EP4043791A1 - Chaudière à gaz, ainsi que procédé de réglage d'un mélange combustible-oxydant en fonction de la composition du combustible - Google Patents

Chaudière à gaz, ainsi que procédé de réglage d'un mélange combustible-oxydant en fonction de la composition du combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4043791A1
EP4043791A1 EP22151153.8A EP22151153A EP4043791A1 EP 4043791 A1 EP4043791 A1 EP 4043791A1 EP 22151153 A EP22151153 A EP 22151153A EP 4043791 A1 EP4043791 A1 EP 4043791A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel
control unit
composition
oxidizer
line
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22151153.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Hartmut Henrich
Jens Hermann
Stephan MICHAEL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
Original Assignee
Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH filed Critical Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
Publication of EP4043791A1 publication Critical patent/EP4043791A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/002—Regulating fuel supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
    • F23N5/123—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/26—Details
    • F23N5/265—Details using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
    • F23N2229/12—Flame sensors with flame rectification current detecting means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a gas heater and an associated method for determining a target ionization current and/or an ionization current characteristic of a gas heater.
  • the mixture control for mixing the fuel or fuel gas with the oxidizer, usually air, in electronically controlled gas condensing boilers or gas boilers can be implemented using the ionization current process.
  • a current, over a flame in the burner The ionization current flowing through the gas heater (actual ionization current) is measured and regulated according to a target value of the ionization current (target ionization current) by adjusting the mixing ratio of fuel and oxidizer, so that the current ionization current approaches the target value or they correspond to one another.
  • the target value of the ionization current at a certain air ratio ⁇ of the fuel-oxidizer mixture depends on the current firing capacity and the composition of the fuel or, in this case, the fuel.
  • the air ratio ⁇ is a dimensionless number that indicates the mass ratio of the oxidizer (air) to the fuel (fuel gas) relative to the stoichiometrically ideal ratio for a theoretically complete combustion process.
  • Firing output is understood to be the heat content or the thermal output of the fuel or, in this case, the fuel gas, which is supplied to the burner of the gas boiler in continuous operation per unit of time.
  • this target value of the ionization current is stored in a characteristic curve (ionization current characteristic curve) or as a function of other parameters of the gas heater, such as speed or power, on a control unit.
  • the appropriate target value for the ionization current is determined from the characteristic curve or function.
  • the prior art usually provides that when the device is started up (for the first time) a gas family belonging to the combustible gas or fuel is selected as a representative for the composition of the fuel or combustible gas.
  • the characteristic curve or function of this uniquely selected composition of the fuel gas is then and in usually continuously used to determine the target value of the ionization current and the control of the fuel-oxidizer mixture based thereon.
  • a changed characteristic curve or function can usually only be selected by manual intervention by specialist personnel in order to react to a change in the composition of the fuel gas.
  • the calibration is carried out by enriching the fuel/oxidizer mixture to above the point of stoichiometric mixing of the mixture, since the maximum ionization current can be measured at this point. This measured value is offset against a reference value (here the ionization current reference value) in order to obtain the target value of the ionization current for the desired hyper-stoichiometric air ratio ⁇ .
  • a reference value here the ionization current reference value
  • the reference value or ionization current reference value is determined by the selection of the gas family, ie the type of gas or the composition of the gas used as fuel, when the system is put into operation for the first time.
  • this reference value also depends on the fuel composition. If the fuel composition changes without the reference value being adjusted to the new composition, this calibration leads to a Incorrect determination of the ionization current setpoint and thus incorrect control of the mixture.
  • a method for calibrating a gas boiler or the combustion in the burner of a gas boiler is, for example, from the publication DE 19 539 568 C1 known. Furthermore, a performance or the air ratio ⁇ -dependent characteristic of the ionization current through the DE 19 831 648 A1 disclosed.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages and providing a gas heater and a method with which automatic detection and adjustment of the fuel/oxidizer mixture is possible when the composition of the fuel changes.
  • a gas boiler with a mixer, a fuel line leading to the mixer and an oxidizer line leading to the mixer is proposed.
  • the mixer is designed to generate a fuel-oxidant mixture from a fuel flowing through the fuel line to the mixer and an oxidizer flowing through the oxidizer line to the mixer.
  • the oxidizer is preferably air and the fuel is a combustible gas, which can contain at least a proportion of hydrogen, so that a combustible gas-air mixture is produced by the mixer is generated as a fuel-oxidizer mixture.
  • the invention is characterized in that the gas heater has a control unit and at least one sensor arranged in or on the fuel line for detecting a thermal property of the fuel flowing through the fuel line.
  • the at least one sensor is connected to the control unit in terms of signals and is designed to detect the thermal property of the fuel flowing through the fuel line and to transmit it to the control unit.
  • the composition of the fuel or fuel gas determines the thermal properties of the fuel, so that conclusions about the composition of the fuel are possible from the thermal properties recorded.
  • the composition of the fuel is understood to mean that it has at least one component, but mostly several components, of which the fuel is composed proportionately.
  • a fuel gas can have a proportion of natural gas and a proportion of hydrogen.
  • the control unit is designed to determine a composition of the fuel from the detected thermal properties of the fuel.
  • composition is preferably understood to mean the proportion of different gases in % by volume of the fuel flowing through the fuel line.
  • the thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity, the density or the speed of sound in the fuel or the fuel can be detected as thermal property detected by the at least one sensor. If, as mentioned later, several sensors are provided for detecting the thermal properties, they can detect different thermal properties, so that, for example, a first sensor can detect the density and a second sensor can detect the speed of sound, which means that when determining the composition, different Output variables and calculation methods result in greater reliability of the composition determined from them.
  • the basic idea of the invention is therefore to provide a gas heater with at least one sensor or sensor assembly, by means of which one or more measured variables (thermal properties) can be recorded that are representative of the composition of the current fuel. These measured variables are forwarded to the control unit, where they are interpreted to determine the composition of the fuel.
  • the gas composition or the composition of the fuel is determined by comparing the measured variables with, for example, characteristic diagrams determined in a laboratory or material data simulations of defined or known compositions that can be carried out on the control unit.
  • the control unit is designed to determine a target ionization current and/or an ionization current characteristic for an ionization current flowing over a flame in a burner of the gas boiler (100) as a function of the composition of the fuel.
  • reference values of the ionization current or target ionization currents and ionization current characteristics for different compositions of the fuel can be stored on the control unit.
  • a formula or simulation for determining the setpoint ionization current or the ionization current characteristic curve which takes into account the composition of the fuel as a variable, can be stored on the control unit.
  • the gas heater or the system is automatically calibrated, ie the regulation of the fuel-oxidizer mixture is adjusted to the new composition of the fuel.
  • the control unit can be designed to recognize a change in the composition of the fuel based on the thermal properties recorded and transmitted by the at least one sensor.
  • the calibration can in particular also take into account wear or aging of the gas heater and, for example, of an ionization current electrode serving as a device for detecting the actual ionization current flowing over the flame.
  • an optimal fuel/oxidizer mixture can be adjusted independently of a fluctuation in the composition of the fuel or the type of gas.
  • the ionization current can be specifically calibrated when a change in the composition of the fuel is detected.
  • An advantageous variant of the gas heater also provides that it also includes a temperature sensor arranged in or on the fuel line, which is provided accordingly in particular for detecting the temperature of the fuel flowing through the fuel line.
  • the temperature sensor is connected to the control unit in terms of signals and is designed to detect a temperature of the fuel flowing through the fuel line and to transmit it to the control unit.
  • the control unit is also designed to determine a composition of the fuel from the detected thermal properties and the detected temperature of the fuel. As previously mentioned are the thermal properties temperature dependent. There are therefore two ways in which the composition of the fuel can be determined using the thermal properties. Either the temperature is already known, for example because the fuel has a constant, unchanging and previously known temperature, or the temperature is determined by means of the temperature sensor, so that the determined temperature can be used to determine the composition of the fuel.
  • a pressure sensor for detecting the pressure of the fuel in the fuel line can be provided in one variant.
  • temperature-dependent characteristic diagrams can be deposited or stored in this control unit, from which the composition of the fuel can be determined using the thermal properties for a known temperature of the fuel. Accordingly, the control unit is designed to determine the composition of the fuel from a comparison of the detected thermal properties of the fuel with the characteristic diagrams. For example, a large number of characteristic diagrams can be stored for this purpose, which indicate the thermal properties for different proportions of hydrogen in natural gas at one or different temperatures.
  • a mathematical formula for determining the composition of the fuel can be stored in the control unit, which takes into account the detected thermal property as a variable.
  • the control unit is designed to determine the composition of the fuel using the mathematical formula.
  • a characteristic map or a mathematical function for determining the composition of the fuel can also take into account the pressure of the fuel as ambient conditions in addition to the temperature.
  • a table for example, is stored in the control unit as a characteristic field for the known temperature, in which different values of the thermal property are stored with the respective associated composition of the fuel.
  • a simulation for determining the composition of the fuel is stored in the control unit, which takes into account the detected thermal property as a variable, with the control unit being designed to use the thermal properties from the simulation to determine the to determine the composition of the fuel.
  • the simulation can in particular be a material data simulation, by which the thermal properties of different compositions can be simulated and the composition of the fuel can be determined by a comparison with the determined thermal properties.
  • a thermal property is measured together with a fuel or gas temperature.
  • the measured value associated with the thermal property is subtracted from the temperature-dependent characteristic curve selected on the basis of the measured temperature, which is typical for a particular composition of the fuel and which is also used as a material value characteristic curve can be designated.
  • the material value characteristic or a large number of characteristic curves can be stored in a characteristic map, which can be selected from a large number of characteristic maps stored on the control unit on the basis of the measured temperature.
  • the material value characteristic or the characteristic map can also correspond to a simulation result of the simulation, by means of which different fuel compositions can be simulated.
  • the measured temperature is used as the temperature for the material data simulation or for the selection of the correct map.
  • For each fuel composition that is simulated or stored as a characteristic curve there is a residual compared to the measured thermal property.
  • the composition, the characteristic curve of which has a minimum residual compared to the recorded thermal property thus corresponds to the probable or actual composition of the fuel.
  • the mixer is preferably designed to prevent the oxidizer and/or the fuel-oxidizer mixture from flowing back into the fuel line, so that only fuel flows or can flow through the fuel line and, when determining the thermal properties, the thermal properties of the pure Fuel can be determined.
  • Appropriate valves or non-return valves can be used for this purpose, with backflow also being able to be implemented, for example, by means of a corresponding structure of the mixer.
  • a venturi nozzle can be provided that closes the fuel line to the oxidizer line, through which the fuel flows into a mixing region of the mixer, but the oxidizer or the fuel-oxidizer mixture does not flow into the Fuel line can flow back, so that at least with a continuous supply of fuel, the fuel line is flowed through only by fuel.
  • an actuator for adjusting the flow rate of the fuel through the fuel line is arranged along the fuel line in an advantageous development, which can accordingly also be referred to as a fuel actuator and, for example, as a valve, proportional valve or blower is trained.
  • the control unit is designed to control the actuator to adjust the flow rate of the fuel depending on the composition of the fuel, so that a mixing ratio of the fuel with the oxidizer (or the mixing ratio of the fuel-oxidizer mixture) in the mixer depends on the composition of the Fuel is adjustable.
  • an actuator for adjusting the flow rate of the oxidizer through the oxidizer line can be arranged along the oxidizer line, which can accordingly also be referred to as an oxidizer actuator and is also designed, for example, as a valve, proportional valve or blower.
  • the control unit is designed accordingly to control the actuator for adjusting the flow rate of the oxidizer depending on the composition of the fuel, so that a mixing ratio of the fuel with the oxidizer (or the mixing ratio of the fuel-oxidizer mixture) in the mixer depending on the composition of the Fuel is adjustable.
  • a value relevant for controlling the mixture can be calculated depending on the composition of the fuel or are determined, so that the respective actuators can be controlled as a function of the ratio of the target ionization current to the actual ionization current, so that the actual ionization current corresponds to the target ionization current approximates or corresponds to this by the control.
  • the gas heater has a plurality of sensors arranged in or on the fuel line for detecting thermal properties of the fuel flowing through the fuel line.
  • the sensors are each connected to the control unit in terms of signals and are designed to detect different or identical thermal properties of the fuel flowing through the fuel line and to transmit them to the control unit.
  • the sensors for detecting thermal properties are preferably provided separately from one another in or on the fuel line or are integrated into a sensor assembly in or on the fuel line. If several sensors are provided in a sensor unit or a sensor assembly, the temperature sensor can also be integrated into the sensor assembly.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for determining a target ionization current and/or an ionization current characteristic of a gas boiler whose control unit is designed to depend on a target ionization current and/or an ionization current characteristic for an ionization current flowing over a flame in a burner of the gas boiler determine the composition of the fuel.
  • the at least one sensor detects a thermal property of the fuel and transmits this to the control unit, which then determines a composition of the fuel from the thermal property of the fuel. It is further provided that the control unit with the composition of the fuel a target ionization current and/or an ionization current characteristic is determined.
  • the gas boiler has an actuator for setting the flow rate of the fuel, in particular in accordance with the above-mentioned fuel actuator, with the control unit using the (fuel) actuator for setting the flow rate of the fuel depending on the composition of the Fuel controls and in particular controls so that a desired mixing ratio of the fuel and the oxidizer is achieved or the actual ionization current is approximated to the target ionization current.
  • Also of advantage is a method variant that can be implemented additionally or alternatively, in which the gas boiler has an actuator for adjusting the flow rate of the oxidizer, in particular in accordance with the above-mentioned oxidizer actuator, with the control unit using the (oxidizer) actuator for adjusting the flow rate of the oxidizer in Controls depending on the composition of the fuel and in particular controls in such a way that a desired mixing ratio of the fuel and the oxidizer is achieved or the actual ionization current is approximated to the target ionization current.
  • the two actuators can also be activated by the control unit in order to achieve the desired mixing ratio.
  • the method can also be further developed such that the gas boiler has a device for detecting an actual ionization current flowing over the flame in the burner of the gas boiler, the control unit having an actuator, for example the above-mentioned fuel actuator and/or the above-mentioned Oxidator actuator, for setting the fuel-oxidizer mixture controls, so that the actual ionization current that is determined in particular as a function of the composition of the fuel approximates the desired ionization current and preferably essentially corresponds to it.
  • the actuator for example the above-mentioned fuel actuator and/or the above-mentioned Oxidator actuator
  • the at least one sensor detects the thermal property of the fuel at regular (chronological) intervals or continuously and transmits the thermal properties to the control unit at regular (chronological) intervals or continuously.
  • the control unit determines or checks a change in the thermal properties at regular (chronological) intervals or continuously and determines the composition of the fuel when a change in the thermal properties is detected.
  • the composition changes the fuel/oxidizer mixture can be adjusted or adjusted, or the entire system can be calibrated, in which, as described above, aging or wear of the device for determining the actual ionization current can be taken into account.
  • Figures 1 to 3 each show essentially identical gas heaters 100, which differ in particular in the positioning of the at least one sensor or sensor assembly 3 for detecting a thermal property of the fuel flowing through fuel line 102.
  • each of these has a safety valve 1, a fuel or gas actuator 2, a sensor assembly 3 formed from at least one sensor, a fuel or gas throttle point 4 designed, for example, as a Venturi nozzle, a blower 5 for Suction and blowing out of the fuel-oxidizer mixture, an optional non-return valve 6, an ionization current electrode 7, an optional exhaust valve 8 and an electronic control unit 9 have.
  • the medium is air as the oxidizer and flows through the oxidizer line 103 to the mixer 101.
  • the position 12 forming a mixing region of the mixer 101, air and fuel are mixed.
  • At points 13 and 14 only fuel without air flows through the Fuel line 102.
  • fuel and air are present in a homogeneous mixture before they are burned in the burner. Downstream of the burner at position 16, the combusted exhaust gas is discharged from the system formed by the gas boiler 100.
  • the sensor assembly 3 consists of at least one sensor that is in contact with the fuel and is designed to determine the thermal properties of the fuel.
  • the sensor assembly 3 is placed in such a way that only fuel and no oxidizer or fuel-oxidizer mixture is in contact with the sensors or the measuring points of the sensors of the sensor assembly 3 when the gas boiler 100 is in operation.
  • Possible placements of the sensor assembly 3 are in the gas valve 10 identified by the dashed border downstream of the safety valve 1, as shown in FIGS figures 1 and 2 is realized, or an integration into the mixer 101, which has a Venturi nozzle as a gas throttle point 4, upstream of the safety valve 1 and the actuator 2 for the fuel, as is shown in figure 3 is shown.
  • the sensor assembly 3 can also be integrated into the gas throttle point 4 .
  • At least one sensor element for detecting the thermal properties of the fuel or combustible gas and a temperature sensor detecting the temperature of the combustible gas are located in the sensor assembly 3 .
  • the measured values of the sensors ie the measured values of the at least one sensor for detecting the thermal properties and the measured values of the temperature sensor, are forwarded to the control unit 9 via a communication interface or a suitable connection.
  • the measured values ie here the temperature and the determined thermal property(s), or values derived from a combination of these measured values or material variables, are combined with temperature-dependent values Maps or compared with simulations of the fuel compositions in order to determine the actual composition of the fuel.
  • the parameter set suitable for the gas composition is selected for the reference value Io ref and/or a suitable characteristic curve or function, as for example in Figures 4 and 5 are shown.
  • the new parameter set is used until another change in the gas composition is detected.
  • FIG 4 the ionization current characteristics of two fuels with different compositions (gas A, gas B) are shown as an example.
  • the ionization current is given in any units (arbitrary units [au]) over the thermal power in any units.
  • the thermal power Qc is identical for both gases at the vertical dashed line. If an ionization current for gas A, for example, is above the characteristic curve for gas A, the mixture is too fuel-rich (air ratio ⁇ 1.3). If the ionization current is below the characteristic curve, the mixture is too lean (air ratio >1.3).
  • the dependency of the reference factor Io ref of gas types A and B is shown.
  • the maximum ionization current Io max is determined, which, however, can differ for the two gas types A and B (Io max,A , Io max,B ), as in figure 5 to see.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
EP22151153.8A 2021-02-15 2022-01-12 Chaudière à gaz, ainsi que procédé de réglage d'un mélange combustible-oxydant en fonction de la composition du combustible Pending EP4043791A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021103456.6A DE102021103456A1 (de) 2021-02-15 2021-02-15 Gastherme sowie Verfahren zur Einstellung eines Brennstoff-Oxidator-Gemisches in Abhängigkeit einer Zusammensetzung des Brennstoffes

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP4043791A1 true EP4043791A1 (fr) 2022-08-17

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EP22151153.8A Pending EP4043791A1 (fr) 2021-02-15 2022-01-12 Chaudière à gaz, ainsi que procédé de réglage d'un mélange combustible-oxydant en fonction de la composition du combustible

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EP (1) EP4043791A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102021103456A1 (fr)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19539568C1 (de) 1995-10-25 1997-06-19 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren und Schaltung zur Regelung eines Gasbrenners
DE19831648A1 (de) 1998-07-15 2000-01-27 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren zur funktionalen Adaption einer Regelelektronik an ein Gasgerät
DE19918901C1 (de) * 1999-04-26 2001-05-03 Franz Durst Vorrichtung zur Einstellung des Oxydationsmittel/Brennstoffgemisches in der Zuleitung eines Brenners
US20100269922A1 (en) * 2008-01-08 2010-10-28 Yamatake Corporation Flow rate control device
DE202019100263U1 (de) * 2019-01-17 2019-02-04 Ebm-Papst Landshut Gmbh Heizgerät mit Regelung eines Gasgemisches unter Nutzung eines Gassensors, eines Brenngassensors und eines Gasgemischsensors

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19539568C1 (de) 1995-10-25 1997-06-19 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren und Schaltung zur Regelung eines Gasbrenners
DE19831648A1 (de) 1998-07-15 2000-01-27 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren zur funktionalen Adaption einer Regelelektronik an ein Gasgerät
DE19918901C1 (de) * 1999-04-26 2001-05-03 Franz Durst Vorrichtung zur Einstellung des Oxydationsmittel/Brennstoffgemisches in der Zuleitung eines Brenners
US20100269922A1 (en) * 2008-01-08 2010-10-28 Yamatake Corporation Flow rate control device
DE202019100263U1 (de) * 2019-01-17 2019-02-04 Ebm-Papst Landshut Gmbh Heizgerät mit Regelung eines Gasgemisches unter Nutzung eines Gassensors, eines Brenngassensors und eines Gasgemischsensors

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