EP4041856A1 - Methods and compositions for reducing odor and biofilm - Google Patents
Methods and compositions for reducing odor and biofilmInfo
- Publication number
- EP4041856A1 EP4041856A1 EP20875840.9A EP20875840A EP4041856A1 EP 4041856 A1 EP4041856 A1 EP 4041856A1 EP 20875840 A EP20875840 A EP 20875840A EP 4041856 A1 EP4041856 A1 EP 4041856A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- biofilm
- odor
- composition
- item
- nac
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- 229940057950 sodium laureth sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DZCAZXAJPZCSCU-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium nitrilotriacetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O DZCAZXAJPZCSCU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NTYZDAJPNNBYED-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-(2-dodecanoyloxypropanoyloxy)propanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(C)C(=O)OC(C)C([O-])=O NTYZDAJPNNBYED-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOS([O-])(=O)=O SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UGODCLHJOJPPHP-AZGWGOJFSA-J tetralithium;[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[[oxido(sulfonatooxy)phosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl] phosphate;hydrate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].O.C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OS([O-])(=O)=O)[C@@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@H]1O UGODCLHJOJPPHP-AZGWGOJFSA-J 0.000 description 1
- USWOMGAHXMGVOD-DFFUDUMVSA-J tetrasodium (4S)-4-amino-5-(dicarboxymethoxy)-5-oxopentanoate Chemical compound N[C@@H](CCC(=O)[O-])C(=O)OC(C(=O)O)C(=O)O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C(=O)(O)C(C(=O)O)OC([C@@H](N)CCC(=O)[O-])=O.C(=O)(O)C(C(=O)O)OC([C@@H](N)CCC(=O)[O-])=O.C(=O)(O)C(C(=O)O)OC([C@@H](N)CCC(=O)[O-])=O USWOMGAHXMGVOD-DFFUDUMVSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229940061605 tetrasodium glutamate diacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UZVUJVFQFNHRSY-OUTKXMMCSA-J tetrasodium;(2s)-2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]pentanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC[C@@H](C([O-])=O)N(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UZVUJVFQFNHRSY-OUTKXMMCSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N triammonium citrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGIWBXUNRXCYRA-UHFFFAOYSA-H trizinc;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WGIWBXUNRXCYRA-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- XOSXWYQMOYSSKB-LDKJGXKFSA-L water blue Chemical compound CC1=CC(/C(\C(C=C2)=CC=C2NC(C=C2)=CC=C2S([O-])(=O)=O)=C(\C=C2)/C=C/C\2=N\C(C=C2)=CC=C2S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=C1N.[Na+].[Na+] XOSXWYQMOYSSKB-LDKJGXKFSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/0068—Deodorant compositions
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
- G06F13/40—Bus structure
- G06F13/4063—Device-to-bus coupling
- G06F13/4068—Electrical coupling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/662—Carbohydrates or derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2096—Heterocyclic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D3/32—Amides; Substituted amides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/34—Organic compounds containing sulfur
- C11D3/349—Organic compounds containing sulfur additionally containing nitrogen atoms, e.g. nitro, nitroso, amino, imino, nitrilo, nitrile groups containing compounds or their derivatives or thio urea
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/381—Microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic
- D06M16/003—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic with enzymes or microorganisms
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
- D06M23/06—Processes in which the treating agent is dispersed in a gas, e.g. aerosols
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
- D06M23/16—Processes for the non-uniform application of treating agents, e.g. one-sided treatment; Differential treatment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
- G06F17/16—Matrix or vector computation, e.g. matrix-matrix or matrix-vector multiplication, matrix factorization
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
- G06F9/38—Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead
- G06F9/3885—Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units
- G06F9/3893—Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units controlled in tandem, e.g. multiplier-accumulator
- G06F9/3895—Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units controlled in tandem, e.g. multiplier-accumulator for complex operations, e.g. multidimensional or interleaved address generators, macros
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
- G06F9/50—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU]
- G06F9/5061—Partitioning or combining of resources
- G06F9/5066—Algorithms for mapping a plurality of inter-dependent sub-tasks onto a plurality of physical CPUs
-
- G—PHYSICS
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- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/06—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons
- G06N3/063—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using electronic means
-
- C11D2111/12—
Definitions
- This invention pertains to products and methods for treating clothing, textiles or other surfaces to reduce the presence of malodor or to reduce biofilm.
- Biofilms are remarkable adaptations of bacteria and other microbes such as protists and fungi, including yeasts, in which polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other materials may be used to create a protective matrix that can prevent antimicrobials or harsh chemical agents from penetrating effectively.
- microbes sometimes from more than one species, share chemical signals and cooperate to create protective materials that help secure them on a solid surface and protect them from external threats, allowing them to reproduce and thrive.
- Biofilms in fabrics may present problems in a variety of other areas also in need of improved solutions, and the advances disclosed herein may be helpful in those areas.
- sanitation of clothing, medical apparel, linens, draperies, carpets, upholstery fabrics, protective apparel, towels, rags, wall coverings, and other fabrics used in medical care facilities and by healthcare workers is an increasingly serious problem, as it may be in homes, hotels, senior care facilities, aircraft, automobiles, buses, trains, aquatic vessels such as boats and submarines, laundromats or public or private laundry facilities, airports, prisons, schools, and institutions of many kinds.
- the materials and methods useful in reducing perma-odor therefore may also be applied in other settings to mitigate biofilms and enhance cleaning or odor reduction.
- biofilm attack agents such as N-acetyl cysteine, mixtures of N- acetyl cysteine with other agents such as panthenol, or other agents described herein, applied for an effective period of time, followed by or performed substantially simultaneously with laundering with a laundry detergent, treatment with other soaps and detergents, or simply rinsing with water.
- Enzymes used in combination with biofilm attack agents in one aspect are provided as an enzymatic blend comprising surfactants and optional bacterial spores or live bacteria.
- the biofilm attack agents such as N-acetyl cysteine are provided in a solution, either with the enzymes or in a separate container, or provided at least partially in solid form such as a capsule, a powder, a tablet, a stick, etc., to be dissolved in a solution before, after or during application to the textile item.
- a method for treating a solid material such as fibrous material including textiles, items of clothing, woven and nonwoven materials or combinations thereof, etc., wherein the material is suspected of having microbial biofilm matter in one or more regions that may be associated with persistent odor or other symptoms, or used in an environment or application at risk of developing biofilm and/or persistent odor
- the method comprising applying an enzymatic composition to the one or more regions of the solid material, providing suitable time for the enzymatic mixture to attack biofilm, and then washing the textile item, wherein the enzymatic composition comprises: (a) water, (b) from 5% to 60% of a surfactant, (c) from 1 % to 20% of an enzyme mixture comprising at least two of lysozyme, proteinase, amylase, mannanase, lipase, pectinase, DNAse and cellulase; and (d) from 0.1% to 10% of N-acetyl cyste
- the enzymatic composition in some aspects is packaged with indicia instructing a user to wait at least 5, 10, 15, or 30 minutes between applying the enzymatic composition and washing the textile, wherein washing generally comprises washing in water with a laundry detergent but may comprise rinsing without use of further detergents.
- the enzymatic composition further comprises from 0.01 % to 8% by weight of bacterial spores adapted to become active in response to the presence of contaminants selected from at least one of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and carbohydrates, the spores then producing enzymes that attack a portion of said contaminants.
- the spore concen tration in the enzymatic composition may be from 1 x 10 5 to 5 x 10 10 CFU/ml.
- the enzymatic composition in one aspects has two portions, a first portion comprising an enzyme mixture and a second portion comprising N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), further associated with indicia instructing a user to apply both portions to the one or more regions of the textile item with persistent odor.
- the enzyme mixture may be in a liquid or comprise granulated enzymes to be combined with liquid prior to application to a textile. Granules may be combined with NAC for treating textiles or washing machines, and may also be combined with any of allantoin, panthenol or a derivative thereof, a catechin, a chelant, etc.
- the second portion comprising NAC is in liquid or powder form separate from the enzymes but adapted to be combined with the enzymes on the clothing, such as by adding the powder or a solution to the clothing before, after, or while adding the enzyme mixture and other components of the composition.
- the second portion of the enzymatic composition may comprise from 1% to 90% N-acetyl cysteine, optionally from 1% to 10% panthenol, and sufficient alkaline agents such that when the second portion of the enzymatic composition is combined with enough water at pH 7.0 to bring the concentration of the N-acetyl cysteine to 1%, that the pH of the resulting aqueous mixture is at least 6.0.
- Such a composition can be effective in reducing the amount of biofilm matter present or the surface area with biofilm matter present in the textile item, and is also effective in reducing malodor in the textile item, while also being substantially free of non-enzymatic bleaching agents.
- Some aspects also comprise visualizing the presence of suspected biofilm matter using UV light.
- the textile item with malodor may have been treated with a suitable dye that fluoresces in UV light to identify one or more regions that show relatively high fluorescence in UV light, wherein the enzymatic composition is applied to at least one of the one or more regions that show relatively high fluorescence.
- a suitable dye may comprise any known optical brightener such as Calcofluor White.
- the pretreatment can be applied with a liquid medium that is sprayed, poured, wiped, daubed, rolled on, or otherwise transferred to articles of clothing, particularly to regions suspected of having malodor.
- the liquid medium may be provided to the user in ready-to-use form, or may be provided as a concentrate such as a liquid, slurry, paste, or solid such as a powder that can be prepared by the user through addition of water or through the mixing of two or more components to create the ready-to-use composition.
- the pretreatment may involve comprise two or more physically distinct compositions.
- a method of detecting and mitigating a microbial infection in an article of clothing comprises: 1) exposing an item of clothing one or more times to a solution comprising at least 0.001% of one or more fluorescent optical brighteners such as Calcofluor White (an optical brightener believed to be present in many common laundry detergents), 2) shining UV light on the item of clothing to determine if there is preferential absorption of optical brighteners in a region of the clothing, 3) treating the region with preferential absorption of optical brighteners with an effective amount of an enzymatic mixture comprising an effective amount of bacterial spores, one or more surfactants, and a mix of at least three laundry enzymes, 4) allowing the enzymatic mixture to reside on the clothing for an effective time, and then 5) washing the clothing to remove the enzymatic mixture, wherein the treatment results in reduced fluorescence and/or perma-odor.
- fluorescent optical brighteners such as Calcofluor White (an optical brightener believed to be present in many common laundry detergents)
- the enzymatic mixture is provided as a liquid concentrate comprising: (1) surfactant at a concentration of 10% to 55%, 15% to 45%, or from 15% to 35%, such non-ionic surfactants derived from plant carbohydrates and from plant oils such as coconut and palm oil; (2) a mixture of at least 3, 4, 5, or 6 more different classes of enzymes, such as a mix of protease, cellulase, amylase, lipase, mannanase and pectinase (pectin lyase), wherein the enzymes are provided in liquid concentrate form that comprise from 5% to 20% of the mass of the mixture (including water), such as from 8% to 20% or 8% to 15%, wherein the total protein mass can be from 3% to 15% of the concentrate, the protease mass from 1 % to 5% of the concentrate, and wherein the lipase comprises between 1% and 25%, or between 1 % and 10%, or between 1 % and 7% of the total enzyme mass
- the bioenzymatic mixture ready for application to clothing comprises (1) an effective amount of bacterial spores comprising between 1 x 10 5 and 5 x 10 10 CFU/ml (colony forming units per ml) of bacillus spores, more specifically from 1 x 10 7 and 5 x 10 9 CFU/ml, such as from 1 x 10 7 to
- Liquid alkyl triols may be considered such as butanetriol.
- Esters having up to 7 carbons with carboxylic acids having up to 8 carbons may be considered, including, for example, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate and other mono- and diglicerides.
- an item of clothing is treated with a biofilm attack agent in a target region suspected of harboring a biofilm, the method comprising:
- biofilm attack agent selected from one or more of N-acetyl cysteine, panthenol or a derivative theorof, a catechin, and a biofilm attack enzyme such as DNase, lysozyme, etc.
- a biofilm attack enzyme such as DNase, lysozyme, etc.
- suitable conditions for the spores to become active i.e. , providing sufficient time such as 1 hour or more or 2 hours or more at a suitable temperature such as 15°C to 60°C, 18°C to 45°C, or20°C to 40°C with suitable moisture such as at least 10% moisture in the item of clothing, or from 10% to 80%, 15% to 50%, or 20% to 50% moisture relative to the dry fiber weight;
- biofilm attack agents useful for undermining perma-odor may comprise one or more of:
- N-acetyl cysteine a relatively non-toxic medication often used to treat overdoses of acetaminophen and to help treat cystic fibrosis in part by reducing phlegm viscosity, and also known as a commercial dietary supplement due to its antioxidant properties.
- NAC in some aspects is combined with panthenol or derivatives thereof, optionally various salts or buffering agents, optional surfactants, and other optional agents such as allantoin, cyclodextrin, zeolites, phosphates, chelants, enzymes, antimicrobials, catechins, bacterial phages and the like, wherein, without wishing to be bound by theory, NAC is believed to open up the biofilm at least temporarily in order to allow a second agent to be more effective, often giving positive results in reduction of perma-odor.
- Such other enzymes may include certain endoglucans or cellulases, proteinases, amylases, mannanases, DNase, alginate lyase, F-actin, and bacterial-produced enzymes for lysing portions of a mature biofilm. Selection of enzymes depends on the textile, the bacteria creating malodor or biofilm, the environment of the textile, and the energy sources that are consumed by the bacteria.
- a catechin and particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and related compounds can also serve as a biofilm attack agent, but is not usually preferred because unwanted staining can occur at elevated pH.
- a laundering composition comprising a biofilm attack agent for users to apply to an item of clothing suffering from strong odor.
- the composition may be provided as a powder, a liquid concentrate, or ready-to-use material that may be a liquid, a foam, a paste or slurry, etc., and may be provided in two or more containers for application in two or more steps, such as rubbing a paste, applying a foam, spraying a solution or sprinkling a powder onto a malodorous region of an article of clothing, followed by further treatment with another material such as spraying a solution, applying a foam, rubbing a paste, sprinkling a powder, etc., followed by rinsing or washing and drying.
- a method for removing persistent odor comprising applying an aqueous composition to clothing prior to washing, comprising from 0.1% to 10% NAC, one or more laundering enzymes at a concentration of from 0.1% to 7% or from 0.5% to 5% or from 0.6% to 3%, and from 0.1% to 25% or from 0.5% to 10% of one or more surfactants, at a suitable pH such as from 2 to 6.7, 7 to 10.5, 6 to 8.5, 4.5 to 8, 3 to 6.5, 2.5 to 5, 7 to 11 , 8 to 10.5, 7.5 to 10, and so forth.
- a powder comprising NAC particles may be applied to an item of clothing that is wetted by an enzymatic blend optionally also comprising one or more surfactants, panthenol, etc.
- a multi-step method to reduce perma-odor comprises: a) identifying an article of clothing with persistent odor in one or more odorous regions such as the regions adjacent armpits or other high-odor or high- sweating zone of the human body, or alternatively, displaying evidence of biofilm material when viewed under UV light, b) treating the article of clothing by applying a first solution comprising N- acetyl cysteine (NAC) such that at least 0.1 g, 0.2 g, or 0.3 g of NAC per 50 cm 2 area is delivered to the one or more odorous regions; and c) applying a solution comprising one or more laundry-suitable enzymes, and optionally one or more species of bacterial spores selected for the ability to assist in cleaning of textiles by producing one or more laundry-suitable enzymes in response to the presence of suitable contaminants; such that both NAC and the enzymes and/or spores are present simultaneously.
- NAC N- acetyl cysteine
- the first and/or second solution may further include surfactants such as polyalkoxy glycosides, sodium laureth / lauryl sulfate, etc., which may be applied in yet another step before or after the steps mentioned above.)
- surfactants such as polyalkoxy glycosides, sodium laureth / lauryl sulfate, etc., which may be applied in yet another step before or after the steps mentioned above.
- a related product comprises a container comprising NAC particles or solution and one or more compounds selected from panthenol and derivatives thereof; zinc, ammonium, or alkali metal (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc.) salts such as chloride salts, carbonate salts, bicarbonate salts, citrate salts, formate sates, sulfate salts, phosphate salts, etc.; buffering agents; fragrance and/or odor reduction compounds that mitigate the odor of NAC.
- the container may comprise pouches that can be torn or cut open to mix with a laundry preparation or with water or sprinkled directly on clothing that is moist or will be moistened with water and/or laundry preparations such as an enzymatic blend delivered from a spray bottle or other applicator, etc.
- the product may be associated with indicia that directs users to apply the product to textiles in combination with enzymatic materials. Enzymatic material may be applied first, after NAC application, or simultaneously with NAC.
- a laundry pretreatment with a biofilm attack agent is followed by or simultaneous with treatment by a cleaning composition
- a cleaning composition comprising one or more of (1) enzymes effective in stain removal or laundering (e.g., proteinases, lipases, amylases, mannanases, cellulases, etc.), (2) a detergent, (3) optionally an antimicrobial agent such as a chemical antimicrobial agent or bacterial phages including bystander phages that may assist in attacking targeted microbes, particularly once the biofilm has been undermined to some degree.
- enzymes effective in stain removal or laundering e.g., proteinases, lipases, amylases, mannanases, cellulases, etc.
- an antimicrobial agent such as a chemical antimicrobial agent or bacterial phages including bystander phages that may assist in attacking targeted microbes, particularly once the biofilm has been undermined to some degree.
- the biofilm attack treatment is followed directly by washing such as in a top-loading or front-loading machine in cold, warm, or hot water using known laundry detergents such as Tide®, Gain®, Persil®, Arm and Hammer®, and the like.
- laundry detergent may comprise a variety of laundering enzymes and surfactants, chelants, builders, bleaching agents, etc.
- Complexing or sequestering agents may be employed such as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, and/or chelants such as Dissolvine® GL-47-S (tetrasodium glutamate diacetate).
- chelants may include tetrasodium dicarboxym ethyl glutamate, EDTA, trisodium nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediamine, glutamic acid, histidine, organic diacids such as malates, polypeptides such as phytochelatin, citrates, silicates, polymers of acrylic and maleic acid, PBTC (2- phosphonobutane -1 ,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), VERSENOLTM (Dow Chemical), etc.
- Chelating agents may comprise from 0.01 to about 5 wt% of the compositions.
- the method further comprises providing suitable time for the biofilm attack agent and/or cleaning composition to be effective, such as a dwell time before adding the cleaning composition or a dwell time before washing of at least about 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60, minutes, or 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours, such as from 3 minutes to 1 hour, 5 minutes to 30 minutes, 3 minutes to 3 hours, 30 minutes to 8 hours, 1 minute to 30 minutes, etc.
- suitable time for the biofilm attack agent and/or cleaning composition to be effective, such as a dwell time before adding the cleaning composition or a dwell time before washing of at least about 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60, minutes, or 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours, such as from 3 minutes to 1 hour, 5 minutes to 30 minutes, 3 minutes to 3 hours, 30 minutes to 8 hours, 1 minute to 30 minutes, etc.
- the user is provided with the biofilm attack agent and the cleaning agent, with suitable instructions.
- the user is provided with the biofilm attack agent, the cleaning agent, and a detergent, with instructions.
- a method for reducing perma-odor in an item of clothing comprising synthetic fibers comprising applying a combination of NAC, protease, amylase, and lipase in an aqueous solution to a region of the item of clothing likely to have odor (e.g., pits, neck region, cuffs, groin and buttocks area), and after an effective amount of time, washing the item of clothing, wherein the aqueous solution has from 0.1% to 10% NAC.
- the aqueous solution may be formed by premixing NAC with the other ingredients, applying a NAC solution and an enzyme blend in separately or simultaneously, or by applying a powder or slurry of NAC to the item and more fully dissolving the NAC in the solution compri sing the enzymes as it is applied to the item.
- the pH of the aqueous solution on the item of clothing may be from 3 to 10, 4 to 9, 6 to 9, etc.
- the aqueous solution further comprises any one or more of panthenol, pectinase, cellulase, mannanase, DNAse, cellulase, an antimicrobial, and a chelant.
- Figure 1 depicts a shirt with UV-fluorescent biofilm-laden zones in the armpits of a shirt being illuminated with UV light.
- Figure 2 depicts spraying a cleaning composition on a biofilm region.
- Figure 3 depicts a flowchart showing a process in which biofilm visualization is used to guide treatment of clothing with persistent odor.
- Figures 4A and 4B depict dispensing options, such as a roll-on applicator (4A) for use on clothing and a pod (4B) for use in a wash cycle.
- Figure 5 depicts a packaged product with an assembly of a pre treatment cleaning composition, a biofilm attack agent, and tablets or capsules to be used in a washing machine to reduce biofilm and odor sources.
- Figure 6 depicts another assembly comprising a pre-treatment spray and a biofilm attack agent that can be added to water to form a biofilm attack solution, both of which can be used to spray malodorous suspected biofilms.
- Figure 7 depicts a spray bottle containing a biofilm attack agent inside.
- Figures 10A to 10J depict photos of portions an orange 100% polyester shirt, Chanpion brand, that was believed to afflicted with perma-odor, showing remnants of a possible biofilm visible as a dark region in visible light and with blue fluorescence in UV light, especially after treatment with an optical brightener, Calcofluor White. Treatments with various biofilm attack agents were applied resulting in reduction but not complete elimination of the darkened matter and the associated fluorescence. Details for these and following photos of clothing items are given in the “Further Experimental Work” section below.
- Figures 11 A to 11 F present photos of a blue polyester sports shirt showing evidence of fluorescence from biofilm matter in the shirt that can absorb optical brighteners.
- Figures 12A to 12S show photos of a gray polyester sports shirt previously afflicted with perma-odor, showing remnants of a possible biofilm visible via Calcofluor White fluorescence in UV light.
- Figures 13A and 13B show photos of the right and left pits of a triathlon shirt under UV light.
- Figures 14A and 14B are photos of a pit in a men’s polyester golf shirt having apparent biofilm, in which additional biofilm was grown through application of an artificial sweat composition.
- Figures 15A and 15B show views in UV light of the left and right pits of a lace dress with a perma-odor problem, displaying strong fluorescence in the pit.
- Figures 16A and 16B show views of the pits of the lace dress in UV light after treatment with bioenzymatic liquid and a biofilm attack agent.
- Figures 17A and 17B are before-and-after images of a biofilm region in the lace dress taken with confocal microscopy with a UV laser and no added dye.
- N-acetyl cysteine unless otherwise specified, includes N-acetyl cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-D-cysteine, salts thereof such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and mixtures thereof.
- derivatives of N-acetyl cysteine include esters, amides, anhydrides, and thio- esters and thio-ethers of the sulfhydryl moiety.
- Nonlimiting examples include methyl N-acetylcysteine, ethyl N-acetylcysteine, stearyl N-acetylcysteine, N- acetylcysteine methylthioether, N,S-diacetylcysteine, N-acetylcysteine amide, and the mixed anhydride of N-acetylcysteine and acetic acid.
- odorants and “odorous compounds” are the chemical sources of malodor, which are frequently derived from the action of microbes on typically non-odorous compounds in the sweat, sebum, or otherwise on the human body or in other materials that may be present on fabrics.
- Odorants may include 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexanol (3M3SFI), 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (3M2FI), and 3-methyl-3-hydroxy-hexanoic acid (FIMFIA), acetic acid, isovaleric acid, 2- methyl-butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, butanoic acid, (E)-3-methyl-3- hexenoic acid, ethylbutanoate, (Z)-4-heptenal, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 4-methyloctanoic acid, sulfanylalkanols and particularly 3M3SFI (3- methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol), and the steroids androstenone and androstenol.
- 3M3SFI 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexanol
- 3M2FI 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid
- synthetic fibers refer to fibers that are not obtained from plant or animal sources such as nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin fibers. Further non-limiting examples include modacrylic, Spandex, rayon (e.g., viscose, modal and lyocell), vinyon, saran, vinalon, aramids, PLA, etc.
- optical brighteners include dyes and related materials that fluoresce in UV and/or blue light to enhance the brightness or appearance of colors in various fabrics. Optical brighteners often absorb effectively onto natural fibers, but less on polyester or other synthetic fibers. They also often absorb onto biofilm matter. Typical optical brighteners are frequently stilbene compounds, particularly anionic diamino stilbene (DAS) or distyryl biphenyl (DSBP) derivatives, such as di- and tetra-sulfonated triazole-stilbenes and di-sulfonated stilbene- biphenyl derivatives.
- DAS anionic diamino stilbene
- DSBP distyryl biphenyl
- Optical brighteners such as those used in laundry detergents may include Calcofluor White (CAS 4404-43-7) or Calcofluor White M2R; C.l. Fluorescent brightener 260; Fluorescent Brightener FWA-1 (CAS 16090-02-1); Disodium 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl (CAS 27344-41-8), also known as Tinopal CBS-X (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany); Uvitex 2B, Phorwite MBBFI, 4,4'- bis(benzoxazolyl)-cis-stilbene, 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene, 4,4'-diamino- 2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (amsonic acid, CAS 81-11-8), and the like.
- optical brighteners may be present at concentrations from about 0.02% to about 1%. Solutions of optical brighteners used to identify the presence of biofilm matter may have any effective concentration, such as from about 50 PPM to 2%, 100 PPM to 1%, 100 PPM to 0.05%, 0.2% to 1%, and the like.
- the term “textile” means any material made of interlacing fibers, including fabrics, carpeting, etc., whether woven or nonwoven, or comprising including yarns, yarn intermediates, fibers, and fabrics made of these materials and related product (garments and other articles). Items made at least in part from textiles may include shirts, pants, socks, shoes, hats, gloves, underwear, suits, dresses, gowns, face masks, robes, linens, draperies, upholstery materials, etc.
- a “fabric” is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding of fibers and may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.), and includes both woven and nonwoven materials and may include knits, felts, multilayered items, composites, denims, yarns, etc.
- detergent composition refers to compositions for removal of undesired compounds from surfaces such as textile surfaces. Such compositions may be in any suitable product form such as liquid, gel, slurry, dispersion, powder, solid stick, granulate, paste, or spray compositions.
- It may include liquid and/or solid laundry detergents and fabric detergents and may comprise one or more enzymes such as hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, mannanases, pectate lyases, keratinases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, beta-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, DNase, chlorophyllases, amylases, perhydrolases, peroxidases, xanthanase and mixtures thereof.
- enzymes such as hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases,
- the detergent composition may further comprise ingredients such as surfactants, builders, chelating agents, bleach system, polymers, fabric conditioners, foam boosters, suds suppressors, perfume, tarnish inhibitors, bactericides, fungicides, soil suspending agents, anti-corrosion agents, enzyme inhibitors or stabilizers, enzyme activators, transferase(s), hydrolytic enzymes, oxido reductases, fluorescent dyes, antioxidants, and solubilizers, etc.
- ingredients such as surfactants, builders, chelating agents, bleach system, polymers, fabric conditioners, foam boosters, suds suppressors, perfume, tarnish inhibitors, bactericides, fungicides, soil suspending agents, anti-corrosion agents, enzyme inhibitors or stabilizers, enzyme activators, transferase(s), hydrolytic enzymes, oxido reductases, fluorescent dyes, antioxidants, and solubilizers, etc.
- a “cleaning composition” can include a detergent composition for cleaning laundry or other textile material, but can include cleaning aids for many surfaces such as bathrooms, kitchens, walls, floors, machinery, foods, etc.
- a laundry cleaning composition comprising water, NAC at a level of 0.01% to 7%, such as from 0.5% to 2.5%
- a detergent formulation such as Pilot Chemicals’ (Cincinnati, OH) super concentrate blend of anionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic surfactants, plus 1-3% each of three or more enzymes, an optional solvent or stabilizer up to roughly 7% such as propylene glycol or propane diol, chelants and builders, various salts and buffering agents such as citrates, chlorides, carbonates, etc., to assist in stabilizing enzymes.
- It may also comprise up to 4% rheology modifiers such as 1%-2% ACULYNTM 22 Rheology Modifier (Dow Chemical).
- Such compositions can be
- laundering relates to both household laundering and industrial laundering and means the process of treating textiles with a detergent composition typically comprising surfactants and/or enzymes.
- the laundering process can be carried out using a household or industrial washing machine such as front-loading or top-loading washers, or by hand.
- panthenol may include pantothenic acid and salts thereof (e.g., the calcium, sodium, potassium salts, etc.), pantethine, pantetheine, and so forth.
- Panthenol is closely related to its derivative, pantothenic acid, and pantethine (bis-pantethine or co-enzyme pantethine), a dimeric form of pantetheine produced from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) by addition of cysteamine.
- vitamin B5 supplements are in the form of calcium pantothenate.
- a composition may be substantially free of pantothenic acid while containing panthenol or derivatives thereof.
- panthenol’s efficacy against perma-odor and biofilms in infected fabrics may relate to the uptake of panthenol by microbes that need pantothenic acid, wherein the similarity to panthenol “fools” microbes into taking up panthenol as if it were a nutrient when it is not.
- panthenols panthenols
- panthenol or its derivatives substantially free of panthothenic acid may be especially useful. However, it may also be that panthenol (a.k.a. dexpanthenol) has a softening effect or other secondary effect on the biofilm of an infected fabric.
- post-treatment in the context of the washing of clothing refers to an application of a formulation as described herein to all or a portion of an item of clothing after it has been washed. For washing with water, the post-treatment may be done prior to drying, after drying, or during drying.
- washing of clothing or other items made from fabrics or textiles generally refers to the use of water and typically a cleaning agent such as a detergent to remove soil, food, or other agents from the clothing, and may comprise the use of an automated washing machine running a programmed washing cycle comprising combinations of soaking, agitation, rinsing, and spinning to remove water. However, “washing” may also refer to dry cleaning, hand cleaning, chemical bleaching, solar or UV bleaching, treatment with disinfecting or cleansing vapors, etc.
- a suspension said to comprise 2% of, say, cucurbituril is understood to have 2% cucurbituril particles relative to the mass of the suspension itself, including the water or other liquids.
- ranges such as concentration ranges for a compound may have a lower limit and an upper limit selected from any suitable concentration value mentioned for that compound.
- the concentration range may be from zero or substantially zero (e.g., 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.001%, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, or 1 ppm) to an upper limit of any concentration mentioned herein for that compound or salts thereof.
- NAC N-acetyl cysteine
- cysteine a derivative of a vital amino acid, cysteine
- It is an antioxidant that is also marketed as a dietary supplement.
- aqueous solutions of NAC can help reduce perma-odor, either through direct attack or by enhancing the ability of cleaning agents such as enzymes or other compounds to clean the surfaces of infected fibers.
- NAC has been reported to have success in certain medical environments against several species of bacteria that can create biofilms.
- NAC or any other medical agent does not appear to have been considered previously in terms of reducing malodor on clothing or in affecting the hypothesized biofilm formation that may account for some of the more intractable issues of odor control that occur for some users and clothing types.
- the usefulness of any compound in one environment against one particular bacterial species does not indicate success in another environment, especially when the target may be different bacteria.
- NAC solutions in the range of 0.01 % to 15% or more appear to be useful in reducing biofilm on fabrics with persistent odor, especially when combined with or followed by treatment with additional agents such as panthenol or derivatives thereof, laundry enzymes or other enzymes, catechins, detergents, and various solvents.
- Suitable formulations may have 0.1% to 13%, 0.5% to 13%, 1% to 10%, 0.3% to 8%, and 0.5% to 6% NAC, such as from 0.7% to 3.5% NAC.
- NAC may help opening up the biofilm (reducing viscosity or thickness, or increasing permeability of the biofilm) to allow the enzymes or other actives to more effectively attack the food source for the odor causing bacteria, or to allow antimicrobial agents or enzymes to more effectively attack the bacteria, or both.
- NAC can be found in garlic, onion, etc., or derived from natural materials such as corn, typically through fermentation and extraction. It can be derived from cysteine through acetylation, or produced according to the methods described in EP0905282B1 , or by Alexander G Zhdanko et al. in “One-step synthesis of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione derivatives using the Ugi reaction,” Tetrahedron 65/24 (June 2009):4692-4702. NAC can be obtained in dietary supplements such as those of Swanson.com, or from a variety of chemical suppliers. For some aspects, low-odor NAC such as Ajipure (Swanson Pharm., Fargo, North Dakota) or Fluimicil (Zambon Italia S.r.l., Milan, Italy) may be useful.
- Ajipure Swanson Pharm., Fargo, North Dakota
- Fluimicil Zambon Italia S.r.l., Milan, Italy
- enzymes and/or bacteria or spores may be provided in a mixture having high ionic strength such as having at least 2% or higher, 5% or higher, 8% or higher, or 10% or higher, such as from 2% to 20%, 5% to 20%, 8% to 20%, 10% to 25%, etc., of a salt such as sodium citrate, sodium chloride, aluminum sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, etc.
- a salt such as sodium citrate, sodium chloride, aluminum sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, etc.
- Citrate ions may be beneficial in some versions, and thus solutions of sodium citrate, potassium citrate, ammonium citrate, zinc citrate, and the like may be used.
- agents can also be considered. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that some liquids may be useful as solvents or “biofilm modification” agents to soften or weaken a biofilm or enhance its permeability so agents may be more effective.
- Such agents may include 2 ' -hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, phenyl propanol such as 3-phenyl-1 -propanol, propane diol, propane glycol, pentylene glycol, DMSO, panthenol, pantothenic acid, glycerin, 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 4 ' -hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-methoxy-2- phenylethanol, 2-phenylethanol, methyl chavicol (Basil oil) and other essential oils, myristicin aldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and isopropylidene glycerol, also known as Solketal. They may be present at
- EGCG is known as an oral care agent, a probiotic agent for human consumption, and as an agent with various health benefits. Its potential in odor control and especially odor control of fabrics appears to have not yet been recognized. We have found particularly useful odor control systems can be produced using aqueous EGCG solutions. EGCG is most commonly available as an extract of green tea, typically produced in China. Applicant has found EGCG to be most useful at 98% purity or above, although levels of at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97% and the like can also be used in some versions. EGCG may be combined with ascorbic acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, lactic acid, etc., to achieve a suitable pH to prevent color formation from reactions involving EGCG.
- the composition may be substantially free of any or all of the following or any subset: ethanol, methanol, propanol, alcohols, alcohols having 3 or fewer carbons, alcohols having 2 or fewer carbons, glycolic acid, acetic acid, critic acid, latex, spermicides, Octoxynol-9, TEA (triethylamine, a compound which may contribute to unwanted odor) or derivatives of TEA, TMA (trimethylamine), ammonia or complexes thereof, amines, polyhydroxy fatty acids, polyhydroxy acids, alpha-hydroxy acids having 14 or greater carbons, fatty acids, polyhydroxy fatty acid esters (or polyhydroxy fatty acid derivatives such as esters, amides, and alcohols), benzoic acid, parabens, preservatives, perfumes, artificial colors, sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonates in solid or ionic form, retinol, or Retin-A. “Substantially free” in this context
- the laundry composition may comprise an effective amount of at least one of: (1) one or more enzymes selected from a protease, a lipase, an amylase, a mannanase, a pectinase, a lysozyme, a cellulase, and a DNase; (2) one or more quaternary amines such as, by way of example, soyethyl morpholinium ethosulfate, a quat known to be useful in reducing odor; (3) one or more essential oils with odor control and antimicrobial efficacy, such as the mix of essential oils marketed under as Odor Medicine O.F.
- one or more enzymes selected from a protease, a lipase, an amylase, a mannanase, a pectinase, a lysozyme, a cellulase, and a DNase
- one or more quaternary amines such as, by way
- a biological agent such as a bio-enzymatic cleaner or deodorizer comprising one or more bacteria strains or one or more microbial phage strains that can be directly or indirectly effective in attacking targeted bacteria species.
- Bacterial Spores and Other Microbial Agents Bacterial Spores and Other Microbial Agents [0067] Bacterias spores used herein may be any of those described in US Patent
- the spores are obtained from non-pathogenic spore-forming microorganisms that are capable of reacting with and removing various organic substances. Such spores can produce extracellular enzymes that may include protease enzymes, urease enzymes, amylase enzymes, lipase enzymes, cellulase enzymes, and combinations thereof. Commercially available concentrated of spores suspended in liquid may be used. Such spore concentrates may comprise from 1% to 50% of the compositions described herein, or from 5% to 30% or from 10% to 25%.
- the bacillus spores may constitute 0.05% to 60% by weight of the spore concentrate, and after blending with enzymes, surfactants, and other agents to form a concentrate or ready-to-use mixture for treating laundry, the bacterial spore concentration may be from about 0.01% to about 10% or 0.05% to 5%, or from 0.1% to 4%.
- the number of colony forming units (CFU) per ml in the concentrate or diluted mixture may be 1x10 5 to 1x10 10 , 1x10 5 to 1x10 9 , or 1x10 6 to 1x10 8 .
- the bacillus spores may have an average particle diameter of about 2-50 microns, such as from about 10 to 45 microns.
- Bacillus spores are commercially available in blends in aqueous carriers.
- Commercially available bacterial spore blends include without limitation Freshen FreeTM CAN (10X), from Novozymes Biologicals, Inc.; J-Zyme AB-20XNF of JTech Sales (Baton Rouge, FL), a 20X liquid concentrate comprising spores from Bacillus subtilis ; Bio-Enzymatic Odor Eliminator from Ecolab (St. Paul, MN); and Evogen® Renew Plus (10X) and Evogen® GT (10X, 20X and 110X), both from Genesis Biosciences, Inc.
- spores may include those made according to the methods described in J. Edward Donnellan, Jr. et al. , “Chemically Defined, Synthetic Media for Sporulation and for Germination and Growth of Bacillus Subtilis,” J. Bacteriology, 87/2 (Feb. 1964): 332-336, or the spores described in US Patent Appl. No. 20190284647, “Spore Containing Granule,” published Sept. 19, 2019 by P. Bach, which not only describes many spores but also describes how granulated enzymes capsules can be coated with bacterial spores in a single dry product, which may be of use in dry precursors to the liquid-based mixtures described herein.
- Examples of commercially available bacteria to consider include Ecolab’s Bio-Enzymatic Cleaner, bio-enzymatic “Biologicals” mixes provided by Novozymes Corp. (Bagsvaerd, Denmark), bacterial mixes distributed by Maroon Group (Boca Raton, FL) such as J-ZymeTM AB-20X NFC distributed by J Tech Sales (Boca Raton, FL), a variety of Nature’s Miracle products from Spectrum Brands (Middleton, Wl), as well as the Bio-Enzymatic Stain & Odor Remover of Xion Labs (Kissimmee, FL) and the NATURE'S SOLUTIONTM Bio-Enzymatic Deodorizer/Spotter/Digester of National Chemical Laboratories, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA). Also to be considered are bacteria described in US Patent Application 20180305658, “Composition of Bacterial Mixture and Uses Thereof” by M.T.
- Such bacteria may include, for example, species and strains from Nitrospira including Comammox bacteria, Nitrosospira, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Lactobacillus ; Lactococcus, etc.
- Nitrospira including Comammox bacteria, Nitrosospira, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Lactobacillus ; Lactococcus, etc.
- the use of bacteria in the systems described herein should also comply with relevant health and safety requirements.
- compositions for reduction of human malodor include bacteria selected from Lactobacillus iners, and similar clones.
- the composition may further comprise Lactobacillus variants such as crispatus, casei, gasseri, fermentum, amylolyticus, acidophilus, jensenii, coleohominis, etc.
- Other species may include Anaerococcus, Dialister, Finegoldia magna, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, thetaiotaomicron, Lachnospiraceae, Leptotrichia, Streptococcus, Comamonas, Aerococcus, Veillonella, Mycoplasma, and Micromonas.
- Other examples of bacterial compositions for odor control are described in US Patent Application 20110318289, “Methods and Compositions for Reducing Body Odor,” published by M. Frodyma of Novozymes Corp., Dec. 29, 2011.
- Bacteria or spores may be provided in an aqueous suspension, a gel, a foam, a wipe, in microspheres, etc.
- One vehicle for delivery of beneficial bacteria may be microspheres comprised of poly (D.L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) and poly(D,L-lactide)(PLA) as described in Goodman, et al, “Microsheres Under In Vitro Release Conditions,” APPS PharmSCiTech, 2003: 4(4) article 50.
- Other methods for delivery are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,028 issued to Williams, et. al on Jan. 21 , 2003.
- the concentration of bacteria or their spores may be 10 billion or more per liter such as form 10 billion to 200 billion per liter, or can be about 5 billion or more per liter, 500 million or more per liter, or 50 million or more per liter.
- the bacteria may comprise any number of species such as any integer from 1 to 1000, such as 1 species, 3 or more species, from 3 to 10, etc. Such agents can be present in a cleaning composition or in the biofilm attack agent, if compatible.
- the cleaning composition may comprise phages that attack bacteria associated with malodor such as Micrococcus luteus or other micrococci.
- Phages are virus-like agents that attack specific strains of bacteria. Examples of phages for use in products intended for human use are described in United States Patent Application 20170157186, “Phage to Treat Bacteria on Skin,” published June 8, 2017 by Jacob Shiach. See also US Application 20110038840, issued Feb. 17, 2011 to L-kuang Chen and Nien-tsung Lin, and US Application 20170319637, issued Nov. 9, 2017 to F. Pouillot et al.
- phage therapy for nutritional purposes to enhance the bacteria in the Gl tract is marketed at Flora88.com by Optium, LLC (Provo UT), and similar phages can be considered for use with the compositions described herein.
- Another source of phages for commercial products is Micreos Food Safety B.V. (The Netherlands).
- Phages can be provided in aqueous solution and applied with NAC, enzymes, flavanols and other agents to attack odorous bacteria or their biofilms.
- a related approach is the use of bystander phage technology, in which a phage attacks a specific microbe but induces the targeted microbe to release defensive antimicrobials in response, which in turn can target a broad spectrum of nearby bacteria.
- Bystander phage therapy is being offered for commercial use through Brigham Young Univ. from the research of Dr. Sandra Hope, as described by T. Scott Brady et al., “Bystander Phage Therapy,” Antibiotics 7/4 (2016): 105.
- Enzymes particularly hydrolases, have been used as a tool for laundering fabrics for decades.
- hydrolases proteinases, amylases, cellulases and mannanase are also commonly employed in some products. Lysozymes, pectinases, and DNases may also be considered.
- Enzymes may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin, and may be modified in various ways and expressed via host organisms in which the genetic material responsible for the production of the enzyme has been cloned.
- the enzymes can be added as single ingredients (prills, granulates, stabilized liquids, etc. containing one enzyme ) or as mixtures of two or more enzymes (e.g. cogranulates or blends in solution).
- Enzymes useful with the formulations described herein may include any combination of lipases, proteases, amylases, cellulases and mannanases, pectinases, hemicellulases, peroxidases, lysozymes, xylanases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, laccases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, b-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidases,
- compositions may be substantially free of particular enzymes, such as substantially free of any particular class of enzymes such as lipase or laccase (e.g., having less than 0.2%, less than 0.1% or less than 0.05% by weight of the excluded enzyme or enzyme category) or substantially free of the bacteria or bacterial spores that produce the excluded enzyme or enzyme category.
- lipases may be most effective at low moisture levels, such as from 10% to 40% moisture in fabric, acting primarily at air-water interfaces, and thus the peak activity of lipase applied to laundry may occur after washing as the clothing is air dried or tumble dried, resulting in some components that may remain in the clothing until washed again, raising the risk of malodor when lipase concentration is too high.
- Lipases may include those derived from shrimp and other marine life.
- laundry detergents refers to enzymes commonly incorporated into laundry detergents, both liquid and granulated detergents, such as lipase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, pectinase, and amylase. These are often engineered to be active at an alkaline pH such as from 7 to 9.5 or 7.5 to 8.5 but may individually or collectively be adapted for optimum performance in other pH ranges such as from 3 to 12, 3 to 6, 4 to 7, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 4.5 to 8.5, 5 to 7.6, 3.5 to 6.5, etc.
- Enzymes may be incorporated in a product at levels from 0.01 % to 20% of active enzyme by weight, or from 1% to 15%, 2% to 12%, and the like. Examples of potentially useful enzymes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,576,282, 5,728,671 and 5,707,950. Proteases are described in WO 95/30010, WO 95/30011 , and WO 95/29979. Peroxidase enzymes are discussed in U.S. Pat.
- Enzymes produced by bacterial phages may also be employed, including polysaccharide depolymerases or EPS depolymerases and phage endolysins.
- lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase that can be found in egg whites of chickens, in human milk and the milk of some mammals. It catalyzes the hydrolysis can cause lysis of some bacteria. Lysozyme activity generally increases with increasing temperatures, up to about 60°C, with a pH range of 6.0-7.0 for best activity. Suitable concentrations of salts such as sodium chloride or potassium salts can increase lysis by lysozyme (e.g., a salt concentration from 0.01 to 7%, 0.1% to 3%, 0.02% to 1.5%, 0.05% to 1%).
- the enzyme solution may be substantially salt free, such as having an upper limit in concentration of less than 0.1%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.01%, or less than 0.001% salt; upper limits to be considered may also include 100 ppm, (parts per million), 10 ppm, 1 ppm, 100 ppb (parts per billion), 10 ppb, 1 ppb, and 10 ppt (parts per trillion). These upper limits can also be applied to limit the amount of any optional ingredient or potentially adverse ingredient described herein. These limits can be taken as applicable if desired to any known toxin, pollutant, dye, pharmaceutical compound, and so forth, in order to achieve such objectives as meeting safety guidelines, reducing harm to the environment, or preventing harms to the treated products.
- Proteases may include serine proteases, which include a serine group in the catalytic center, or metallo proteases, cysteine proteases (including papain and bromelain), aspartic proteases, threonine proteases, and the like.
- alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from Bacillus, e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279), such as Subtilisin A (Enzyme Commission or EC number 3.4.21.62), marketed by Novozymes, an alkaline non-specific serine protease from Bacillus subtilis that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide amides.
- subtilisins especially those derived from Bacillus, e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279), such as Subtilisin A (Enzyme Commission or EC number 3.4.21.62), marketed by Novozymes, an alkaline non-specific serine protease from Bacillus subtilis that cata
- variants include subtilisin BPN' (also subtilisin B, subtilopeptidase C, nagarse, nagarse proteinase, subtilisin Novo, bacterial proteinase Novo) and subtilisin Carlsberg (subtilisin A, subtilopeptidase A, alcalase Novo).
- trypsin-like proteases are trypsin (e.g. of porcine or bovine origin) and the Fusarium protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583.
- Other examples of useful proteases are the variants described in WO 92/19729, WO 98/20115, WO 98/20116, and WO 98/34946. Proteinase K may also be considered, but can pose a threat to keratin and thus to wool.
- Alcalase® an esterase that hydrolyzes amino esters which include heterocyclic amino esters; Savinase®, which can hydrolyse some esters as well as strained amides under alkaline conditions; Esperase®, an endo-peptidase with a broad specificity; Neutrase® (E.C.3.4.24), a neutral, zinc metallo endo-protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that randomly hydrolyses internal peptide bonds and also facilitates enzymatic synthesis of oligopeptides, and the related protease thermolysin, a zinc dependent metallo endo-protease; rTrypsin® (EC 3.4.21.4); and nattokinase, a protease with 275 amino acid units made by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis var.
- Savinase® which can hydrolyse some esters as well as strained amides under alkaline conditions
- Esperase®
- Proteases may also include the peptidase known as SAPV from the halophilic Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., strain FarD T .
- Pectinases can include those from any known source such as from bacteria, fungi and nematodes, and can include the XPect® series of pectinase marketed by Novozymes and related Pectinex® products.
- Pectinase products are often provided as a mixture of enzymes that may include pectintranseliminase, polygalacturonase and pectinesterase and small amounts of hemicellulases and cellulases.
- Pectinex® and several related enzymes are believed to be produced by a strain of the fungus Aspergillus niger, said to exhibit optimum activity around pH 4.5.
- the pectinase includes one or more pectinases of Dickeya dadantii.
- Lipases are typically classified as serine hydrolases and act to hydrolyze various lipids, typically only when present at an oil-water interface and generally do not hydrolyze dissolved substrates in the bulk fluid. Lipases, when used in the compositions described herein, may be biological or engineered lipases that are extracted from living organisms or combinations thereof.
- Microbial sources may include Candida rugosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species, Aeromonas species, Acinetobacter species, Burkholderia species, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, and other Bacillus species, Penicillium roquefort, Geortrichum species, etc.
- Others include M1 Lipase® and Lipomax® (Gist- Brocades) and Lipolase® and Lipolase Ultra® (Novozymes).
- Lipase may also be extracted from arthropods, marine animals and mollusks, including lipase from the hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei), as described by S. Kuepethkaewa et al. , International Journal of Food Properties 20/4 (2017): 769-781. Cutinases [EC 3.1.1.50] can be considered as a kind of lipase that does not require interfacial activation. See WO 88/09367 (Genencor).
- Cellulases may include any combination of known cellulases including those used for laundry detergents or proposed for that purpose, including alkali stable endoglucanase from alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. (T-EG); the BioTouchTM cellulases such as BioTouchTM FLX1, DCL, FCL75, Duo 505, and ROC 250 laundering composition of AB Enzymes (Darmstadt, Germany); Aspergillus niger cellulase; the acid, neutral, or alkaline cellulases of Creative Enzymes (Shirley, NY); the cellulases of US Patent No. 6451063, issued Sept. 17, 2002 to K.A. Clarkson et al.; and the Celluclast® and Cellic® cellulases of Novozymes, including Cellic® CTec3 FIS, a cellulase and hemicellulase complex.
- T-EG alkali stable endoglucanase from alkalothermophilic The
- Mannanases may include Mannaway® from Novozymes, Cp- mannanase marketed by PhylloZyme (Philadelphia, PA) and extracted from Trichoderma reesei, or mannanase extracted from various leafs as described in Uma Kumari, “Validation of leaf enzymes in the detergent and textile industries: launching of a new platform technology,” Plant Biotechnology Journal, 17 (2019): 1167-1182.
- DNase can include deoxyribonuclease and related peptides or enzymes such as those described in US Patent No. 10,479,981. Also to be considered are the compositions of WO 06/017816 and the Deoxyribonuclease I (bovine DNase I) of WO 2009/121183 and the materials of US Patent No. 9675736.
- amylases can be included such as Termamyl®, Ban®, Fungamyl® and Duramyl®, from Novo Nordisk.
- WO 94/02597 describes cleaning compositions with mutant amylases. See also W094/18314, W095/10603, U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,257, EP 252,666, WO 91/00353, EP 525,610, EP 368,341, W095/26397, W095/35382, WO 94/18314 and WO96/05295.
- a combination of enzymes is provided, either in solution or in powdered form.
- the combination may comprise commercial combinations such as Novozymes Leviti® mix of protease, cellulase, mannanase, amylase and pectinase, though such a mix can be assembled from individual sources.
- a mix can be fortified with additional individual enzymes such as lipase and other forms of protease such as papain, lysozyme, DNAse, and the like.
- Antimicrobial agents may be present in any of the solutions used in the methods described herein.
- common preservatives such as banzalkonium chloride, 1 ,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one or other isothiazolinones, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, potassium sorbate, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, or benzoic acid may be present that also attack odor causing bacteria.
- nisin, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides, etc. may be present.
- the composition may be substantially free from certain preservatives such as parabens and/or formaldehyde generators.
- Antimicrobials may be present in a composition at a level of 0.01% to 15%, 0.01% to 5%, or 0.05% to 2%, etc., and the NAC or salt or derivative thereof may comprises from 0.1% to 20% of the dry or wet mass of the composition.
- Other agents may include cetylpyridinium chloride, imidazolidinyl urea, propyl benzoate, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, biguanide, nisin, chitosan derivatives, silver nanoparticles or other silver- based compositions capable of releasing silver ions, etc.
- Antimicrobial agents can include the cationic steroidal antimicrobial (CSA) compounds described by Paul Savage and D. Leung in US Patent No. 7754705, “Cationic steroid antimicrobial compositions and methods of use,” issued July 13, 2010; Carl Genberg and Paul Savage, US Patent No. 9603859, “Methods and products for increasing the rate of healing of tissue wounds,” issued March 28, 2017; and Carl Genberg, C.S. Beus, and Paul B. Savage, US Patent Application 20150374719, “Methods for Treating Fungal Infections,” issued Dec. 31, 2015.
- CSA cationic steroidal antimicrobial
- Antimicrobials may have a concentration of from 0.01% to 1%, such as from 0.01% to 0.5%, or from 0.02% to
- CSA compounds are commercially available from Purishield Life Sciences, LLC (Walnut Creek, CA) under the PuriShield®, Purifect® or Ceragyn® brands.
- the antimicrobial system may be substantially free of any one or more of parabens, formaldehyde donors, halogens, isothiazolinones, and phenoxyethanol.
- a surfactant system can comprise nonionic and/or anionic and/or cationic and/or ampholytic and/or zwitterionic and/or semi-polar nonionic surfactants. They may be present at 0.01% to 25% by weight, such as from 0.1% to 5%, 0.5% to 20%, etc., or otherwise at an effective concentration to enable the solution comprising the surfactant to achieve the intended purpose of the surfactant, which may be, for example, enhancing penetration of the solution into a woven or nonwoven fabric or assisting in removing foodstuffs or other contaminants from a fabric.
- the surfactant can be formulated to be compatible with enzyme components.
- Surfactants may be bio-based such as GlucoPure® Sugar Surfactants of Clariant, Spectrapon of Spectrum Chemical (Boca Raton, FL), Glucopon alkyl polyglycoside surfactants from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany), Sucranov SF from Jarchem (Newark, NJ) comprising a blend of Sodium cocoamph-oacetate, glycerin, lauryl glucoside, sodium cocoyl glutamate, and sodium lauroyl lactylate, or other systems comprising such components as glycosides of fatty acids and alcohols, polyether glycosidic ionophores and macrocyclic glycosides, carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids, biologically active glycosides of aromatic metabolites, lipopeptides, biologically active marine and terrestrial alkaloid glycosides, fatty acid amide glycosides and their analogs and derivatives, etc..
- GlucoPure® Sugar Surfactants of Clariant
- Biosurfactants may also include rhamnolipids or fungal extracts such as sophorolipids, or combinations of sophorolipids or other biosurfactants with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or other surfactants. Sophorolipids may weaken the EPS biofilm matrix, assisting in surface-detachment and breakup of the biofilm.
- sophorolipids may weaken the EPS biofilm matrix, assisting in surface-detachment and breakup of the biofilm.
- Polysorbate surfactants may be used such as Polysorbate 20 (often known as Tween 20), a nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of sorbitan before the addition of lauric acid.
- Polysorbate 40, 60, 65, 80 or other polysorbate surfactants may be used with other surfactants.
- nonionic, anionic, cationic, ampholytic, zwitterionic and semi-polar nonionic surfactants are in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,707,950 and 5,576,282,.
- Another nonionic class of surfactants is the TEGITOLTM series of surfactants of Dow Chemical (Midland, Ml).
- surfactants include alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS), cocamide MEA (CMEA), cocamidopropyl betatine (CAPB), lauryl alcohol ethoxylates, lauryl amine oxide, sodium coco sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.
- AOS alpha olefin sulfonates
- CMEA cocamide MEA
- CAPB cocamidopropyl betatine
- lauryl alcohol ethoxylates lauryl amine oxide, sodium coco sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.
- alkylamidopropyldimethylamine oxides such as NEOMINOX®CPG and NEOMINOX®LP of Oxtiteno.
- Anionic surfactants include alkyl alkoxylated sulfate surfactants that are water soluble salts or acids of the formula RO(A) m S03M wherein R is an unsubstituted C10-C24 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having a C10-C24 alkyl component, A is an ethoxy or propoxy unit, m is greater than zero, typically between about 0.5 and about 6, and M is H or a cation which can be, for example, a metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.), ammonium or substituted-ammonium cation.
- Alkyl ethoxylated sulfates as well as alkyl propoxylated sulfates BIO-TERGE® AS-40 of Stepan Co. (Northfield, IL) are also contemplated.
- Cationic surfactants include water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds and various compounds with ethylene oxide moieties.
- the surfactant may further comprise a co-surfactant selected from the group of primary or tertiary amines such as amines.
- amines to be considered include 1-octylamine, 1- hexylamine, 1-decylamine, 1-dodecylamine, Cs-C-ioOxypropylamine, N coco 1- 3diaminopropane, coconutalkyldimethylamine, lauryldimethylamine, lauryl bis(hydroxyethyl)amine, coco bis(hydroxyehtyl)amine, lauryl amine 2 moles propoxylated, octyl amine 2 moles propoxylated, lauryl amidopropyldimethylamine, Cs-C-io amidopropyldimethylamine and C10 amidopropyldimethylamine.
- n-alkyl amines Such amines for use herein may be selected from 1-hexylamine, 1-octylamine, 1- decylamine and laurylamine.
- Other primary amines include Cs-C-io oxypropylamine, octyloxypropylamine, 2-ethylhexyl-oxypropylamine, lauryl amido propylamine and amido propylamine.
- Such a regimen can also include periodic sanitizing of a washing machine to reduce the risk of microbes being transferred to clothing.
- the laundry treatments are packaged with a washing machine treatment such as a powder, liquid, or tablet that can be placed in a washing machine and run in a cycle not to launder clothing but to attack biofilm and microbes in the machine.
- a machine cleaner may comprise from 1% to 80% NAC with suitable excipients (for tablets), panthenol, detergents, buffering agents, etc., such as a tablet comprising NAC, a binder such as magnesium stearate or a starch compound, sodium carbonate or other salts, catechins such as EGCG, and a detergent.
- a solid cleaning tablet comprises 5-50% NAC, optionally 1-10% panthenol, optionally 3-20% boric acid or borax, 1-10% sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate or other peroxides, 1-10% sodium carbonate or other alkaline salts (sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and so forth), and suitable excipients.
- An effective concentration of quaternary amines and other antimicrobials including CSAs can also be employed to attack microbes. Surfactants and other agents may also assist.
- a composition for the cleaning of biofilm material in washing machines for clothing and/or dish washers or other washers comprises: from 1% to 50% of a biofilm attach agent such as NAC, panthenol, and a catechin, such as 3% to 30% NAC and 1% to 25% panthenol; from 1% to 30% of boric acid, a borate salt such as sodium borate, or a combination thereof; from 5% to 20% sodium carbonate; from 2% to 25% sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate; up to 20% of a laundry enzyme or other enzyme described herein such as an enzyme mix in powder form comprising protease, cellulase, mannanase and lipase; and up to 25% of an anionic, cationic, or nonionic surfactant.
- a biofilm attach agent such as NAC, panthenol, and a catechin, such as 3% to 30% NAC and 1% to 25% panthenol
- boric acid such as sodium borate, or a combination thereof
- all the ingredients are provided in a single integral product that may comprise solid and liquid portions embedded in a water soluble polymeric film similar to that used in TIDE® pods or CASCADE® dishwasher pods, with the liquid portion comprising an enzyme solution, for example.
- a 2-step process may also be employed comprising first spraying the interior of a washing machine with an enzymatic composition comprising enzymes and surfactants, optionally also comprising bacterial spores and one or more biofilm attack agents and/or antimicrobials, and after allowing the sprayed-on enzymatic mixture to reside for a predetermined time such as 1 , 2, 4, or 6 hours, a wash cycle is then started which uses the solid ingredients that may be in the form of a solid tablet, capsule, or powder that is added to the interior, or which may be in liquid form or both.
- the water soluble film that may encapsulate all or part of the ingredients may comprise polyvinylalcohol (PVA) or a derivative of PVA, and may contain from 5 to 20% water when encasing dry ingredients or from 10% to 60% water when encasing liquids.
- PVA polyvinylalcohol
- MonoSol (Merriville, Indiana) is a producer of such water-soluble films.
- Related materials are described in US Patent No. 10443024.
- segregated materials may be provided.
- one material may be in the form of a powder or tablet in a first container such as a plastic pouch, blister pack with a foil seal, a foil sealed packet, plastic or glass bottle or tube, a shaker similar to a salt shaker for shaking powder onto a surface, and so forth.
- a tablet may be an effervescent table that can be added to a quantity of water or other liquid to rapidly dissolve to form a solution. Sealed packets or pouches may be opened by tearing, popping a blister, peeling a peelable layer, and so forth.
- Packets pouches, or pods may also be made with a water soluble film such as the films used in detergent “pods” such as TIDE® Pods or other films such as polyvinyl alcohol films, films made from starch, cellulose, or derivatives thereof, etc., including WATERSOL® film made by Arrow Green Technologies (Liverpool, UK) and SOLUBLON® film from Aicello (Toyohashi, Japan).
- a pouch or pod containing NAC and/or other biofilm attack agents and a segregated portion comprising enzymes and surfactants could simply be dropped into a container of water such as a spray bottle or other applicator, and upon dissolving, could be applied to a target region of a textile item with both NAC and enzymes.
- One material may be in liquid form such as a concentrate in a bottle or pouch or flexible container to be mixed with water.
- the concentrate may be provided in a container large enough to accommodate the requisite amount of added water to turn the concentrate into a normal strength solution, or the concentrate may be poured or squeezed from a small container such as a tearable pouch or small rigid container into a larger container that can hold the additional water needed for dilution, which may be added before or after the concentrate is placed inside the larger container.
- the larger container may be a spray bottle or other liquid applicator for spraying, daubing, pouring, dipping, wiping, brushing, or otherwise applying the liquid to an item of clothing, a textile product, or other surface to be treated.
- a powder is provided that can be mixed with water in a dispensing container such as a spray battle, sponge applicator, roll-on, a foam applicator, etc.
- a first component is at a relatively lower pH while a second components is at a higher pH.
- a first component may comprise a formulation that is most effective or most stable at low pH, such as a mixture comprising NAC and/or a and/or a fruit pectinase or other enzyme having best efficacy at a pH below 7.
- the pH of the first composition may be from 1.5 to 7, from 1.9 to 6.9, from 2 to 6.5, from 2 to 5, and so forth.
- a second composition may have a higher pH such as from 7 to 12, from 7.2 to 11 , from 8 to 11 , etc.
- the difference in pH between the first and second compositions may be at least 0.3, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, or at least 1.5, such as from 0.3 to 5, or from 0.7 to 3.5.
- the first or second composition may be applied first, followed by application of the second application, or visa versa.
- they may be applied substantially simultaneously (e.g., via dissolution of the water soluble film of a pod having two or more isolated chambers within), or the user may be directed to wait a period of time between application, such as from as at least 1 minute, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, an hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, etc.
- a time range may be provided in the user instructions (e.g., in the indicia associated with the product providing directions for use) using any of the aforementioned times as a lower limit, with an upper limit exceeding the lower limit by about 20%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 500%, or 1000% or more, such as time ranges of 1 to 10 minutes, 2 to 30 minutes, 5 to 60 minutes, 1 to 24 hours, 10 minutes to 1 hour, etc.
- a intermediate action may be recommended between the two applications, such as rinsing the area being treated following the first treatment, changing the pH of the treated region by applying a powder or spray of an agent such as a base or acid such as sodium bicarbonate, vinegar, etc.
- biofilm attack agents such as a powder comprising NAC with other solid ingredients and a solution comprising enzymes and detergents may be combined in a unit-dose pouch or “pod” typically held in a water-soluble film.
- a unit-dose pouch or “pod” typically held in a water-soluble film.
- Single or multi-compartment pods may be made as described in US Patent No. 9470638, issued to S. Kalaf, Oct. 18, 2016. Examples are marketed as Tide Pods, All Mighty Pacs, Purex Ultra Packs, etc. Further details are in US Appl. No. 2010/0192986A1 , US Pat. No. 6,995,126, US Pat. No. 7,125,828, US Pat. No. 7,127,874, US Pat. No. 7,563,757, US Pat. No.
- a pod with biofilm attack agents may used in a washing machine cycle is run with or without clothing items to clean the machine.
- FIG. 1 depicts a shirt 10 having a main body 12, sleeves 20, a collar 18, a lower hem 16, buttons 14 for fastening, etc., with underarm regions 22. Depicted generally in the underarms region 22 is a malodorous biofilm region 24, present in both underarm regions 22. A handheld UV lamp 22 with multiple LED UV lights forming the illuminating face 28 of the lamp 26 is shown shining UV light toward an underarm region 22 to assist in visualizing the biofilm region 24.
- the preferential absorption of the optical brightener onto the biofilm may cause the biofilm region 24 to fluoresce, even under normal lighting conditions but most clearly visible in dim light or darkness as the UV light is applied.
- periodically inspecting fluorescence can assist in gauging progress as biofilm size and fluorescence intensity is gradually reduced. In some cases, a single treatment may show dramatic change.
- FIG. 2 shows the shirt 10 of FIG. 1 but instead of biofilm regions (24 of FIG. 1), a wetted region 36 in an underarm region 22 indicates where the liquid in a spray bottle 30 is being applied as a spray 38 using a trigger spray mechanism 32.
- the liquid may comprise the enzymatic mix of detergents, enzymes, and optional bacteria or bacterial spores described herein, with or without additional biofilm attack agents such as NAC, panthenol, catechins, and/or biofilm modification agents. After spraying, the user may be instructed to wait about 15 or 30 minutes before washing.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart 40 for one treatment method.
- a user selects a clothing item suspected of having persistent odor and/or a biofilm.
- the user may detect evidence of a biofilm using UV visualization or other tools (these may include confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, dye staining with Crustal Violet, Congo Red, or other suitable dyes, inoculation of a sample from the item of clothing, etc.) to guide Step 46, the application of an enzymatic mix and/or biofilm attack agents to the locations likely to have biofilm.
- UV visualization or other tools may include confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, dye staining with Crustal Violet, Congo Red, or other suitable dyes, inoculation of a sample from the item of clothing, etc.
- Step 48 the item of clothing is washed and afterwards in Step 50, UV or other tools are applied to examine the remaining regions having apparent biofilm for comparison to the previous findings from Step 44, followed by Step 52, wearing or continuing monitoring and treating the item of clothing in additional cycles as needed.
- the result of the treatments should be not only reduced biofilm presence, but reduced malodor.
- FIG. 4A depicts a roll-on dispenser 80 comprising a cap 92 and a dispenser body 90 containing either (1) the enzymatic mix described herein, (2) the enzymatic mix coupled with a biofilm attack agent such as at least one of NAC, a flavanol solution, and a lysozyme inside (not shown), (3) a biofilm attack agent without laundering enzymes in a suitable carrier such as a base of water and a glycol, diol, or suitable solvent and surfactants or other agents, or (4) a freshener comprising at leat one of an odor neutralizer such as cyclodextrin or cucurbituril compounds, a soya-based quat, an antibacterial agent, optionally with suitable fragrances, or a combination of any of the above, that can be dispensed using a roll-on ball 84, held in place with a roller body 86 which fits into the upper end of the dispenser body 82.
- a biofilm attack agent such as at least one of N
- the cap 92 attaches to the dispenser body 90 by engaging threads 88 thereon when it is twisted in the proper direction.
- the roll-on dispenser 80 can be used to apply a solution to clothing prior to laundering or directly onto clothing after laundering or between washes as a freshener. In some cases, it may be applied to clothing as the clothing is being worn. The contents may be refilled by opening a bottom cap (not shown) or unscrewing the roller body 86 or other portion of the dispenser 80.
- FIG. 4B depicts a unit-dose pouch or “pod” 92 comprising a water soluble film 93 which contains first and second segregated portions, 94 and 96, each of which contain segregated materials, 95 and 97, respectively.
- First material 95 may be a solid such as a powder or solid capsule comprising NAC and optionally other biofilm attack agents, antimicrobials, buffering agents, cleaning agents such as borax, boric acid, borax, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, etc.
- second material 97 may comprise enzymes, surfactants, bacterial spores, with suitable chelants, solvents, rheology modifiers, builders, and the like.
- each segregated material may range from 3 g to 200 g or greater, as needed.
- One or more pods may be placed in a washing machine such as a clothes washer, dish washer, or other device and run with or without the normal contents to help reduce sources of biofilm.
- FIG. 5 depicts a combined assembly 100 for combination in a single package (not shown) of a first container 102 with a cleaner composition compri sing at least one of NAC, a suspension of bacteria or spores such as Bacillus subtiliis, two or more laundering enzymes, panthenol, at least 5% surfactant such as from 10% to 70% alkyl glycosides, and a second container 104 comprising a biofilm attack agent and/or a biofilm modification agent.
- the contents of the second container 104 may be a liquid, a slurry, a paste, a powder, capsules, etc., and may comprise a desiccant.
- the assembly 100 also comprises a blister pack 106 or other packaging system (film or paper packets, pouches, or sachets, sprinkle capsules, ordinary capsules, tablets such as effervescent tablets in a tube or foil pack, etc.) for providing solid material such as tablets or units of powder.
- a blister pack 106 or other packaging system film or paper packets, pouches, or sachets, sprinkle capsules, ordinary capsules, tablets such as effervescent tablets in a tube or foil pack, etc.
- Three tablets are shown here as 108A, 108B, and 108C with a blister pack backing 110 holding them together.
- the tablets or units 108A, 108B, 108C can be detached from the blister pack 106 and placed in or emptied into a washing machine to run a sanitizing cycle, in which the antimicrobial ingredients of the tablets 108A, 108B, 108C can be effective in reducing microbes dwelling in the washing machine (not shown).
- the tablets may be added to a liquid or other mixture such as a spray made from the cleaner composition of the first container 102 or a biofilm attack preparation made from the biofilm attack powder of the second container 104 to enhance their function, or may be added to a washing machine for use in a wash cycle in which articles of clothing therein have been pre-treated with the cleaner composition of the first container 102 or the biofilm attack agent of the second container 104.
- a liquid or other mixture such as a spray made from the cleaner composition of the first container 102 or a biofilm attack preparation made from the biofilm attack powder of the second container 104 to enhance their function, or may be added to a washing machine for use in a wash cycle in which articles of clothing therein have been pre-treated with the cleaner composition of the first container 102 or the biofilm attack agent of the second container 104.
- the assembly 100 may also include a deodorant or antiperspirant product (not shown) designed to enhance the skin microbiome to reduce body odor, particularly one with synergistic benefits with the other components, such as one comprising a mandelic acid composition having at least 0.5% mandelic acid in a cream, stick, roll-on, wipe, spray, or other format, such as LUME® Deodorant.
- a deodorant or antiperspirant product designed to enhance the skin microbiome to reduce body odor, particularly one with synergistic benefits with the other components, such as one comprising a mandelic acid composition having at least 0.5% mandelic acid in a cream, stick, roll-on, wipe, spray, or other format, such as LUME® Deodorant.
- FIG. 6 depicts an assembly 120 for a two-part system.
- a first container 122 a laundry pre-treatment spray, holds an enzymatic mix comprising one or more surfactants, optional bacteria or bacterial spores such as Bacillus subtilis, and a mixture of three or more classes of enzymes comprising protease and at least two of lipase, amylase, cellulase, mannanase, and pectinase having a total protein content of at least 1 % such as from 1 % to 15% or from 2% to 10% or from 1 % to 8%.
- the first container 122 is in the form of a trigger spray bottle having a trigger spray mechanism 124 with a trigger 126 operable by one or more fingers and a spray nozzle 128 such as an adjustable nozzle with multiple settings (e.g., jet, spray, on, off) which may have a foaming screen over the nozzle to promote foam formation which in some cases may help reduce the risk of creating minute aerosol droplets of enzymes that might be inhaled.
- a packet 140 142 containing a powder 144 that may comprise NAC and/or other biofilm attack agents.
- the packet 140 may be torn open and emptied into a second container 152 or, when made from a water soluble film, may simply be placed in the second container 152 with water, where it will dissolve and can be applied via the trigger spray mechanism 154 with its trigger 156 and nozzle 158 in liquid communication with the contents of the second container 152.
- the biofilm attack powder may comprise at least 10% NAC such as from 10% to 80% NAC or substantially pure NAC only. It may further comprise from 0.1 % to 50% panthenol such as from 1 % to 35%, 1% to 25%, 1% to 10% or 1% to 5% panthenol or derivatives thereof.
- It may further comprise agents to adjust pH, ionic strength, viscosity, wetting angle, rheology, aroma, etc., such as metal salts including magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate or citrate, magnesium acetate or chloride, sodium chloride or citrate, sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, potassium chloride or hydroxide, etc., wherein the metal salts may comprise from 0.05% to 20% of the composition.
- the composition may comprise from 0.05 to 15% each or from 0.1 % to 10% each or from 0.3% to 6% each of one or more magnesium salts and one or more sodium salts.
- the pH of the biofilm attack solution when diluted according to instructions may be from 2 to 10, such as an acidic formulation with a pH range of from 2.5 to 6.5, from 3 to 5.5, or from 3 to 4.8, or less than 4.5.
- Other pH ranges contemplated include from 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9 and 7 to 9, or from 3.5 to 8.5 or 4 to 9.
- the biofilm attack composition 144 comprises caffeine, such as from 0.5% to 12%, or from 1% to 5% caffeine. Caffeine may have an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation.
- the packaging may comprise loose powder in a container that is scooped or metered to be combined with water in a container.
- solid particles may be combined in a tablet that can be dissolved in water, including an effervescent tablet that with NAC and a carbon-dioxide releasing material such as sodium carbonate.
- the solid particles may be provided in capsules with water-soluble shells that can be dropped into water to form a biofilm attack solution.
- capsule shells can be discarded rather than dissolved.
- “Sprinkle capsules” may be used in which large capsules can be gripped and twisted to cause separation and release of contents. Such capsules are described in US Patent No. 10610490. They may be made of insoluble material such as polypropylene (PP), PET, high density poly ethylene material, metal, aluminum, and glass.
- PP polypropylene
- PET PET
- high density poly ethylene material metal, aluminum, and glass.
- Figure 7 depicts a spray bottle 180 containing a biofilm attack agent shown as a powder 144 inside a packet 140.
- the packet 140 is made from a water soluble film 194 such that when water is added to the spray bottle 180, the film 194 dissolves allowing the internal powder 144 to also dissolve and turn the water into a biofilm attack solution (not shown).
- the bottle 180 comprises a spray bottle body 182, a cap 184 having a nozzle 186 and a spray button 196, from which descends a dip tube connector 190 joined to a dip tube 192 descending into the interior of the spray bottle body 182, providing fluid communication between any fluid (not shown) inside the spray bottle body 182 with the spray nozzle 186, wherein depressing the spray button 196 causes pumping of the liquid through the dip tube 192 to the nozzle 186.
- Aqueous solutions described herein can be applied with a variety of spray, including aerosol sprays driven by a propellant such as butane; pump sprays driven by manual spray pumps with levers, squeezable handles, push buttons, or other systems.
- a propellant such as butane
- Micron-sized spray droplets or larger may be useful in reducing the production of aerosols that can increase human inhalation of the spray.
- Coarse sprays can be useful in this regard.
- Mesh layers may be placed over a nozzle to induce foaming and reduce the risk of fine aerosol droplets comprising enzymes.
- Liquid dispensers can also be used to deliver small, controlled quantities of liquid without creating aerosol droplets. Examples include known liquid pumps, airless pumps, soap dispensers, etc., including those described in US Patent No. 9248462.
- a variety of dispenser forms may be used, such as roller ball (roll-on) type bottles, such as those described in US Patent No. 10206479.
- Bottles with sponge or perforated tops may be used, such as tops with silicone, rubber, neoprene, or various thermoplastic elastomers or thermoset elastomers. These may be used to provide scrubbing action during or after application of a bioenzymatic liquid or slurry composition.
- a molded scrubbing unit comprising elastomeric or non-elastomeric elevated nubs, bristles, or other elements may be used, and the scrubbing unit may have one or more holes to allow delivery of the cleaning composition during scrubbing or application of friction.
- scrubbing units examples include the elastomeric nubs on top of the OxiCleanTM MaxForceTM Gel Stick marketed by Church & Dwight Co. (Ewing, New Jersey) and the Cosmogen Maxi Squeeze'n Scrub body and face scrubbing product with elastomeric bristles manufactured by Cosmogen (Paris), believed to be related US Patent Appl. No. 20100028070.
- Containers with applicator heads for dispensing the contents may also be provided with on/off features to seal or open the container, including the use of twist caps or other means to open or close a dispenser, as in US Patent No. 8573875.
- An ultraviolet LED or other UV light may be combined with the applicator, integral with or separate from the applicator, to provide UV light (e.g., with a wavelength from 340 to 410 nm) to assist in visualizing biofilm that may be fluorescent due to absorbing optical brighteners from typical laundry detergents.
- Indicia placed on or otherwise associated with packaging may inform users of the benefits of the product, call attention to the relationship between odor on clothing, bacteria on the clothing, as well as possible relationships to bacteria on the skin and bacteria that may be present in washing machines or other locations that may affect clothing.
- Indicia may also provide guidelines for a regimen that can result in long-lasting reduction in odor on clothing and the body, including steps to take to treat clothing before laundering, steps to treat clothing after laundering or between washes, steps to take to treat armpits or other parts of the human body with products such as LUME® Deodorant for Underarms and Private Parts, and steps to take to mitigate bacteria in washing machines or other sources that may influence bacteria and odor on clothing and/or the human body.
- Indicia may be placed on the packaging material holding a container of a composition such as an outer cardboard box, or may be placed on the container that directly holds the composition (e.g., a squeezable tube, a plastic or glass jar, a spray bottle, a foam dispenser, a tube of wipes, etc.).
- instructions for use may be associated with the product in a variety of ways other that directly printing on a package.
- the instructions may be provided on printed material that is distributed with the product but physically detached therefrom, or may be on a website or other information source that is associated with the product (e.g., accessible via a QR code, barcode, RFID tag, or URL printed on the package).
- Information about the product and its use may also be approved in promotional media such as in television commercials promoting the product.
- An example of such indicia could be: “Apply the Pre-Treatment Spray to the most odorous parts of clothing (e.g., the armpit area) before tossing into a hamper, leaving at least 30 minutes before laundering for best results. If odor persists, use the Between Washes Freshener Spray to treat the smelly regions and allow to dry for about 5 minutes before wearing. To fight odorous bacteria residing in low-temperature washing machines, run a cycle once a week with the Germ FoeTM Washing Machine Tablet with warm or hot water (if available). Meanwhile, don’t forget to use Lume® Deodorant for Underarms and Private Parts on your body regularly to reduce bacterial sources of malodor.”
- E1 an enzymatic blend labeled E1 , comprised a buffered solution of Novozymes enzymes for laundry detergent in a buffered solution with surfactants and bacterial spores from J- ZymeTM AB-20X NFC distributed by J Tech Sales (Boca Raton, FL), said to employ spores from Nozozymes.
- the solution comprised about 20% J-Zyme which is said to have about 1.1 x 10 9 CFU/ml of bacterial spores.
- E2 A blend similar to E1 but without lipase and with the addition of a gentle quat, soyaethyl morpholinium ethosulfate.
- Ingredients included naturally derived surfactants (from sugar), probiotic bacteria, an enzyme blend containing protease, amylase, pectate lyase, mannanase and cellulases (no lipase); a solvent system made from naturally derived glycerin that also served as an odor control agent, and soyethyl morpholinium ethosulfate.
- the concentration of the quat was about 0.5% and the enzyme concentration was about 2%.
- E3 a blend made from a mix of enzymes, with a total of 5% enzymes comprising pectinase, amylase, mannanase, protease, lipase and cellulase.
- the solution comprised 20% glucopon-like surfactant from 100% biobased alkyl polyglycosides, sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate for buffering to a pH in the 7-8 range, propanediol, a mix of bacterial spores approved for bio-enzymatic cleaning from a 10X concentrate comprising Bacillus subtilis spores, a solvent system derived from naturally derived glycerin and as an odor control agent, and a suitable preservative known to be compatible with the bacterial spore mix.
- E4C This blend is a 4:1 concentrate intended upon dilution to give a solution similar to E3, but with slightly reduced surfactant levels. Upon 4:1 dilution, the concentrated E4C solution was diluted to normal strength and dubbed E4D.
- E6C is another 4:1 concentrate intended upon dilution to give a solution similar to E3, but with slightly reduced surfactant levels to facilitate the concentrate form and less lipase.
- This concentrated enzyme blend has about 15% liquid enzyme mixtures comprising pectinase, amylase, mannanase, protease, lipase and cellulase (the liquid enzyme mixtures themselves are estimated to have roughly 40 to 60% protein), about 30% surfactants comprising biobased alkyl polyglycosides, salts such as sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate, propanediol, a mix of bacterial spores approved for bio-enzymatic cleaning from a 10X concentrate, a solvent system derived from naturally derived glycerin, and a suitable preservative known to be compatible with the bacterial spore mix.
- E6D Upon dilution (3 parts water to 1 part E6C) the result is E6D (“D” indicates “diluted”).
- EN2 11.1 ml of KOH 0.1 M solution was combined with 11.8 g of 1.8% NAC solution at pH 3.0, giving a pH of 4.85. Then 20.4 g of this solution was combined with 39 g of NIC solution, giving a pH of 7.00
- pectic enzyme Pectinase powder
- L.D. Carlson Co. Kent, Ohio
- Lipase triacylglycerol acylhydrolase
- E-Zyme® Troche lysozyme chloride tablets 200 mg each, from AV Manufacturing S/B (Malaysia) purchased in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
- NattoEnzym nattokinase powder purchased in Hanoi, Vietnam marketed by DHG Pharam (Can Tho City, Vietnam), made from nattokinase from the Japanese Nattokinase Association (Osaka, Japan).
- AmylaseA BSG amylase, 1.137 g and BOST amylase, 0.717 g, were stirred unto 28.0 ml of water.
- CellulaseA 1.1 g of Shandong Longda cellulase powder and 0.45 g of
- Phygene cellulase powder were mixed into 22 ml of water.
- CellulaseB 1.3 g of Heshibi cellulase powder + 29 ml water.
- CellulaseC 1.8 g of Wanbang cellulase, 0.38 g of Phygene cellulase, 1.10 g of Yin cellulase, and 1 g of Heshibi cellulase were mixed on 53.5 ml water.
- CellAmylA 12.19 g of 2% NAC at pH 6.14 was combined with 5.2 g of 2% NAC at pH 9.17, 17.69 g of CellulaseC, 4 g of 2% NAC at pH 6.4, a few grains of citric acid to bring the pH from 9.5 to 8.82, then 0.55 g BOSF amylase powder.
- LysoA 1 tablet of E-Zyme® lysozyme chloride (200 mg) + 8.5 ml water.
- LysoPap Grind one table of Homecare Noflux® lysozyme chloride (90 mg of lysozyme) with one tablet of MCM Beazyme papain into 12 ml of water.
- LysoB Pulverize 2 tablets of E-zyme Troche lysozyme chloride (200 mg each) and dissolve in 30 ml water.
- PAPA 1.05 g of Phygene papain was combined with 21.7 ml of water.
- PAPB 1.3 tablets of MCM papain were ground and dissolved into 15 ml of water. Some residual solids remained after heating. The slurry was passed through a fine cloth to filter out some solids. 13 g of solution were obtained.
- PAPC 5.65 g of papain from Pangbo Enzymes (Nanning Pangbo Biol. Eng. Co.), 10,000 U/g, was combined with 53 ml of water (p.52)
- PANNAC 33 ml of 3.6% NAC, pH 4.9, mixed with 0.643 g panthenol.
- PANNAC2 3.6 g of NAC and 1.65 g of panthenol powder were combined in 108 ml of water, with 2.1 g of NaHC03 added to reach a pH of 4.7.
- NattoNAC 0.6 g of commercial nattokinase powder was purchased in Hanoi, Vietnam under the brand name of NattoEnzym marketed by DHG Pharam (Can Tho City, Vietnam), made from nattokinase from the Japanese Nattokinase Association made by Japan Bio Science Laboratory (Osaka, Japan). Capsules with 0.6 g of powder, said to have 670 FU (fibrin units, a measure of activity based on fibrinolytic activity) per capsule, were used.
- NAC-AL To test the interaction of allantoin with NAC, 0.75 g of NAC were combined with 0.24 g allantoin in 46.5 g hot water. The pH was 3.16. The characteristic sulfur odor of NAC appeared to be absent, suggesting that allantoin may be useful in reducing the odor of NAC solution.
- EGCD-1 1.20 g 98% EGCG powder (N&R Industries, Xian, China) was combined with 0.8 g ascorbic acid, 0.53 g citric acid, 1.51 g of hydroxypropyl beta- cyclodextrin, in 128 ml of water, heated to about 40°C and stirred. Similar is EGCD-2: 1.72 g of EGCG powder with 1.03 g of ascorbic acid powder, 0.86 g of citric acid, and 0.70 g of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin in 118 ml of water.
- EGCD-A 27.8 ml of EGCD-1 solution was mixed with 10 ml 70% ethanol. Similar is EGCD-B: 29 ml of EGCD-2 solution are withdrawn and combined with 10 ml of 70 wt% ethanol and put in a spray bottle to give spray EGCD-B. This displayed excellent color stability after multiple weeks.
- NAC powder was dissolved distilled water to give a 2.1 % strength solution, a 1% solution, and a 20% solution.
- One NAC solution at 1.4% concentration was adjusted with citric acid and sodium carbonate to achieve a pH of 3.0.
- a NAC solution at 2% was made from 3.9 g of NAC in 185 ml of water.
- 1.0 g NAC plus 15 ml of 0.1 M KOH solution was prepared with 35 ml water, with a pH of 3.55. Na2C03 was then added (0.18 g) to bring the pH to 7.8.
- EGCG-NAC solution was made by combining 1.40 g of EGCG powder with 1.69 g of NAC in 50 ml of water, and placed in a 100 ml spray bottle.
- a 2.1% NAC solution at pH 4.0 was made using 1.51 g of Biotal NAC, 0.648 g NaHC03, and 71 ml of water.
- PNAC1 0.2 g of BOSF pectinase powder (believed to be a fruit pectinase best suited for operation around a pH of 4 to 5, unlike typical laundry detergent pectinases which are engineered for higher pH solutions such as from 7 to 9) having an activity of 10 kU/g was combined with 0.41 g NAC powder and 0.13 g sodium bicarbonate. The powder was prepared and mixed, and placed in dry form into a sealed 100 ml spray bottle. After a period of time, distilled water was added, 57 ml. The mix dissolved rapidly at 22°C. The pH was 6.7. To better optimize performance of the pectinase, 0.21 g of NAC was further added to the solution plus 0.32 g ascorbic acid, bringing the pH to 4.6. This was spray PNAC1.
- PNAC2 In 55.7 ml of water, 0.22 g of pectinase powder from BOSF was added with 0.44 g of NAC powder to form a pectinase-NAC solution having a pH of 3.2. Then in 12.65 ml of water, 0.26 g sodium bicarbonate was added. 4.5 ml of this solution was added to the pectinase-NAC solution, bringing the pH to 4.71. This was adjusted by adding 0.06 g NAC, giving a pH of 4.08. This was put into a 100 ml spray bottle and labeled PNAC2.
- PNAC3 0.6 g NAC was combined with 0.5 g BOSF pectinase powder with 0.13 g sodium bicarbonate and 0.1 g ascorbic acid. The powder mix was then combined with 60 ml of water (references to water are generally to distilled water unless indicated otherwise). The pH was 4.31 , believed to be suitable for the fruit pectinase used, but generally too low for typical laundry enzymes.
- PNAC4 1.14 g NAC powder was combined with 0.88 g of pectinase powder (BOSF polygactouronase, product G0200, CAS 9032-75-1, EC 232-885- 6, > 10kU/g), 0.08 g citric acid powder, and 0.5 g NaHC03 in 106 ml of water, resulting in a solution with a pH of 4.38, generally suitable for fruit pectinases.
- pectinase powder BOSF polygactouronase, product G0200, CAS 9032-75-1, EC 232-885- 6, > 10kU/g
- 0.08 g citric acid powder 0.08 g citric acid powder
- 0.5 g NaHC03 in 106 ml of water
- PNAC5 Combine 1.256 g NAC with 1.033 BOSF pectinase (polygalacturonase) into 106 ml g water.
- PMIX1 0.174 g of Phygene pectinase, 0.802 g of Pectinex® solution, and 24.5 ml of water were combined to create PMIX1 solution.
- Lysozyme Solutions Three E-Zyme® Troche lysozyme chloride tablets, 200 mg each, from AV Mfg. (Malaysia) bought in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, were ground and dissolved in 51 ml of water to form 1.2% lysozyme solution, LYS1.
- Shirt RW1 a striped shirt made from 75% cotton and 25% polyester.
- Shirt BS1 a black casual short-sleeved shirt made from 100% polyester (purchased new in Shanghai but worn for four years prior to this work).
- the right pit was sprayed with 1.6 g of 1 .8% NAC solution (pH about 2) and washed with a standard wash cycle requiring 78 minutes in a Siemens front loading washer, using Bright Blue Moon liquid laundry detergent, a Chinese enzymatic detergent.
- the detergent had a fragrance
- the left pit appeared to have no malodor nor fragrance, while the right pit manifested fragrance.
- the left pit still had no sign of malodor, while the right pit had some odor.
- NAC can be effective when used in combination with other agents such as enzymes.
- biofilm material provides a substrate that can more readily retain many fragrances during washing relative to synthetic fibers alone. Thus, a reduction in retained fragrance after washing may be a sign of successful reduction of biofilm matter.
- a volunteer triathlon runner from the United Kingdom provided a 100% polyester shirt suffering from persistent odor believed to be a prime example of perma-odor and a possible biofilm infection.
- the shirt, code named TR1 received in a triathlon event in 2013, had been worn periodically for heavy exercise for six years and was about to be discarded because of strong odor, even after washing, that would become strong after relatively short periods of exercising, unlike new shirts.
- the shirt was received after exercise, with both pits manifesting odor levels of about 5 on a scale of 0 to 5.
- the left pit was treated with Naturally It’s Clean® (NIC) Laundry Spray by Enzyme Solutions (Garrett, IN)alone, with 5.9 g applied.
- NIC Naturally It’s Clean®
- the right pit was treated with a similar amount of blend of NIC with 1 % NAC at pH 7.00. After five minutes, the shirt was rinsed in warm water at about 40°C and then washed in a standard cycle with room-temperature water with Unilever Comfort® brand laundry detergent (Asia).
- the shirt was washed in a full cycle with Bright Blue Moon detergent.
- the left pit had slight fragrance while the right pit did not have readily detectable fragrance.
- the left pit fragrance level was at about 1
- the right pit remained at a 0 rating.
- One tester detected both malodor and fragrance in the left pit, estimating the odor level at about 1.
- the right pit appeared to have some residual odor while the left pit odor was difficult to detect.
- the left pit developed strong odor, a level of about 3, while the right pit had mild odor, about 0.5 or 1 (nearly no odor).
- a neon orange sports top for women made under the Champion® brand, code named CH1 had been in regular use for exercise for 5 years and had symptoms of perma-odor. Slight odor would still generally be present after washing, would become strong after one exercise session.
- Treatments with EGCD-1 solution at low pH (added citric and acetic acid) followed by treatment with E2 showed some reduction of odor in the left pit, but odor still returned after exercise. Further trials were conducted in Borneo, Malaysia, after first finding NAC at a pharmacy in Kuala Lumpur and hypothesizing that NAC might assist in removing biofilm in clothing.
- Nova® brand N-Acetyl cysteine powder in 300 mg capsules was purchased from Sunlight Pharmacy in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Each capsule contained 300 mg of acetyl cysteine and 70 mg of other materials, believed to primarily be gelatin. 1.97 g of NAC powder removed from the Nova® brand capsules was stirred into 52 ml of water to form a 3.2% NAC solution, slightly cloudy, which was applied to the right pit area of the neon orange shirt, with 2 g of NAC solution being applied to both the outside and inside surfaces of the right side over a roughly circular area about 12 cm in diameter. After two minutes of dwell time, the right pit was sprayed with NIC enzyme solution, with 2.33 g on the exterior surface and 2.5 g on the interior surface.
- the left pit of the neon orange shirt was treated with NIC solution only, with 3.4 g applied to the outer surface and 4 g applied to the inner surface, for a total of 7.4 g on the pit. After five minutes, the entire shirt was handwashed in warm, soapy water using a clear shampoo provided by a local hotel. After air drying, the right pit, which previously smelled worse than the left, now smelled better than the left. Both smelled better than before washing, but there was residual malodor in the left pit.
- a second biofilm-attack treatment was then applied to the right pit.
- the right pit was then treated again. First the right pit and sleeve were moistened with 21 g of 2% NAC solution made from 100 ml of water and 2 g of NAC powder extracted from Swanson’s 600 mg capsules of N-acetyl cysteine (Swanson Health Products, Fargo, ND) which also contain gelatin (capsule shell) and magnesium stearate. Then 5.94 g of EGCD-A solution was applied to the moistened right pit area. After 10 minutes, the wetted region was sprayed with 7 g of NIC solution and rinsed after about 10 minutes and handwashed with laundry detergent and warm water. After drying, the right pit had no odor, neither malodor nor fragrance, while the left pit exhibited both malodor and fragrance.
- NAC solution made from 100 ml of water
- the right pit was still superior to the left pit (odor rating of about 1 in the right and 2 to 3 in the left).
- the lysozyme solution LYS1 was applied, with 7.3 g of solution applied over an area of about 10 cm x 8 cm around the left pit. This sat for 20 minutes, then 5 g of NIC was applied. After a 5-minute wait, the shirt was placed in a washing machine and washed. Following subsequent exercise, the left pit still had mild odor, though reduced in comparison with previous states while the right pit had very little odor. After several more hours of sitting, the two pits seems roughly equivalent when tested again, both rated at about 2 on a scale of 0 to 5.
- the right pit was then treated with 3.11 g of EGCD-B spray, followed by 3.46 g of 1 % NAC spray at a PH of 6.4.
- the left pit was treated with 2% NAC at a pH of 9.17, 3.6 g applied, followed by treatment with 1% NAC at a pH of 7.8, 2.68 g applied.
- NIC was applied to the right pit, 2.0 g, and1.76 g NIC to the left pit.
- the shirt was hand washed in warm water with laundry soap and air dried. After an exercise session (a jog of 3 to 5 km is typical for the exercise sessions here), the right pit smelled better than the left. Perhaps the elevated pH NAC solutions are less effective than the low pH solutions in opening or attacking the biofilm.
- the left pit was treated with EGCD-B spray, about 3 gm. After 3-hours, both pits were sprayed with 2% NAC solution, 6 g on the left and 7.5 g on the right. After 5 minutes, the shirt was rinsed in warm water and air dried. After two exercise sessions, the pits had an odor level of about 5. The left pit was treated with NIC, 1.48 g, while the right pit was treated with EN2, 1.44 g, and air dried.
- the odor in the right pit was estimated at 3 on a scale of 0 to 5, while the left pit had a level of about 3.5.
- a second evaluator gave scores of about 2 for each pit.
- Steps were then taken to reduce the darkened color regions in the pits.
- the inner right pit was treated with 3.6g of PNAC4 and allowed to sit for 5 minutes. Then 0.9 g of E2 was applied to that spot. After 2 more minutes, 1.4 g of NIC was applied, and finally 1.4 g of 2.1% NAC was applied.
- the shirt was then washed with Comfort® detergent (1.5 ounces of detergent used in a full cycle at 40°C requiring slightly over one hour), and then air dried. After further exercise sessions, the shirt had odor levels of 1-2 in the right pit and 0.2-1 in the left. The left was then treated with 4.65 g of PNAC4, seeking to further eliminate the residual staining in the pit.
- the shirt was then washed using Comfort® brand detergent. After further exercise, the dark stain region on the inner right put was treated with PNAC4, saturating with 3.6 g of spray. After 5 minutes, 0.9 g of spray E2 was applied. After two more minutes, 1.4 g of NIC spray was applied to the pit and finally 1 4g of 2.1 % NAC were applied.
- the shirt was then washed with 1.5 oz of Comfort® detergent in a full cycle at 40°C. After 5 more exercise sessions without washing, the pits now had strong malodor with an odor level of about 5.
- the right pit was treated with 2% NAC solution and washed. After exercise, the odor in the right pit was significantly reduced relative to the left pit.
- the left pit was treated with EGCD-1 , with 6.3 g applied. It sat for 10 minutes, then the shirt was rinsed and washed. After air drying, the treated pit smelled much better.
- Initial treatments includes the use of E2 spray (about 3 g) on the right pit of RL, and a similar amount of E2 spray on the right pit of the white shirt WL.
- E2 spray about 3 g
- E2 spray about 3 g
- the treated pit of the white shirt smelled significantly better than the other pit, while the pits on shirt RL both smelled about the same with some persistent odor still present.
- the blue shirt, BL had both pits smelling acceptable after the treatment and wash.
- Shirt RL was then washed in a regular wash cycle, while shirts WL and BL were hand rinsed in warm water. The shirts were air dried and worn. When the owner later reported the results, it was determined that shirts treated with NAC solution had significantly reduced odor after washing, and after exercise, the odor in the treated pit would generally be less than in the untreated pit.
- shirt RL was reported to have an odor level of about 2 (scale of 0 to 5) in both pits, while shirt BL had an odor level of about 2 in the left and 1 in the right pit.
- shirt WL had very little odor and was reported as being significantly better than it was prior to treatment.
- Shirt RL was treated in the right pit with 9.1 g of 2% NAC at a pH of 7.8. (Prior to treatment, odor level was estimated to be about 0.5 in the right pit and 1 in the left.) After about 11 minutes, NIC enzyme spray was applied with 5.8 g on the right pit and 10 g on the left and the shirt was washed.
- the left pit was treated with 1.4% NAC in NIC solution, with 9.67 g applied, and after about 30 minutes the shirt was washed using liquid Tide® laundry detergent. Following further use during exercise, the owner reported substantial improvement. Flowever, the left pit had slightly stronger malodor. The left pit was then treated with PNAC1 , with 11 g applied to a broad area around the pit followed by 1.9 g of PNAC3 in the pit area itself. The shirt was them washed after about an hour. After exercise, the owner reported significant improvement with no residual odor. Odor no longer rapidly returned after exercise.
- a 100% cotton blue “Superman” T-shirt was reported to have perma- odor by an athletic adult male.
- the shirt was treated in the left pit only with 5.6 g of PNAC4 sprayed onto the pit area, followed by washing with Purex Free® detergent in a fast wash cycle.
- the owner not knowing that only the left pit had been treated, later reported that there was substantial improvement in the left pit.
- 200 represents an item of clothing
- 202 represents a stain or darkened spot on a fabric or other visible biofilm candidate
- 204 represents a fluorescing region
- 206 represents a region having diminished fluorescence following a treatment
- 208 denotes a boundary marker for the a treatment zone (e.g., a rubber band or other object denoting the area to be treated or a circle drawn on the figure)
- 210 denotes a treatment zone where particular compounds will be applied to reduce a biofilm or for other objectives.
- UV lamps were used in testing fluorescence in potential biofilms. These included a Lightfe® UV301D lamp providing a beam at 365 nm, a UVBeast V3 lamp operating at 395 nm, and a UV Nova 108-LED UV lamp at 395 nm.
- biofilm candidates were stained using Calcofluor White M2R dye, a fluorescent brightener purchased from Phyto Technology Laboratories (Shawnee Mission, Kansas), CAS No. 4404-43-7.
- a solution was prepared of 0.074% Calcofluor white in water, and given the name CF1.
- FIG. 8A shows fluorescent regions 204 in the right pit where the optical brightener adhered, photographed with an iPhone 6 Plus camera using a UV- absorbing yellow filer over the lens to block out some of the purple fluorescence of the shirt itself, while FIG.
- FIG. 8B which shows a fluorescent region 204 in the left pit, was photographed without a filter, making it more difficult to get a meaningful image.
- FIG. 8C shows the fluorescent zone 204 also present in FIG. 8B, but with better clarity.
- BD1 had oblong patches of fluorescence about 2 cm wide and 6 cm long in the left pit and less in the right pit, apart from the above-mentioned fluorescent region 204 of FIG. 8B and 8C on the sleeve about 9 cm from the center of the pit.
- FIG. 8D is another view of the left pit taken without the UV filter and requiring increased contrast to make the fluorescent region 204 more visible (it was plainly visible to the naked eye).
- shirt BD1 After further exercise in shirt BD1 , bringing both puts to an odor level of about 3, shirt BD1 was treated with 5.2 g of 2.1% NAC (pH 4) in the right pit, followed by 2.9 g of E3C. The left pit was untreated. The shirt was washed with Purex® detergent. After washing and drying, the right pit appeared to have an odor level of 0 while some residual odor remained in the left pit at a level of about 1 (scale of 1 to 5). The fluorescent zones were slightly decreased in intensity.
- Shirt BD1 was then treated in the right pit only with multiple agents in this order, all applied via spray: 2.51 g of 2% NAC at pH 9, 1.54 g of LysoB, 1.26 g of CellulaseC, 1.305 g of AmylaseA, 2.38 g of PAPA, 1.06 g of PNAC5, 1.37 g of PMIX1 , and 1.21 g of E3D.
- the short was kept at about 35°C for about one hour, then further treated with about 0.5 ml of Melaluca brand Lite Brite detergent that was rubbed in with warm water as the shirt was then rubbed and immersed into a tub of warm water, followed by washing with liquid Tide® in a short cycle at 30°C. Fluorescent zones were somewhat visible after the rinse, but following the wash cycle, the treated fluorescent zones were largely removed in the right pit.
- the untreated left pit still retained a fluorescent spot at the outside of a yellowish region in the blue shirt that did not fluoresce.
- the left pit was now treated. Focused on the yellow zone and the adjacent fluorescent patch, 2.89 g of PAPA and 2.11 g of E3D were applied and rubbed into the treated area.
- the shirt was then rolled up and outer layers were wetted with about 50 ml of water.
- the shirt was placed in a bowl set in a metal pan with about 5 cm deep of hot water in the bottom, intended to help heat the environment and keep the shirt at a relatively stable temperature with a lid over the contents.
- the shirt in this environment was initially at a temperature of about 48°C to 40°C for the initial hour or so, followed by reheating about 2 hours later.
- the left pit was then further treated with a similar mix to the previous mix given to the right pit.
- the applied compounds were 3.5 g of NAC 2.1% at pH 9, 1.32 g of LysoB and 0.50 g of LysoB2, 1.3 g of CellulaseC, 1.18 g of AmylaseA, 1.58 g of PAPA, 1.0 g of PNAC5, 1.16 g of PMIX1 , and 1.6 g of E3D rubbed into the fabric. This was stored in a covered pan with a bowl with some hot water inside the pan to keep the temperature at about 47°C to 40°C for about 70 minutes.
- FIG. 8E shows the fluorescent region 204.
- the shirt was then washed in a full cycle with Tide® liquid detergent at 40°C.
- FIG. 8F shows the result for the treated left pit.
- FIG. 9A shows a photo of the right pit under UV light
- FIG. 9B shows the left pit under UV light
- FIG. 9C shows a close-up of the right pit under UV light without a UV filter over the camera lens. The result with the filter in place is shown in FIG. 9D for the right pit for comparison, and for the left pit in FIG. 9E. Fluorescence is visible on the inside and outside. A close-up of the left pit, right-side out, is shown in FIG. 9F.
- biofilm formation in the pits had created regions capable of firmly retaining optical brightening agents from typical laundry detergents.
- the shape, size, and position of the fluorescent zones were entirely consistent with biofilm regions formed by bacteria interacting with sweat from the armpit of an active exerciser.
- the fluorescent zones includes cuff regions of the short sleeves near the pits and occupied the center of the pits but centered slightly away from the center of the pit, shifted slightly toward the front of the body, consistent with the a slight forward lean during jogging or other exercise that would allow the sweat to be inclined toward the front of the body.
- the intensity of the fluorescence was relatively high and seemed unaffected by ordinary washing. Several treatments were attempted to find ways to reduce the fluorescent zones.
- Shirt RA1 was then treated with E3D, 9.2 g in the right pit and the left pit first treated with 2.1% NAC, 4.54 g, then 10.7 g of E3D.
- the initially dry shirt was then misted with about 40 g of water and placed in a plastic bag and kept at about 33°C for 2 hours, then washed in a short cycle at 30°C with Purex® Dirt Lift Action® Free and Clear detergent. After washing, the shirt was examined under UV light it was noted that the central region of the left pit showed significant reduction in fluorescence, giving a donut-shaped ring of fluorescence with a central void about 5 cm in diameter and an outer diameter of about 12 cm in diameter. See FIG. 9G, which was taken without the UV filter in place.
- the region with diminished fluorescent 208 is adjacent the more highly fluorescent region 204.
- the diminished fluorescence is clearer to the naked eye than in images converted to black and white.
- the right pit (not shown) still appeared bright and lacked the reduction seen in the left, but it may have been slightly reduced also.
- a second treatment was applied to the left pit of RA1 as 14 g of PNAC4 was applied to the pit and surrounding area.
- the shirt was heated to about 33°C for 10 minutes.
- E3D was applied to both pits and adjacent areas, 9.6 g for the left and 9.9 g for the right.
- the shirt was them kept warm for about 10 more minutes then washed again in a short cycle.
- the washed shirt was exposed to UV light and a slight reduction in intensity was seen in both pits, but the glowing regions persisted with much the same size and shape they had prior to this wash cycle.
- the left pit under UV light is shown in FIG. 9H, taken without a UV filter.
- the washed and dried shirt was now used to test different treatments applied to three sections of the major fluorescent area of the left pit, as shown under UV light in FIGS. 9I, 9J, and 9K, showing upper, middle, and lower treatment zones 210, each marked by a respective boundary marker 208.
- the entire left pit and sleeve area was treated with 6.1 g of NAC spray, 2.1 % at pH 4.0, followed by individual treatments in the treatment zones.
- the treatment zone 210 (roughly a 5-cm diameter circle) was treated with amylase solution, but was first sprayed with 1.76 g of 2% NAC at pH 9.17 to raise the pH to about 7, confirmed with pH testing paper, and dropwise application by pipette of 2.6 g of AmylaseA solution.
- the lower treatment zone shown in FIG. 9K received 2.45 g of PMIX1 dropwise by pipette to apply a mix of pectinases to a roughly 5 cm diameter circle in a lower fluorescent zone in the pit.
- FIG. 9K shows the boundary marker 208 (here a rubber band) marking the upper treatment zone 210 for pectinase.
- Treatment zone 210 contains portions of the fluorescent zone 204 in the left pit.
- the middle treatment zone 210 between the above- mentioned two zones received treatment with papain and lysozyme.
- 1.7 ml of LysoPap solution was pipetted onto the oval treatment zone 210 about 5 cm wide and 3 cm tall.
- the right pit was prepared by spraying about 2 g of 2.15%
- the treated regions were then rinsed in warm water and wrung to partial dryness. It was observed that the region of the left pit that had been treated with LysoPap solution (lysozyme and papain), the middle zone of FIG. 9J, had reduced fluorescence. The other regions looked much the same as before, though may have had slightly reduced intensity.
- the lower left pit was now treated with 0.76 g of 2.15% NAC solution at pH 6.4, and then 1.1 ml of PAPB solution were applied via pipette, plus 1.0 ml of AmylaseA, all in a 5-cm diameter circles over a fluorescent zone. After 5 minutes, another 0.3 ml of PAPB solution was applied followed by 0.1 g of Lemon Brite dish detergent in the targeted spot, which was then rubbed in. The fluorescence seemed only slightly attenuated in both cases.
- PNAC5 fluorescing regions: the lower left pit and the left sleeve cuff region.
- PNAC5 fluorescing regions: the lower left pit and the left sleeve cuff region.
- a solution at pH 9.89 was prepared from 1.56 g sodium carbonate and 1.0 g NaHC03 in 91 ml of water. 13 g of this solution were applied to the treated regions and the shirt was returned to the plastic bag and kept at about 32°C for several hours. After rinsing, fluorescence was slightly less but the dimensions of the fluorescing areas were substantially the same.
- the left pit was treated again with 3.76 g of 2.15% NAC at pH 6.4 applied to the lower half of the left pit along with 2.16 g of 2.15% NAC at pH 9.17.
- the upper half of the left pit was sprayed with 5 g of water.
- 5.6 g of CellulaseC solution was applied dropwise to both the upper and lower left pit, along with 1 .94 g of AmylaseA.
- the shirt was kept at about 28°C for 30 minutes, then rinsed with a 1 % solution of Comfort® brand laundry detergent. Residual fluorescence was visible, but declined more strongly in the lower half of the pit.
- the right pit whose fluorescence was much brighter than the left pit since the right pit had received relatively fewer biofilm busting treatments, was now treated.
- Two zones in the right pit were defined, a lower and an upper, both with strong fluorescence and both about 5 cm in diameter. Each received about 2.3 g of the 12% citrate solution.
- the upper received no further treatment agents, while the lower zone was sprayed with 1.86 g of E3D.
- the shirt was then incubated at about 40-45°C for two hours, and then washed and rinsed as described for the left pit above. Examination in UV light showed only little reduction in fluorescence.
- the benefit of the citrate treatment may be most useful for biofilms that have not been treated multiple times, though it is also believed to have an impact in disrupting living bacteria to hinder further biofilm formation.
- the triathlon shirt TR1 was examined. Since initial treatments, it had been worn many days without washing and the pits had a cheesy smell. CF1 was applied to both pits, 6.48 g to the left and 4.45 g to the right. In a test spot elsewhere on TR1 , it was observed that the Calcofluor White dye persisted after rinsing with water, but could be substantially removed with the aid of a surfactant. A laundry cycle (short cycle, 38 minutes at 30°C) was run with shirt TR1 and Ded . Based on UV visualization, the optical brightener washed out of TR1 except in the pits, suggesting strong attachment, perhaps due to biofilm material.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B show pits of shirt TR1 under UV light from the Lightfe® mini-UV lamp with the UV filter in place. This image was taken after the initial perma-odor problem had been overcome with biofilm buster treatments previously described. Since that time, it had been worn during roughly a dozen exercise sessions and many hours of wear to try to revive the biofilm problem. UV visualization shows what may be biofilm material.
- An aqueous phase was first prepared with 1.50 g NaCI, 1.3 g lactic acid, 0.6 g urea, 1.2 g glycerin, 1.2 g of peptone (a source of amino acids), 0.25 g of a Centrum® MultiGummies vitamin pill for adults (a product of Pfizer, New York, NY) to provide some of the vitamin and mineral nutrients in sweat, and 2.0 g of honey (Chinese vetch honey) to provide glucose and other carbohydrates, and the mixture was blended into 30 ml of water and then heated to boiling (in part to denature any enzymes in the honey). Then 1.1 g of squalene was stirred in. The pH was 6.5.
- the initial fluorescent region 204A is visible in this image taken through a UV filter by an iPhone 11 camera. Both pits had been treated with about 3.7 g each of E7D spray, wrapped in plastic, and allowed to site overnight before being washed with TIDE® liquid detergent and tumble dried. The fluorescent zone in the right pit appeared slightly weaker and was still prominent.
- the AS-B artificial sweat solution was applied to the right pit, at the edge of the existing biofilm area over an ⁇ 8 cm square area with about 1.5 to 1.8 g of AS-B applied per application, and also applied to a non-fluorescent region at the lower hem directly below the right pits with a dose of about 1.2 to 1.5 g per application over about a 6 cm square area, with applications occurring 5 times spaced apart by 6 to 12 hours over a 3 day period, and generally maintained around 24°C while wrapped in a plastic bag, with added moisture throughout the shirt (about 40 g added moisture) to reduce wicking and premature drying. After the first 4 treatments, the shirt was treated again but allowed to air dry without being wrapped in a plastic bag.
- any biofilm would experience repeated cycles of wetness and dryness, with the goal of creating a “hardened” dry biofilm.
- the shirt was hand washed for 10 minutes in 3 liters of warm water with 8 g of added TIDE® Simply Clean laundry detergent, a detergent believed to contain Calcofluor White.
- the shirt 200 was examined in UV light, as shown in FIG. 11B and in addition to the initial fluorescent region 204A, was seen to have a new fluorescent region 204B that may represent the growth of new biofilm material capable of absorbing optical brightener.
- the approximate treatment area 210 is shown as a circle drawn on the image serving as a boundary marker 208.
- the new fluorescent region 204B had developed outward and over the rightmost edge of the initial fluorescent region 204A, with the new fluorescent region 204B displaying stronger fluorescence than the original biofilm region 204A.
- the region that had been sprayed with AS-B on the hem, where no biofilm had been established before did not show visible biofilm growth when observed in UV light.
- rapid biofilm growth with the AS-B artificial sweat mixture and perhaps with real sweat may be most successful when an active biofilm is already present that can rapidly exploit the nutrients provided in the artificial sweat to grow and expand in size.
- the UV laser at 405 nm wavelength was used, while for fluorescent microscopy, the UV fluorescence was observed from a widefield white light observed through a DAPI filter cube was used to see the resulting blue fluorescence (this filters the light to an excitation band of 340-380nm, and then filters the emission band to 435-485nm). In both cases, no dyes were added to the material, but the inherent fluorescence in the clothing, believed to be due to optical brighteners, was relied on.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B show the left and right pits in UV light, respectively, of a lace dress provided by a subject who complained of persistent odor that would not wash out from the dress.
- the washed dress 200 was examined under UV light and prominent fluorescent zones 204 in the arm pit areas were observed, with typical characteristics: the were biased toward the front of the body and in the pits, consistent with typical sweat patterns in clothing.
- the fluorescent zones 204 were examined with both fluorescent and confocal microscopy (discussed below).
- the pits of the dress were then treated.
- the right pit was treated with 0.7 g of E6C with added moisture present in that portion of the dress resulting in roughly a 2:1 dilution.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B show before and after confocal microscopy views of what was the original fluorescent region in the left pit, using the same settings for laser intensity, dwell time, and other settings of the microscope with the UV laser.
- FIG. 14A shows the fluorescent matter prior to the bioenzymatic treatment, showing the presence of fibrous yarns 220 with numerous fluorescent “islands” 222 on the fibers, and occasionally larger patches 224 where fluorescent matter seems to bridge multiple fibers. What was the fluorescent region is again shown after the bioenzymatic treatment in FIG. 14B, where a few lone islands 222 of fluorescence remain, but overall showing much less presence of apparent biofilm matter.
- the bioenzymatic spray was effective, but was somewhat more effective when coupled with the NAC plus panthenol mixture, the PANNAC spray.
Abstract
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US16/926,514 US20210009922A1 (en) | 2019-07-10 | 2020-07-10 | Methods and compositions for reducing persistent odor in clothing and mitigating biofilms |
US17/068,806 US20210032570A1 (en) | 2019-07-10 | 2020-10-12 | Methods and compositions for reducing persistent odor in clothing and mitigating biofilms on various materials |
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