken structure. Ventilation structures in the form of a fracture structure enable a further improved ventilation, since the air inclusions can escape along the path of the least resistance over the structure. When using a fracture structure, the width of the ventilation paths of the fracture structure, given by the average distance between neighboring islands, depends on the delicacy of the structure. The finer the structure, the narrower the width of the ventilation paths that can be selected. As a rule, the width of the ventilation paths of a fracture structure is between 0.01 mm and 1.0 mm.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Entlüftungsstruktur umfasst diese auf einer Grundfläche befindliche und in Relation zu dieser Grundfläche höherliegende Flächenbereiche. Diese Ausführung der Entlüftungsstruktur ist sowohl für Entlüftungskanäle als auch für Bruchstrukturen anwendbar. Als höherliegender Flächenbereich wird im Sinne der Erfindung eine Fläche bezeichnet, die um einen positiven Betrag in einer Richtung zur Grundfläche versetzt verläuft, wobei Grundfläche und höherliegender Flächenbereich im Wesentlichen parallel zueinander verlaufen. Die Grundfläche ist in der Regel durch eine Oberfläche des Funktionselementes gegeben. In a preferred embodiment of the ventilation structure, it comprises surface areas located on a base area and higher in relation to this base area. This design of the ventilation structure can be used for ventilation channels as well as for fracture structures. In the context of the invention, a higher-lying surface area denotes an area which is offset by a positive amount in one direction to the base area, with the base area and the higher-lying surface area in the Run essentially parallel to each other. The base area is usually given by a surface of the functional element.
Der Betrag, um den der höherliegende Flächenbereich versetzt ist, bestimmt den Abstand der Grundfläche des Funktionselementes und der benachbarten Scheibenoberfläche. Bevorzugt liegen die höher liegenden Flächenbereiche gegenüber der Grundfläche um mindestens 15 pm, besonders bevorzugt um mindestens 30 pm, insbesondere um mindestens 50 pm, höhenversetzt zur Grundfläche. Die höher liegenden Flächenbereiche können dabei auch mehrschichtig ausgestaltet sein. Der Querschnitt der Entlüftungskanäle bzw. der Entlüftungswege einer Bruchstruktur steigt mit größer werdendem Höhenversatz des höher liegenden Flächenbereichs an. Der verwendete Querschnitt der Entlüftungskanäle bzw. Entlüftungswege hängt unter anderem von der Anzahl der Entlüftungskanäle bzw. Entlüftungswege sowie der geometrischen Komplexität und Dicke des Funktionselementes ab. Je geringer die Anzahl der Entlüftungskanäle bzw. Entlüftungswege und je größer die Dicke und Komplexität des Funktionselementes, desto größer sollte der Querschnitt der einzelnen Entlüftungskanäle bzw. Entlüftungswege gewählt werden. Neben dem Betrag des Höhenversatzes der höherliegenden Flächenbereiche lässt sich der Querschnitt auch über die Breite der einzelnen Entlüftungskanäle bzw. Entlüftungswege beeinflussen. Innerhalb der genannten Bereiche konnten gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. The amount by which the higher surface area is offset determines the distance between the base area of the functional element and the adjacent pane surface. The higher-lying surface areas are preferably offset in height from the base surface by at least 15 μm, particularly preferably by at least 30 μm, in particular by at least 50 μm. The higher lying surface areas can also have a multilayer design. The cross-section of the ventilation channels or the ventilation paths of a fracture structure increases as the height offset of the higher lying surface area increases. The cross section of the ventilation channels or ventilation paths used depends, among other things, on the number of ventilation channels or ventilation paths and the geometric complexity and thickness of the functional element. The smaller the number of ventilation channels or ventilation paths and the greater the thickness and complexity of the functional element, the larger the cross-section of the individual ventilation channels or ventilation paths should be selected. In addition to the amount of the height offset of the higher surface areas, the cross section can also be influenced via the width of the individual ventilation channels or ventilation paths. Good results were achieved within the areas mentioned.
Die höher liegenden Flächenbereiche nehmen bevorzugt einen Flächenanteil von mindestens 20 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 40 %, insbesondere mindestens 50 % und jeweils höchstens 80 % der Gesamtfläche des Funktionselementes, bestehend aus Grundfläche und höherliegenden Flächenbereichen, ein. Innerhalb dieser Bereiche ist eine besonders zuverlässige Entlüftung gewährleistet. The higher-lying surface areas preferably occupy an area proportion of at least 20%, particularly preferably at least 40%, in particular at least 50% and in each case at most 80% of the total area of the functional element, consisting of the base area and higher-lying surface areas. Particularly reliable ventilation is guaranteed within these areas.
Die Entlüftungsstruktur kann auf die verschiedensten Arten auf und/oder in das Funktionselement eingebracht sein. Die Entlüftungsstruktur ist bevorzugt additiv auf das Funktionselement aufgebracht oder subtraktiv in das Funktionselement eingebracht. Die Entlüftungsstruktur ist zwischen den Oberflächen vorzusehen, zwischen denen der Einschluss von Luft verhindert werden soll. Die Entlüftungsstruktur kann dabei beispielsweise auch an der Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe und/oder der Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe angebracht sein. Dies ist vorteilhaft hinsichtlich einer einfachen Aufbringung der Entlüftungsstruktur. Beispielsweise kann die Entlüftungsstruktur bereits während des Herstellungsverfahrens der Scheiben auf diese aufgebracht werden, so dass das Funktionselement lediglich im passenden Bereich aufgelegt werden muss. Auf welche Scheibenoberfläche die Entlüftungsstruktur aufzubringen ist, ist abhängig von der Positionierung des Funktionselementes. Ob das Funktionselement benachbart zur ersten Scheibe oder zur zweiten Scheibe anzuordnen ist, ist von der Art und Nutzung des Funktionselementes abhängig und erschließt sich dem Fachmann daraus. Im Falle eines Funktionselementes, das unmittelbar an beide Scheiben grenzt, kann eine Entlüftungsstruktur auch an beiden Scheibenoberflächen vorgesehen sein. In einer derartigen Ausführungsform weist die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht einen Ausschnitt auf, in den das Funktionselement eingelegt ist. Bevorzugt grenzt das Funktionselement jedoch nur an eine der Innenseiten der ersten Scheibe oder der zweiten Scheibe, während die gegenüberliegende Oberfläche des Funktionselementes einen Abschnitt der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht kontaktiert. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht kann in diesem Fall vollflächig in den Schichtstapel eingebracht werden. Dies ist vorteilhaft im Sinne einer mechanisch stabilen Anbindung des Funktionselementes. The ventilation structure can be introduced onto and / or into the functional element in the most varied of ways. The ventilation structure is preferably applied additively to the functional element or introduced subtractively into the functional element. The ventilation structure is to be provided between the surfaces between which the entrapment of air is to be prevented. The ventilation structure can, for example, also be attached to the inside III of the first pane and / or the inside II of the second pane. This is advantageous in terms of a simple application of the ventilation structure. For example, the ventilation structure can already be applied to the panes during the manufacturing process, so that the Functional element only needs to be placed in the appropriate area. The surface of the pane on which the ventilation structure is to be applied depends on the positioning of the functional element. Whether the functional element is to be arranged adjacent to the first pane or to the second pane depends on the type and use of the functional element and is apparent to a person skilled in the art. In the case of a functional element that is directly adjacent to both panes, a ventilation structure can also be provided on both pane surfaces. In such an embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a cutout into which the functional element is inserted. However, the functional element preferably only adjoins one of the inner sides of the first pane or the second pane, while the opposite surface of the functional element makes contact with a section of the thermoplastic intermediate layer. In this case, the thermoplastic intermediate layer can be introduced into the layer stack over the entire surface. This is advantageous in terms of a mechanically stable connection of the functional element.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Entlüftungsstruktur additiv oder subtraktiv auf das Funktionselement aufgebracht, das Funktionselement unmittelbar angrenzend an eine der Scheibeninnenseiten eingelegt und grenzt an der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche des Funktionselementes an einen Abschnitt der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass das Funktionselement bereits mit Entlüftungsstruktur bereitgestellt werden kann und bei Einlegen des Funktionselementes in den Schichtstapel der Verbundscheibe Einlegefehler vermieden werden, die durch eine nicht deckungsgleiche Positionierung von Funktionselement und Entlüftungsstruktur auftreten können. Die Entlüftungsstruktur ist zumindest auf der Oberfläche des Funktionselementes angebracht, die der Innenseite der ersten Scheibe oder zweiten Scheibe unmittelbar benachbart ist. Zusätzlich dazu kann die Entlüftungsstruktur auch auf der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche des Funktionselementes angebracht sein, die in Richtung der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht orientiert ist. Dadurch wird auch die Entlüftung zwischen diesen genannten Schichten verbessert. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the ventilation structure is applied additively or subtractively to the functional element, the functional element is inserted directly adjacent to one of the inner sides of the pane and adjoins a section of the thermoplastic intermediate layer on the opposite surface of the functional element. This has the advantage that the functional element can already be provided with a ventilation structure and, when the functional element is inserted into the stack of layers of the laminated pane, insertion errors are avoided that can occur due to a non-congruent positioning of the functional element and ventilation structure. The ventilation structure is attached at least to the surface of the functional element which is directly adjacent to the inside of the first pane or the second pane. In addition to this, the ventilation structure can also be attached to the opposite surface of the functional element, which is oriented in the direction of the thermoplastic intermediate layer. This also improves the ventilation between these layers mentioned.
In einer ersten bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Entlüftungsstruktur additiv mittels Druckverfahren, bevorzugt Siebdruckverfahren oder Tintendruckverfahren aufgebracht. Druckverfahren eignen sich für den Auftrag einer Entlüftungsstruktur auf unterschiedlichste Materialien, wobei das Material der zu bedruckenden Oberfläche für die Wahl des Druckverfahrens entscheidend ist. Siebdruckverfahren eignen sich beispielsweise gut für die Bedruckung von Glasoberflächen oder auch polymeren Materialien. Besonders bevorzugt wird die Entlüftungsstruktur mittels Tintendruckverfahren aufgebracht. Diese sind für die Bedruckung von polymeren Materialien und je nach verwendeten Druckfarben auch für die Bedruckung von Glas geeignet. In a first preferred embodiment, the ventilation structure is applied additively by means of printing processes, preferably screen printing processes or ink printing processes. Printing processes are suitable for applying a ventilation structure to a wide variety of materials, with the material of the surface to be printed being decisive for the choice of the printing process. Screen printing processes, for example, are well suited for the Printing on glass surfaces or polymeric materials. The ventilation structure is particularly preferably applied by means of an ink printing process. These are suitable for printing on polymeric materials and, depending on the printing inks used, also for printing on glass.
Zum Drucken der Entlüftungsstruktur werden bevorzugt Druckfarben umfassend Kunstharzlacke eingesetzt. In Versuchen der Erfinder hat sich gezeigt, dass Druckfarben, die in der Elektronikindustrie zur Bedruckung von Leiterplatten verwendet werden, in der Regel gut geeignet sind. Die verwendeten Druckfarben enthalten bevorzugt Kunstharzlacke, besonders bevorzugt Epoxidharzlacke. Beispielhaft sind thermisch härtende 2-Komponenten- Epoxyharzlacke als geeignete Druckfarben zu nennen. Diese können sowohl mittels Siebdruck- als auch mittels Tintenstrahldruck verarbeitet werden. Printing inks comprising synthetic resin varnishes are preferably used for printing the ventilation structure. Tests by the inventors have shown that printing inks which are used in the electronics industry for printing printed circuit boards are generally very suitable. The printing inks used preferably contain synthetic resin varnishes, particularly preferably epoxy resin varnishes. Thermosetting 2-component epoxy resin lacquers are examples of suitable printing inks. These can be processed using both screen printing and inkjet printing.
Sofern die Entlüftungsstruktur auf Glasoberflächen, beispielsweise auf die Innenseite der ersten Scheibe und/oder die Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe, aufgebracht wird, können auch die für den opaken Abdeckdruck im Randbereich von Windschutzscheiben üblichen Druckfarben verwendet werden. If the ventilation structure is applied to glass surfaces, for example to the inside of the first pane and / or the inside of the second pane, the printing inks customary for opaque cover printing in the edge area of windshields can also be used.
In einer zweiten bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist eine Entlüftungsstruktur subtraktiv auf das Funktionselement aufgebracht. Dabei erfolgt ein gezielter Materialabtrag an der Oberfläche des Funktionselementes, wobei in den Bereichen mit materialabtrag Entlüftungskanäle- oder Entlüftungswege gebildet werden, deren Bodenfläche die Grundfläche der Entlüftungsstruktur bildet. Die zwischen den Entlüftungskanälen bzw. Entlüftungswegen liegenden Bereiche, in denen kein Materialabtrag erfolgt, bilden die zur Grundfläche höherliegenden Flächenbereiche. Je nach Material des Funktionselementes sind dem Fachmann verschiedene Möglichkeiten zum gezielten Materialabtrag bekannt. Beispielsweise können Verfahren wie Ätzen, Schleifen oder Gravur verwendet werden. Die Erfinder haben festgestellt, dass ein besonders effektiver automatisierbarer Materialabtrag mittels Laserverfahren möglich ist. Besonders bevorzugt wird die Entlüftungsstruktur mittels eines C02-Lasers erzeugt. In a second preferred embodiment, a ventilation structure is applied subtractively to the functional element. In this case, a targeted material removal takes place on the surface of the functional element, with ventilation channels or ventilation paths being formed in the areas with material removal, the bottom surface of which forms the base surface of the ventilation structure. The areas between the ventilation channels or ventilation paths, in which no material is removed, form the surface areas that are higher than the base area. Depending on the material of the functional element, the person skilled in the art is familiar with various possibilities for targeted material removal. For example, methods such as etching, grinding or engraving can be used. The inventors have found that a particularly effective automatable material removal by means of laser processes is possible. The ventilation structure is particularly preferably generated by means of a C0 2 laser.
Alternativ dazu kann die Entlüftungsstruktur auch mittels einer Kombination additiver und subtraktiver Methoden erzeugt werden. Die additiven Methoden und subtraktiven Methoden können dabei sowohl auf der gleichen Oberfläche als auch auf unterschiedlichen Oberflächen angewandt werden. Die erfindungsgemäße Entlüftungsstruktur ist zur Integration einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Funktionselemente verwendbar, da diese unabhängig von der Funktion und Beschaffenheit des Funktionselementes auf dieses aufzubringen ist. Das elektrisch schaltbare Funktionselement kann die verschiedensten dem Fachmann bekannten Ausgestaltungen annehmen. Bevorzugt ist das Funktionselement ein elektrisch schaltbares Funktionselement, besonders bevorzugt eine Antenne, ein Sensor, ein Schaltelement, ein elektrisches Anschlusselement, ein elektrischer Sammelleiter, ein SPD-, ein PDLC-, ein elektrochromes oder ein elektrolumineszentes Funktionselement. Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe kann auch über mehrere elektrisch schaltbare Funktionselemente verfügen, wobei diese auch von unterschiedlicher Bauart und Funktion sein können. Alternatively, the ventilation structure can also be created using a combination of additive and subtractive methods. The additive methods and subtractive methods can be used on the same surface as well as on different surfaces. The ventilation structure according to the invention can be used for the integration of a large number of different functional elements, since this is to be applied to the functional element independently of the function and nature of the functional element. The electrically switchable functional element can assume a wide variety of configurations known to those skilled in the art. The functional element is preferably an electrically switchable functional element, particularly preferably an antenna, a sensor, a switching element, an electrical connection element, an electrical busbar, an SPD, a PDLC, an electrochromic or an electroluminescent functional element. The composite pane according to the invention can also have several electrically switchable functional elements, and these can also be of different designs and functions.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform weist das Funktionselement eine Dicke von mindestens 50 pm, bevorzugt mindestens 100 pm, insbesondere mindestens 150 pm auf. Die Dicke des Funktionselementes wird dabei ohne Berücksichtigung der Entlüftungsstruktur bestimmt. Es ist auch möglich die Erfindung auf Funktionselemente geringerer Dicke anzuwenden, allerdings treten die beschriebenen Qualitätsprobleme durch Lufteinschlüsse mit steigender Dicke des einzubringenden Funktionselementes vermehrt auf. Die mit einer Entlüftungsstruktur im Sinne der Erfindung verwendeten Funktionselemente haben typischerweise eine Dicke von 50 pm bis 250 pm. Diesbezüglich ist es vorteilhaft auf eine zusätzliche lokal auf das Funktionselement begrenzte Laminierfolie zu verzichten, da diese das Risiko unerwünschter Spannungsrisse durch zu hohe lokale Dickenunterschiede der Verbundscheibe erhöhen würde. Die erfindungsgemäße Entlüftungsstruktur ermöglicht dies, da auch bei unmittelbarem Kontakt des Funktionselementes und der Innenseite mindestens einer Scheibe der Einschluss von Luft verhindert wird. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the functional element has a thickness of at least 50 μm, preferably at least 100 μm, in particular at least 150 μm. The thickness of the functional element is determined without taking the ventilation structure into account. It is also possible to apply the invention to functional elements of smaller thickness, but the described quality problems due to air inclusions increase with increasing thickness of the functional element to be introduced. The functional elements used with a ventilation structure within the meaning of the invention typically have a thickness of 50 μm to 250 μm. In this regard, it is advantageous to dispense with an additional laminating film that is locally limited to the functional element, since this would increase the risk of undesirable stress cracks due to excessive local thickness differences in the composite pane. The ventilation structure according to the invention makes this possible, since the inclusion of air is prevented even with direct contact between the functional element and the inside of at least one pane.
Besonders bevorzugt wird die Erfindung zur Integration einer Antennenanordnung in einer Verbundscheibe verwendet. Beispiele für Antennenanordnungen in Verbundscheiben sind im Stand der Technik bekannt. Dabei sind, je nach Funktion und Anwendungsgebiet der Antenne die verschiedensten Bauformen möglich. Die einzelnen Bauformen unterscheiden sich insbesondere in ihrer geometrischen Komplexität und ihrer Dicke. Diese Faktoren sind entscheidend dafür ob und in welchem Maße Qualitätsprobleme durch Lufteinschlüsse im Laminiervorgang auftreten. Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe ist insbesondere geeignet um sogenannte Vivaldiantennen, auch als tapered slot antenna (TSA) bekannt, zu integrieren. Vivaldiantennen in Verbundscheiben können beispielsweise zum Empfang von Mobilfunksignalen eingesetzt werden. Als Vivaldiantenne werden koplanare Breitbandantennen für den Mikrowellenbereich bezeichnet, die beispielsweise aus einem massiven Metallblech, einer gedruckten Leiterplatte oder einer einseitig oder beidseitig metallisierten dielektrischen Schicht bestehen. In der erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe werden bevorzugt Vivaldiantennen umfassend eine dielektrische Schicht mit mindestens einer metallischen elektrisch leitfähigen Schicht auf zumindest einer der Oberflächen der dielektrischen Schicht eingesetzt. Diese sind aufgrund ihrer geringen Bauhöhe gut in Verbundscheiben integrierbar. Im Vergleich zu den üblichen im Stand der Technik verwendeten Funktionselementen sind Vivaldiantennen jedoch mit einer Dicke von beispielsweise 220 pm wesentlich dicker. Die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Entlüftungsstruktur erleichtert die Integration dieser Bauteile somit wesentlich. The invention is particularly preferably used to integrate an antenna arrangement in a composite pane. Examples of antenna arrangements in composite panes are known in the prior art. A wide variety of designs are possible, depending on the function and field of application of the antenna. The individual designs differ in particular in their geometric complexity and their thickness. These factors are decisive for whether and to what extent quality problems arise due to air inclusions in the lamination process. The composite pane according to the invention is particularly suitable for integrating so-called Vivaldi antennas, also known as tapered slot antennas (TSA). Vivaldi antennas in composite panes can be used, for example, to receive mobile radio signals. Coplanar broadband antennas for the microwave range are referred to as Vivaldi antennas, which for example consist of a solid sheet of metal, a printed circuit board or a dielectric layer metallized on one or both sides. Vivaldi antennas comprising a dielectric layer with at least one metallic, electrically conductive layer on at least one of the surfaces of the dielectric layer are preferably used in the composite pane according to the invention. Due to their low overall height, these can be easily integrated into composite panes. In comparison to the functional elements customarily used in the prior art, Vivaldi antennas are, however, much thicker with a thickness of, for example, 220 μm. The use of the ventilation structure according to the invention thus considerably facilitates the integration of these components.
Eine Vivaldiantenne als Funktionselement umfasst beispielsweise eine nicht thermoplastisch aufschmelzende Trägerfolie als dielektrische Schicht. Die nicht thermoplastisch aufschmelzende Trägerfolie bildet eine Barriere und behindert das Entweichen der Luft im Entlüftungsprozess. Sie zeigt keinerlei Haftung auf Glas, bzw. keinerlei Luftlösevermögen, wodurch es zu Lufteinschlüssen zwischen Trägerfolie und einer angrenzenden Glasscheibe kommt. Die Erfindung schafft hier Abhilfe. Die elektrisch leitfähige Schicht der Vivaldiantenne ist, mittels dem Fachmann bekannter Methoden wie beispielsweise Sputtern, auf die nicht thermoplastisch aufschmelzende Trägerfolie aufgebracht. Geeignete Vivaldiantennen umfassend eine elektrisch leitfähige Schicht auf einer Trägerfolie sind kommerziell erhältlich. Vivaldiantennen zeichnen sich durch ihre einfache Herstellbarkeit und Breitbandigkeit aus. Die eigentliche Antenne kann als zweidimensionales Exponentialhorn gesehen werden, das die gerichtete Abstrahlung einer linear polarisierten elektromagnetischen Welle bewirkt. Eine Vivaldiantenne gliedert sich dabei in der Regel in zwei zueinander gleiche Teilbereiche, zwischen denen eine Schlitzleitung besteht. Die beiden Teilbereiche der Antenne sind bevorzugt in einem Winkel von 180° zueinander angeordnet, können aber auch davon abweichende Winkel einnehmen, wobei die Anordnung der beiden Teilbereiche zueinander in der Regel spiegelsymmetrisch zu einer entlang der Schlitzleitung verlaufenden Spiegelebene erfolgt. In einer weiteren möglichen Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist das elektrisch schaltbare Funktionselement ein Sensor, beispielsweise ein Berührungssensor oder Regensensor. Der Sensor umfasst eine Trägerfolie mit einer elektrisch leitfähigen Beschichtung, wobei in der elektrisch leitfähigen Beschichtung mindestens ein kapazitiver Schaltbereich durch mindestens eine beschichtungsfreie Trennlinie aus der elektrisch leitfähigen Beschichtung abgetrennt ist. Der kapazitive Schaltbereich weist einen Berührungsbereich, einen Zuleitungsbereich und einen Anschlussbereich auf. Der Zuleitungsbereich verbindet den Berührungsbereich mit dem Anschlussbereich elektrisch, wobei der Anschlussbereich mit einer Sensorelektronik elektrisch verbindbar ist. Der Schaltbereich ist ein kapazitiver Schaltbereich, das heißt er ist besonders für eine kapazitive Berührungsdetektion ausgebildet. In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung bildet der Schaltbereich dabei eine Flächenelektrode aus. Über eine externe kapazitive Sensorelektronik wird die Kapazität der Flächenelektrode gemessen. Die Kapazität der Flächenelektrode ändert sich gegen Erde, wenn ein Körper (beispielsweise ein menschlicher Körper), in ihre Nähe kommt oder beispielsweise eine Isolatorschicht über der Flächenelektrode berührt. Die Isolatorschicht umfasst insbesondere eine Scheibe der Verbundscheibe als solche. Die Kapazitätsänderung wird durch die Sensorelektronik gemessen und bei Überschreiten eines Schwellwerts wird ein Schaltsignal ausgelöst. Der Schaltbereich wird durch Form und Größe der Flächenelektrode festgelegt. Der Bereich der elektrisch leitfähigen Schicht, der außerhalb des kapazitiven Schaltbereichs angeordnet ist und von diesem durch die Trennlinie elektrisch isoliert ist, wird als Umgebungsbereich bezeichnet. Der Umgebungsbereich kann über einen weiteren Anschlussbereich mit der Sensorelektronik verbindbar sein. A Vivaldi antenna as a functional element comprises, for example, a non-thermoplastic fusible carrier film as a dielectric layer. The carrier film, which does not melt thermoplastically, forms a barrier and prevents the air from escaping during the venting process. It shows no adhesion to glass or no air dissolving properties, which leads to air inclusions between the carrier film and an adjacent pane of glass. The invention provides a remedy here. The electrically conductive layer of the Vivaldi antenna is applied to the non-thermoplastic fusible carrier film by means of methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, sputtering. Suitable Vivaldi antennas comprising an electrically conductive layer on a carrier film are commercially available. Vivaldi antennas are characterized by their ease of manufacture and broadband. The actual antenna can be seen as a two-dimensional exponential horn, which causes the directional emission of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave. A Vivaldi antenna is usually divided into two equal sub-areas, between which there is a slot line. The two subregions of the antenna are preferably arranged at an angle of 180 ° to one another, but can also assume different angles, the arrangement of the two subregions to one another usually being mirror-symmetrical to a mirror plane running along the slot line. In a further possible embodiment of the invention, the electrically switchable functional element is a sensor, for example a touch sensor or rain sensor. The sensor comprises a carrier film with an electrically conductive coating, at least one capacitive switching area in the electrically conductive coating being separated from the electrically conductive coating by at least one coating-free separating line. The capacitive switching area has a contact area, a supply line area and a connection area. The lead area electrically connects the contact area with the connection area, wherein the connection area can be electrically connected to sensor electronics. The switching area is a capacitive switching area, that is, it is specially designed for capacitive touch detection. In an advantageous embodiment, the switching area forms a flat electrode. The capacitance of the flat electrode is measured by an external capacitive sensor electronics. The capacitance of the surface electrode changes with respect to earth when a body (for example a human body) comes near it or, for example, touches an insulating layer above the surface electrode. The insulator layer comprises, in particular, a pane of the composite pane as such. The change in capacitance is measured by the sensor electronics and a switching signal is triggered when a threshold value is exceeded. The switching range is determined by the shape and size of the surface electrode. The area of the electrically conductive layer that is arranged outside the capacitive switching area and is electrically isolated from it by the dividing line is referred to as the surrounding area. The surrounding area can be connected to the sensor electronics via a further connection area.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe kann des Weiteren ein elektrisches Anschlusselement oder einen elektrischen Sammelleiter umfassen. Elektrische Anschlusselemente und Sammelleiter werden verwendet um elektrisch leitfähige Strukturen, beispielsweise elektrisch leitfähige Schichten als heizbare Beschichtungen oder Heizdrähte, mit einer externen Stromquelle zu verbinden. Die elektrische Verbindung erfolgt über sogenannte Sammelleiter, beispielsweise Streifen eines elektrisch leitfähigen Materials oder elektrisch leitfähige Aufdrucke, mit denen die elektrisch leitfähigen Strukturen der Verbundscheibe verbunden werden. Die Sammelleiter, auch als bus bars bezeichnet, dienen der Übertragung elektrischer Leistung und ermöglichen eine homogene Spannungsverteilung. Die Sammelleiter werden vorteilhaft durch Aufdrucken einer leitfähigen Paste hergestellt. Die leitfähige Paste enthält bevorzugt Silber-Partikel und Glasfritten. Die Schichtdicke der leitfähigen Paste beträgt bevorzugt von 5 pm bis 20 pm. In einer alternativen Ausgestaltung werden dünne und schmale Metallfolienstreifen oder Metalldrähte als Sammelleiter verwendet, die bevorzugt Kupfer und / oder Aluminium enthalten, insbesondere werden Kupferfolienstreifen mit einer Dicke von beispielsweise etwa 50 pm verwendet. Die Breite der Kupferfolienstreifen beträgt bevorzugt 1 mm bis 10 mm. Der elektrische Kontakt zwischen einer leitfähigen Struktur der Verbundscheibe und dem Sammelleiter kann beispielsweise durch Auflöten oder Kleben mit einem elektrisch leitfähigen Kleber hergestellt werden. Die elektrische Kontaktierung zwischen elektrischem Anschlusskabel und Sammelleiter kann sowohl mittelbar über elektrische Anschlusselemente als auch unmittelbar erfolgen. Elektrische Anschlusselemente werden verwendet um eine möglichst gute Anbindung an den Sammelleiter im Hinblick auf mechanische Stabilität der Verbindung und Minimierung eines unerwünschten Spannungsabfalls zu erzielen. Dem Fachmann sind geeignete Mittel bekannt um Anschlusselemente beispielsweise durch Löten oder Kleben mittels eines leitfähigen Klebstoffs elektrisch leitend am Sammelleiter zu fixieren. Die Anschlusselemente selbst sind in der Regel aus leitfähigen Metallen, wie Kupfer, Silber, Nickel, chromhaltigen Stählen und/oder Legierungen davon gefertigt. The composite pane according to the invention can furthermore comprise an electrical connection element or an electrical busbar. Electrical connection elements and bus bars are used to connect electrically conductive structures, for example electrically conductive layers as heatable coatings or heating wires, to an external power source. The electrical connection is made via so-called bus bars, for example strips of an electrically conductive material or electrically conductive prints, with which the electrically conductive structures of the composite pane are connected. The bus bars, also known as bus bars, are used to transmit electrical power and enable homogeneous voltage distribution. The bus bars are advantageously produced by printing a conductive paste. The conductive paste preferably contains silver particles and glass frits. The layer thickness of the conductive paste is preferably from 5 μm to 20 μm. In an alternative embodiment thin and narrow metal foil strips or metal wires are used as busbars, which preferably contain copper and / or aluminum, in particular copper foil strips with a thickness of, for example, about 50 μm are used. The width of the copper foil strips is preferably 1 mm to 10 mm. The electrical contact between a conductive structure of the composite pane and the busbar can be established, for example, by soldering or gluing with an electrically conductive adhesive. The electrical contact between the electrical connection cable and the busbar can take place indirectly via electrical connection elements as well as directly. Electrical connection elements are used to achieve the best possible connection to the busbar in terms of mechanical stability of the connection and minimization of an undesired voltage drop. Suitable means are known to those skilled in the art for fixing connection elements to the busbar in an electrically conductive manner, for example by soldering or gluing using a conductive adhesive. The connection elements themselves are usually made of conductive metals such as copper, silver, nickel, chromium-containing steels and / or alloys thereof.
Die erwähnten Funktionselemente Antennen, Sensoren, Anschlusselemente und Sammelleiter werden typischerweise außerhalb des Durchsichtbereichs der Scheibe platziert. Im Automobilbereich und insbesondere bei Windschutzscheiben ist ein opaker Abdeckdruck im Randbereich üblich, der bei Bedarf entsprechend platziert wird um auch diese Funktionselemente zu kaschieren. Bei außerhalb des Sichtbereichs angebrachten Funktionselementen kann die Entlüftungsstruktur ohne Rücksicht auf das optische Erscheinungsbild vorgenommen werden. In diesem Fall sind somit sowohl subtraktive Verfahren, wie Laserablation, als auch Druckverfahren gleichermaßen geeignet. The mentioned functional elements antennas, sensors, connection elements and busbars are typically placed outside the transparent area of the pane. In the automotive sector and in particular in the case of windshields, an opaque cover print is common in the edge area, which is placed accordingly if necessary in order to conceal these functional elements as well. In the case of functional elements attached outside the field of vision, the ventilation structure can be made without regard to the visual appearance. In this case, both subtractive methods such as laser ablation and printing methods are equally suitable.
Im Gegensatz dazu ist bei im Sichtbereich einer Verbundscheibe vorgesehenen Funktionselementen auf das optische Erscheinungsbild Rücksicht zu nehmen. In diesem Fall sind subtraktive Verfahren wie Laserablation bevorzugt. Zu den im Sichtbereich einer Verbundscheibe angeordneten Funktionselementen gehören beispielsweise SPD-, PDLC-, elektrochrome oder elektrolumineszente Funktionselemente. Diese enthalten eine aktive Schicht mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen Eigenschaften, die zwischen zwei Trägerfolien angeordnet ist. Die Trägerfolien bestehen in der Regel aus einem nicht thermoplastisch aufschmelzendem Material, das keine Haftung zu Glasoberflächen zeigt. Ein SPD-Funktionselement (suspended particle device) enthält eine aktive Schicht umfassend suspendierte Partikel, wobei die Absorption von Licht durch die aktive Schicht mittels Anlegen einer Spannung an die Flächenelektroden veränderbar ist. Die Absorptionsänderung beruht auf der Ausrichtung der stäbchenartigen Partikel im elektrischen Feld bei angelegter elektrischer Spannung. SPD-Funktionselemente sind beispielsweise aus EP 0876608 B1 und WO 2011033313 A1 bekannt. In contrast to this, in the case of functional elements provided in the visible area of a laminated pane, the visual appearance must be taken into account. In this case, subtractive methods such as laser ablation are preferred. The functional elements arranged in the visible area of a composite pane include, for example, SPD, PDLC, electrochromic or electroluminescent functional elements. These contain an active layer with electrically controllable optical properties, which is arranged between two carrier films. The carrier films usually consist of a non-thermoplastic melting material that does not adhere to glass surfaces. An SPD functional element (suspended particle device) contains an active layer comprising suspended particles, whereby the absorption of light by the active layer can be changed by applying a voltage to the surface electrodes. The change in absorption is based on the alignment of the rod-like particles in the electric field when an electric voltage is applied. SPD functional elements are known, for example, from EP 0876608 B1 and WO 2011033313 A1.
Ein PDLC-Funktionselement ( polymer dispersed liquid crystal) enthält eine aktive Schicht umfassend Flüssigkristalle, welche in eine Polymermatrix eingelagert sind. Wird an die Flächenelektroden keine Spannung angelegt, so sind die Flüssigkristalle ungeordnet ausgerichtet, was zu einer starken Streuung des durch die aktive Schicht tretenden Lichts führt. Wird an die Flächenelektroden eine Spannung angelegt, so richten sich die Flüssigkristalle in einer gemeinsamen Richtung aus und die Transmission von Licht durch die aktive Schicht wird erhöht. Ein solches Funktionselement ist beispielsweise aus DE 102008026339 A1 bekannt. A PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) functional element contains an active layer comprising liquid crystals which are embedded in a polymer matrix. If no voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the liquid crystals are aligned in a disordered manner, which leads to a strong scattering of the light passing through the active layer. If a voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the liquid crystals align themselves in a common direction and the transmission of light through the active layer is increased. Such a functional element is known, for example, from DE 102008026339 A1.
Bei einem elektrochromen Funktionselement ist die aktive Schicht des Funktionselements eine elektrochemisch aktive Schicht. Die Transmission von sichtbarem Licht ist vom Einlagerungsgrad von Ionen in die aktive Schicht abhängig, wobei die Ionen beispielsweise durch eine lonenspeicherschicht zwischen aktiver Schicht und einer Flächenelektrode bereitgestellt werden. Die Transmission kann durch die an die Flächenelektroden angelegte Spannung, welche eine Wanderung der Ionen hervorruft, beeinflusst werden. Geeignete funktionelle Schichten enthalten beispielsweise zumindest Wolframoxid oder Vanadiumoxid. Elektrochrome Funktionselemente sind beispielsweise aus WO 2012007334 A1, US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1 und EP 1862849 A1 bekannt. In the case of an electrochromic functional element, the active layer of the functional element is an electrochemically active layer. The transmission of visible light depends on the degree of incorporation of ions in the active layer, the ions being provided, for example, by an ion storage layer between the active layer and a surface electrode. The transmission can be influenced by the voltage applied to the surface electrodes, which causes the ions to migrate. Suitable functional layers contain, for example, at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide. Electrochromic functional elements are known, for example, from WO 2012007334 A1, US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1 and EP 1862849 A1.
Bei elektrolumineszenten Funktionselementen enthält die aktive Schicht elektrolumineszente Materialen, insbesondere organische elektrolumineszente Materialen, deren Lumineszenz durch Anlegen einer Spannung angeregt wird. Elektrolumineszente Funktionselemente sind beispielsweise aus US 2004227462 A1 und WO 2010112789 A2 bekannt. Das elektrolumineszente Funktionselement kann als einfache Lichtquelle verwendet werden, oder als Display, mit dem beliebige Darstellungen gezeigt werden können. Sofern die verwendeten Funktionselemente eine Trägerfolie umfassen, so ist diese bevorzugt transparent und enthält bevorzugt eine Polyethylenterepthalat (PET)-Folie oder besteht daraus. Die Dicke der Trägerfolie beträgt bevorzugt von 0,025 mm bis 0,3 mm. In the case of electroluminescent functional elements, the active layer contains electroluminescent materials, in particular organic electroluminescent materials, the luminescence of which is excited by applying a voltage. Electroluminescent functional elements are known, for example, from US 2004227462 A1 and WO 2010112789 A2. The electroluminescent functional element can be used as a simple light source or as a display with which any representations can be shown. If the functional elements used comprise a carrier film, this is preferably transparent and preferably contains or consists of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The thickness of the carrier film is preferably from 0.025 mm to 0.3 mm.
Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht der Verbundscheibe umfasst zumindest eine erste Laminierfolie und optional eine oder mehrere zweite Laminierfolien. Die erste Laminierfolie kann bei Bedarf aus mehreren einzelnen deckungsgleichen vollflächigen thermoplastischen Folien zusammengelegt sein. Dies ist beispielsweise vorteilhaft wenn die gewünschte Dicke der ersten Laminierfolie einem ganzzahligen Vielfachen der Dicke einer kommerziell erhältlichen Folie mit einer Standarddicke entspricht. Die erste Laminierfolie und die zweiten Laminierfolien sind thermoplastische Folien, die geeignet sind eine adhäsive Verbindung zueinander und zu angrenzenden Scheiben und/oder angrenzenden Funktionselementen herzustellen. Beim Laminiervorgang beginnen die Laminierfolien unter Hitzeeinwirkung zu fließen, wodurch diese an angrenzenden Elementen anhaften und mit diesen und miteinander verbunden werden. Bevorzugt enthalten die erste und die zweiten Laminierfolien Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Ethylenvinylacetat (EVA) und/oder Polyurethan (PU). Diese Materialien sind für die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht von Verbundscheiben üblich und stellen eine adhäsive Verbindung zu Glas her. Somit ist eine gute Verbindung gewährleistet. In der Verbundscheibe als fertig laminiertem Endprodukt bleiben die einzelnen Folien trotz eines Verschmelzens beim Laminiervorgang als solche identifizierbar. Insbesondere an den Rändern der Folien kommt es zu einem Fließen des Materials während des Laminiervorgangs, eine vollständige Vermischung tritt jedoch nicht ein, so dass im Produkt noch die einzelnen Folienabschnitte und deren Zusammensetzung nachweisbar sind. The thermoplastic intermediate layer of the composite pane comprises at least one first laminating film and optionally one or more second laminating films. If necessary, the first laminating film can be put together from several individual, congruent, full-surface thermoplastic films. This is advantageous, for example, when the desired thickness of the first laminating film corresponds to an integral multiple of the thickness of a commercially available film with a standard thickness. The first laminating film and the second laminating films are thermoplastic films which are suitable for producing an adhesive connection to one another and to adjacent panes and / or adjacent functional elements. During the lamination process, the laminating foils begin to flow under the action of heat, whereby they adhere to adjacent elements and are connected to them and to one another. The first and second laminating films preferably contain polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and / or polyurethane (PU). These materials are common for the thermoplastic intermediate layer of composite panes and create an adhesive connection to glass. This guarantees a good connection. In the composite pane as a fully laminated end product, the individual foils remain identifiable as such despite being fused during the lamination process. Particularly at the edges of the foils, the material flows during the lamination process, but there is no complete mixing, so that the individual foil sections and their composition can still be detected in the product.
Die Innenseite der ersten Scheibe des erfindungsgemäßen Verbundglases ist die in Richtung der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht gerichtete Oberfläche der ersten Scheibe, während die Außenseite der ersten Scheibe in Einbaulage zum Fahrzeug- oder Gebäudeinnenraum orientiert ist. Die Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe ist ebenfalls zur thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht ausgerichtet, wohingegen die Außenseite der zweiten Scheibe zur äußeren Umgebung weist. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht umfassend die erste Laminierfolie und optional eine oder mehrere zweite Laminierfolien verbindet die Innenseite der ersten Scheibe mit der Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe. Die Begriffe erste Scheibe und zweite Scheibe beschreiben willkürlich zwei verschiedene Scheiben. Insbesondere kann die Innenscheibe als eine erste Scheibe und die Außenscheibe als eine zweite Scheibe bezeichnet werden. Ist die Verbundscheibe dafür vorgesehen, in einer Fensteröffnung eines Fahrzeugs oder eines Gebäudes einen Innenraum gegenüber der äußeren Umgebung abzutrennen, so wird mit Innenscheibe im Sinne der Erfindung die dem Innenraum (Fahrzeuginnenraum) zugewandte Scheibe (erste Scheibe) bezeichnet. Mit Außenscheibe wird die der äußeren Umgebung zugewandte Scheibe (zweite Scheibe) bezeichnet. Die Erfindung ist aber darauf nicht eingeschränkt. The inside of the first pane of the laminated glass according to the invention is the surface of the first pane directed in the direction of the thermoplastic intermediate layer, while the outside of the first pane is oriented towards the vehicle or building interior in the installed position. The inside of the second pane is also aligned with the thermoplastic intermediate layer, whereas the outside of the second pane faces the external environment. The thermoplastic intermediate layer comprising the first laminating film and optionally one or more second laminating films connects the inside of the first pane to the inside of the second pane. The terms first disk and second disk arbitrarily describe two different disks. In particular, the inner pane can be referred to as a first pane and the outer pane as a second pane. If the composite pane is intended to be installed in a window opening To separate an interior of a vehicle or a building from the external environment, the interior pane (first pane) facing the interior (vehicle interior) is referred to as an inner pane in the context of the invention. The outer pane (second pane) that faces the external environment is referred to as the outer pane. However, the invention is not restricted to this.
Die erste Laminierfolie und/oder die zweiten Laminierfolien weisen jeweils eine Dicke von 0,30 mm bis 1,5 mm, bevorzugt 0,35 mm bis 1 ,0 mm, besonders bevorzugt 0,35 mm bis 0,86 mm auf. PVB-Folien werden beispielsweise in Standarddicken von 0,38 mm und 0,76 mm angeboten. The first laminating film and / or the second laminating films each have a thickness of 0.30 mm to 1.5 mm, preferably 0.35 mm to 1.0 mm, particularly preferably 0.35 mm to 0.86 mm. For example, PVB films are offered in standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm and 0.76 mm.
Die erfindungsgemäße Entlüftungsstruktur wird insbesondere bei kleinflächigen Funktionselementen eingesetzt. Bei diesen kann ohne Berücksichtigung mechanischer Eigenschaften der Verbundscheibe ein Funktionselement in direkter Nachbarschaft einer Scheibe angebracht werden, ohne dass eine zwischenliegende Laminierfolie verwendet wird. Die Erfindung wird typischerweise bei Funktionselementen mit einem Flächenanteil von 0,5 % bis 10 %, bevorzugt 1 % bis 5 %, beispielsweise 2,5 % der Gesamtverglasungsfläche eingesetzt. Die Kantenlänge der Funktionselemente beträgt in der Regel maximal 20 cm x 20 cm, bevorzugt maximal 15 cm x 15 cm, besonders bevorzugt maximal 10 cm x 10 cm. Der Verglasungsbereich mit einer durch das Funktionselement lokal erhöhten Dicke erstreckt sich demnach über eine vergleichsweise geringe Fläche der Verglasung, so dass auch dadurch die Gefahr von Glasbruch minimiert wird. The ventilation structure according to the invention is used in particular for small-area functional elements. With these, without taking mechanical properties of the composite pane into account, a functional element can be attached in the immediate vicinity of a pane without using an intermediate laminating film. The invention is typically used for functional elements with an area proportion of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1% to 5%, for example 2.5% of the total glazing area. The edge length of the functional elements is generally a maximum of 20 cm × 20 cm, preferably a maximum of 15 cm × 15 cm, particularly preferably a maximum of 10 cm × 10 cm. The glazing area with a thickness that is locally increased by the functional element accordingly extends over a comparatively small area of the glazing, so that this also minimizes the risk of glass breakage.
Die Verbundscheibe kann beispielsweise die Windschutzscheibe oder die Dachscheibe eines Fahrzeugs oder eine andere Fahrzeugverglasung sein, beispielsweise eine Trennscheibe in einem Fahrzeug, bevorzugt in einem Schienenfahrzeug oder einem Bus. Alternativ kann die Verbundscheibe eine Architekturverglasung, beispielsweise in einer Außenfassade eines Gebäudes oder eine Trennscheibe im Innern eines Gebäudes sein. The composite pane can, for example, be the windshield or the roof pane of a vehicle or some other vehicle glazing, for example a partition in a vehicle, preferably in a rail vehicle or a bus. Alternatively, the composite pane can be architectural glazing, for example in an outer facade of a building or a partition pane inside a building.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe enthält ein Funktionselement das zwischen einer thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht und Scheibenoberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise angeordnet ist. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht weist üblicherweise dieselben Abmessungen wie die erste und die zweite Scheibe auf. In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform ist die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe eine Windschutzscheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs. Diese umfasst eine Motorkante, die in Einbaulage der Verbundscheibe in der Fahrzeugkarosserie der Motorhaube benachbart ist und eine Dachkante, die in Einbaulage an das Fahrzeugdach grenzt. Motorkante und Dachkante bilden dabei zwei einander gegenüberliegende Scheibenkanten. Zwischen Motorkante und Dachkante verlaufen zwei einander gegenüberliegende Seitenkanten, die in Einbaulage der Windschutzscheibe an die sogenannten A-Säulen der Karosserie grenzen. The composite pane according to the invention contains a functional element which is arranged at least in sections between a thermoplastic intermediate layer and the pane surface. The thermoplastic intermediate layer usually has the same dimensions as the first and second panes. In an advantageous embodiment, the composite pane according to the invention is a windshield of a motor vehicle. This comprises an engine edge, which is adjacent to the engine hood when the composite pane is installed in the vehicle body, and a roof edge which is adjacent to the vehicle roof when installed. The motor edge and the roof edge form two opposite window edges. Two opposite side edges run between the engine edge and the roof edge, which border on the so-called A-pillars of the body when the windshield is installed.
Die erste und die zweite Scheibe enthalten Glas und/oder transparente Kunststoffe. Die erste Scheibe und/oder die zweite Scheibe enthalten besonders bevorzugt Flachglas, Floatglas, Quarzglas, Borosilikatglas, Kalk-Natron-Glas, oder klare Kunststoffe, vorzugsweise starre klare Kunststoffe, insbesondere Polycarbonat, Polymethylmethacrylat und/oder Gemische davon. Bevorzugt bestehen die Scheiben aus Glas. An den Außenseiten der ersten und der zweiten Scheibe können prinzipiell beliebige weitere Scheiben angeordnet sein und mit diesen über Lamination unter Zwischenlage thermoplastischer Folien oder auch über Abstandshalter im Falle einer Isolierverglasung verbunden sein. Die erste Scheibe und/oder die zweite Scheibe sind bevorzugt transparent, insbesondere für die Verwendung der Scheibe als Windschutzscheibe oder Rückscheibe eines Fahrzeugs oder anderen Verwendungen bei denen eine hohe Lichttransmission erwünscht ist. Als transparent im Sinne der Erfindung wird dann eine Scheibe verstanden, die eine Transmission im sichtbaren Spektralbereich von größer 70 % aufweist. Für Scheiben, die nicht im verkehrsrelevanten Sichtfeld des Fahrers liegen, beispielsweise für Dachscheiben, kann die Transmission aber auch viel geringer sein, beispielsweise größer als 5 %. The first and second panes contain glass and / or transparent plastics. The first pane and / or the second pane particularly preferably contain flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, or clear plastics, preferably rigid clear plastics, in particular polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate and / or mixtures thereof. The panes are preferably made of glass. In principle, any further panes can be arranged on the outer sides of the first and second panes and connected to them via lamination with interposition of thermoplastic films or via spacers in the case of insulating glazing. The first pane and / or the second pane are preferably transparent, in particular for the use of the pane as a windshield or rear pane of a vehicle or other uses in which a high level of light transmission is desired. Transparent in the context of the invention is then understood to mean a pane that has a transmission in the visible spectral range of greater than 70%. For windows that are not in the driver's field of vision relevant to traffic, for example for roof windows, the transmission can also be much lower, for example greater than 5%.
Die Dicke der ersten Scheibe und/oder der zweiten Scheibe liegt zwischen 0,3 mm und 25 mm, wobei die Scheibendicke stark abhängig ist von der Anwendung der Scheibe. The thickness of the first pane and / or the second pane is between 0.3 mm and 25 mm, the pane thickness being heavily dependent on the application of the pane.
Besonders im Automobilbereich ist in den letzten Jahren ein Trend in Richtung immer geringerer Glasdicken zu verzeichnen, wodurch Einsparungen hinsichtlich des Fahrzeuggewichts möglich werden. Die Scheibendicken einer Automobilverglasung, insbesondere einer Windschutzscheibe, liegen für die Innenscheibe in der Regel im Bereich von 0,3 mm bis 2,5 mm und für die Außenscheibe im Bereich von 0,8 mm bis 2,5 mm. Eine asymmetrische Dickenkombination, bei der die Dicke der Außenscheibe größer ist als die Dicke der Innenscheibe, ist besonders bei einer geringen Gesamtdicke vorteilhaft im Hinblick auf eine verbesserte Stabilität der Verbundscheibe. Ob die Außenscheibe bzw. die Innenscheibe der Automobilverglasung in ihrer Nomenklatur der ersten oder der zweiten Scheibe im Sinne der Erfindung entspricht hängt dabei von der Positionierung des Funktionselementes in der Zwischenschicht ab. In recent years, particularly in the automotive sector, there has been a trend towards ever thinner glass, which enables savings in terms of vehicle weight. The pane thicknesses of automobile glazing, in particular a windshield, are generally in the range from 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm for the inner pane and in the range from 0.8 mm to 2.5 mm for the outer pane. An asymmetrical combination of thicknesses, in which the thickness of the outer pane is greater than the thickness of the inner pane, is advantageous, particularly in the case of a small overall thickness, with regard to improved stability of the composite pane. Whether the outer pane or the The nomenclature of the inner pane of the automobile glazing corresponds to the first or the second pane within the meaning of the invention, and depends on the positioning of the functional element in the intermediate layer.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Verbundscheibe eine Windschutzscheibe, wobei die Dicke der Außenscheibe zwischen 0,8 mm und 2,1 mm liegt und die Dicke der Innenscheibe zwischen 0,5 mm und 1 ,8 mm liegt. In a preferred embodiment, the composite pane is a windshield, the thickness of the outer pane being between 0.8 mm and 2.1 mm and the thickness of the inner pane being between 0.5 mm and 1.8 mm.
Windschutzscheiben weisen ein zentrales Sichtfeld auf, an dessen optische Qualität hohe Anforderungen gestellt werden. Das zentrale Sichtfeld muss eine hohe Lichttransmission aufweisen (typischerweise größer als 70%). Das besagte zentrale Sichtfeld ist insbesondere dasjenige Sichtfeld, das vom Fachmann als Sichtfeld B, Sichtbereich B oder Zone B bezeichnet wird. Das Sichtfeld B und seine technischen Anforderungen sind in der Regelung Nr. 43 der Wirtschaftskommission der Vereinten Nationen für Europa (UN/ECE) (ECE-R43, „Einheitliche Bedingungen für die Genehmigung der Sicherheitsverglasungswerkstoffe und ihres Einbaus in Fahrzeuge“) festgelegt. Dort ist das Sichtfeld B in Anhang 18 definiert. Windshields have a central field of vision, the optical quality of which is subject to high requirements. The central field of view must have a high light transmission (typically greater than 70%). Said central field of vision is in particular that field of vision which is referred to by the person skilled in the art as field of vision B, field of vision B or zone B. Field of vision B and its technical requirements are specified in Regulation No. 43 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) (ECE-R43, "Uniform conditions for the approval of safety glazing materials and their installation in vehicles"). Field of vision B is defined there in Appendix 18.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die Verbundscheibe eine Dachscheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs, wobei die Dicke der Außenscheibe zwischen 1,1 mm und 2,1 mm liegt und die Dicke der Innenscheibe zwischen 0,5 mm und 2,1 mm liegt. Hier sind sowohl symmetrische als auch unsymmetrische Verglasungen möglich. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform weist die Dachscheibe einen symmetrischen Aufbau auf, wobei Außen- und Innenglas dieselbe Stärke aufweisen, beispielsweise 2,1 mm und 2,1 mm. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the composite pane is a roof pane of a motor vehicle, the thickness of the outer pane being between 1.1 mm and 2.1 mm and the thickness of the inner pane being between 0.5 mm and 2.1 mm. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical glazing are possible here. In a preferred embodiment, the roof pane has a symmetrical structure, the outer and inner glass having the same thickness, for example 2.1 mm and 2.1 mm.
Das Verbundglas ist in seiner Ausführungsform als Fahrzeugverglasung bevorzugt in einer oder in mehreren Richtungen des Raumes gebogen, wie es für Kraftfahrzeugscheiben üblich ist, wobei typische Krümmungsradien im Bereich von etwa 10 cm bis etwa 40 cm liegen. Das Verbundglas kann aber auch plan sein, beispielsweise wenn es als Scheibe für Busse, Züge, Traktoren oder als Gebäudeverglasung vorgesehen ist. In its embodiment as vehicle glazing, the laminated glass is preferably curved in one or more directions of the room, as is customary for vehicle windows, with typical radii of curvature in the range from about 10 cm to about 40 cm. The laminated glass can also be flat, for example if it is intended as a pane for buses, trains, tractors or as building glazing.
Die erste Scheibe und/oder die zweite Scheibe können thermisch oder chemisch vorgespannt, teilvorgespannt oder nicht vorgespannt sein. The first disk and / or the second disk can be thermally or chemically prestressed, partially prestressed or not prestressed.
Das Verbundglas kann auch mit einer Zusatzfunktion versehen werden, indem die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht funktionelle Einlagerungen aufweist, beispielsweise Einlagerungen mit IR-absorbierenden, IR-reflektierenden, UV-absorbierenden, farbgebenden oder akustischen Eigenschaften. Die Einlagerungen sind beispielsweise organische oder anorganische Ionen, Verbindungen, Aggregate, Moleküle, Kristalle, Pigmente oder Farbstoffe. The laminated glass can also be provided with an additional function in that the thermoplastic intermediate layer has functional inclusions, for example Storage with IR-absorbing, IR-reflecting, UV-absorbing, coloring or acoustic properties. The inclusions are, for example, organic or inorganic ions, compounds, aggregates, molecules, crystals, pigments or dyes.
Insbesondere bei Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe in Fahrzeugen, zum Beispiel als Windschutzscheibe, ist es vorteilhaft darüberhinausgehende Funktionen zu implementieren um die negativen Auswirkungen von Wtterungseinflüssen wie starker Sonneneinstrahlung oder Eisbildung zu verringern. Dazu können beispielsweise sogenannte Low-E-Beschichtungen und/oder heizbare Beschichtungen auf der Innenseite der Innenscheibe oder der Außenscheibe aufgebracht sein. Geeignete Materialzusammensetzungen einer elektrisch heizbaren Beschichtung, die auch als Low-E- Beschichtung fungiert, sind beispielsweise WO 2013/104439 und WO 2013/104438 zu entnehmen. Particularly when the composite pane according to the invention is used in vehicles, for example as a windshield, it is advantageous to implement additional functions in order to reduce the negative effects of weather influences such as strong sunlight or ice formation. For this purpose, for example, so-called low-E coatings and / or heatable coatings can be applied to the inside of the inner pane or the outer pane. Suitable material compositions for an electrically heatable coating that also functions as a low-E coating can be found, for example, in WO 2013/104439 and WO 2013/104438.
Die Erfindung wird weiter gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Verbundglases, wobei a) mindestens eine Entlüftungsstruktur additiv oder subtraktiv auf einThe invention is further achieved by a method for producing a laminated glass according to the invention, wherein a) at least one ventilation structure additively or subtractively to a
Funktionselement aufgebracht wird, b) ein Schichtstapel mindestens umfassend eine erste Scheibe, das Funktionselement mit Entlüftungsstruktur, eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht und eine zweite Scheibe gebildet wird, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur unmittelbar an die Innenseite der ersten Scheibe und/oder die Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe grenzt, c) der Schichtstapel aus Schritt b) zu einer Verbundscheibe laminiert wird, wobei die Innenseite der ersten Scheibe und die Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe über die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht verbunden werden. Functional element is applied, b) a layer stack at least comprising a first pane, the functional element with ventilation structure, a thermoplastic intermediate layer and a second pane is formed, the ventilation structure directly adjoining the inside of the first pane and / or the inside of the second pane, c ) the stack of layers from step b) is laminated to form a composite pane, the inside of the first pane and the inside of the second pane being connected via the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird die Entlüftungsstruktur in Schritt a) additiv mittels Druckverfahren, bevorzugt mittels Siebdruckverfahren oder Tintenstrahldruckverfahren aufgebracht. In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the ventilation structure is applied additively in step a) by means of a printing method, preferably by means of a screen printing method or an inkjet printing method.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird die Entlüftungsstruktur in Schritt a) subtraktiv mittels Laserverfahren, bevorzugt mittels eines CO2- Lasers, in das Funktionselement eingebracht. Soll das Verbundglas als gebogene Fahrzeugverglasung fungieren, so wird zumindest die als Außenscheibe verwendete Scheibe vor der Lamination einem Biegeprozess unterzogen. In einer bevorzugten Ausführung wird die als Innenscheibe eingesetzte Scheibe ebenfalls einem Biegeprozess unterzogen. Dies ist insbesondere bei starken Biegungen in mehrere Richtungen des Raums (sogenannte dreidimensionale Biegungen) vorteilhaft. In a further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the ventilation structure is introduced into the functional element subtractively in step a) by means of a laser method, preferably by means of a CO2 laser. If the laminated glass is to function as curved vehicle glazing, at least the pane used as the outer pane is subjected to a bending process before lamination. In a preferred embodiment, the pane used as the inner pane is also subjected to a bending process. This is particularly advantageous in the case of sharp bends in several directions in space (so-called three-dimensional bends).
Alternativ wird die als Innenscheibe verwendete Scheibe nicht vorgebogen. Dies ist besonders bei Scheiben mit sehr geringen Dicken vorteilhaft, da diese eine folienartige Flexibilität aufweisen und so an die vorgebogene Außenscheibe angepasst werden können, ohne selbst vorgebogen werden zu müssen. Alternatively, the pane used as the inner pane is not pre-bent. This is particularly advantageous in the case of panes with very small thicknesses, since these have a film-like flexibility and can thus be adapted to the pre-bent outer pane without having to be pre-bent themselves.
Die erste und die zweite Scheibe können einzelnen gebogen werden. Bevorzugt werden die Scheiben gemeinsam (d.h. zeitgleich und durch dasselbe Werkzeug) kongruent gebogen, weil dadurch die Form der Scheiben für die später erfolgende Laminierung optimal aufeinander abgestimmt ist. The first and second discs can be bent individually. The panes are preferably bent congruently together (i.e. at the same time and using the same tool), because this means that the shape of the panes is optimally matched to one another for the subsequent lamination.
Das Verbinden der ersten Scheibe und der zweiten Scheibe in Verfahrensschritt c) erfolgt bevorzugt unter Einwirkung von Hitze, Vakuum und/oder Druck. Es können an sich bekannte Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Verbundscheibe verwendet werden. The joining of the first pane and the second pane in process step c) is preferably carried out under the action of heat, vacuum and / or pressure. Methods known per se for producing a composite pane can be used.
Es können beispielsweise sogenannte Autoklavverfahren bei einem erhöhten Druck von etwa 1 bar bis 15 bar und Temperaturen von 110 °C bis 145 °C über etwa 2 Stunden durchgeführt werden. An sich bekannte Vakuumsack- oder Vakuumring-verfahren arbeiten beispielsweise bei etwa 50 mbar und 80 °C bis 130 °C. Die erste Scheibe, die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht und die zweite Scheibe können auch in einem Kalander zwischen mindestens einem Walzenpaar zu einer Scheibe verpresst werden. Anlagen dieser Art sind zur Herstellung von Scheiben bekannt und verfügen normalerweise über mindestens einen Heiztunnel vor einem Presswerk. Die Temperatur während des Pressvorgangs beträgt beispielsweise von 40 °C bis 150 °C. Kombinationen von Kalander- und Autoklavverfahren haben sich in der Praxis besonders bewährt. Alternativ können Vakuumlaminatoren eingesetzt werden. Diese bestehen aus einer oder mehreren beheizbaren und evakuierbaren Kammern, in denen die erste Scheibe und die zweite Scheibe innerhalb von beispielsweise etwa 60 Minuten bei verminderten Drücken von 0,01 mbar bis 800 mbar und Temperaturen von 80°C bis 170°C laminiert werden. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Erfindung umfasst die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe als Fahrzeugverglasung, insbesondere als Windschutzscheibe, Heckscheibe, Seitenscheibe oder Dachscheibe. For example, so-called autoclave processes can be carried out at an elevated pressure of about 1 bar to 15 bar and temperatures of 110 ° C. to 145 ° C. for about 2 hours. Vacuum bag or vacuum ring processes known per se work, for example, at around 50 mbar and 80 ° C to 130 ° C. The first disk, the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the second disk can also be pressed into a disk in a calender between at least one pair of rollers. Systems of this type are known for the production of panes and normally have at least one heating tunnel in front of a press shop. The temperature during the pressing process is, for example, from 40 ° C to 150 ° C. Combinations of calender and autoclave processes have proven particularly useful in practice. Alternatively, vacuum laminators can be used. These consist of one or more heatable and evacuable chambers in which the first pane and the second pane are laminated within, for example, about 60 minutes at reduced pressures of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and temperatures of 80 ° C to 170 ° C. Another aspect of the invention comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention as vehicle glazing, in particular as a windshield, rear window, side window or roof window.
Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen und Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Die Zeichnungen sind schematische Darstellungen und nicht maßstabsgetreu. Die Zeichnungen schränken die Erfindung in keiner Weise ein. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to drawings and exemplary embodiments. The drawings are schematic representations and are not true to scale. The drawings do not limit the invention in any way.
Es zeigen: Show it:
Figur 1a eine Draufsicht auf eine erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe 1 mit einem Funktionselement 2, wobei die Verbundscheibe 1 flächig mit einer thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht 5 laminiert ist und als Funktionselements 2 eine Vivaldiantenne eingelegt ist, FIG. 1a shows a plan view of a composite pane 1 according to the invention with a functional element 2, the composite pane 1 being laminated flat with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 and a Vivaldi antenna inserted as the functional element 2,
Figur 1b eine Detailansicht des Funktionselementes 2 aus Figur 1a, wobei die Detailansicht die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 zeigt, FIG. 1b shows a detailed view of the functional element 2 from FIG. 1a, the detailed view showing the ventilation structure 8,
Figur 1c einen Querschnitt durch die Verbundscheibe 1 im Bereich des Funktionselements 2 entlang der Schnittlinie AA‘ gemäß Figur 1a, FIG. 1c shows a cross section through the composite pane 1 in the area of the functional element 2 along the section line AA ‘according to FIG. 1a,
Figur 2 eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Ausführungsform der Verbundscheibe 1 gezeigt entlang der Schnittlinie AA‘ analog Figur 1c. Figure 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention of the composite pane 1 shown along the section line AA ‘analogous to Figure 1c.
Figur 1a zeigt eine Draufsicht auf eine erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe 1 mit einer Vivaldiantenne als Funktionselement 2, wobei die Verbundscheibe 1 flächig mit thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht 5 laminiert ist. Figur 1b zeigt eine Detailansicht des in der Verbundscheibe 1 gemäß Figur 1a einlaminierten Funktionselementes 2 mit Entlüftungsstruktur 8. Figur 1c stellt einen Querschnitt durch die Verbundscheibe 1 gemäß Figur 1a im Bereich des Funktionselements 2 dar, wobei der Querschnitt entlang der Schnittlinie AA‘ erfolgt. Die Verbundscheibe 1 ist zur Verwendung als Wndschutzscheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs vorgesehen und umfasst eine erste Scheibe 3, die hier die Innenscheibe der Wndschutzscheibe darstellt, und eine zweite Scheibe 4 (hier: Außenscheibe der Windschutzscheibe). Die Scheiben 3, 4 sind über eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 5 miteinander laminiert. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 5 besteht aus einer ersten Laminierfolie 5.1 , die vollflächig zwischen den Scheiben 3, 4 aufgebracht ist. Die erste Scheibe 3 weist eine Außenseite IV und eine Innenseite III auf. Die zweite Scheibe 4 verfügt über eine Innenseite II und eine Außenseite I. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 5 verbindet die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe 3 und die Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe 4. Die zweite Scheibe 4 und die erste Scheibe 3 bestehen aus Kalk-Natron-Glas. Die erste Laminierfolie 5.1 ist eine thermoplastische Folie, hier eine Polyvinylbutyral-Folie mit einer Dicke von 0,76 mm gemessen vor dem Laminationsvorgang. Die Schichtenabfolge der Verbundscheibe 1 im Bereich außerhalb des Funktionselements 2 besteht gemäß Figur 1c aus der ersten Scheibe 3, der ersten Laminierfolie 5.1 und der zweiten Scheibe 4. Dies ist besonders vorteilhaft, da durch Verwendung nur eines einzelnen Folienelementes der Aufbau auf das Wesentliche reduziert ist, im Produktionsprozess kein Verrutschen von Folienlagen gegeneinander auftritt und eine Gewichtsreduktion im Vergleich zu vollflächig mehrlagigen Zwischenschichten erreicht wird. Im Bereich des Funktionselementes 2 besteht die Schichtenabfolge der Verbundscheibe 1 aus der ersten Scheibe 3, dem auf der Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe 3 aufgelegten Funktionselement 2, der ersten Laminierfolie 5.1 und abschließend der zweiten Scheibe 4, deren Innenseite II auf der ersten Laminierfolie 5.1 aufliegt. Das Funktionselement 2 umfasst eine Trägerfolie 6 und eine darauf angeordnete elektrisch leitfähige Struktur 7. Die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 ist in die Trägerfolie 6 des Funktionselementes 2 subtraktiv mittels eines C02-Lasers eingebracht. In der Ausführungsform der Figur 1c ist die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 in Form von Entlüftungskanälen ausgebildet, die sich senkrecht zur nächstliegenden Scheibenkante K der Verbundscheibe 1 erstrecken. Dadurch wird ein Entweichen von Luftblasen auf dem kürzesten Weg sichergestellt. Die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 umfasst eine Grundfläche 8.1 , die sich in den Bereichen befindet, in denen ein Materialabtrag durch Laser erfolgte. Im Wesentlichen parallel zur Grundfläche 8.1 befinden sich höherliegende Flächenabschnitte 8.2 der Entlüftungsstruktur 8. Die höherliegenden Flächenabschnitte 8.2 entsprechen in der Ausführungsform der Figur 1c der der elektrisch leitfähigen Struktur 7 abgewandten Oberfläche der Trägerfolie 6. Die Grundfläche 8.1 bildet die Bodenfläche der Entlüftungskanäle 9. Die Entlüftungskanäle 9 haben eine Breite von 3,0 mm (Abstand benachbarter höherliegender Flächenbereiche 8.2 zueinander), eine Tiefe von 100 pm (Abstand der Grundfläche 8.1 zu den höherliegenden Flächenbereichen 8.2) und einen Abstand von 2,0 mm zueinander. Das Funktionselement 2 weist eine Gesamtdicke von 215 pm auf. Die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 des Funktionselementes 2 ermöglicht eine gute Evakuierung des Schichtstapels vor Lamination der Verbundscheibe, so dass keinerlei Lufteinschlüsse in Nachbarschaft zum Funktionselement auftreten. Das Erscheinungsbild und die Stabilität der Verbundscheibe ist somit wesentlich verbessert. Ein Einbringen der Entlüftungsstruktur 8 mittels Materialabtrag hat den Vorteil, dass die Gesamtdicke des Funktionselementes 2 konstant bleibt. Figur 2 zeigt eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Ausführungsform der Verbundscheibe 1 , wobei Figur 2 einen Querschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe analog zu der in Figur 1a gezeigten Schnittlinie AA‘ darstellt. Der Grundaufbau entspricht dem in Figur 1c gezeigten. Im Unterschied zur Ausführungsform gemäß Figur 1c, ist die Entlüftungsstruktur in Figur 2 additiv aufgebracht. Die Entlüftungsstruktur 8 ist ebenfalls in Form von Entlüftungskanälen 9 vorgesehen, wobei die Grundfläche 8.1 der Entlüftungsstruktur 8 durch die der elektrisch leitfähigen Struktur 7 abgewandte Oberfläche der T rägerfolie 6 gebildet wird. Die höherliegenden Flächenbereiche 8.2 der Entlüftungsstruktur 8 werden von mittels Tintenstrahldruckverfahren aufgebrachten Linien gebildet. Ein Aufbringen der Entlüftungsstruktur über Druckverfahren ist technisch mit einfachen Mitteln zu bewerkstelligen. Das Funktionselement 2 weist, ohne Entlüftungsstruktur 8 gemessen, eine Gesamtdicke von 215 pm auf. Die Entlüftungskanäle 9 haben eine Breite von 3,0 mm (Abstand benachbarter höherliegender Flächenbereiche 8.2 zueinander), eine Tiefe von 100 pm (Abstand der Grundfläche 8.1 zu den höherliegenden Flächenbereichen 8.2) und einen Abstand von 2,0 mm zueinander. FIG. 1 a shows a plan view of a composite pane 1 according to the invention with a Vivaldi antenna as functional element 2, the composite pane 1 being laminated flat with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5. FIG. 1b shows a detailed view of the functional element 2 with ventilation structure 8 laminated into the composite pane 1 according to FIG. 1a. FIG. 1c shows a cross section through the composite pane 1 according to FIG. 1a in the area of the functional element 2, the cross section being along the section line AA '. The composite pane 1 is intended for use as a windshield of a motor vehicle and comprises a first pane 3, which here represents the inner pane of the windshield, and a second pane 4 (here: outer pane of the windshield). The panes 3, 4 are laminated to one another via a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 consists of a first laminating film 5.1, which is applied over the entire surface between the panes 3, 4. The first pane 3 has an outside IV and an inside III. The second pane 4 has an inside II and an outside I. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 connects the inside III of the first pane 3 and the inside II of the second pane 4. The second pane 4 and the first pane 3 consist of soda-lime glass. The first laminating film 5.1 is a thermoplastic film, here a polyvinyl butyral film with a thickness of 0.76 mm measured before the lamination process. The layer sequence of the composite pane 1 in the area outside the functional element 2 consists of the first pane 3, the first laminating film 5.1 and the second pane 4 according to FIG. 1c. This is particularly advantageous because the structure is reduced to the essentials by using only a single film element , there is no slipping of film layers against each other in the production process and a weight reduction is achieved compared to full-surface multi-layer intermediate layers. In the area of the functional element 2, the layer sequence of the composite pane 1 consists of the first pane 3, the functional element 2 placed on the inside III of the first pane 3, the first laminating film 5.1 and finally the second pane 4, the inside II of which rests on the first laminating film 5.1 . The functional element 2 comprises a carrier film 6 and an electrically conductive structure 7 arranged thereon. The ventilation structure 8 is introduced into the carrier film 6 of the functional element 2 subtractively by means of a CO 2 laser. In the embodiment of FIG. 1c, the ventilation structure 8 is designed in the form of ventilation channels which extend perpendicular to the nearest pane edge K of the composite pane 1. This ensures that air bubbles escape via the shortest route. The ventilation structure 8 comprises a base area 8.1, which is located in the areas in which material was removed by laser. Higher-lying surface sections 8.2 of the ventilation structure 8 are essentially parallel to the base area 8.1. In the embodiment of FIG. 1c, the higher-lying surface sections 8.2 correspond to the surface of the carrier film 6 facing away from the electrically conductive structure 7. The base area 8.1 forms the bottom surface of the ventilation channels 9. The ventilation channels 9 have a width of 3.0 mm (distance between adjacent higher-lying surface areas 8.2 to one another), a depth of 100 μm (distance from the base area 8.1 to the higher-lying surface areas 8.2) and a distance of 2.0 mm from one another. The functional element 2 has a total thickness of 215 μm. The ventilation structure 8 of the functional element 2 enables a good evacuation of the stack of layers before lamination of the laminated pane, so that no air inclusions occur in the vicinity of the functional element. The appearance and the stability of the composite pane are thus significantly improved. Introducing the ventilation structure 8 by removing material has the advantage that the total thickness of the functional element 2 remains constant. FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of the composite pane 1 according to the invention, FIG. 2 showing a cross section through a composite pane according to the invention analogous to the section line AA 'shown in FIG. The basic structure corresponds to that shown in FIG. 1c. In contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 1c, the ventilation structure in FIG. 2 is applied additively. The ventilation structure 8 is also provided in the form of ventilation channels 9, the base area 8.1 of the ventilation structure 8 being formed by the surface of the carrier film 6 facing away from the electrically conductive structure 7. The higher-lying surface areas 8.2 of the ventilation structure 8 are formed by lines applied by means of an inkjet printing process. Applying the ventilation structure using printing processes can be accomplished technically with simple means. The functional element 2, measured without the ventilation structure 8, has a total thickness of 215 μm. The ventilation channels 9 have a width of 3.0 mm (distance between adjacent higher-lying surface areas 8.2 to one another), a depth of 100 μm (distance from the base area 8.1 to the higher-lying surface areas 8.2) and a distance of 2.0 mm from one another.
Bezugszeichenliste: List of reference symbols:
(1) Verbundscheibe (1) composite pane
(2) Funktionselement (2) functional element
(3) erste Scheibe (3) first slice
(4) zweite Scheibe (4) second disc
(5) thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (5) thermoplastic intermediate layer
(5.1) erste Laminierfolie (5.1) first laminating film
(6) Trägerfolie (6) carrier film
(7) elektrisch leitfähige Schicht (7) electrically conductive layer
(8) Entlüftungsstruktur (8) Vent structure
(8.1) Grundfläche der Entlüftungsstruktur (8.1) Base area of the ventilation structure
(8.2) höher liegende Flächenabschnitte der Entlüftungsstruktur(8.2) higher-lying surface sections of the ventilation structure
(9) Entlüftungskanäle (9) Vent channels
AA‘ Schnittlinie AA ‘cutting line
K Seitenkanten der Verbundscheibe K side edges of the laminated pane
I Außenseite der zweiten Scheibe 4 I outside of the second pane 4
II Innenseite der zweiten Scheibe 4 II inside of the second pane 4
III Innenseite der ersten Scheibe 3 III inside of the first pane 3
IV Außenseite der ersten Scheibe 3 IV outside of the first pane 3

Claims

Patentansprüche Claims
1. Verbundscheibe (1) mit mindestens einem Funktionselement (2), mindestens umfassend eine erste Scheibe (3) umfassend eine Innenseite III und eine Außenseite IV, eine zweite Scheibe (4) umfassend eine Innenseite II und eine Außenseite I, eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (5), die die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe (3) flächig mit der Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe (4) verbindet, mindestens ein Funktionselement (2), das in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht (5) eingelagert ist, wobei das mindestens eine Funktionselement (2) unmittelbar an die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe (3) und/oder die Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe (4) grenzt und zumindest in den Bereichen des Funktionselementes (2), die unmittelbar an die erste Scheibe (3) und/oder zweite Scheibe (4) grenzen, eine Entlüftungsstruktur (8) angebracht ist, die verhindert, dass das Funktionselement (2) vollflächig an der Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe (4) und/oder der Innenseite II der ersten Scheibe (3) anliegt. 1. Composite pane (1) with at least one functional element (2), at least comprising a first pane (3) comprising an inside III and an outside IV, a second pane (4) comprising an inside II and an outside I, a thermoplastic intermediate layer ( 5), which connects the inside III of the first pane (3) flatly with the inside II of the second pane (4), at least one functional element (2) which is embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer (5), the at least one functional element ( 2) directly adjoins the inside III of the first pane (3) and / or the inside II of the second pane (4) and at least in the areas of the functional element (2) that are directly adjacent to the first pane (3) and / or second Disc (4) border, a ventilation structure (8) is attached, which prevents the functional element (2) from fully resting on the inside II of the second disc (4) and / or the inside II of the first disc (3) .
2. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) mehrere Entlüftungskanäle (9) umfasst, die im Wesentlichen senkrecht zu der dem Funktionselement (2) nächstliegenden Seitenkante (K) verlaufen. 2. Composite pane (1) according to claim 1, wherein the ventilation structure (8) comprises a plurality of ventilation channels (9) which run essentially perpendicular to the side edge (K) closest to the functional element (2).
3. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) eine regelmäßige oder unregelmäßige Struktur (10) umfasst. 3. The composite pane (1) according to claim 1, wherein the ventilation structure (8) comprises a regular or irregular structure (10).
4. Verbundscheibe (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) auf einer Grundfläche (8.1) befindliche und in Relation zur Grundfläche (8.1) höherliegende Flächenbereiche (8.2) umfasst. 4. Composite pane (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ventilation structure (8) comprises surface areas (8.2) located on a base area (8.1) and higher in relation to the base area (8.1).
5. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 4, wobei die höher liegenden Flächenbereiche (8.2) gegenüber der Grundfläche (8.1) um mindestens 15 pm, bevorzugt um mindestens 30 pm, besonders bevorzugt um mindestens 50 pm höhenversetzt zur Grundfläche liegen. 5. A composite pane (1) according to claim 4, wherein the higher lying surface areas (8.2) are offset in height from the base surface by at least 15 μm, preferably by at least 30 μm, particularly preferably by at least 50 μm.
6. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, wobei die höher liegenden Flächenbereiche (8.2) einen Flächenanteil von mindestens 20 %, bevorzugt mindestens 40 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 50 % und bevorzugt jeweils höchstens 80 % der Gesamtfläche aus Grundfläche (8.1) und höherliegenden Flächenbereichen (8.2) einnehmen. 6. Composite pane (1) according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the higher lying surface areas (8.2) have an area proportion of at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, particularly preferably at least 50% and preferably at most 80% of the total area of the base area (8.1) and occupy higher surface areas (8.2).
7. Verbundscheibe (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) additiv oder subtraktiv auf das Funktionselement (2), die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe (4) und/oder die Innenseite II der zweiten Scheibe (4), bevorzugt auf das Funktionselement (2), aufgebracht ist. 7. composite pane (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the ventilation structure (8) additively or subtractively to the functional element (2), the inside III of the first pane (4) and / or the inside II of the second pane (4 ), is preferably applied to the functional element (2).
8. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) additiv mittels Druckverfahren, bevorzugt Siebdruckverfahren oder Tintenstrahldruckverfahren, besonders bevorzugt mittels Tintendruckverfahren aufgebracht ist. 8. A composite pane (1) according to claim 7, wherein the ventilation structure (8) is applied additively by means of printing processes, preferably screen printing processes or inkjet printing processes, particularly preferably by means of ink printing processes.
9. Verbundscheibe (1) nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) subtraktiv auf das Funktionselement (2) aufgebracht ist, bevorzugt mittels Laserverfahren. 9. composite pane (1) according to claim 7, wherein the ventilation structure (8) is applied subtractively to the functional element (2), preferably by means of a laser method.
10. Verbundscheibe (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, wobei das Funktionselement (2) ein elektrisch schaltbares Funktionselement (2), bevorzugt eine Antenne, ein Sensor, ein Schaltelement, ein elektrisches Anschlusselement, ein elektrischer Sammelleiter, besonders bevorzugt eine Antenne, ist. 10. Laminated pane (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the functional element (2) is an electrically switchable functional element (2), preferably an antenna, a sensor, a switching element, an electrical connection element, an electrical busbar, particularly preferably an antenna , is.
11. Verbundscheibe (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, wobei das Funktionselement (2) eine Dicke von mindestens 50 pm, bevorzugt mindestens 100 pm, insbesondere mindestens 150 pm aufweist. 11. Composite pane (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the functional element (2) has a thickness of at least 50 μm, preferably at least 100 μm, in particular at least 150 μm.
12. Verbundscheibe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, wobei die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (5) mindestens eine erste Laminierfolie (5.1) umfassend Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Ethylenvinylacetat (EVA) und/oder Polyurethan (PU) mit einer Dicke von 0,30 mm bis 1,5 mm, bevorzugt 0,35 mm bis 1,0 mm, besonders bevorzugt 0,35 mm bis 0,8 mm aufweist. 12. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (5) comprises at least one first laminating film (5.1) comprising polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and / or polyurethane (PU) with a thickness of 0.30 mm to 1.5 mm, preferably 0.35 mm to 1.0 mm, particularly preferably 0.35 mm to 0.8 mm.
13. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Verbundscheibe (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, wobei a) mindestens eine Entlüftungsstruktur (8) auf mindestens ein Funktionselement (2) additiv oder subtraktiv aufgebracht wird, b) ein Schichtstapel mindestens umfassend eine erste Scheibe (3), das Funktionselement (2) mit Entlüftungsstruktur (8), eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (5) und eine zweite Scheibe (4) gebildet wird, wobei die Entlüftungsstruktur (8) unmittelbar an die Innenseite III der ersten Scheibe (3) und/oder die Innenseite (II) der zweiten Scheibe (4) grenzt, c) der Schichtstapel aus Schritt b) zu einer Verbundscheibe (1) laminiert wird. 13. A method for producing a composite pane (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein a) at least one ventilation structure (8) is applied additively or subtractively to at least one functional element (2), b) a layer stack at least comprising a first pane (3), the functional element (2) with ventilation structure (8), a thermoplastic intermediate layer (5) ) and a second disk (4) is formed, the ventilation structure (8) directly adjoining the inside III of the first disk (3) and / or the inside (II) of the second disk (4), c) the layer stack from step b) is laminated to form a composite pane (1).
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei in Schritt a) eine Entlüftungsstruktur (8) additiv aufgedruckt wird oder subtraktiv mittels Laserverfahren erzeugt wird. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein in step a) a ventilation structure (8) is printed additively or is generated subtractively by means of a laser process.
15. Verwendung einer Verbundscheibe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12 als Fahrzeugverglasung, insbesondere Windschutzscheibe, Dachscheibe, Seitenscheibe oder Heckscheibe. 15. Use of a composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 12 as vehicle glazing, in particular windshield, roof window, side window or rear window.
EP20803190.6A 2019-11-28 2020-11-12 Composite pane with functional element, which is incorporated into a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and ventilation structure Pending EP4065369A1 (en)

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EP19212113 2019-11-28
PCT/EP2020/081889 WO2021104887A1 (en) 2019-11-28 2020-11-12 Composite pane with functional element, which is incorporated into a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and ventilation structure

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EP (1) EP4065369A1 (en)
JP (1) JP7389903B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20220073838A (en)
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JP7389903B2 (en) 2023-11-30
KR20220073838A (en) 2022-06-03
CN113207287A (en) 2021-08-03
WO2021104887A1 (en) 2021-06-03
US20220371410A1 (en) 2022-11-24

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