EP4058591A1 - Determination par spectrometrie de masse de la sensibilite ou de la resistance de bacteries a un antibiotique - Google Patents
Determination par spectrometrie de masse de la sensibilite ou de la resistance de bacteries a un antibiotiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4058591A1 EP4058591A1 EP20861979.1A EP20861979A EP4058591A1 EP 4058591 A1 EP4058591 A1 EP 4058591A1 EP 20861979 A EP20861979 A EP 20861979A EP 4058591 A1 EP4058591 A1 EP 4058591A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antibiotic
- bacterium
- sample
- colistin
- mass spectrometry
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/18—Testing for antimicrobial activity of a material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
- G01N33/6848—Methods of protein analysis involving mass spectrometry
- G01N33/6851—Methods of protein analysis involving laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of microbiology and relates more particularly to the determination by mass spectrometry of the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to an antibiotic inducing the rupture of its wall and / or of its cytoplasmic membrane.
- antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to global health today. Due to misuse of these drugs, G antimicrobial resistance is believed to be the cause of 12,500 deaths per year in France and could become the leading cause of death in the world in 2050.
- antibiotics have some undesirable effects, which vary according to the molecules. Most are mild, but a few can be serious or even serious. Thus, certain antibiotics can increase the morbidity, even mortality, of patients due to undesirable side effects, in particular neurotoxic and nephrotoxic (Poirel L et al., 2017). This is particularly the case with certain antibiotics which act on the bacterial wall and / or the plasma membrane of certain bacteria.
- Colistin for example, a polymyxin antibiotic that acts on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, binds to the surface of the membranes of nephron tubular cells, resulting in albuminuric interstitial nephritis. Colistin also has a neuromuscular blocking effect by blocking the presynaptic release of acetyl choline and reducing the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors (Spapen, 2011).
- antibiotics should only be used if the pathogenic bacteria (ies) are sensitive to them and for some of them only reserved for last resort treatments.
- rapid determination of the sensitivity or resistance of an identified bacterium to an antibiotic is essential, preferably before initiating treatment, or failing that as early as possible.
- CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
- EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- This time can be from 1 to 2 hours for a b-lactamase like KPC, but must generally be much longer for less active or less abundant b-lactamases in the cell (Mirande et al., 2015). Bacterial proteins are not directly observed in these methods. Bacterial lysis under the action of the antibiotic is not sought.
- the objective of the present invention is to provide a method for determining the sensitivity or the resistance of at least one identified bacterium to at least one antibiotic, which overcomes the drawbacks of the methods of the art.
- prior art namely to provide an inexpensive method, without the use of detergents, without reagents specific to each species, giving a result in a short time, less than an hour, and usable in routine clinic, without requiring highly qualified personnel.
- the invention proposes a new method for determining the sensitivity or the resistance of at least one identified bacterium to at least one antibiotic, comprising the following steps: a) bringing a sample comprising said bacterium into contact with said said bacterium.
- At least one antibiotic said antibiotic inducing the rupture of the bacterial wall and / or of the cytoplasmic membrane and causing the release of the intracellular compounds of said bacterium when the latter is said to be “sensitive” to said at least one antibiotic, b) incubation of said bacteria sample with said at least one antibiotic, c) purification of said sample by removing intact bacteria and cell debris, d) analysis of the purified sample by mass spectrometry, e) detection of the presence or absence of at least one peak of at least one protein characteristic of said bacterium, f) determining the sensitivity or resistance of said bacterial population to said antibiotic.
- the sample can come from different sources.
- samples of biological origin in particular animal or human.
- Such a sample can correspond to a sample of biological fluid, of the whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, organic secretion type, to a tissue sample or to isolated cells.
- This sample can be used as it is, or will preferably be subjected beforehand to its contact with the antibiotic, to a preparation of enrichment or culture type, to a concentration and / or to an extraction or purification step. according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
- a preparation cannot correspond to a lysis step which results in the disintegration of the microorganisms and a loss of their content before coming into contact with the antibiotic.
- the sample can be used as an inoculum.
- the sample may first have been cultured in broth or on agar so as to enrich it with bacteria.
- agar or broth are well known to those skilled in the art.
- the sample will preferably include a single bacterial species. However, it is not excluded to use a sample comprising several bacteria. In this case, it will be preferable that the bacteria are known to be susceptible to developing different resistance mechanisms, so as to know which one would present the resistance that would be identified.
- the bacteria which can be characterized by the method of the invention are all bacteria, pathogenic or not, encountered both in industry and in the clinic.
- bacterium covers Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.
- the bacterium is a Gram-negative bacterium, preferably chosen from the following species and subspecies: Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Acinetobacter junii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacteron cloacae, Pseudomain Salmonella enteritica serotype Enteritidis, Salmonella enteritica serotype Paratyphi B variant Java, Salmonella enteritica serotype Agona, Salmonella enteritica serotype Enteritidis, Salmonella enteritica serotype Haifa, Salmonella enteritica serotype Newport and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- sensitivity of at least one identified bacterium to at least one antibiotic we mean the ability of this antibiotic to kill or sufficiently inhibit the growth of this bacterium.
- Determination of sensitivity means determining the susceptibility of a bacterium to be killed or whose growth is inhibited by an antibiotic.
- resistance of at least one identified bacterium to at least one antibiotic is meant a phenomenon according to which the bacterium retains all or part of its viability, its growth or its reproduction, when it is exposed to a concentration of antibiotic which is recognized as being effective against this bacterium in the absence of resistance.
- This resistance can be acquired by one or more strains of a bacterial species naturally sensitive to this antibiotic. This resistance can also be innate or natural.
- resistance to antibiotics can be chromosomal and / or extra-chromosomal resistance, also called plasmid.
- determination of resistance to at least one antibiotic is meant the determination of the ability of a bacterium to multiply when exposed to an antibiotic to which it is naturally sensitive.
- the method which is the subject of the present invention is also applicable to bacterial strains which express heteroresistance, that is to say that only a part, minority or not, of the population of a bacterial clone expresses this resistance.
- antibiotic any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which has a specific action on bacteria.
- the antibiotic induces the rupture of the bacterial wall and / or of the cytoplasmic membrane thus causing the release of the intracellular compounds of the bacterium when the latter is sensitive to this antibiotic.
- Antibiotics inducing rupture of the bacterial wall and those inducing rupture of the membrane cytoplasmic cells are distinguished by their mode of action on bacteria. It is essential, in the context of the present invention, that the rupture of the bacterial wall and / or of the cytoplasmic membrane be induced by the antibiotic and not by the action of a solvent or of an acid.
- a bacterial lysis using a solvent, such as acetonitrile or an alcohol (ethanol, methanol, etc.), and / or acid, such as formic acid.
- the objective of this lysis step is to release intracellular proteins, to observe them by spectrometry and for example to identify the microorganism.
- this lysis step is not carried out so that the release of the intracellular compounds of the bacterium is only due to the action of the antibiotic when the latter is sensitive to this. antibiotic and not that of a solvent or an acid and thus does not distort the result.
- antibiotics acting on the bacterial wall there are those inducing the inhibition of the synthesis of precursors of the wall, those inducing the inhibition of the transfer of the precursors from the wall to a carrier lipid, this normally allowing their transport through the plasma membrane and those inducing inhibition of the insertion of glycanic units, precursors of the wall, and of transpeptidation.
- antibiotics acting on the insertion of glycanic units, precursors of the wall, and of transpeptidation we can cite the b-lactams, which inhibit the transpeptidase involved in the synthesis of the wall or the glycopeptides , which bind to a peptidoglycan synthetic intermediate.
- cytoplasmic membrane The existence of an intact cytoplasmic membrane is necessary for bacterial survival. Its role is twofold, on the one hand it allows to sequester metabolites and ions necessary inside the cytoplasm, on the other hand, it makes it possible to maintain a proton gradient between the inside and the outside of the cell, generated by the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle and which allows the storage of cellular energy. This proton gradient feeds GATR synthase which makes GATR. Any disturbance of the waterproofing of the membrane breaks these confinements, the chemiosmotic energy is dissipated and the contents of the cytoplasm leak into the extracellular environment. There are a number of antibiotic molecules which act on the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, either by acting as detergents which disorganize lipids, or by forming a pore in the cytoplasmic membrane which will cause the release of cellular compounds.
- polymyxins act as cationic detergents: thanks to their amphipathic character, they penetrate into the bacterial cell and are inserted among the phospholipids of the wall, thus disrupting membrane permeability.
- Gramicidin is a peptide which fits into the membrane forming a cylindrical pore allowing the escape of cations.
- the antibiotic is chosen from polymyxins, b-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones and glycopeptides, preferably the antibiotic is a polymyxin and is chosen from colistin and polymyxin B.
- the antibiotic has a concentration of between twice the minimum inhibitory concentration and ten times the minimum inhibitory concentration for the bacterial population studied.
- the antibiotic has a concentration at least ten times greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic for the bacterial population studied.
- the antibiotic has a concentration at least one hundred times greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic for the bacterial population studied.
- the antibiotic has a concentration at least a thousand times greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic for the bacterial population studied. The inventors have demonstrated, against all expectations, that the process according to the invention works at such concentrations. In fact, it is not easy to use this range of concentrations for an antibiotic because, on the one hand, in the context of an analysis by mass spectrometry, the peaks corresponding to the antibiotic could mask the peaks corresponding to the characteristic proteins of the bacteria.
- the ionization step is in fact subject to competition between molecules, generally favorable to the most abundant molecules in the sample, namely the antibiotic in the present case.
- the high concentration of antibiotic therefore risked preventing the detection of protein peaks.
- concentrations can be toxic to a patient if prescribed.
- the minimum inhibitory concentration, or MIC is the lowest concentration of antibiotics capable of inhibiting in vitro any visible culture of the strain studied at a given temperature and for a defined period of time. This value characterizes the bacteriostatic effect of an antibiotic on a bacterium.
- the MIC is specific for an antibiotic / bacterium pair, each strain having its own value, depending on the natural and / or acquired resistance for the tested molecule.
- a compound known to accelerate the enzymatic reaction implemented in the resistance mechanism considered can also be brought into contact with the sample.
- This compound can for example be zinc, in the ZnC ′ b or zinc sulfate form in particular, which is an important co-factor for the activity of metallo -b-lactamases.
- This compound can be added in combination with the antibiotic or at any other time in the preparation of the sample.
- the method comprises an incubation step to allow the interaction between the bacterial population (s) and the antibiotic (s).
- the conditions and the incubation time will be adapted by those skilled in the art according to the populations to be analyzed.
- the sample can be left at a temperature belonging, for example, to a range from 15 to 100 ° C, and in particular at room temperature (22 ° C). It is also possible to transfer it to a thermostatically controlled enclosure, for example at 37 ° C.
- the incubation temperature will be 50 ° C or about 50 ° C.
- the inventors have surprisingly shown that a high incubation temperature (of the order of 50 ° C), which can be lethal to bacteria, is suitable within the scope of the present invention.
- the incubation time should be sufficient to allow lysis of the bacteria when they are sensitive and thus allow the subsequent detection by mass spectrometry of its intracellular compounds, in particular of intracellular proteins which have been released. Incubation is most often carried out for a period of between 45 and 90 minutes, preferably for less than 30 minutes, more preferably for less than 15 minutes and even more preferably for less than 10 minutes. This represents an advantage over the methods of the prior art, in particular those described in applications US 2008/009029, WO 2014/187517, where the time required for incubation exceeds two hours. This long time is necessary to ensure that the bacteria have responded well to the action of the antibiotic by modification, respectively bacterial growth or protein patina. Such an effect is not sought in the method according to the invention. Thus, it is not necessary to wait a sufficient time to allow a division of the bacterial cells, or even a change in the level of expression of their proteins.
- the method of the invention may comprise, after the incubation step, a homogenization step.
- this step must not induce the rupture of the bacterial wall and / or of the cytoplasmic membrane, in particular by cavitation.
- This step could in particular be implemented by techniques such as sonication, mechanical or magnetic vortexing, using a thermal mixer, of the thermomixer type, provided that these techniques do not cause the rupture of the cell. bacterial wall and / or cytoplasmic membrane.
- This step makes it possible to intimately mix the antibiotic and the microorganism to be analyzed and to reduce the incubation time necessary for the diffusion of the antibiotic in the vicinity of the wall and / or the membrane.
- the sonication technique consists of the incubation of microtubes in an ultrasonic bath.
- the sonication takes place for a period of between 5 and 90 minutes.
- the mechanical vortexing takes place for a period of between 5 and 90 minutes.
- the magnetic vortexing takes place for a period of between 5 and 90 minutes.
- the method comprises a step of purifying said sample by removing intact bacteria and cellular debris.
- This step consists in keeping in the sample only the intracellular compounds released by the bacterium analyzed when the latter has been brought into contact with an antibiotic to which it is sensitive.
- the non-sensitive bacteria, which will be intact, and the cellular debris, following lysis are eliminated from the sample to be analyzed.
- this sample purification step could in particular be implemented by techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, chromatography or else electrophoresis.
- multidimensional chromatography can be used by combining separation by ion exchange chromatography with reverse phase chromatography, as described by T. Fortin et al. (2009) or H. Keshishian et al. (2007) for the analysis of proteotypic protein peptides.
- the chromatographic medium can be in a column or in a cartridge (solid phase extraction).
- the electrophoretic or chromatographic fraction (or the retention time in mono or multidimensional chromatography) of the proteotypic peptides is characteristic of each peptide and the implementation of these techniques therefore makes it possible to select the proteotypic peptide (s) to be assayed.
- Such fractionation of the peptides generated makes it possible to increase the specificity of the subsequent assay by mass spectrometry. It is also possible to work on whole proteins, in particular by a so-called “top-down” technology as synthesized by Donnelly et al. (Nature Methods, 2019). In these studies, the electrophoretic or chromatographic fraction (or the retention time in mono or multidimensional chromatography) of the proteins is characteristic of each protein and the implementation of these techniques therefore makes it possible to select the protein or proteins to be assayed.
- the centrifugation takes place for a period of between 1 and 60 minutes and at a speed of rotation of between 300 g and 30,000 g.
- the filtration consists of filtration on a filter with a porosity of between 0.02 and 0.22mpi.
- electrophoresis consists of a separation technology under the action of an electric field.
- electrophoresis can be chosen from isotachophoresis, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS-PAGE), isoelectrofocusing (IEF), or else two-dimensional electrophoresis which is a combination of IEF and SDS-PAGE.
- chromatography consists of a separation of molecules present in a mobile phase using a stationary phase.
- the chromatography may be chosen from among thin layer chromatography, chromatography on a solid phase extraction cartridge (SPE) or chromatography on a chromatography column.
- SPE solid phase extraction cartridge
- the cartridge or the column may contain a chromatographic compound to ensure the selectivity of the method according to the physicochemical properties of the molecules of interest.
- this compound may allow reverse phase chromatography (Cl 8, C8 or C4), serum exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography or affinity chromatography.
- the mass spectrometry to be implemented in the method of the invention is widely known to those skilled in the art as a powerful tool for the analysis and detection of different types of molecules.
- any type of molecule that can be ionized can be detected based on its molecular mass using a mass spectrometer.
- certain mass spectrometry technologies may be more suitable.
- the mass spectrometry method used for the detection comprises a step of ionization of the target molecule in so-called molecular ions, in this case a step of ionization of the proteins of at least one bacterium. , and a step of separating the molecular ions obtained as a function of their mass.
- an ionization source intended to ionize the molecules present in the sample to be analyzed, that is to say to impart a positive or negative charge to these molecules;
- a detector intended to measure the signal produced either directly by the molecular ions, or by ions produced from the molecular ions, as detailed below.
- the ionization step necessary for the implementation of mass spectrometry can be implemented by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the ionization source makes it possible to bring the molecules to be assayed in a gaseous and ionized state.
- An ionization source can be used either in positive mode to study positive ions, or in negative mode to study negative ions.
- F AB fast atoms
- MAB metastable atoms
- SIMS LSIMS
- ICP inductive plasma coupling
- APCI atmospheric pressure
- APPI photoionization at atmospheric pressure
- MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization
- SELDI surface
- DIOS on silicon
- DESI desorption - electrospray ionization
- nDESI nano desorption - electrospray ionization
- LAESI laser ablation
- REIMS rapid MS evaporative ionization
- the mass analysis step necessary for the implementation of mass spectrometry can be carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the mass analyzer makes it possible to separate the molecules to be assayed, in a gaseous and ionized state, according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m / z).
- m / z mass-to-charge ratio
- any mass spectrometry method suitable for the detection of at least one bacterial molecule can be used within the framework of the invention.
- the mass spectrometry used is matrix-assisted desorption-ionization mass spectrometry and time-of-flight measurement (MALDI-TOF) which in particular has the advantage of a relatively simple implementation.
- MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted desorption-ionization mass spectrometry and time-of-flight measurement
- a MALDI ionization source allows molecules to be ionized from a sample in the solid state. Prior to its ionization, the sample is preferably brought into contact with a matrix.
- the matrix used advantageously contains a compound chosen from 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ie sinapic acid or sinapinic acid); ⁇ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ie alpha-cyano, alpha-matrix or CHCA), ferulic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (ie DHB).
- deposition on a layer of dry matrix deposition on a layer of dry matrix
- deposition with a drop of matrix known as “dried drop” deposition
- deposition on a layer of matrix then addition of a drop of matrix, known as “sandwich” deposition .
- the matrices are photosensitive and crystallize in the presence of the sample while preserving the integrity of the molecules.
- Such matrices in particular suitable for the MALDI-TOF technique, are well known and chosen from; 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; ⁇ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
- Many other compounds are known to those skilled in the art.
- the target that is to say the support on which the sample is deposited
- the target can directly play the role of matrix, as in the case of “Nano-Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization” (NALDI) or “ Desorption / Ionization On Silicon ”(DIOS).
- NALDI Nano-Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization
- DIOS Desorption / Ionization On Silicon
- the laser beam can have any type of wavelength favorable to sublimation or vaporization of the matrix.
- the ultraviolet or even infrared wavelength will be used.
- such a compound is dissolved, most often in water, preferably of “ultrapure” quality, or in a water / organic solvent (s) mixture.
- organic solvent e.g., acetone, acetonitrile, methanol or ethanol.
- Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) can sometimes be added.
- An example of a matrix consists, for example, of 20 mg / ml of sinapic acid in an acetonitrile / water / TFA mixture of 50/50 / 0.1 (v / v).
- the organic solvent allows the hydrophobic molecules present in the sample to dissolve in the solution, while the water allows the dissolution of the hydrophilic molecules.
- the presence of acid, such as TFA promotes ionization of sample molecules by uptake of a proton (H +).
- the solvent present in the matrix is then evaporated, for example, by leaving the sample at a temperature belonging, for example, to the range from 17 to 30 ° C, and in particular at room temperature (22 ° C) for a few minutes. , for example from 1 minute to 2h.
- This evaporation of the solvent allows the crystallization of the matrix in which the sample is distributed.
- the sample, placed within the crystalline matrix is subjected to gentle ionization. This ionization will preferably be carried out with a nitrogen laser emitting a UV ray at 337.1 nm.
- the sample is subjected to laser excitation.
- the crystals of the matrix then absorb the photon energy and the restitution of this energy causes the sublimation of the matrix, the desorption of the sample and the appearance of matter in a state called plasma.
- charge exchanges take place between matrix and sample molecules. For example, protons can be stripped from the matrix and transferred to proteins and peptides in the sample. This step allows a gentle ionization of bio molecules without inducing their destruction.
- the samples thus release ions of different sizes. These are then accelerated by an electric field and fly freely in a tube under reduced pressure, called the flight tube.
- the pressure applied during ionization and during the acceleration of the ions generated most often belongs to the range going from 10 6 to 10 9 millibar (mbar).
- the smaller ions will then "travel" faster than the larger ions, thus allowing their separation.
- a detector At the terminal end of the flight tube is located a detector.
- the flight time of ions is used to calculate their mass.
- a mass spectrum is obtained, representing the intensity of the signal corresponding to the number of ionized molecules of the same mass on charge (m / z), as a function of the m / z ratio of the molecules which strike the detector.
- the m / z ratio is expressed in Thomson (Th).
- the separation of molecular ions according to their m / z ratio can be carried out only once (simple mass spectrometry or MS), or else several successive MS separations can be carried out.
- MS / MS or MS 2 .
- MS / MS / MS or MS 3 and more generally, when n successive MS separations are carried out, the analysis is called MS n .
- the mass spectrometry used in the method of the invention is tandem mass spectrometry (MS 2 , MS 3 , MS 4 or MS 5 ), where several mass analyzers are coupled together.
- a first analyzer separates the ions
- a collision cell allows the ions to fragment
- a second analyzer separates the fragment ions.
- Some analyzers such as ion traps or the LT-ICR, combine several analyzers in one and allow ions to be fragmented and analyzed. the fragments directly.
- This technology allows a successive separation in two mass analyzers, which has in particular the advantage of having very good specificity by selecting an ion in the first analyzer, by fragmenting it and by analyzing its daughter ions in the second analyzer.
- the separation can be carried out in a MALDI-TOF-TOF which comprises two time-of-flight analyzers and the same ease of use as a MALDI-TOF.
- the ionization source can be from any type of source known to those skilled in the art and the mass analyzer from any type of mass analyzer known to those skilled in the art.
- the mass spectrometry is in tandem and uses an electrospray source and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned analyzers.
- ionization can be implemented as follows: the sample containing the target molecules is introduced into an electrospray ionization source which makes it possible to ionize a molecule while making it pass from a liquid state to a gaseous state .
- the molecules are thus transformed into molecular ions which correspond to the initial molecules.
- the molecular ions obtained then correspond to the molecules initially present in the liquid sample, with in positive mode one, two or even three or more additional protons and therefore carry one, two or even three or more charges.
- the target molecule when the target molecule is a protein in the liquid phase, ionization using an electrospray source operating in positive mode, leads to ions in the gaseous state, with one, two, or even three or more additional protons and which are therefore carriers of one, two, or even three or more charges.
- This type of source is particularly well suited when the target molecules, such as proteins, are separated beforehand by reverse phase liquid chromatography.
- the SRM (Selected Reaction Monitoring) modes in the case of detection or assay of a single target molecule, MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) in the event of detection or assay of several target molecules, or else PRM (Parallel Reaction Monitoring) are special uses of MS 2 separation.
- MRM 3 mode is a particular use of MS / MS / MS separation (WO 2010136706).
- SRM, MRM, PRM and MRM 3 techniques are targeted mass spectrometry techniques, which means that the ions of the molecule to be detected are specifically targeted for analysis.
- DDA data dependent acquisition
- DIA data independent acquisition
- the DDA approach consists of i) acquiring an MS spectrum, ii) successively selecting each precursor ion observed on the MS spectrum with an intense signal, iii) successively fragmenting each precursor ion and acquiring its MS / MS spectrum , iv) query databases such as SWISS-PROT or NCBI, through software such as Mascot (Matrix Science, London, United Kingdom) or SEQUEST (Thermo Scientif ⁇ c, Waltham, United States of America), to identify the molecule having a high probability of corresponding to the observed MS / MS spectrum.
- This method can lead to the identification of a molecule characteristic of a microorganism without necessarily targeting its analysis a priori.
- DIA methods do not include step ii).
- a set of ions is fragmented and analyzed in step iii) independently of their relative intensity.
- a mass window possibly comprising several precursor ions is selected in the first mass analyzer.
- These so-called several precursor ions are transferred to the following analyzer (s) in order to be fragmented and analyzed simultaneously.
- This technique is particularly advantageous when using a high-resolution mass spectrometer, capable of identifying with great precision all of the fragment ions corresponding respectively to the various precursor ions selected concomitantly.
- MS assay In the case of detection in MS / MS mode, essentially two steps are added, compared to an MS assay, which are: a fragmentation of the molecular ions, then called precursor ions, to give daughter ions, called fragment ions, and a separation of the daughter ions called fragment ions as a function of their mass / charge (m / z) 2 , the ratio (m / z) i corresponding to the ratio (m / z) of the precursor ions.
- fragment ion an ion derived from the precursor ion, following a fragmentation step and whose mass to charge m / z ratio is different from the precursor ion.
- the pairs (m / z) i and (m / z) 2 are called transitions and are representative of the characteristic ions to be detected.
- the choice of the characteristic ions which are detected to be correlated with the target molecule is carried out conventionally by a person skilled in the art so as to lead advantageously to the most sensitive, the most specific and the most robust assays possible, in terms of reproducibility and reliability. .
- SRM mode or even of MRM mode, is to specifically select a precursor ion, to fragment it, then to specifically select one of its fragment ions.
- devices of the triple quadrupole type or triple quadrupole hybrids with ion trap are generally used (WO 2011/045544).
- PRM mode differs from SRM and MRM modes by the use of a latest high resolution analyzer. The latter makes it possible to detect all the fragment ions in parallel with a sufficient resolution to ensure the specificity of the method (Peterson AC et al., 2012).
- hybrid devices of the quadrupole and time-of-flight (Q-TOF) type or of the ion trap and orbitrap type, or else quadrupoles and orbitrap are generally used.
- the first quadrupole (Ql) makes it possible to filter the molecular ions, characteristic of the protein to be assayed, as a function of their mass to charge ratio (m / z). Only the ions having the mass / charge ratio of the desired protein, called ratios (m / z) n, are transmitted into the second quadrupole (q2) and play the role of precursor ions for the subsequent fragmentation.
- the q2 analyzer makes it possible to fragment ions of mass / charge ratio (m / z) n into fragment ions.
- Fragmentation is usually achieved by collision of precursor ions with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon in q2.
- the fragment ions are transmitted in the orbitrap which determines their m / z ratio.
- the fragment ions having the mass / charge ratio (m / z) Î2 of fragments characteristic of the i th protein sought are then detected, or even quantified.
- This mode of operation has a double selectivity, in relation to the selection of the precursor ion on the one hand and the selection of at least one fragment ion on the other hand.
- Mass spectrometry in SRM, MRM or PRM mode is advantageous for quantification insofar as it quantitatively detects fragment ions characteristic of the molecule to be detected, or even quantified.
- an MS detection method is advantageous because it can be carried out in a few minutes and it requires a mass spectrometer with a single analyzer, that is ie a less complex instrument than a tandem mass spectrometer used in MS / MS.
- an MS / MS detection method is also advantageous because it makes it possible to generate a specific fragment of the molecules to be detected and thus to bring great specificity to the method according to the invention.
- the MS / MS spectrometry is MRM, which has the advantage of using an analysis cycle time in the mass spectrometer of a few tens of milliseconds, which makes it possible to detect with great sensitivity, and in a multiplexed fashion, a large number of different molecules.
- the MS / MS spectrometry is PRM, which has the advantage of using several fragment ions to characterize the detection of the target molecule.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented using a MALDI-TOF, as described by Claydon et al. and by T. Krishnamurthy and P. Ross.
- the analysis combines the acquisition of a mass spectrum and the interpretation of expert software. It is extremely simple and can be done in a matter of minutes.
- the method according to the invention can also be implemented with an electrospray source on a raw sample, as described by S. Vaidyanathan et al. or by R. Everley et al. after chromatographic separation. Different ranges of m / z then make it possible to identify the characteristic proteins of the microorganisms to be analyzed.
- S. Vaidyanathan et al. used a window between 200 and 2000 Th and R. Everley et al. a window between 620 and 2450 Th.
- the mass spectra can also be deconvoluted to access the mass of proteins independently of their state of charge.
- R. Everley et al. thus exploited masses between approximately 5,000 and 50,000 Da.
- the spectrum generated by Mass spectrometry will show at least one peak of at least one protein characteristic of this bacterial population.
- protein peak characteristic of a bacterial population is meant a peak which makes it possible to distinguish a bacterial population from any other type of molecular sample.
- Reference spectra obtained by mass spectrometry technology, in particular MALDI-TOF, for a given bacterium corresponding to its majority and characteristic proteins, are available and recorded in databases available with commercial devices, and allow, by comparison, determining the sensitivity of this bacterium to the antibiotic with which it has been in contact.
- the at least one characteristic protein is chosen from ribosomal proteins and DNA binding proteins.
- the at least one characteristic protein is chosen from the induced stationary phase protein associated with the ribosome (Stationary-phase-induced ribosome-associated protein, SPIRAP), the acid stress chaperone protein HdeB (Acid stress chaperone HdeB), 50S ribosomal proteins (L29, L31, L32, L33 and L35).
- the at least one characteristic protein is chosen from the DNA binding protein H-NS (DNA binding protein H-NS), the ribosomal proteins L29, L31, L34 and US9.
- the method comprises a step of calculating the ratio between the intensity at least one protein peak characteristic of the bacterium and the intensity of at least one characteristic peak of the antibiotic used.
- the ratio is calculated with the sum of the intensities of the characteristic protein peaks of the bacterium.
- the ratio is calculated with the sum of the intensities of the characteristic peaks of the antibiotic used.
- the method comprises, after the step of calculating the ratio, a step of determining the sensitivity or the resistance of the bacterial population to the antibiotic as a function of the ratio obtained and a threshold fixed for each species.
- a threshold fixed for each species.
- the method according to the invention further comprises a step of identifying the family, the genus, or, preferably, the species of a bacterial population.
- FIG.l represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum of colistin sulphate at 10 qg / ml between 100 and 4000 Th.
- Scale of the abscissas mass over load (m / z or Th).
- Ordinate scale % Int for relative intensity expressed as a percentage of the strongest peak intensity;
- FIG.2 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum of colistin sulphate at 10 qg / ml between 2000 and 4500 Th.
- Scale of the abscissa mass over charge (m / z or Th).
- Ordinate scale % Int for relative intensity expressed as a percentage of the strongest peak intensity;
- FIG. 3 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4500 and 10000 Th of the strain EC_S treated according to Example II;
- FIG. 4 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4,500 and 10,000 Th of the EC_R strain treated according to Example II;
- FIG. 5 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4500 and 10000 Th of strain S treated according to Example III;
- FIG.6 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4500 and 10000 Th of the strain RI 6 treated according to Example III
- FIG. 7 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4500 and 10000 Th of strain S treated according to Example IV;
- FIG. 8 represents a MALDI-TOF spectrum between 4500 and 10000 Th of the strain RI 6 treated according to Example IV;
- FIG. 9 shows MALDI-TOF spectra between 4,500 and 10,000 Th of the following strains of Escherichia coli: EC R16, EC R17, EC S10 and EC S15, treated according to Example V;
- FIG. 10 shows MALDI-TOF spectra between 4,500 and 10,000 Th of the following strains of Klebsiella pnemoniae: KP S10, KP S15, KP R9 and KP R16, treated according to Example V;
- FIG. 11 shows MALDI-TOF spectra between 4,500 and 10,000 Th of the following strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: AB_S044, AB_S045, AB_S046 and AB R-E105 treated according to Example V;
- FIG. 12 represents MALDI-TOF spectra between 4,500 and 10,000 Th of the following strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: PA_S062, PA_SE64,
- PA RE66 and PA RE68 treated according to Example V.
- Colistin (or polymyxin E) is an antibiotic of the polymyxin class naturally produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa subsp. colistinus (Benedict RG et al., 1947). Five classes of polymyxin (A, B, C, D, E) are known but only polymyxin B and E (or colistin) are used therapeutically (Dortet L et al., 2016).
- colistin is an antibiotic from the polymyxin family which acts on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Thanks to their amphipathic character, like cationic detergents, they will penetrate into the bacterial cell and insert themselves among the phospholipids of the wall, thus disrupting membrane permeability.
- Colistin is used as the antibiotic of last resort for infection with multi-resistant bacteria. This is the case when strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. or Acine tobacco ter spp. simultaneously resistant to antibiotics of the class of Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones (Hancock RE, 1997). These multi-resistance phenomena are worryingly increasing in some countries, such as Greece or Italy, and are forcing doctors to prescribe colistin. This more frequent use is unfortunately accompanied by the emergence of germs resistant to colistin (Dortet L et al., 2016).
- Colistin of the crude formula C52H98N16O13 has a theoretical monoisotopic mass of 1154,750 Da and a theoretical average chemical mass of 1155,434Da. After ionization with a proton, it is detectable by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the form of an isotopic mass whose first peak (monoisotopic peak) has a mass of 1155.758 Da or in the form of an unresolved mass with an apex at 1156.442 Da.
- the possibility of detecting the monoisotopic peak or only the apex of the isotopic massif depends on the resolution of the mass spectrometer. High-resolution instruments can generally detect the mono isotopic peak while low-resolution instruments only detect the apex of the isotopic mass.
- Figure 1 shows the mass spectrum obtained over the mass range 100 and 4000 Th and shows a massif at 1156.46 m / z and another massif at 1170.56 m / z.
- the first corresponds to native colistin and the second corresponds to methylated colistin (+14 Da).
- colistin comprises 4 amine functions capable of methylation.
- Figure 2 is an observation of the spectrum over the 2000-4500 m / z mass range. There are four clearly defined peaks around 2283; 2987, 3439 and 4143 m / z. These peaks correspond to polymers of colistin. The mass difference between the peaks at 2283 and 3439 m / z is 1156 m / z, which is the mass of colistin. The same is true for the gap between the peaks at 4143 and 2987 m / z.
- E. coli is an intestinal (Gram negative) bacterium of mammals, commensal in humans. Some strains of E. coli can be pathogenic, leading to gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, meningitis, or sepsis. E. coli is a species usually sensitive to colistin but some strains are known to have developed chromosomal or plasmid resistance mechanisms. As part of this trial, two strains were analyzed, one strain of E. coli sensitive to colistin, it will be called EC_S, and a resistant strain, which will be called EC R.
- Figure 3 shows the mass spectrum obtained for the strain EC_S. In the mass window between 4500 and 10,000 Th, the presence of not very intense peaks different from the colistin peaks is observed. These peaks are mainly at 4650.01, 4666.55, 6258.69, 6318.33, 6414.85, 7176.22, 7276.56 and 7871.90 m / z. A poorly resolved massif is also visible around 5370 m / z.
- the masses 6318.33, 7162.22, 7276.56 and 7871.90 correspond respectively to the peaks 6316.14, 7158.68, 7274.39, and 7872.02 of E. coli which have been identified as corresponding to the ribosomal proteins L32, L35, L29 and L31, respectively (Arnold RJ and Reilly JP. 1999; Wilcox SK et al., 2001; Ryzhov V and Fenselau C, 2001; Jones JJ et al., 2003 ; Kallow W et al., 2010; Welker M and Moore ERB, 2011; Momo RA et al., 2013) These proteins are therefore characteristic of E. coli.
- colistin concentration (2.5 mg / ml) corresponds to 1250 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) above which a strain is considered to be resistant.
- Figure 4 shows the mass spectrum obtained for the strain EC_R.
- the massif at 5313 and the peaks at 4649 and 4666 m / z are still detected, on the other hand the proteins of E. coli L32, L35, L29 and L31, characterized by peaks 6316.14, 7158.68, 7274.39, and 7872.02 m / z, respectively, are not visible. No bacterial protein is therefore detectable.
- the bacterium therefore does not seem to have undergone a rupture of its cytoplasmic membrane during an incubation of 4 hours at 37 ° C in the presence of 2.5 mg / ml of colistin, a concentration very much above the MIC.
- the method therefore makes it possible to show that the EC_R strain is resistant to colistin.
- the E. coli S and RI 6 strains are analyzed with the same protocol as Example II except for the incubation period of 30 minutes at 37 ° C.
- Strain S is sensitive to colistin and strain RI 6 is resistant to colistin.
- Figure 5 shows the mass spectrum obtained for the strain S. This spectrum shows intense peaks at 6257.2, 6318.7, 7275.4 and 7871.6 m / z. These peaks are respectively characteristic of the ribosomal proteins L33, L32, L29 and L31 of E. coli.
- the S strain therefore underwent a rupture of its cytoplasmic membrane during an incubation of 30 min at 37 ° C. in the presence of 2.5 mg / ml of colistin. Its sensitive nature to colistin has therefore been confirmed.
- Figure 6 shows the mass spectrum obtained for strain RI 6. Unlike the spectrum for strain S ( Figure 5), this spectrum shows no intense peak between 6000 and 10,000 m / z. It was therefore not lysed during a 30 min incubation at 37 ° C in the presence of 2.5 mg / ml of colistin. The method confirms the resistance of this strain to colistin.
- E. coli RI 6 and S strains are analyzed with the same protocol as Example III except for incubation at 50 ° C.
- Figure 7 shows the mass spectrum obtained for strain S.
- Strain S clearly shows intense peaks at 6256.4, 6316.9, 7274.1 and 7870.2 m / z. These peaks are respectively characteristic of the ribosomal proteins L33, L32, L29 and L31.
- the cytoplasmic membrane of strain S was therefore lysed during an incubation of 30 min at 50 ° C in the presence of 2.5 mg / ml of colistin. The sensitivity to colistin of the S strain is therefore confirmed.
- Figure 8 shows the mass spectrum obtained for the strain RI 6. This spectrum shows no intense peak between 6000 and 10000 m / z. This strain was therefore not lysed during an incubation of 30 min at 50 ° C in the presence of 2.5 mg / ml of colistin. The resistance to colistin of this strain is therefore confirmed.
- the peaks of the proteins L33, L32, L29 and L31 are more intense after an incubation at 50 ° C than after an incubation at 37 ° C for the sensitive strain, while they remain almost undetectable for the resistant strain. .
- thermomixer incubation of the mixture for a period of 10 minutes at 50 ° C with stirring at 1400 rotations per minute using a thermomixer.
- the characteristic proteins of the species Klebsiella pneumoniae are the DNA binding protein H-NS (DNA binding protein H-NS), the ribosomal proteins L29, L31, L34 and US9, the cold shock protein containing a CsbD domain (CsbD domain-containing protein), and the uncharacterized proteins of m / z 6290 and 8308. These proteins are characterized respectively by the peaks of 7705 ⁇ DNA binding protein H-NS), 7274 (L29), 7743 (L31), 5381 (L34), 7384 (US9), 8309 (CsbD), plus or minus 1000 parts per million (ppm). The hypothetical proteins are characterized by peaks 6290 and 7678, plus or minus 1000 parts per million (ppm).
- Figures 9 and 10 show the mass spectra obtained respectively for the strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae presented in Table 1.
- the spectra for the strains EC S10, EC S15, KP S10 and KP S15 show peaks characteristic of their species and are therefore sensitive to colistin.
- the strains EC R16, EC R17, KP R9 and KP R16 do not show peaks characteristic of their species and are therefore resistant to colistin.
- strains of A. baumannii (AB S044, AB S045, AB S046, AB R-E105), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA S062, PA SE64, PA RE66, PA RE68) are analyzed with the protocol described in example V. Thus they are incubated in presence of 20 ⁇ g / ml of colistin.
- Figure 11 shows the mass spectra obtained for the strains of A. baumannii presented in Table 2.
- the strains AB_S044, AB_S045, AB S046 exhibit protein peaks characteristic of their species, in particular at approximately 5748 and 5770 Th, and are therefore sensitive to colistin.
- the AB R-E105 strain does not exhibit protein peaks characteristic of its species and is therefore resistant to colistin.
- Figure 12 shows the mass spectra obtained for the strains of P. aeruginosa presented in Table 2.
- the strains PA_S062 and PA_SE64 show peaks characteristic of their species, in particular at approximately 5449, 5469, 5793 and 6975 Th, and are therefore sensitive to colistin.
- the PA RE66 and PA RE68 strains do not exhibit peaks characteristic of their species and are therefore resistant to colistin.
- test were carried out with the method of the present invention to determine the sensitivity or resistance of several bacteria of several strains such as in Example V and comprising the following steps:
- a resistant microorganism will have a low ratio and a sensitive microorganism will have a high ratio.
- the threshold is set empirically by observing the results. A person skilled in the art will know how to determine this threshold without difficulty. In the examples which will follow, a method of determining this threshold will be illustrated.
- E. coli E. coli
- proteins characteristic of the E. coli species are analyzed. They are the following proteins: the induced stationary phase protein associated with the ribosome (Stationary-phase-induced ribosome-associated protein, SPIRAP), the acid stress chaperone protein HdeB (Acid stress chaperone HdeB) and the ribosomal proteins 50S ( 50S ribosomal proteins), L29, L31 and L33.
- Table 3 shows the intensity of the peak observed for colistin and for each characteristic protein of E. coli.
- the strains K. pneumoniae KP S 10-1, KP S 10-2, KP S 15-1, KP S15-2, KP R9- 1, KP R9-2, KP RI 6-1 and KP RI 6-2, are also studied and the characteristic proteins of the species K. pneumoniae are analyzed. These characteristic proteins are the DNA binding protein H-NS (DNA binding protein H-NS), the ribosomal proteins L29, L31, L34 and US9, the cold shock protein containing a CsbD domain (CsbD domain-containing protein) , and the uncharacterized proteins of m / z 6290 and 8308.
- DNA binding protein H-NS DNA binding protein H-NS
- ribosomal proteins L29, L31, L34 and US9 the cold shock protein containing a CsbD domain (CsbD domain-containing protein)
- Table 5 below shows the intensity of the peak observed for colistin and for each protein characteristic of K. pneumoniae.
- Table 6 below shows the result of the ratio between the intensity of the peak observed for each protein and the intensity of the peak observed for colistin as well as the sum of these ratios for each species.
- the results presented in Table 6 show that the KP-S15 and KP-S10 strains exhibit a sum of the ratios greater than 0.45 while the KP-R16 and KP-R9 strains exhibit a sum of the ratios less than 0.11.
- the inventors set the value of the threshold at 0.45. Consequently, in this scenario, the strains whose sum of the ratios is strictly less than 0.45 will be considered as resistant and conversely the strains whose sum of the ratios is greater than or equal to 0.45 will be considered as sensitive.
- the KP-S15 and KP-S10 strains are therefore classified as sensitive while the KP-R16 and KP-R9 strains are classified as resistant.
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| PCT/FR2020/052073 WO2021094691A1 (fr) | 2019-11-15 | 2020-11-13 | Determination par spectrometrie de masse de la sensibilite ou de la resistance de bacteries a un antibiotique |
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| CN115356450B (zh) * | 2022-09-02 | 2025-02-07 | 中国科学技术大学 | 基于水中活体细菌直接检测的药敏性分析方法 |
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| FR2946147B1 (fr) | 2009-05-29 | 2012-08-31 | Biomerieux Sa | Nouveau procede de quantification de proteines par spectrometrie de masse |
| FR2951548B1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 | 2011-11-11 | Biomerieux Sa | Procede de caracterisation d'au moins un microorganisme par spectrometrie de masse |
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