EP4026529B1 - Mobility device - Google Patents

Mobility device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4026529B1
EP4026529B1 EP22158965.8A EP22158965A EP4026529B1 EP 4026529 B1 EP4026529 B1 EP 4026529B1 EP 22158965 A EP22158965 A EP 22158965A EP 4026529 B1 EP4026529 B1 EP 4026529B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
processor
mobility device
seat
cluster
powerbase
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22158965.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP4026529A1 (en
Inventor
Stewart M Coulter
Brian G GRAY
Dirk A Van Der Merwe
Susan D Dastous
Daniel F PAWLOWSKI
Bob Peret
Dean Kamen
Derek G Kane
David B DOHERTY
Matthew A NORRIS
Alexander D STREETER
David J COUTURE
Matthew J MEYERS
Matthew B KINBERGER
Constance D PITENIS
Allison E LEPINE
David Evan Collins
Erik N SABIN
Katie A DELAURENTIS
Catharine N FLYNN
Elizabeth ROUSSEAU
Thomas A DOYON
Dale B MCGARTH
Ryan Adams
Prashant Bhat
Trevor A CONWAY
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Deka Products LP
Original Assignee
Deka Products LP
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US15/441,190 external-priority patent/US10220843B2/en
Priority claimed from US15/486,980 external-priority patent/US10802495B2/en
Application filed by Deka Products LP filed Critical Deka Products LP
Publication of EP4026529A1 publication Critical patent/EP4026529A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4026529B1 publication Critical patent/EP4026529B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
    • A61G5/06—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs with obstacle mounting facilities, e.g. for climbing stairs, kerbs or steps
    • A61G5/061—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs with obstacle mounting facilities, e.g. for climbing stairs, kerbs or steps for climbing stairs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
    • A61G5/04—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs motor-driven
    • A61G5/041—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs motor-driven having a specific drive-type
    • A61G5/046—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs motor-driven having a specific drive-type at least three driven wheels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
    • A61G5/10—Parts, details or accessories
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
    • A61G5/10—Parts, details or accessories
    • A61G5/1089—Anti-tip devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
    • A61G5/10—Parts, details or accessories
    • A61G5/14—Standing-up or sitting-down aids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G2203/00—General characteristics of devices
    • A61G2203/10—General characteristics of devices characterised by specific control means, e.g. for adjustment or steering
    • A61G2203/14—Joysticks
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G2203/00—General characteristics of devices
    • A61G2203/30—General characteristics of devices characterised by sensor means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
    • A61G2203/00—General characteristics of devices
    • A61G2203/30—General characteristics of devices characterised by sensor means
    • A61G2203/42—General characteristics of devices characterised by sensor means for inclination

Definitions

  • the present teachings relate generally to mobility devices, and more specifically to control systems for vehicles that have heightened requirements for safety and reliability.
  • a wide range of devices and methods are known for transporting human subjects experiencing physical incapacitation.
  • the design of these devices has generally required certain compromises to accommodate the physical limitations of the users.
  • stability is deemed essential, relative ease of locomotion can be compromised.
  • convenient locomotion along regions that do not include stairs can be compromised.
  • Devices that achieve features that could be useful to a disabled user can be complex, heavy, and difficult for ordinary locomotion.
  • Some systems provide for travel in upright positions, while others provide for ascending or descending stairs. Some systems can provide fault detection and operation after a fault has been detected, while others provide for transporting a user over irregular terrain.
  • the control system for an actively stable personal vehicle or mobility device can maintain the stability of the mobility device by continuously sensing the orientation of the mobility device, determining the corrective action to maintain stability, and commanding the wheel motors to make the corrective action.
  • the mobility device loses the ability to maintain stability, such as through the failure of a component, the user may experience, among other things, discomfort at the sudden loss of balance. Further, the user may desire enhanced safety features and further control over the reaction of the mobility device to unstable situations.
  • What is needed is a reliable, lightweight, and stable mobility device that includes an automatic response capability to situations that are commonly encountered by a disabled user such as, for example, but not limited to positional obstacles, slippery surfaces, tipping conditions, and component failure.
  • a mobility device having long-lived redundant batteries, ergonomically positioned and shock buffered caster wheel assemblies, and ride management bumpers.
  • a mobility device that includes automatic mode transitions, improved performance over other mobility vehicles, remote control, and a vehicle locking mechanism.
  • the mobility device should also include foreign substance sealing and sloping management, a cabled charging port, and accommodations for an increased payload over the prior art.
  • US 2002/0121394 A1 describes systems and methods for controlling a device.
  • the systems and methods allow for the control of a human transport device such that the human transport device remains in an upright position regardless of the surface being traversed.
  • the systems and methods may include a plurality of operational modes where each mode has different characteristics.
  • a powered balancing mobility device comprising: a powerbase assembly configured to process movement commands for the mobility device; at least one cluster assembly operably coupled to the powerbase assembly, the at least one cluster assembly being operably coupled to a plurality of wheels, the plurality of wheels being configured to support the powerbase assembly, the plurality of wheels and the at least one cluster assembly being configured to move the mobility device based at least on the processed movement commands; an active stabilization processor configured to estimate the center of gravity of the mobility device, the active stabilization processor being configured to estimate at least one value associated with the mobility device required to maintain balance of the mobility device based on the estimated center of gravity, wherein a powerbase processor of the powered balancing mobility device is configured to actively balance the mobility device on at least two of the plurality of wheels based at least on the at least one value, and an anti-tipping controller configured to stabilize the mobility device based on a stabilization factor, the anti-tipping controller being configured to execute commands including measuring a pitch angle of the mobility device, measuring
  • the mobility device (MD) of the present teachings can include a small, lightweight, powered vehicle which can provide the user the ability to navigate environments of daily living including the ability to maneuver in confined spaces and to climb curbs, stairs, and other obstacles.
  • the MD can improve the quality of life for individuals who have mobility impairments by allowing for traversing aggressive and difficult terrain and by operating at elevated seat heights.
  • the elevated seat heights can offer benefits in activities of daily living (e.g., accessing higher shelves) and interaction with other people at "eye level" - while either stationary or moving.
  • the mobility device (MD) of the present teachings can include powerbase assembly 21513 that can include central gearbox 21514, power mechanisms, and wheel cluster assembly 21100/21201 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • Central gearbox 21514 can control the rotation of assembly 21100/21201 ( FIG. 6A ), can limit backlash, and can provide structural integrity to the MD.
  • central gearbox 21514 can be constructed of highly durable materials that can be lightweight, thereby increasing the possible payload that the MD can accommodate, and improving the operational range of the MD.
  • Central gearbox 21514 can include the drive transmissions for the cluster drive and seat height transmissions, and can provide structural mounting interfaces for the electronics, two caster assemblies, two wheel cluster assemblies, two sets of seat height arms, and motors and brakes for two wheel drives. Other components and the seat can be attached to powerbase assembly 21513, for example, by use of rail 30081. Moving transmission parts can be contained internal to powerbase assembly 21513 and sealed to protect from contamination.
  • Central gearbox 21514 can include gear trains that can provide power to rotate the wheel clusters and drive the seat height actuator.
  • Powerbase assembly 21513 can provide the structure and mounting points for the elements of the four-bar linkage, two drive arms (one on each side of central gearbox 21514), two stabilizer arms (one on each side of central gearbox 21514), and seat brackets 24001. Powerbase assembly 21513 can provide the electrical and mechanical power to the drive the wheels and clusters, and provide seat height actuation. Central gearbox 21514 can house the cluster transmission, the seat height actuator transmissions, and the electronics. Two wheel cluster assemblies 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) can be attached to central gearbox 21514. The seat support structure, casters, batteries, and optional docking bracket can also attach to central gearbox 21514.
  • Central gearbox 21514 can be constructed to provide EM shielding to the parts housed within central gearbox 21514.
  • Central gearbox 21514 can be constructed to block electromagnetic energy transmission, and can be sealed at its joints by a material that can provide EM shielding, such as, for example, but not limited to, NUSIL ® RTV silicone.
  • the MD can accommodate seating through connection of a seating option to lifting and stabilizing arms.
  • the MD can provide power, communication and structural interface for optional features, such as lights and seating control options such as, for example, but not limited to, power seating.
  • Materials that can be used to construct the MD can include, but are not limited to including, aluminum, delrin, magnesium, plywood, medium carbon steel, and stainless steel.
  • Active stabilization of the MD can be accomplished by incorporating, into the MD, sensors that can detect the orientation and rate of change in orientation of the MD, motors that can produce high power and high-speed servo operation, and controllers that can assimilate information from the sensors and motors, and can compute appropriate motor commands to achieve active stability and implement the user's commands.
  • the left and right wheel motors can drive the main wheels on the either side of the device.
  • the front and back wheels can be coupled to drive together, so the two left wheels can drive together and the two right wheels can drive together. Turning can be accomplished by driving the left and right motors at different rates.
  • the cluster motor can rotate the wheel base in the fore/aft direction. This can allow the MD to remain level while the front wheels become higher or lower than the rear wheels.
  • the cluster motor can be used to keep the device level when climbing up and down curbs, and it can be used to rotate the wheel base repeatedly to climb up and down stairs.
  • the seat can be automatically raised and lowered.
  • battery packs 70001 can generate heat when charging and discharging. Positioning battery packs 70001 atop the central housing 21514, and including air gaps 70001-1 between battery packs 70001 can allow air flow that can assist with heat dissipation. Battery packs 70001 can operably couple with gearbox lid 21524 at fastener port 70001-4.
  • batteries 70001 can serve as the main energy source for the MD. Multiple separate, identical batteries 70001 can provide a redundant energy supply to the device. Each battery 70001 can supply a separate power bus, from which other components can draw power. Each battery 70001 can provide power to sensors, controllers, and motors, through switching power converters. Batteries 70001 can also accept regeneration power from the motors. Batteries 70001 can be changeable and can be removable with or without tools. Each battery 70001 can connect to the MD via, for example, but not limited to, a blind-mate connector. During battery installation, the power terminals of the connector can mate before the battery signal terminals to prevent damage to the battery circuit. The connector can enable correct connection, and can discourage and/or prevent incorrect connection.
  • Each battery 70001 can include relatively high energy density and relatively low weight cells 29, such as, for example, but not limited to, rechargeable lithium ion (Li-ION) cells, for example, but not limited to, cylindrical 18650 cells in a 16s2p arrangement, providing a nominal voltage of about 58V and about 5Ah capacity. Each battery can operate within the range about 50-100V.
  • Li-ION rechargeable lithium ion
  • At least two batteries 70001 must be combined in parallel. These combined packs can form a battery bank.
  • the load can be shared equally across all packs.
  • up to six battery packs can be used on the system at one time.
  • a minimum of four battery packs is needed for operation.
  • An additional two batteries can be added for extended range.
  • the energy storage level for these battery packs can be the same as standard computer batteries, enabling transport by commercial aircraft possible.
  • Placement of empty of battery packs 70001 can protect the unused battery connection port on the MD and can provide a uniform and complete appearance for the MD.
  • empty battery packs slots can be replaced with a storage compartment (not shown) that can store, for example, a battery charger or other items.
  • the storage container can seal off the empty battery openings to the electronics to prevent environmental contamination of the central housing.
  • the battery packs can be protected from damage by walls 21524A.
  • information from a fuel gauge such as, for example, but not limited to, TI bq34z100-G1 wide range fuel gauge, can be provided to PSC board 50002 ( FIG. 15G ) over an I2C bus connection.
  • Battery pack 70001 can communicate with PSC board 50002 ( FIG. 15G ) and therefore with PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15G ).
  • Battery packs 70001 can be mounted in pairs to maintain redundancy.
  • One battery pack 70001 of the pair can be connected to processors A1/A2 43A/43B ( FIG. 18C ) and one can be connected to processors B1/B2 43C/43D ( FIG. 18D ). Therefore, if one of the pair of battery packs 70001 fails to function, the other of the pair can remain operational. Further, if both of battery packs 70001 in a pair fail to function, one or more other pairs of battery packs 70001 can remain operational.
  • a battery controller that can execute on processor 401 can include, but is not limited to including, commands to initialize each battery, run each battery task if the battery is connected, average the results of the tasks from each battery, obtain the bus battery voltage that will be seen by processors A/B 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), obtain the voltage from an ADC channel for the battery that is currently in use, obtain the battery voltage from fuel gauge data, compare the voltage from the fuel gauge data to the voltage from the ADC channel, obtain the number of connected batteries, connect batteries 70001 to a bus to power the MD, monitor the batteries, and check the battery temperature.
  • the temperature thresholds that can be reported can include, but are not limited to including, cold, warm, and hot battery states.
  • the battery controller can check the charge of batteries 70001, compare the charge to thresholds, and issue warning levels under low charge conditions. In some configurations, there can be four thresholds - low charge, low charge alert, low charge with restrictions, and minimum charge.
  • the battery controller can check to make sure that batteries 70001 can be charged. In some configurations, batteries 70001 must be a least a certain voltage, for example, but not limited to, about 30V, and must be communicating with PSC 50002 ( FIG. 15G ) in order to be charged.
  • the battery controller can recover batteries 70001 by, for example, pre-charging batteries 70001 if, for example, batteries 70001 have been discharged to the point at which a battery protection circuit has been enabled.
  • DC power for charging batteries 70001 can be supplied by an external AC/DC power supply.
  • a user can be isolated from potential shock hazards by isolating the user from batteries 70001.
  • central gearbox 21514 can include e-box lid 21524 ( FIG. 1G ), brake lever 30070 ( FIG. 1A ), power off request switch 60006 ( FIG. 1A ), fastening port 257, lift arm control port 255, caster arm port 225, cluster port 261, and bumper housing 263.
  • Power off request switch 60006 FIG. 11E
  • At least one battery pack 70001 FIG. 1C
  • Cleats 21534 can enable positioning and securing of battery packs 70001 ( FIG.
  • Connector cavities 21524-1 can include a snout that can protrude from lid 21524.
  • Connector cavities 21524-1 can include a gasket (not shown), for example, but not limited to, an elastomeric gasket, around the base of the snout.
  • Battery connectors 50010 FIG. 1E can operably couple batteries 70001 ( FIG. 1C ) to the electronics of the MD though connector cavities 21524-1, and the pressure of batteries 70001 ( FIG. 1C ) enabled by fasteners mounted in fastening cavity 70001-4 ( FIG. 1D ) can seal against the gaskets in connector cavities 21524-1, protecting the gears and electronics of the MD from environmental contamination.
  • an electronics enclosure can house the primary stabilization sensors and decision-making systems for the MD.
  • the electronics enclosure can protect the contents from electro-magnetic interference while containing emissions.
  • the electronics enclosure can inhibit foreign matter ingress while dissipating the excess heat generated within the enclosure.
  • the enclosure can be sealed with a cover and environmental gaskets. Components within the enclosure that can generate significant amounts of heat can be physically connected to the enclosure frame via heat conductive materials.
  • E-box lid 21524 can include battery connector openings 201, a form-in-place gasket (not shown), and mounting cleat attachment points 205 to accommodate mounting of battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) on e-box lid 21524.
  • Battery connector openings 201 can include slim rectangles that can include planar gaskets. Batteries can compress against the planar gaskets during assembly, and these gaskets can form an environmental seal between the batteries and chassis of the MD.
  • a form-in-place gasket (not shown) can seal the part of central gearbox 21514 that can include gears, motors, and electronics from intrusion of foreign substances including fluids.
  • harnesses 60007 ( FIG. 10C ), 60008 ( FIG. 10D ), and 60009 ( FIG. 10E ) can connect to sealed, panel-mounted connectors to maintain environmental and EMC protection. Harnesses 60007 ( FIG. 10C ), 60008 ( FIG. 10D ), and 60009 ( FIG.
  • Central gearbox top cap housing 30025 can include hinge 30025-1 ( FIG. 1H ) and cable routing guide 30025-2 ( FIG. 1H ). Cables can be routed between UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) and central gearbox 21514 through routing guide 30025-2, for example, that can avoid entanglement of the cables with a seat, especially as the seat moves up and down.
  • a hinged cable housing (not shown) can be operably attached to hinge 30025-1 ( FIG. 1H ). The hinged cable housing (not shown) can further restrain cables to avoid entanglement.
  • central gearbox 21514 can include of first section enclosure 30020, second section enclosure 30021, third section enclosure 30022, and fourth section enclosure 30023 that can be bonded together to form an enclosure for the seat and cluster gear trains and an enclosure for the electronics of the MD.
  • the sections can be bound together by, for example, but not limited to, an elastomeric bonding material.
  • the bonding material can be applied to the edge of each of the sections, and the sections can be fastened together with edges meeting to form the enclosures.
  • sector gear cross shaft 21504 can be supported on glass filled plastic bushings 21504-1 , 21504-2, 21504-3, and 21504-4. Each bushing can be supported by one of first section enclosure 30020, second section enclosure 30021, third section enclosure 30022, and fourth section enclosure 30023. Redundant shaft support can efficiently share the load among first section enclosure 30020, second section enclosure 30021, third section enclosure 30022, and fourth section enclosure 30023, and can reduce the load on any single of first section enclosure 30020, second section enclosure 30021, third section enclosure 30022, and fourth section enclosure 30023, enabling the housing structures to be lighter.
  • a sealant bead having such characteristics as high temperature resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and aging resistance, such as, for example, but not limited to, a room temperature vulcanization silicon bead, can be applied to perimeter 30023-1, for example.
  • oil port 40056-1 stopped by bolt 40056, can be used to add oil to the gear train enclosure.
  • Each shaft that penetrates the housings can be surrounded by an elastomeric lip and/or o-ring seals.
  • Electrical cable harness housings 30116A, 30116B, and 30116C that exit the central housing do so through leak proof connectors that can seal to the housings with o-rings.
  • the electronics enclosure is closed off by lid 21524 ( FIG. 1F ) that can include a seal around the perimeter that is clamped to the central housings.
  • the electronics enclosure can provide shielding from the transmission of electromagnetic energy into or out of the enclosure.
  • the sealing material that can bond the housings together and the gaskets coupling e-box lid 21524 ( FIG. 1G ) and the central housing can be manufactured from electrically conductive materials, improving the ability of the enclosure to shield against electromagnetic energy transmission.
  • Electrical connectors that exit the central housing can include printed circuit boards having electromagnetic energy shielding circuits, stopping the transmission of electromagnetic energy along the cables that can be held in place by cable clamps 30116.
  • Each of central housings 30020/30021/30022/30023 ( FIGs. 1I and 1J ) can be aligned to adjacent housings by spring pins 40008 ( FIG. 1J-1 ) pressed into the adjacent housing.
  • skid plate 30026 can protect the underside of the housings from impacts and scrapes.
  • Skid plate 30026 can accommodate optional drive lock kingpin 30070-4 ( FIGs. 1N and 1P ) when installed.
  • skid plate 30026 can be manufactured of a fracture resistant plastic that can be tinted to limit the visibility of scrapes and scratches.
  • Skid plate 30026 can provide a barrier to oil if the oil drips from central gearbox 21514.
  • the MD When equipped with optional docking attachments, the MD can be secured for transport in conjunction with a vehicle-mounted user-actuated restraint system that can, for example, be commercially available.
  • the docking attachments can include, but are not limited to including, docking weldment 30700 ( FIG. 1P ) and rear stabilizer loop 20700 ( FIG. 1O ).
  • Docking weldment 30700 ( FIG. 1P ) can be mounted to the main chassis of the MD. Docking weldment 30700 ( FIG. 1P ) can engage with a vehicle mounted restraint system, can provide anchorage for the MD, and can limit its movement in the event of an accident.
  • the restraint system of the MD can enable a user to remain seated in the MD for transport in a vehicle.
  • Docking weldment 30700 can include, but is not limited to including, drive lock kingpin 30700-4 ( FIGs. 1N and 1P ), drive lock plate base 30700-2 ( FIG. 1P ), and drive lock plate front 30700-3 ( FIG. 1P ).
  • Docking weldment 30700 ( FIG. 1P ) can be optionally included with the MD and can be attached to central gearbox 21514 ( FIG. 1N ) at drive lock plate front 30700-3 ( FIG. 1P ).
  • Drive lock base 30700-2 ( FIG. 1P ) can include drive lock base first side 297 ( FIG. 1P ) that can include drive lock kingpin 30700-4 ( FIG. 1P ), and drive lock base second side 299 ( FIG.
  • Drive lock plate base 30700-2 ( FIG. 1P ) can optionally include at least one cavity 295 ( FIG. 1Q ) that can, for example, enable weight management of the MD, and reduce weight and materials costs.
  • Drive lock kingpin 30700-4 can protrude from drive lock base first side 297, and can interlock with a female connector (not shown) in, for example, a vehicle.
  • Drive lock kingpin 30700-4 can protrude from the underside of the MD to provide enough clearance to interlock with the female connector (not shown), and also to provide enough clearance from the ground to avoid any operational interruptions.
  • drive lock kingpin 30700-4 can clear the ground by, for example, 1.5 inches.
  • the rear securement loop 20700 ( FIG. 1O ) can engage a hook (not shown) in, for example, a vehicle, at the same time or before or after drive lock kingpin 30700-4 ( FIG. 1R ) interlocks with a female connector.
  • the hook that engages with rear securement loop 20070 ( FIG. 1O ) can include a sensor that can report, for example, to the vehicle if rear securement loop 20070 ( FIG. 1O ) is engaged. If rear securement loop 20070 ( FIG. 1O ) is not engaged, the vehicle can provide a warning to the user, or may not allow the vehicle to move until engagement is reported.
  • drive lock base plate 30700-2 ( FIG. 1P ) can include a removable punch-out 30026-1 ( FIG. 1R ) that can be used to insert and remove drive lock kingpin 30700-4 at any time.
  • the MD could be equipped with drive lock base plate 30700-2 ( FIG. 1P ) with the removable punch-out 30026-1 ( FIG. 1R ).
  • Various types of drive lock kingpins 30700-4 can be accommodated to enable mounting flexibility.
  • central gearbox wet section can include, but is not limited to including, central gearbox housing left outer 30020 ( FIG. 2A ), central gearbox housing left inner 30021 ( FIG. 2A ), and right inner housing 30022 ( FIG. 2A ) that can include seat and cluster gears and shafts, and position sensors.
  • the cluster drive gear train can include four stages with two outputs.
  • the shaft on the third stage gear can span the powerbase.
  • the final stage gear on each side can provide the mounting surface for the wheel cluster assembly.
  • Central gearbox wet section can include the cluster drive gear set that can include shaft pinion stage one cluster rotate 21518 ( FIG. 2M ), that itself can drive pinion-gear cluster rotate stage 2 pinion 21535 ( FIGs. 20 , 2P , 2B ), that can drive cluster rotate pinion-gear stage 3 pinion 21536 ( FIGs. 2Q , 2B ), that itself can drive cluster rotate gear-pinion cross-shaft stage 3 21537 ( FIG.
  • the left and right cluster ring gears 30891 can be operably coupled with wheel cluster housings 21100 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • the cluster drive gear train can include pinion shaft stage 1 30617 ( FIG. 2D ), that can drive gear cluster stage 1 30629 ( FIG. 2D ) and pinion shaft stage 2 30628 ( FIG. 2D ), that can in turn drive gear cluster stage 2 30627 ( FIG. 2D ) and pinion shaft 30626 ( FIG.
  • the input shaft of the wheel cluster assembly can engage two gear trains, placed symmetrically with respect to the input shaft. There are two stages of gear reduction to transmit power from the input shaft to the output shafts, on which wheel assemblies 21203 ( FIG. 1A ) can be mounted.
  • the two wheel cluster assemblies can be identical.
  • the seat drive transmission gear train can include four stages with two outputs.
  • the shaft on the final stage gear can span the powerbase and can provide interfaces to the drive arms.
  • Central gearbox wet section can also include the seat drive gear train that can include the pinion height actuator shaft stage 1 30618 ( FIG. 2G , 2N ) that can drive pinion-gear height actuator stage 2 21500 ( FIG. 2H ), that can drive gear height actuator stage 2 30633 ( FIG. 2T ), that can drive gear height actuator stage 3 30625 ( FIG. 2U ) and pinion height actuator shaft stage 4 30877 ( FIG. 2U ).
  • Gear height actuator stage 3 30625 FIG.
  • Stage four pinion-gear height actuator 21502 can drive the cross shaft sector gear stage four height actuator 30922 ( FIG. 2S ) that is mounted upon cross shaft sector gear height actuator stage 4 30909 ( FIG. 2S ), that is operably coupled at 255 to the left and right lifting arms 30065 ( FIG. 5A ).
  • Seat absolute position sensor 21578 FIG. 3L
  • cross shaft sector gear height actuator 30909 FIG. 2S ).
  • seat motors assemblies 21582 ( FIG. 3A ) and cluster motor assemblies 21583 can be securely positioned within housings 30020, 30021, and 30022.
  • Seat height absolute position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3B ) can be operably coupled with gear teeth rear clamp 30135 ( FIG. 3J ) operably coupled with rear half gear clamp 30135 ( FIG. 3J ) and mounted upon sector gear cross shaft 30909 ( FIG. 3B ).
  • central gearbox housings 21515 can include mounting areas for seat/cluster brakes, motors, and sensors.
  • Each drive transmission can include a motor, brake, and gear transmission.
  • the brake can be disengaged when electrical power is applied, and can be engaged when electrical power is removed.
  • a seat/cluster motor mounting area can house motor mount bottom 30126 ( FIGs. 3D and 3E ) and motor mount top 30127 ( FIGs. 3D and 3E ), seat/cluster motor assembly 21582 ( FIGs. 3D and 3E ), DC motor 70707 ( FIG. 3D ) and brake without manual release 70708-2 ( FIG. 3H ).
  • a wheel motor mounting area can house wheel motor assembly 21583 ( FIGs.
  • seat and cluster cross shafts, motors, brakes, and motor couplings can include the same or similar parts.
  • Motors can provide the primary types of motion on the MD: wheel, cluster and seat.
  • Wheel motors 21583 ( FIG. 3F ) can drive each wheel transmission.
  • Cluster motor 21582 ( FIG. 3D ) can drive the cluster transmission.
  • Device safety and reliability requirements can suggest a dual redundant, load sharing motor configuration.
  • Each motor can have two sets of stator windings, mounted in a common housing. Two separate motor drives can be used to power the two sets of stator windings.
  • the power supply for each drive can be a separate battery.
  • Each set of stator windings, together with its corresponding segment of the rotor can contribute approximately equal torque during normal operation.
  • One motor half can be capable of providing the required torque for device operation.
  • Each motor half can include a set of rotor position feedback sensors for commutation.
  • Seat/cluster motors 21582 ( FIG. 3D ) and wheel motors 21583 ( FIG. 3F ) can include, but are not limited to including, a single shaft and a dual (redundant) stator BLDC motor operating at up to 66 VDC with a sine drive (voltage range 50 - 66 VDC).
  • the motors can include two 12-V relays mounted on an interface board. One relay can govern the activity of the motor. In some configurations, there can be three sensor outputs per motor half, each sensor being 60° offset from the next. Sensors can include, for example, but not limited to, Hall sensors. The sensors can be used for commutation and can provide position information for further feedback.
  • the motors can include a dual motor winding, drive, and brake coil configuration. That is, two separate sets of motor windings and two separate motor drives can be utilized in driving one shaft. Similarly, the brake drives can be used to drive two coils to disengage the brake for one shaft. This configuration can allow the system to respond to a single point failure of the electronics by continuing to operate its motors and brakes until a safe state can be achieved.
  • the seat and cluster motor shafts are aligned with the seat and cluster drive train input shafts by the motor couplings as the motors are installed. The motor shafts are secured in this correct alignment by motor mount fasteners.
  • each seat sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) and cluster sensor 21579 ( FIG. 3O ) can house two independent electronic sensors that can relay information to PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ).
  • Seat position sensor processor A ( FIG. 18C ) and cluster position sensor processor A ( FIG. 18C ) can receive position information into A-side electronics
  • seat position sensor processor B ( FIG. 18D ) and cluster position sensor processor B ( FIG. 18D ) receive position information into the B-side electronics, providing redundant electronics that can enable full system operation even if one side of the electronics has issues.
  • Seat sensors and cluster sensors that feed A- and B-side electronics can be co-located to enable measurement of similar mechanical movement.
  • the absolute seat and cluster position sensors can report the position of the seat and cluster, and can be referenced each time the MD is powered up, and as a backup position reference when the MD is powered. While the MD is powered, position sensors built into seat and cluster motors can be used to determine seat and cluster position.
  • Seat position sensor upper/lower housings 30138/30137 FIG. 3M
  • the shaft and gear can be molded as a single part, for example, from a plastic such as, for example, a lubricous plastic that can enable molding with no additional bearing material or lubricant.
  • seat/cluster motor 21583 ( FIG. 3F ) and wheel motors 21582 ( FIG. 3D ) can each include at least one thermistor 70025 that can be thermally connected to the motors. At least one thermistor 70025 can report temperature data to the A-side and B-side electronics. The temperature data can be used, for example, but not limited to, for reducing power usage when the motors reach a pre-selected threshold temperature to avoid damage to the motors. In some configurations, each motor can include two thermistors 70025 - one for each redundant half of the motor.
  • Thermistor 70025 can be affixed to a sleeve that can be operably coupled with the laminations that make up the motor body.
  • Thermistor 70025 can enable an indirect estimate of the motor winding temperature.
  • the temperature data for a particular motor can be routed to the processor associated with the motor.
  • the temperature data can be quantized by the analog/digital converter on the processor, if necessary, and the quantized values can be fed into a temperature estimator algorithm.
  • the algorithm can include a model of the heat transfer path, empirically derived for each motor, that can account for the electrical power delivered to the windings, the heat flux through the windings and housing (where thermistor 70025 makes its measurement), and from the housing to the chassis the motor is mounted to.
  • a thermal estimator algorithm can use the electrical current going to the motor as well as the motor housing (thermistor) temperature to provide an estimate of motor winding temperature and other variables such as, but not limited to, motor speed. If the motor is spinning quickly, there can be greater heating due to, for example, eddy current losses. If the motor is stalled, the current can be concentrated in one phase and can increase the rate of heating in that winding.
  • the thermistor signal can be transmitted along the cable between the motor and PBC 50001 ( FIG. 15B ). At PBC 50001 ( FIG. 15B ), each motor cable can break into two connectors: (1) first connector 50001-1A ( FIG. 15B ) including pins for three motor phase wires, and second connector 50001-1B ( FIG.
  • first connector 50001-1A can include, but is not limited to including, a 4-pin Molex Mega-Fit connector.
  • second connector 50001-1B can include, but is not limited to including, a 10-pin Molex Micro-Fit connector.
  • the motors of the MD can be thermally pressed into the housings of the MD that are fastened to the central housing. The thermal pressing can provide a thermal conduction path from the motors to the central housing.
  • the electromagnetic holding brakes can include two electrically isolated coils, and each can be energized by a brake drive in each of the motor drives.
  • the brake can disengage when both of its coils are energized, and can be disengaged when only one of its coils is energized.
  • the brakes can be designed to automatically engage when the unit is off or in the case of a total power loss, therefore holding position and/or failing safe.
  • the electromagnetic brakes can be used to hold the MD in place when the wheels are not in motion and similar brakes can hold the cluster and seat in place when not in motion.
  • the brakes can be controlled by commands from the powerbase processors.
  • the brakes can automatically engage to prevent the MD from rolling. If the automatic brakes are manually disengaged at power on, the motor drives can activate to hold the MD in position and the system can report to the user that the wheel brakes have been disengaged. If a brake lever is disengaged after power is on, power off requests can be blocked, under some circumstances, to avoid unintentional rolling of the MD after it has powered down. Disengaging the automatic brakes can be used to manually push the MD when it is powered off.
  • Each of the four motors that drive the right wheels, left wheels, cluster and seat can be coupled to a holding brake.
  • Each brake can be a spring-applied, electromagnetically released brake, with dual redundant coils.
  • the motor brakes can include a manual release lever.
  • Brake without brake lever 70708-2 can include, but is not limited to including, motor interface 590 and mounting interface 591.
  • motor interface 590 can include a hexagonal profile that can mate with a hexagonal motor shaft.
  • Brake with brake lever 70708-1 ( FIG. 3I ) can include mounting interface 591A that can include hexagonal profile 590A.
  • Brake with brake lever 70708-1 can include manual brake release lever 592A that can operably couple with brake release spring arms 30000 ( FIG. 9G ) that can operably couple with spring 40037 ( FIG. 9J ).
  • central gearbox housings 21515 can include at least one absolute seat position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) that can be operably coupled with seat position sensor gear teeth clamp 30135 ( FIG. 3K ).
  • Seat position sensor gear teeth clamp 30135 FIG. 3K
  • Seat position sensor gear teeth clamp 30135 FIG. 3K
  • embossing 273 FIG. 3K
  • Seat position sensor tooth gear 30134 FIG. 3M of absolute seat position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) can interlock seat position sensor tooth gears 30134 ( FIG.
  • Sector cross shaft 30909 can include a hollow shaft that can operably couple the seat drive train to the seat lifting arms on the left and right side of the central housing.
  • the fourth stage seat height sector gear is clamped onto the shaft and restrained from rotating about the shaft by a key connection between the shaft and gear.
  • the left and right lifting arms are needed to be aligned with each other to assure the seat will be lifted symmetrically.
  • the left and right lifting arms are connected by pins and bolts in an asymmetric pattern that can only be assembled in the correct orientation. This forces the lifting arms to always be aligned.
  • Seat absolute position sensor 21578 can measure the rotation of sector gear cross shaft 30909 ( FIG. 3L ) that connects to and lifts the seat lifting drive arms 21301 ( FIG. 5D ) on the left and right side of central gearbox 21514 ( FIG. 1A ).
  • Sector gear cross shaft 30909 FIG. 3J
  • Sector gear cross shaft 30909 FIG. 3J
  • seat position sensor 21578 FIG. 3M
  • Seat position sensor gear clamp 30136 FIG.
  • seat absolute position sensor 21578 can include, but is not limited to including, seat position sensor tooth gear 30139 ( FIG. 3M ), Hall sensor 70020 ( FIG. 3M ), magnet 70019 ( FIG. 3M ), seat position sensor upper plate 30138 ( FIG. 3M ), and seat position sensor lower plate 30137 ( FIG. 3M ).
  • Magnet 70019 FIG. 3M
  • Upper plate 30138 FIG. 3M
  • At least one absolute cluster position sensor 21579 can include Hall sensor 70020 ( FIG. 3O ), cluster position sensor cluster cross-shaft gear 30145 ( FIG. 6E ) and cluster position tooth gear 30147 ( FIG. 3O ).
  • Cluster rotate stage three cross shaft 21537 ( FIG. 2R ) can be geared to interface with absolute cluster position sensor 21579 ( FIG. 3O ) through cluster position sensor tooth gear 30147 ( FIG. 3O ).
  • Seat absolute position sensor 21578 FIG. 3M
  • Cluster position sensor 21579 FIG. 3M
  • FIG. 3O can determine the position of wheel cluster housing 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) relative to central gearbox 21514 ( FIG. 9 ).
  • Seat absolute position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) and cluster position sensor 21579 ( FIG. 3O ) can together determine the position of the seat with respect to the wheel cluster assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • Seat position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) and cluster position sensor 21579 ( FIG. 3O ) can sense absolute position.
  • Absolute seat position sensor 21578 ( FIG. 3M ) can sense that the seat has moved since a previous power off/on. If the MD is powered off and the seat or cluster drive train move, the seat and cluster sensors can sense the new location of the seat and cluster relative to central gearbox 21514 ( FIG. 9 ) when the MD is powered back on.
  • the fully internal sensor system of the MD can provide protection to the sensors with respect to mechanical impact, debris, and water damage.
  • Caster wheels 21001 can be attached to central gearbox 21514 for use when the seat height is at its lowest position, supporting a portion of the MD when the MD is in standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ).
  • Caster wheels 21001 can swivel about a vertical axis allowing changes in direction.
  • Caster wheels 21001 can allow maneuverability and obstacle traversal.
  • Caster assembly 21000 can include caster arm 30031 that can be operably connected, at a first end, to caster wheel 21001.
  • Caster arm 30031 can include caster arm shaft 229 that can enable operable connection between caster arm 30031 and central gearbox 21514 at caster arm port 225.
  • Caster arms 30031 can be secured in pockets 225 to prevent sliding out while enabling rotation.
  • Pockets 225 can be lined with plastic bushings to enable caster arms 30031 to rotate.
  • Caster spring plate 30044 can be operably connected to central gearbox 21514.
  • Compression spring 40038 can enable shock absorption, stability, and continued operation when caster assembly 21000 encounters obstacles.
  • Compression spring 40038 can provide suspension to the system when caster wheels 21001 are in operation.
  • Caster assembly 21000 can rest upon compression spring 40038 that can itself rest upon caster spring plate 30044.
  • Compression spring 40038 can be attached to caster spring plate 30044 by spring cap 30037, sleeve bushing 40023, and o-ring 40027. In some configurations, o-ring 40027-3 can be used as a rebound bumper.
  • Compression spring 40038 can restrict the range of rotation of caster arms 30031 to maintain caster wheel 21001 in an acceptable location.
  • the vertical position of the user can be changed through the seat drive mechanism, consisting of a transmission and a four-bar linkage attaching the seat assembly to central gearbox 21514.
  • the elements of the four-bar linkage can include, but are not limited to including, central gearbox 21514, two drive arms 30065 (one on each side of the central gearbox), two stabilizer arms 30066 (one on each side), and seat brackets 30068.
  • the seat drive transmission can include a significant reduction to provide torque to both drive arm links for lifting the user and seat assembly relative to central gearbox 21514.
  • central gearbox 21514 acts as an element of the four-bar linkage driving the seat, central gearbox 21514 can rotate relative to the ground to maintain the seat angle during a seat transition.
  • the cluster drive and seat drive can act in concert during a seat transition.
  • the rotation of central gearbox 21514 can move caster assemblies 21000, the movement of which can avoid obstacles such as, for example, but not limited to, curbs.
  • a seat of any kind can be used with the MD by attaching the seat to seat brackets 30068.
  • Lift arm 21301 FIGs. 5D / 5E
  • Lift arm 21301 can operably couple with seat brackets 30068 at lift arm first end 243.
  • Lift arm 21301 FIGs.
  • 5D / 5E can be operably coupled with central gearbox 21514 at lift arm second end 245.
  • the movement of lift arm 21301 can be controlled with signals transmitted from electronics housed in central gearbox 21514 through control port 255 to lift arm 21301 ( FIGs. 5D / 5E ).
  • Lift arm 21301 ( FIGs. 5D / 5E ) can include tie-down 233 ( FIG. 5E ) that can enable a secure placement of the MD in, for example, but not limited to, a vehicle.
  • Stabilizer arm 21302 (5C) can operably couple with seat brackets 30068 at link first end 239 (5C).
  • Stabilizer arm 21302 can be operably coupled with central gearbox 21514 at link second end 241 (5C).
  • the movement of stabilizer arm 21302 (5C) can be controlled by the movement of lift arm 21301 ( FIGs. 5D / 5E ).
  • Stabilizer link rest bumper 30055 can smooth the ride for the user of the MD, and can reduce wear on gears within central gearbox with electronics 21514. In some configurations, bumper 30055 can rest in bumper housing 263, and can be secured in place by stabilizer link rest end cap 30073.
  • the linkage assembly that is formed by lift arm 21301 and stabilizer ink 21302 (5C) can rest on bumper 30055 when the MD is in standard mode.
  • the absolute position of the motor determined by an absolute position sensor associated with the motor, can determine when the linkage assembly should be resting on bumper 30055.
  • the motor current required to move the linkage can be monitored to determine when the linkage assembly is resting on the bumper 30055.
  • the gear train may not be exposed to impacts that can result from, for example, obstacles encountered by the MD and/or obstacles and vehicle motion encountered by a vehicle transporting the MD.
  • vehicle tie-downs 30069 can be operably coupled with seat brackets 30068 to allow the MD to be secured in a motor vehicle.
  • the restraint system of the MD can be designed to allow a user to remain seated in the MD for transport in a vehicle.
  • Seat brackets 30068 can include, but are not limited to including, seat support bracket plate 30068A that can provide an interface between seat support bracket 30068 and central gearbox 21514 ( FIG. 5A ).
  • Seat attachment rail 30081 can be sized according to the seat chosen for use.
  • Seat brackets 30068 can be customized to attach each type of seat to lifting arms 21301 ( FIG. 5D ) and stabilizer arms 21302 (5C).
  • Seat brackets 30068 can enable the seat to quickly and easily be removed for changing the seat and for enabling transport and storage, for example.
  • cluster assembly can include cluster housing 30010/30011 ( FIG. 6K ), cluster interface pin 30160 ( FIG. 6A ), and o-ring 40027-6 ( FIG. 6A ) that can environmentally isolate the interior of central gearbox 21514 at the cluster connection.
  • Each cluster assembly can include a two-stage gear train replicated on both left and right sides of central gearbox 21514 to drive each cluster assembly simultaneously.
  • Each cluster assembly can independently operate the set of two wheels 21203 ( FIG. 6A ) on wheel cluster 21100 ( FIG. 6A ), thereby providing forward, reverse and rotary motion of the MD, upon command.
  • the cluster assembly can provide the structural support for wheel clusters 21100 ( FIG.
  • the cluster assembly can include, but is not limited to including, ring gear nut 30016 ( FIG. 6B ), ring gear 21591 (6J), ring gear seal 30155 ( FIG. 6B ), cluster interface cover 21510 ( FIG. 6C ), first configuration cluster plate interface 30014 ( FIG. 6I ), cluster interface gasket 40027-14 ( FIG. 6B ), cluster rotate stage four pinion shaft 30888 (FIG. 31A4), brake with manual release 70708 ( FIG. 3I ), brushless DC servomotor 2-inch stack 21583 ( FIG. 3D ), and motor adapter 30124 ( FIG. 6B ).
  • Second configuration cluster interface plate 30014A FIG.
  • the cluster interface assembly can drive cluster wheel drive assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) under the control of powerbase processors on powerbase controller board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ).
  • the cluster interface assembly can provide the mechanical power to rotate wheel drive assemblies 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) together, allowing for functions dependent on cluster assembly rotation, for example, but not limited to, stair and curb climbing, uneven terrain, seat lean adjustments, and balance mode.
  • Cluster motor 21583 FIG. 6B
  • the cluster interface assembly can provide a reduction to deliver the torque required to lift the user seated upon the MD when climbing stairs or lifting up to balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • Cluster o-ring 40027-14 can form a three-way seal between the cluster plate 30014 ( FIG. 6A ), cluster interface housing cap 30014 ( FIG. 6B ), and central housing 21514 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • cluster drive train damper 40027-21 can damp oscillations when it is necessary to hold the cluster drive train steady.
  • the cluster drive train may be difficult to hold steady with motor commands because of the backlash in the drive train.
  • the motor commands can generate more correction than is needed and can require corrections in a direction that can lead to oscillation.
  • the oscillation can be damped with added friction in the cluster drive train.
  • An elastomeric material can be clamped between the cluster output bearing and cluster interface plate 30014 that can cause friction.
  • a less efficient bearing with significant drag like a bronze or plastic bushing can be used.
  • cluster cross shaft 30765 ( FIG. 6D ) can operably couple with ring gear 30891 that can rotate cluster housing 21100 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • Each of cluster housings 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) can include two wheels 21203 ( FIG. 6A ) that are positioned symmetrically about the center of rotation of cluster housing 21100 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • the MD can function substantially the same regardless of which of wheels 21203 ( FIG. 6A ) on cluster housings 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) are nearest castor wheels 21001 ( FIG. 4 ).
  • Cluster position sensor 21579 ( FIG. 3O ) can include, based on the symmetry, coupling with cluster cross shaft 30765 ( FIG.
  • Cluster housing 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) is symmetric so that, for each half revolution, the cluster will function just as if a full rotation has occurred.
  • cluster cross shaft 30765 ( FIG. 6F ), part of the cluster gear train, can operably couple centrally-located third stage gear cluster rotate 30766 ( FIG. 6F ) to fourth stages 30888 ( FIG. 6D ) of the gear train that are mounted on the left and right side of central housings 21514 ( FIG. 6A ) under cluster interface caps 30014 ( FIG. 6C ).
  • Cluster cross shaft 30765 ( FIG. 6F ) can include hollow shaft 30765-4 ( FIG. 6G ) that can include female spline 30765-3 ( FIG. 6G ).
  • Fourth stages 30888 ( FIG. 6D ) can include male splines 30888-1 ( FIG.
  • pinion gears 30888-2 ( FIG. 6C ) on one end and pinion gears 30888-2 ( FIG. 6C ) that are aligned with the teeth of male splines 30888-1 on the other end.
  • the teeth of pinion gears 30888-2 ( FIG. 6C ) on fourth stages 30888 ( FIG. 6D ) are aligned when they are assembled.
  • the splines and gears can include fifteen teeth, but other numbers of teeth can be accommodated in the present teachings.
  • the gear alignment can enable left and right cluster housings to be assembled onto the central housings so that wheels are aligned. This critical alignment enables the MD to rest on all four wheels when driving with the four main drive wheels.
  • cluster wheel drive 21100 can include, but is not limited to including, outer cluster housing 30011, input pinion plug assembly 21105, wheel drive output gear 30165, wheel drive output shaft 30102, wheel drive intermediate shaft and pinion spur 30163, wheel drive intermediate gear 30164, and inner cluster housing 30010.
  • At least one magnet 40064 captured between housings 30010/30011 at magnet housings 40064-1, can be positioned to be exposed to oil within cluster housing 21100A, and can attract and remove ferrous metal particulate from the oil, reducing gear, bearing, and seal wear caused by particulate in the oil.
  • wheel drive intermediate stage spur 30163 can engage with the wheel drive output gear 30165.
  • drive assembly 21532 FIG. 6L
  • output stage spur 21533 rotates
  • the output stage spur shaft rotates
  • wheel 21203 FIG. 6A
  • Wheel drive intermediate stage spur 30163 FIG. 6L
  • gear key 30602 FIG. 6L
  • clam shell housings 21101/21103 can include seams 21100-1 around the perimeter to retain oil within housings 21100/21103, and prevent environmental contamination to housings 21101/21103.
  • Bonding material 21101-2 for example, but not limited to, an elastomeric bonding material, can be applied to mating surfaces of housings 21100/21103. Lips and/or o-ring seals can surround each shaft that passes into and/or through housings 21101/21103.
  • Cluster housing 21100A can include oil port 21101-4 for adding oil.
  • the main drive wheels can be large enough to allow the MD to climb over obstacles, but small enough to fit securely on the tread of a stair.
  • the compliance of the tires can reduce vibrations transmitted to the user and loads transmitted to the MD.
  • the main drive wheels can remain fixed to the MD unless intentional action is taken by the user or a technician.
  • the tires can be designed to minimize electrostatic build-up during surface traversal/contact.
  • Split rim wheel pneumatic tire assembly 21203 can be mounted onto cluster assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) of the MD to afford wheeled movement to the MD.
  • split rim wheel tire assembly 21203 can include, but is not limited to including, outer split rim 30111, tire 40060 ( FIG. 7D ), inner tube 40061, rim strip 40062, shield disk 30113, shield disk spacer 30123, and inner split rim 30112.
  • Pneumatic tire can house inner tube 40061 which can surround rim strip 40062.
  • Shield disk 30113 can be captured between the inner and outer rim of split rim assembly 21203.
  • Shield disk 30113 can be preloaded in a pre-selected shape, for example, to enable securing positioning.
  • Shield disk 30113 can guard against foreign object protrusion through wheel tire assembly 21203.
  • Shield disk 30113 can provide a smooth surface that can discourage foreign object jamming and wheel damage.
  • Shield disk 30113 can provide customization opportunities, for example, custom colors and designs can be selected and provided on shield disk 30113.
  • tire assembly 21203 can accommodate solid tires such as, for example, but not limited to, foam-filled tires. Tire selection can be based on the features that a user desires such as durability, smooth ride, and low failure rate.
  • main drive wheels 21203 can be configured to accommodate traveling over varying types of terrain including, but not limited to, sand-like surfaces.
  • each of drive wheels 21203 such as first outer split rim 21201A ( FIG. 7C )
  • Second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can be installed by the user seated in the MD or by an assistant.
  • Second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can be attached to first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ) by depressing second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) onto first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG.
  • First drive wheel 21201A can include attachment base 40062-1 ( FIG. 7F ) that can provide a means for interlocking first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ) with second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ).
  • Attachment base 40062-1 can include locking pin receiver 40062-1B ( FIG. 7F ) and a retaining lip 30090-1A ( FIG.
  • Second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can include locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG. 7K ) that can operably mate with locking pin receiver 40062-1B ( FIG. 7F ) of second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ).
  • Locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG. 7K ) can include spring 21201-A2 ( FIG. 7I ) that can enable access to locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG. 7K ) after locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG. 7K ) has been disengaged, and can enable secure locking of locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG. 7K ) when locking pin 21201-A4 ( FIG.
  • Attachment base 40062-1 ( FIG. 7F ) can include retaining tangs 40062-1A ( FIG. 7F ) for twist-lock wheel attachment. Retaining tangs 40062-1A ( FIG. 7F ) can operably couple with retaining lip 30090-1B ( FIG. 7E ) of first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ).
  • second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can accommodate hubcap 21201-A1 ( FIG. 7H ) that can provide access opening 21201-A1A ( FIG. 7H ) for locking pin removing ring 21201-A4A ( FIG. 7K ).
  • first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ) and second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can be different or the same sizes and/or can have different or the same treads on tires 40060.
  • the attachment means between first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ) and second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) can include a castellated push-in and rotate to lock means (not shown) having a plurality of radially extending tabs and a mounting structure having a plurality of retaining members.
  • the attachment means can include an undercut or male lip (not shown).
  • the attachment means can include features (not shown) on spokes 30090-1C ( FIG. 7E ).
  • the attachment means can include fastener housing 21201-A3 ( FIG. 7J ) that can mount between hubs 21201-A2 ( FIG.
  • Fasteners such as, for example, but not limited to, screws or bolts can operably engage first drive wheel 21201A ( FIG. 7C ) with second drive wheel 21201B ( FIG. 7C ) through the cavities in fastener housing 21201-A3 ( FIG. 7J ).
  • the MD can be fitted with any number of sensors 147 ( FIG. 16B ) in any configuration.
  • some of sensors 147 can be mounted on MD rear 122 to accomplish specific goals, for example, backup safety.
  • Stereo color cameras/illumination 122A, ultrasonic beam range finder 122B, time-of-flight cameras 122D/122E, and single point LIDAR sensors 122F can be mounted, for example, but not limited to, to cooperatively sense obstacles behind the MD.
  • the MD can receive messages that can include information from the cameras and sensors, and can enable the MD to react to what might be happening out of the view of the user.
  • the MD can include reflectors 122C that can be optionally fitted with further sensors.
  • Stereo color cameras/illumination 122A can be used as taillights.
  • Other types of cameras and sensors can be mounted on the MD. Information from the cameras and sensors can be used to enable a smooth transition to balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 3A ) by providing information to the MD to enable the location of obstacles that might impede the transition to balance mode (described herein).
  • the service brake can be used to hold the MD in place by applying brake force to the wheel drive motor couplings, stopping the wheel from turning.
  • the brakes can function as holding brakes whenever the device is not moving.
  • the brakes can hold when the MD is powered on or off.
  • a manual brake release lever can be provided so that the MD may be pushed manually with a reasonable amount of effort when power is off.
  • the lever can be located at the front of the powerbase and can be accessible by either the user or an attendant.
  • the manual release lever can be sensed by limit switches that can indicate the position of the manual release lever.
  • Central gearbox 21514 can include brake release components including, but not limited to, manual brake release bracket 30003 ( FIG.
  • Brake release lever handle 30070 can activate manual brake release through manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ).
  • Manual brake release shaft 30002 can be held in position by manual brake release bracket 30003 ( FIG. 9E ).
  • Manual brake release shaft 30002 can include tapered end 30002A ( FIG. 9D ) that can engage manual brake release shaft arm 30001 ( FIG.
  • Manual brake release cam 30004 ( FIG. 9H ) can be operably connected to two manual brake release spring arms 30000 ( FIG. 9G ).
  • Spring arms 30000 can operably connect to brake release lever 592A ( FIG. 3I ).
  • Hall sensor 70020 ( FIG. 9A ) can be operably coupled with PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 9I ).
  • brake release lever handle 30070 ( FIG. 9I ) has a return force, for example, a spring-loaded force, pulling on it when it is in engaged position.
  • Rotational damper 40083 can enable snap back avoidance for lever 30070 ( FIG. 9I ).
  • Rotational damper 40083 can be operably coupled with brake shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ) through connecting collar 30007 and damper actuator arm 30009.
  • Rotational damper 40083 can allow relatively unrestricted movement when lever 30070 ( FIG. 9I ) is turned clockwise from a vertical position where the brakes are engaged to the horizontal position where the brakes are released.
  • rotational damper 40083 can provide resistance to the rotation of brake shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ), slowing the speed at which lever 30070 ( FIG. 9I ) returns to the vertical position, thus substantially preventing lever 30070 ( FIG. 9I ) from snapping back into the vertical position.
  • Rotational damper 40083 can be operably coupled with brake assembly stop housing 30003 ( FIG. 9E ).
  • Damper actuator arm 30009 FIG. 9B ) can be operably coupled with brake shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ).
  • manual brake release lever 30070 can include material that can be damaged before other manual brake release parts are damaged when excessive force is applied. If manual brake release lever 30070 is damaged, manual brake release lever 30070 can be replaced without opening of the central housing.
  • the manual release brake assembly can include manual brake release bracket 30003 ( FIG. 9E ), manual brake release shaft arm 30001 ( FIG. 9H ), manual brake release spring arm 30000 ( FIG. 9G ), Hall sensor 70020 ( FIG. 9J ), surface mount magnet 70022, manual brake release pivot interface 30004 ( FIG. 9F ), and manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ).
  • Brake release lever handle 30070 FIG. 9I ) can activate the manual brake release through manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ).
  • Manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ) can be held in position by manual brake release bracket 30003 ( FIG. 9E ).
  • Manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9E ) Manual brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG.
  • FIG. 9D can include tapered end 30002-2A ( FIG. 9D ) that can engage manual brake release shaft arm 30001 ( FIG. 9H ), which can be operably connected to manual brake release pivot interface 30004 ( FIG. 9F ).
  • Manual brake release pivot interface 30004 FIG. 9F
  • Manual brake release pivot interface 30004 FIG. 9F
  • Spring arms 30000 FIG. 9G
  • brake release lever 592A FIG. 3I ).
  • the service brake can include, but is not limited to including, travel stop 30005 ( FIG. 9K ) that can limit the motion of lever 30070 to a clockwise direction as viewed from the front of the MD from a vertical position to a horizontal position.
  • Travel stop 30005 ( FIG. 9K ) can prevent lever 30070 ( FIG. 9J ) from rotating in a counterclockwise direction and can assist an operator in releasing and engaging the brakes.
  • Travel stop 30005 ( FIG. 9K ) can be constructed of metal and can operably couple with second brake release shaft 30002 ( FIG. 9D ). Travel stop 30005 ( FIG. 9K ) can interface with features of central housing 21515 ( FIG.
  • Hall sensor 70020 can sense if the manual brake release is engaged or disengaged. Hall sensor 70020 can operably couple with both A-side and B-side electronics using cables/connector 70030 which can be mechanically isolate Hall sensor 70020 from the A-side and B-side electronics. Travel stop 30005 ( FIG. 9M ) can operably couple with shaft 30002-2 ( FIG. 9L ) through fastener 40000-1 ( FIG. 9M ). Travel stop 30005 can encounter protrusion 40003-2 which can enable limitation of the rotation of shaft 30002-2 ( FIG. 9L ).
  • harnesses can be mounted to straddle the inside and outside of the sealed part of central gearbox 21514 at the cable ports, and can be surrounded by sealing features such as, for example, but not limited to, o-rings or gaskets.
  • UC port harness 60007 FIG. 10C
  • UCP EMI filter 50007 FIG. 10A
  • PSC board 50002 FIG. 11B
  • UC port harness 60007 FIG. 10C
  • UC port harness 60007 FIG. 10C
  • Charge input port harness 60008 ( FIG.
  • FIG. 10D can channel wires emerging from charge input filter 50008 ( FIG. 10A ) that can connect PSC board 50002 ( FIG. 9I ) to a charging means, for example, but not limited to, charging power supply 70002 ( FIGs. 11A-11D ) via charger port 1158 ( FIGs. 10A , 11A-11D ).
  • Accessory port harness 60009 FIG. 10E
  • the cable exit locations can be protected from impact and environmental contamination by being positioned between the front wall of the MD and batteries 70001 ( FIG. 1E ).
  • Articulating cable chain 1149 FIGs. 11A-11D ) can protect the cables and can route the cables from the central housings to the seat, protecting the cables from becoming entangled in the lifting and/or stabilizer arms.
  • various wiring configurations can connect PBC board 50001, PSC board 50002, and battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) with UC 130, charge port 1158, and optional accessories 1150.
  • Emergency power off request switch 60006 can interface with e-box 1146 through panel mount 1153.
  • Optional accessory DC/DC module 1155 can include, for example, but not limited to, a module that can plug in to PSC board 50002.
  • DC/DC supply 1155 for optional accessories can be integrated into PSC board 50002 to eliminate a need for opening e-box 1146 outside of a controlled environment.
  • charge port 1158 can include a solder termination of cables to a port.
  • transmission means 1151 includes cables
  • the cables can be confined by use of cable carrier 1149 such as, for example, but not limited to, IGUS ® energy chain Z06-10-018 or Z06-20-028.
  • e-box 1146 that can include, but is not limited to including, PBC board 50001 and PSC board 50002, can be connected to UC 130, optional accessories 1150, and charge port 1158 through junctions 1157 ( FIG. 11A ) and transmission means 1151.
  • strain relief means 1156 FIG. 11C
  • a cable shield can be brought out to a forked connector and terminated to metal e-box 1146 with, for example, a screw (see FIG. 11D ).
  • one or more printed circuit boards 1148 FIG. 11C
  • Strain relief means 1156 L, J, and K FIG. 11C
  • Strain relief means 1156 L, J, and K FIG. 11C
  • Strain relief means 1156 L, J, and K FIG. 11C
  • Strain relief means 1156 L, J, and K can double as environmental seals and can provide channels through which electrical signals or power can pass.
  • Strain relief means 1156 L, J, and K can include, for example, grommets or glands, or could be overmolded and inseparable from the cables.
  • One or more printed circuit boards 1148 can (1) provide a place to connect internal harnesses between printed circuit boards 1148 ( FIG. 11C ) and PSC board 50002, and (2) provide a place for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filtration and electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection. EMC filtration and ESD protection can be enabled by connecting printed circuit boards 1148 ( FIG. 11C ) to metal e-box 1146, forming chassis ground 1147.
  • EMC electromagnetic compatibility
  • ESD electrostatic discharge
  • charger port 1158 is the location where the AC/DC power supply 70002 can be connected to the MD.
  • the AC/DC power supply can be connected to mains power via line cord 60025.
  • Line cord 60025 can be changed to accommodate various wall outlet styles.
  • Charger port 1158 can be separate from UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ), enabling charger port 1158 to be positioned in a location that is most assessable to each end user. End users have different levels of mobility and may need charger port 1158 to be positioned in a personally-accessible location.
  • the connector that plugs into charger port 1158 can be made without a latch to enable accessibility for users with limited hand function.
  • Charger port 1158 can include a USB port for charging external items, such as cellphones or tablets, with the power from the MD.
  • Charger port 1158 can be configured with male pins that operably couple with female pins on the AC/DC power supply. In some configurations, it may not be possible to operate the MD when charger port 1158 in engaged, regardless of whether the AC/DC power supply is connected to mains power.
  • user controller (UC) 130 can include, but is not limited to including, a control device (for example, but not limited to, joystick 70007), mode selection controls, seat height and tilt/lean controls, a display panel, speed selection control, a power on and off switch, an audible alert and mute capability, and a horn button. In some configurations, using the horn button while driving is allowed.
  • UC 130 can include a means to prevent unauthorized use of the MD.
  • UC 130 can be mounted anywhere on the MD. In some configurations, UC 130 can be mounted on a left or right arm rest.
  • the display panel of UC 130 can include a backlight.
  • UC 130 can include joystick 70007 ( FIG.
  • upper housing 30151 lower housing 30152
  • toggle housing 30157 undercap 30158
  • button platform 50020 FIG. 12A
  • Touch screens, toggle devices, joystick, thumbwheels, and other user input devices can be accommodated by UC 130.
  • second configuration UC 130-1 can include toggle platform 70036 ( FIG. 12C ) that can include, for example, but not limited to, toggle lever 70036-2 and toggle switch 70036-1 that can enable selection of options.
  • toggle lever 70036-2 can enable 4-way toggling (up, down, left, and right), and toggle switch 70036-1 can enable 2-way toggling.
  • Other option selection means can replace buttons and toggles, as needed to accommodate a particular disability.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) and second configuration UC 130-1 can include cable 60026 and cable connector 60026-1. Cable connector 60026-2 can operably couple with UC PCB 50004 ( FIG. 14A ) to provide data and power to each configuration of the UC.
  • Connector 60026-1 can operably couple UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) with the powerbase through cable 60016 ( FIG. 10A ) that mates to circuit board 50007 ( FIG. 10B ).
  • third configuration UC 130-1A can include thumbwheel knob 30173 that can be used to, for example, but not limited to, adjust a maximum speed of the MD.
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 can make a complete revolution with no stops. By omitting stops, the mapping of the position, the change of position, the rotational velocity, and the function of thumbwheel knob 30173 can be interpreted in a variety of different ways, depending on the configuration of the system.
  • the user can dial thumbwheel knob 30173 "up" to request a higher speed gain, and "down” to move the MD more slowly.
  • the change in position, and not the absolute position, of thumbwheel knob 30173 can be used to configure characteristics of the MD.
  • the sensitivity of thumbwheel knob 30173 can be configurable. For example, a user with finger strength, sensitivity, and dexterity sufficient to roll and/or twist thumbwheel knob 30173 in small increments can achieve fine control of thumbwheel knob 30173 and its underlying functionality. On the other hand, a user with compromised dexterity might adjust thumbwheel knob 30173 by bumping it with a knuckle or the edge of the hand. Thus, in some configurations, a relatively higher sensitivity setting can enable varying the speed gain from minimum to maximum across, for example, 180° of travel. In some configurations, a relatively lower sensitivity setting, requiring severing bumps of, for example, 90° each to traverse the same gain range.
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 "up” can eventually cause the speed value to discontinue increasing. Further dialing "up” can be ignored. Dialing thumbwheel knob 30173 “down” can be detected and can cause the gain value to decrease immediately, i.e. no "unwind” of ignored upward movement of thumbwheel knob 30173 may be necessary. Because the absolute position of thumbwheel knob 30173 may not be a factor in processing inputs from thumbwheel knob 30173, the gain value through changes to the MD such as, for example, but not limited to, mode changes and power cycling, can be dynamically configured. In some configurations, the gain value can revert to a default value after a power cycle. In some configurations, the gain value can be determined by a setting saved during power down, even if thumbwheel knob 30173 moves after power down.
  • the MD can include various speed settings that can accommodate situations in which the MD might be placed, for example, but not limited to, when the MD is either indoors or outdoors.
  • the speed settings can be associated with joystick movement. For example, a maximum forward speed that could be appropriate for a particular setting can be set so that the user cannot go beyond the maximum speed regardless of how the joystick is maneuvered.
  • the MD can be configured to ignore joystick movement. The effect of thumbwheel assembly is to apply a gain on top of the MD's reaction to joystick movement.
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 can rotate between hard stops of less than a complete revolution.
  • the change in wheel position can indicate a change in maximum speed.
  • the sensitivity of thumbwheel knob 30173 can be adjusted. Depending on the sensitivity adjustment, the rotation of thumbwheel knob 30173 can adjust the maximum speed from a relatively small amount to a relatively large amount.
  • Thumbwheel knob 30173 can be assembled into a blind hole, thus eliminating the need for an environmental seal at the mounting point of the thumbwheel assembly, and can eliminate a potential place for water, dust, and/or other contaminants to enter the UC housing. Further, the thumbwheel mechanism can be cleaned and serviced, and parts can be replaced without accessing the rest of the UC housing.
  • the angle of the shaft of thumbwheel knob 30173 can be measured by a non-contact, Hall-effect sensor.
  • the Hall-effect sensor being a non-contact sensor, can have an essentially infinite lifetime.
  • the sensor can provide a voltage that corresponds to the rotational position of the thumbwheel.
  • the signal can be processed by an analog-to-digital converter and the digital result can be further processed.
  • the sensor could directly output a digital signal that could, for example, be communicated to the UC main processor (see FIG. 14C ) via I2C.
  • the sensor can be dual redundant.
  • third configuration upper housing 30151A can include, but is not limited to including, LCD display 70040, button keypad 70035, joystick 70007, antenna 50025, spacer 30181, joystick backer ring 30154, and display coverglass 30153.
  • buttons 70035 can include undermounted snapdomes (not shown) that can enable the user to sense when buttons 70035 have been depressed.
  • Antenna 50025 can be mounted within third configuration upper housing 30151A, and can enable, for example, wireless communications between third configuration UC 130-1A ( FIG. 12F ).
  • Spacer 30181 can separate LCD display 70040 from other electronics within third configuration UC 130-1A ( FIG. 12F ).
  • LCD display 70040 can be protected from environmental hazards by display coverglass 30153.
  • Joystick 70007 can include connector 70007-1 ( FIG. 12H ) that can provide power to joystick 70007, and can enable signal transmission from joystick 70007.
  • the direction of movement of joystick 70007 can be measured by more than one independent means to enable redundancy.
  • UC 130 can include circuit board 50004 that can be housed and protected by upper housing 30151 and lower housing 30152.
  • UC 130 can include display coverglass 30153 that can provide visual access to screens that can present options to the user.
  • a display can be connected to UC PCB 50004 by flexible connector 50004-2 ( FIG. 14A ).
  • Optional EMC shield 50004-3 can guard against incoming and/or outgoing emissions of electromagnetic interference to/from UC PCB 50004.
  • Button assembly 50020-A and toggle switches 70036 can be optionally included. Buttons and/or toggles can be mounted on toggle housing 30157 which can be operably connected with lower housing 30152 and upper housing 30151 through undercap 30158.
  • UC 130 can be mounted onto the MD in a variety of ways and locations through mounting cleat 30106.
  • environment isolation features such as, for example, but not limited to, o-rings such as toggle housing ring 130A, grommets such as cable grommet 40028 ( FIG. 12K ), and adhesives to isolate the components such as, for example, circuit board 50004, from water, dirt, and other possible contaminants.
  • joystick 70007 and speaker 60023 can be a commercially-available items.
  • Joystick 70007 such as, for example, but not limited to, APEM HF series, can include a boot that can be accommodated by, for example, the pressure mount of boot mount cavity 30151-3 and joystick backer ring 30154.
  • upper housing 30151 can include ribs 30151-5 that can support circuit board 50004.
  • Upper housing 30151 can include mounting spacers 30151-4, space for secure mounting of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Upper housing 30151 can include, but is not limited to including, display cavity 30151-2 that can provide a location for visual access means for display screens of UC 130.
  • Upper housing 30151 can also include button cavities, for example, but not limited to, power button cavity 30151-6 and menu button cavity 30151-7.
  • Upper housing 30151 can include formed perimeter 30151-1 that can provide a consistent look and feel with other aspects of the MD.
  • Upper housing 30151 can be constructed of, for example, but not limited to, polycarbonate, a polycarbonate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene blend, or other materials that can meet strength and weight requirements associated with the UC.
  • Joystick 70007 FIG. 12A
  • Installing the joystick boot can isolate UC PCB 50004 ( FIG. 14A ) and other sensitive components from the environment.
  • Upper housing 30151 can include molding references 30151-X2 that can enable orientation of joystick 70007 during assembly. In some configurations, cable reference 30151-X2 can indicate where joystick cable connector 70007-1 ( FIG. 12H ) can be positioned.
  • lower housing 30152 can join upper housing 30151 ( FIG. 12L ) at perimeter geometry 30152-2.
  • the combination of lower housing 30152 and upper housing 30151 ( FIG. 12L ) can house UC PCB 50004 ( FIG. 14A ), speaker 60023 ( FIG. 12K ), display coverglass 30153 ( FIG. 12P ), and joystick backer ring 30154 ( FIG. 12Q ), among other parts.
  • Environmental isolation features at the joint can include, for example, but are not limited to, gaskets, o-rings, and adhesives.
  • Lower housing 30152 can include audio access holes 30152-1 that can be located adjacent to speaker mount location 30152-6.
  • a commercially-available speaker can be mounted in speaker mount location 30152-6 and can be securely attached to lower housing 30152 using an attachment means such as, for example, but not limited to, an adhesive, screws, and hook-and-eye fasteners.
  • Lower housing 30152 can include at least one post 30152-7 upon which can rest UC PCB 50004 ( FIG. 12I ).
  • Lower housing 30152 can include connector reliefs 30152-3 that can provide space within lower housing 30152 to accommodate, for example, but not limited to, joystick connector 50004-8 ( FIG. 14A ) and power and communications connector 50004-7 ( FIG. 14A ).
  • Lower housing 30152 can be attached to the MD through fastening means such as, for example, screws, bolts, hook-and-eye fasteners, and adhesives.
  • lower housing 30152 can include fastener receptors 30152-5 that can receive fasteners that can attach toggle housing 30157 ( FIG. 12R ) to lower housing 30152.
  • Lower housing 30152 can also include pass-through guides 30152-4 that can position fasteners, for example, but not limited to, sealing fasteners, that can securely connect lower housing 30152 with undercap 30158 ( FIG. 12K ). Sealing fasteners can provide environmental isolation.
  • lower housing 30152 can be constructed of, for example, but not limited to, die cast aluminum that can provide strength to the structure.
  • third configuration lower housing 30152A can include thumbwheel geometry 30152-A1 that can accommodate thumbwheel 30173.
  • Lower housing 30152 can optionally include ribbing (not shown) molded into inner back 30152-9. The ribbing can increase the strength and resistance to damage of UC 130, and can also provide resting positions for UC PCB 50004 ( FIG. 12I ).
  • Lower housing 30152A can also provide raised posts 30173-XYZ that can provide chassis ground contact points for UC PCB 50004, which can be grounded to the powerbase.
  • Chassis ground contact 30173-2 for cable shield 60031 ( FIG. 12V ) can tie the metal from lower housing 30152A to the metal of the powerbase.
  • Third configuration lower housing 30152A can include thumbwheel enabling hardware such as, for example, but not limited to, a position sensor that can include a magnetic rotary position sensor such as, for example, the AMS AS5600 position sensor, that can sense the direction of the magnetic field created by magnet 40064 that rotates when thumbwheel knob 30173 rotates.
  • the magnetic sensor can be mounted upon a flex circuit assembly that can provide power to and receive information from the magnetic sensor.
  • enabling hardware including, but not limited to, bushing 40023, magnet 40064, magnet shaft 30171, o-ring 40027, retaining nut 30172, and screw 40003, can operably couple thumbwheel knob 30173 with second configuration lower housing 30152A, and can enable the movement of magnet 40064 to be reliably sensed by the magnetic sensor.
  • Lower housing 30152A can include a cylindrical pocket in a wall of lower housing 30152A where bushing 40023 is positioned.
  • Bushing 40023 can provide radial and axial bearing surfaces for shaft 30171.
  • Shaft 30171 can include a flange onto which o-ring 40027 is placed.
  • Shaft 30171 is captured by retaining, threaded, nut 30172 that includes a thru-hole sized to fit shaft 30171, and smaller than flange/o-ring 40027. When assembled, o-ring 40027 is compressed which can eliminate axial play, and can create viscous drag when shaft 30171 is turned. Thumbwheel knob 30173 is assembled to shaft 30171 with a fastening means such as, for example, but not limited to, a low-head fastener, a simple friction fit, and/or knurling. Shaft 30171 can include magnet 40064. The magnetization direction creates a vector normal to the axis of shaft 30171 which can be measured by a Hall-effect sensor.
  • a measurement of the magnetization vector can be provided by the sensor to UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can compute, based on the magnetization vector direction, a relative change in maximum speed.
  • at least some parts of the enabling hardware for example, but not limited to, o-ring 40027, can be lubricated with, for example, but not limited to, silicone grease, to provide a smooth user experience.
  • detents can be added to the thumbwheel assembly to provide clicks as thumbwheel knob 30173 is manipulated.
  • screw 40003 can pass through thumbwheel 30173 and can operably couple with magnet shaft 30171.
  • the geometries of the enabling hardware can interlock to retain thumbwheel 30173 in second configuration lower housing 30152A, and can provide environmental isolation to the interior of UC 130 because there is no need in the shown configuration for a shaft to pierce second configuration lower housing 30152A.
  • the geometry of the thumbwheel assembly enables in-field service and/or replacement without separating upper housing 30151 ( FIG. 12E ) from lower housing 30152A.
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 can be replaced if damaged by impacts, or worn out from use.
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 can be operably coupled with shaft 30171 by click-on or press-in fastening means.
  • display coverglass 30153 can include clear aperture 30153-1 that can expose menu and options displays for the user.
  • the dimensions of clear aperture 30153-1 can be, for example, but not limited to, different from the display active area.
  • Display coverglass 30153 can include frame 30153-4 that can be masked black with a pressure sensitive adhesive layer. In some configurations, display coverglass 30153 can be masked with black paint, and double-sticky tape can be applied on top of the black masking. Clear, unmasked area 30153-3 can admit ambient light.
  • UC 130 can vary the brightness of the display based on the ambient light.
  • Display coverglass 30153 can include button cavities 30153-5 and 30153-6 that can provide locations for button keypad 70035.
  • Display coverglass 30153 can include outward face 30153-2 that can, in some configurations, include coatings that can, for example, reduce glaring reflections and/or improve scratch resistance.
  • a space can exist between the material of coverglass 30153 and frame 30153-4.
  • the space can include decorative elements such as, for example, but not limited to, product logos, and can be indelibly printed and/or etched.
  • joystick backer ring 30154 can include, but is not limited to including, receptor 30154-3 to house a joystick boot and body, and holes/slots 30154-2 to fasten backer ring 30154 to upper housing 30151 ( FIG. 12L ).
  • Holes/slots 30154-2 can be sized to accommodate multiple sizes of joysticks 70007 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Holes 30154-1 for example, can accommodate connections among each component of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • backer ring 30154 can include a pattern of notches 30154-X2 oriented circumferentially with respect to holes 30154-1 and slots 30154-2. Notches 30154-X2 can interface with ribs 30151-4 ( FIG. 12M ) in upper housing 30151 ( FIG. 12M ), and can ensure the correct rotational position of the hole and slot patterns in backer ring 30154 during assembly of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • toggle housing 30157 can include pocket 30157-2 that can house a toggle module, for example, but not limited to, button platform 50020-A ( FIG. 12BB ).
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include connector cavity 30157-3 to accommodate a flexible cable emanating from the toggle device.
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include through holes 30157-4 to accommodate fastening means that can connect components of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) together.
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include lower housing connector cavities 30157-5 that can provide opening for fastening means to engage.
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include sealing geometry 30157-6 that can enable mating/sealing between toggle housing 30157 can include and undercap 30158, that can be secured by undercap fastening means cavity 30157-8.
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include toggle module fastener cavities 30157-7 to enable attachment of the toggle module to toggle housing 30157.
  • Toggle housing 30157 can include forked guide 30157-1 to provide a guide for power/communications cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • O-ring 130B can enable sealing and environmental isolation between toggle housing 30157 and lower housing 30152A ( FIG. 12N ).
  • toggle housing second configuration 30157B can enable mounting of toggle platform 70036 ( FIG. 12T ).
  • Toggle housing second configuration 30157B can include toggle lever support geometry 30157A-1 ( FIG. 12S ) and toggle switch support geometry 30157B-1 ( FIG. 12S ) that can provide supporting structure for toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) and toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ), respectively.
  • Toggle housing second configuration 30157A can include connector cavity 30157A-3 to accommodate connections between toggle platform 70036 ( FIG. 12T ) and electronic components of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include pocket 30157-2 that can house a toggle module, for example, but not limited to, button platform 50020-A ( FIG. 12BB ).
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include connector cavity 30157A-3 to accommodate a flexible cable emanating from the toggle device.
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include through holes 30157A-4 to accommodate fastening means that can connect components of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) together.
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include lower housing connector cavities 30157A-5 that can provide openings for fastening means to engage.
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include sealing geometry 30157A-6 that can enable mating/sealing between toggle housing 30157B and undercap 30158 ( FIG.
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include toggle module fastener cavities 30157A-7 to enable attachment of the toggle module to toggle housing 30157B.
  • Toggle housing 30157B can include forked guide 30157A-1 to provide a guide for power/communications cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • An o-ring (not shown) can enable sealing and environmental isolation between toggle housing 30157B and lowering housing 30152A ( FIG. 12N ).
  • Toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) and toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ) can be positioned and sized to accommodate users having various hand geometries. In particular, toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG.
  • Toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) can be spaced from toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ) by about 25-50 mm.
  • Toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) can have rounded edges, its top can be slightly convex and substantially horizontal, and it can measure 10-14 mm across its top, and can be about 19-23 mm in height.
  • Toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ) can be about 26-30 mm long, 10-14 mm wide, and 13-17 mm high.
  • Toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) and toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ) can be positioned at an angle of between 15° and 45° with respect to joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12K ).
  • undercap 30158 can include through fastening holes 30158-1 that can accommodate fastening means to operably couple the components of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Undercap 30158 can include grommet cavity 30158-2 that can house grommet 40028 that can environmentally seal the cable entry point.
  • Undercap 30158 can include mounting cleat face 30158-5 that can provide connection points for mounting cleat 30106 ( FIG. 12Z ).
  • Undercap 30158 can include fastening accommodation 30158-4 that can enable fastening of undercap 30158 to toggle housing 30157.
  • Undercap 30158 can include relief cuts 30158-3 for toggle module fasteners.
  • Undercap 30158 can accommodate gasket 130A that can environmentally seal undercap 30158 to toggle housing 30157.
  • second configuration undercap 30158-1 can include, but is not limited to including, EMI suppression ferrite 70041, and ferrite retainer 30174.
  • Ferrite retainer 30174 can operably couple with second configuration undercap 30158-1 through mounting features 30158-3 ( FIG. 12X ) and posts 30158-2 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • Retainer 30174 can be affixed to undercap 30158 by heat-staking posts 30158-2 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • ferrite retainer 30174 can be affixed to undercap 30158 by means of threaded fasteners, adhesives, and/or snap features.
  • EMI suppression ferrite 70041 can protect UC 130 from EMI emissions emanating from cable 60031, which can house power and CANbus connections for UC 130.
  • Shield 60031-4 can emerge from cable 60031 and can connect to a feature of housing 30152 at connector 60031-3.
  • Metal barrel 60031-1 can enable the shield to continue to the powerbase.
  • UC mounting device 16074 can enable UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) to be mounted securely to the MD by means of any device that can accommodate stem 16160A, stem split mate 16164, and a conventional seat mounted upon the MD through operable coupling with seat brackets 24001 ( FIG. 1A ). Tightening orifice 162-672 can provide a means to secure mounting device 16074 to the MD.
  • Mounting device 16074 can include ribs 16177 that can be raised away from mounting body 16160 to accommodate UC mounting feature 30158 ( FIG. 12B ).
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can operably couple with mounting device 16074 by sliding mounting cleat 30106 ( FIG. 12Z ) between ribs 16177 and mounting body 16160.
  • Release lever 16161 can operate in conjunction with spring-loaded release knob 16162 to enable secure fastening and easy release of UC 130 to/from mounting device 16074.
  • mounting cleat 30106 can enable mounting of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) onto the MD, for example, on an armrest, for example, by mounting device 16074 ( FIG. 12Y ).
  • Mounting cleat 30106 can include engagement lip 30106-3 that can include a geometry that can enable sliding and locking engagement of mounting cleat 30106 with a receiver, for example, by depressing a latch button until UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) is correctly positioned. At that position, the latch button could protrude into button cavity 30106-1, thereby locking UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) into place.
  • Edges 30106-4 of mounting cleat 30106 can fit within the receiver.
  • Mounting cleat 30106 can include fastening cavities for fastening mounting cleat 30106 to mounting cleat face 30158-5 ( FIG. 14A ).
  • grommet 40028-1 can provide an environmental seal surrounding cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • Grommet 40028-1 can rest in grommet cavity 30158-2 ( FIG. 12U ), neck 40028-1B being captured by the geometry of grommet cavity 30158-2 ( FIG. 12U ).
  • Cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ) can traverse grommet 40028-1 from cable entry 40028-1A to cable exit 40028-1C.
  • cable grommet 40028-1 can provide strain relief to cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ). The strain relief can prevent damage if cable 60026 is bent or pulled.
  • cable grommet 40028-1 can be an overmolded feature integral to cable 60031 ( FIG. 12X ).
  • button assembly 50020-A can enable button option entry at UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Button assembly 50020-A can include buttons 50020-A1, for example, but not limited to, momentary push buttons that can be mounted on button circuit board 50020-A9.
  • Buttons 50020-A1 can operably couple with button circuit board 50020-A9 that can include cable connector 50020-A2 that can accommodate, for example, but not limited to, a flexible cable.
  • Button assembly 50020-A can include spacer plate 50020-S ( FIG. 12CC ) that can provide cavities 50020-S1 ( FIG. 12CC ) for buttons 50020-A1.
  • a coverlay (not shown) providing graphics and environmental sealing can cover buttons 50020-A1.
  • toggle platform 70036 can include toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12T ) and toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12T ), and toggle mount means 70036-3 to mount toggle platform 70036 onto toggle housing second configuration 30157A.
  • Toggle mount means 70036-3 can be adjacent to toggle lever support geometry 30157A-2 ( FIG. 12U ).
  • a low-profile toggle module 70036A (FIG. 12GG) including D-pad 70036A-2 ( FIG. 12EE ) in place of toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12DD ) and rocker switch 70036A-1 ( FIG. 12EE ) in place of toggle switch 70036-1 ( FIG. 12DD ) can be included.
  • toggle lever 70036-2 ( FIG. 12DD ) can be replaced by two 2-way toggles (not shown), which could be similar to the controls for powered seating tilt and recline.
  • the resulting module can include three 2-way toggles.
  • UC holder 133A can house manual and visual interfaces such as, for example, a joystick, a display, and associated electronics.
  • UC assist holder 145A can be attached to visual/manual interface holder 145C tool-lessly.
  • UC assist holder 145A can include electronics that can interface with processors 100 ( FIG. 16B ) and that can process data from sensors 122A ( FIG. 8 ), 122B ( FIG. 8 ), 122C ( FIG. 8 ), 122D ( FIG. 8 ), 122E ( FIG. 8 ), and 122F ( FIG. 8 ).
  • any of these sensors can include, but are not limited to including, an OPT8241 time-of-flight sensor from TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ® , or any device that can provide a three-dimensional location of the data sensed by the sensors.
  • UC assist holder 145A can be located anywhere on the MD and may not be limited to being mounted on visual/manual interface holder 145C.
  • manual/visual interface holder 145C can include, but is not limited to including, visual interface viewing window 137A and manual interface mounting cavity 133B available on first side 133E of manual/visual interface holder 145C.
  • Connector 133C can be provided on second side 133D of manual/visual interface holder 145C to connect manual/visual interface holder 145C to UC assist holder 145A ( FIG. 13C ). Any of viewing window 137A, manual interface mounting cavity 133B, and connector 133C can be located on any part of manual/visual interface holder 145C, or can be absent altogether.
  • Manual/visual interface holder 145C, visual interface viewing window 137A FIG.
  • manual interface mounting cavity 133B, and connector 133C can be any size.
  • Manual/visual interface holder 145C can be constructed of any material suitable for mounting visual interface viewing window 137A, manual interface mounting cavity 133B, and connector 133C.
  • Angle 145M can be associated with various orientations of UC holder 133A and thus can be various values.
  • UC holder 133A can have a fixed orientation or can be hinged.
  • UC assist holder 145A can include, but is not limited to including, filter cavity 136G and lens cavity 136F providing visibility to, for example, but not limited to, a time-of-flight sensor optical filter and lens such as, for example, but not limited to, OPT8241 3D time-of-flight sensor by TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ® .
  • UC assist holder 145A can be any shape and size and can be constructed of any material, depending on the mounting position on the MD and the sensors, processors, and power supply, for example, provided within UC assist holder 145A. Rounded edges on cavities 136G and 136F as well as holder 145A can be replaced by any shape of edge.
  • UC board 50004 can provide the electronics and connectors to control the activities of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • UC board 50004 can include circuit board 50004-9 upon which connectors and ICs can be mounted.
  • joystick connector 50004-8, power and communications connector 50004-7, toggles connector 50004-5, thumbwheel connector 50004-4, speaker connector 50004-6, and display connector 50004-2 can be included on mounting board 50004-9.
  • UC board 50004 can include ambient light sensor 50004-X ( FIG. 14A ), the signal from which can be used to vary the display brightness and contrast for viewing in indoor and outdoor environments.
  • EMC shield 50004-3 can provide EMC protection to UC board 50004.
  • Connections 50004-1 to wireless antenna 50025 can include, for example, but not limited to, spring contacts.
  • Button snap domes 50004-10 can accommodate button depression activation.
  • button snap domes 50004-10 can each be associated with back-lighting from, for example, but not limited to, LEDs. Toggle switches and toggle levers can be accommodated similarly.
  • UC board 50004 can process data transmitted to and from the user, PBC board 50001 ( FIGs. 15A and 15B ), PSC board 50002 ( FIGs. 15G ), and a wireless antenna.
  • UC board 50004 can perform filtering of incoming data, and can enable the transitions and workflow described in FIGs. 23A-23KK .
  • UC board 50004 can include, but is not limited to including, a wireless transceiver that can include a processor and transceiver that can support wireless communications using, for example, but not limited to, the BLUETOOTH ® low energy protocol.
  • the wireless transceiver can include, for example, but not limited to, a Nordic Semiconductor nRF51422 chip.
  • central gearbox 21514 can include PSC board 50002 and PBC stack.
  • the electronics of PSC board 50002 can manage power and provide power to PBC board 50001, and PBC board 50001 in turn provides power to the motors of the MD.
  • PBC board 50001 can include redundant computers and electronics whose responsibilities can include processing inertial sensor data and computing the motor commands used to control the MD.
  • Electronics for PBC board 50001 can interface with at least one inertial measurement unit (IMU) 50003 ( FIG. 15B ) and UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • PBC board 50001 can include redundant processors that can be physically separated from each other and can have isolation barriers on their interconnections to increase the robustness of the redundant architecture.
  • Active redundancy can enable conflict resolution during a fault condition through voting on actuator commands and other vital data.
  • sensors, powerbase processors and power buses can be physically replicated in the MD.
  • Sensor inputs, processor outputs, and motor commands from this redundant architecture can be cross-monitored and compared to determine if all the signals are within an acceptable tolerance.
  • all signals "agree" are within an acceptable tolerance
  • the full functionality of the MD is available to the user. If any one set of these signals is not within a range of the other three, the MD can ignore data from the non-matching set and can continue to operate using data from the remaining sensor/processor strings.
  • each of the PBC and the PSC can include an "A" side and a "B" side.
  • the PBC "A” side can be divided into “A1” and “A2" quadrants that can be powered by the PSC "A” side.
  • the PBC "B” side can be divided into “B1” and “B2” quadrants that can be powered by the PSC "B” side.
  • the IMU can include, for example, four inertial sensors that can each map directly to one of the PBC quadrants.
  • load sharing redundancy can be used for the power amplifiers, high voltage power buses and primary actuators in order to size the motors and batteries for normal, no-fault conditions and yet allow higher stress short duration operation during a system fault.
  • Load sharing redundancy can allow for a lighter weight, higher performance fault tolerant system than other redundancy approaches.
  • the MD can include multiple separate battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 1E ). Multiple battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) dedicated to each PBC side can provide redundancy so that battery failure conditions can be mitigated.
  • the redundant load sharing components can be kept separate throughout the system to minimize the chance of a failure on one side causing a cascading failure on the other side.
  • the power delivery components (battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 1E ), wiring, motor drive circuitry, and motors) can be sized to deliver sufficient power to keep the user safe while meeting the system performance requirements.
  • Heat spreader 30050 can include heat spreader plate 30050 and at least one standoff 30052 ( FIG. 15B ) that can penetrate holes in powerbase controller board 50001 and support inertial measure unit (IMU) assembly 50003 ( FIG. 15D ).
  • Heat spreader plate 30051 can, for example, be operably connected to the central housings and the circuit boards of the MD through a thin electrically-isolating material that can provide a thermal conduction path for the heat from the electronics to the central housing.
  • metal-to-metal contact between heat spreader 30050 and the mounting features on housings 30020-30023 can dissipate heat.
  • standoff grommets 30187 FIG. 15C
  • standoffs 30052 FIG. 15B
  • the heat management system of the present teachings can include bars 30114 ( FIG. 15B ) mounted on heat spreader 30050 but not touching PBC board 50001, copper areas on PBC board 50001, and thermal gap pads providing heat conductivity between PBC board 50001 and heat spreader 30050.
  • IMU mounting onto heat spreader 30050 can include soft-durometer grommets 30187 ( FIG. 15C ) that can dampen vibrations, and flex cable 50028-9B ( FIG. 15C ) that can provide electrical connection to PBC board 50001.
  • IMU sensors can be isolated from vibrations generated by the seat, cluster, and wheel drive trains of the MD by mechanically isolating the IMU PCB 50003 ( FIG. 15E ) that sensors 608 ( FIG. 15E ) are mounted to.
  • the IMU assembly can be mounted on at least one elastomeric grommet 30187 ( FIG. 15C ) that can attach to at least one post 30052 fastened to heat spreader plate 30050.
  • At least one grommet 30187 ( FIG. 15C ) can include a low hardness and damping ability that can limit the transmission of vibration from the MD to the IMU.
  • Flex circuit cable 50028-9B can be compliant and may not transmit significant vibration to the IMU assembly.
  • flux shield 30008 can protect the electronics on PBC board 50001 from the magnetic signal from manual brake release position sensor 70020 ( FIG. 9J ).
  • Flux shield 30008 can include ferrous metal, and can operably couple with heat spreader assembly 30050 between manual brake release position sensor 70020 ( FIG. 9J ) and PBC board 50001. The ferrous metal can intercept and redirect the magnetic flux of manual brake release position sensor 70020 ( FIG. 9J ) to substantially prevent interference with the electronics of PBC board 50001.
  • cables can utilize connectors that have a latching mechanism.
  • IMU assembly 50003 can include, but is not limited to including, main board 50003B ( FIG. 15D ) that can include inertial sensors 608 ( FIG. 15D ) and memory 610 ( FIG. 15D ).
  • IMU assembly 50003 can include at least one grommet 30187 ( FIG. 15C ) that can buffer vibrations and maintain stability of inertial sensors 608, and rigid-flex circuit 50028-9B that can connect IMU assembly 50003 to PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ) in a way that reduces vibration transmission.
  • Rigid-flex circuit 50028-9B can include stiffener 50028-9S that can facilitate a sturdy connection.
  • Rigid-flex circuit 50028-9B can include a bend that can divide rigid-flex circuit cable 50028-9B into two portions that can provide a sensor interface and a connector interface.
  • At least one grommet 30187 FIG. 15C
  • main board 50003 FIG. 15B
  • cavities 608A FIG. 15D
  • PBC board 50001 FIG. 15B
  • stand-offs 30052 FIG. 15B
  • Other geometries of rigid-flex circuit cable 50028-9B ( FIG. 15C ) are possible, as are other connector patterns and grommet placement.
  • At least one inertial sensor 608 can include, for example, but not limited to, ST Microelectronics LSM330DLC IMU.
  • IMU assembly 50003 can include IMU PCB 50003B that can accommodate stand-offs 30052 ( FIG. 15B ) to enable elevating and shock-mounting IMU PCB 50003B above PBC board 50001.
  • IMU assembly 50003 can include features to enable mounting IMU shield 70015 ( FIG. 15C ) onto IMU PCB 50003B.
  • Optional IMU shield 70015 can protect inertial sensors 608 ( FIG. 15D ) from possible interference, including, but not limited to EM interference, from PBC board 50001 ( FIG.
  • IMU PCB 50003B can include connectors 609 ( FIG. 15F ) that can receive/transmit signals from/to inertial sensors 608 to/from PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ).
  • Inertial sensors 608 ( FIG. 15D ) can be mounted to IMU PCB 50003B, that can allow IMU assembly 50003 to be calibrated separately from the rest of the MD.
  • IMU PCB 50003B can provide mounting for memory 610 ( FIG. 15D ) that can hold, for example, calibration data.
  • Non-volatile memory 610 can include, for example, but not limited to, Microchip 25AA320AT-I/MNY.
  • inertial sensor 608 ( FIG. 15D ) can be updated with the latest available sensors in relative electronics design isolation because IMU assembly 50003 can be relatively isolated from PBC board 50001.
  • Inertial sensors 608 can be positioned angularly with respect to each other. The angular positioning can improve the accuracy of data received from inertial sensors 608.
  • Inertial information such as pitch angle or yaw rate, that may lie entirely upon one sense axis of one inertial sensor 608 can be spread across two sense axes of an angled inertial sensor.
  • two inertial sensors 608 can be positioned angled 45° from two other inertial sensors 608.
  • the angled inertial sensors 608 can alternate in placement with non-angled inertial sensors 608.
  • second configuration IMU assembly 50003A can include at least one inertial sensor 608.
  • Second configuration IMU assembly 50003A can include second configuration IMU PCB 50003A-1 that can accommodate stand-offs 30052 ( FIG. 15B ) to enable elevating and shock-mounting second configuration IMU PCB 50003A-1 above PBC board 50001.
  • Second configuration IMU assembly 50003A can include features to enable mounting IMU shield 70015 onto second configuration IMU PCB 50003A.
  • Optional IMU shield 70015 can protect inertial sensors 608 from possible interference, including, but not limited to EM interference, from PBC board 50001 and/or PSC board 50002 ( FIG. 15G ).
  • Second configuration IMU PCB 50003A can include connectors 609 ( FIG.
  • Second configuration IMU PCB 50003A can provide mounting for memory 610 ( FIG. 15E ) that can hold, for example, calibration data.
  • PSC board 50002 can include connectors 277 ( FIG. 15G ) that can enable batteries 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) to supply power to PSC board 50002.
  • Connectors 277 can include, for example, contacts, and circuit board mounting means, for example, but not limited to, MOLEX ® MLX 44068-0059.
  • PSC board 50002 can include at least one microcontroller 401, and can include at least one bumper 30054/30054A to buffer the interface between PSC board 50002 and e-box lid 21524 ( FIG. 1G ), and at least one spacer 30053 to maintain the spacing between PSC board 50002 and PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ).
  • spacer 30053 which can include, for example, metal, can be operably coupled with PSC board 50002.
  • spacer 30053 can be used as an electrical connection to the chassis of the MD for EMC purposes. Spacer 30053 can provide durability and robustness to the MD.
  • PSC board 50002 can include charge input connector 1181, UC connector 1179, auxiliary connector 1175A, at least one power interconnect to PBC connector 1173, and CANbus-to-PBC connector 1179A, connected as shown in FIGs. 15I and 15J .
  • PSC board 50002 can include at least one power switch 401C, at least one battery charge circuit 1171/1173A, and at least one coin cell battery 1175ABC to power at least one real-time clock 1178A ( FIG. 15 J) .
  • PSC board 50002 is not limited to the parts listed herein, but can include any integrated circuits and other parts that could enable operation of the MD.
  • PSC board 50002 can communicate with batteries 70001 ( FIG. 15I ) that can provide power to UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) and auxiliary devices through for example, but not limited to, 15-V regulator 1175, UC connector 1179, 24-V regulator 1175XYZ, and auxiliary connector 1175A.
  • PSC board 50002 can communicate with battery management system 50015 ( FIG. 1E ) from which can be determined, for example, but not limited to, battery capacity and temperature.
  • PSC board 50002 can monitor the line voltages from battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 15I ), and can monitor whether, for example, charger power supply cord 70002 ( FIGs. 11A-11D ) is plugged in. Batteries 70001 ( FIG.
  • FIG. 15I can provide power to at least one microcontroller 401 ( FIG. 15J ) through, for example, but not limited to, regulator 1176 ( FIG. 15J ) such as, for example, but not limited to, a 3.3-V regulator, and regulator 1177 ( FIG. 15J ), for example, but not limited to, a 5-V regulator.
  • PSC board 50002 provides power to the PBC board 50001 through board-to-board connectors 1173/1173A ( FIG. 15J ) such as, for example, but not limited to, SAMTEC ® PES-02.
  • At least one microcontroller 401 ( FIG. 15J ) can control the opening and closing of power switch 401C ( FIG.
  • At least one microcontroller 401 can include memory 1178 ( FIG. 15J ), for example, but not limited to, ferroelectric non-volatile memory, that can hold data after being powered off.
  • PSC board 50002 can include a real-time clock that can be used, for example, to time stamp usage data and event logs. The real-time clock can be powered by batteries 70001 ( FIG. 15I ) or, alternatively, by lithium coin cell 1175ABC ( FIG. 15J ). Communications between at least one microcontroller 401 ( FIG. 15J ) and batteries 70001 ( FIG.
  • 15I can be enabled by an I2C bus and I2C accelerator 1174 ( FIG. 15J ).
  • Communications between at least one microcontroller 401 ( FIG. 15J ) and UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can be enabled by CANbus protocol through UC connector 1179 ( FIGs. 15I / 15G ).
  • Communications between at least one microcontroller 401 ( FIG. 15G ) and PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ) can be enabled by CANbus protocol through connector 1179A.
  • Sensors 401B ( FIG. 15J ) can be positioned throughout PSC board 50002 to determine the actual level of the voltage and current being supplied to PBC board 50001, versus the level of voltage reported by batteries 70001 ( FIG.
  • At least one sensor 410A can sense high acceleration events such as, for example, but not limited to, hard impacts, vehicle crashes, and mishandling in shipment.
  • the high acceleration events can be logged, for example, and can be used as part of service and warranty claims, and can provide usage statistics that can, for example, provide data for quality improvement efforts.
  • at least one sensor 410A can reside on PSC board 50002, and can communicate to a corresponding PSC processor 401 ( FIG. 15J ) via a small peripheral interface (SPI) bus, for example.
  • SPI small peripheral interface
  • each battery pack 70001 ( FIG. 15I ) through PSC board 50002, through PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15B ), and out to the motors.
  • Battery packs 70001 ( FIG. 15I ) may discharge at different rates for example, because of internal impedance differences. Because they are ganged together electrically, the A-side batteries have approximately the same voltage, and the B-side batteries have approximately the same voltage, but there could be differences between the voltage in the A-side batteries and the voltage in the B-side batteries.
  • Bus voltage can be monitored, and if necessary, the voltage of batteries 70001 on each side can be equalized by sending a slightly larger command to the motor on the side that has a higher voltage and a smaller command to the other side.
  • Current limiting devices can be used throughout the power distribution to prevent an over-current condition on one subsystem from affecting the power delivery to another subsystem. Anomalies caused by marginal power supply operation can be mitigated by 1) supply monitoring for critical analog circuits and 2) power supply supervisory features for digital circuits.
  • the MD can include, but is not limited to including, powerbase 21514A, communications means 53, power means 54, UC 130, and remote control device 140.
  • Powerbase 21514A can communicate with UC 130 using communications means 53 using a protocol such as, for example, but not limited to, the CANbus protocol.
  • User controller 130 can communicate with remote control device 140 through, for example, but not limited to, wireless technology 18 such as, for example, BLUETOOTH ® technology.
  • powerbase 21514A can include redundancy as discussed herein.
  • communications means 53 and power means 54 can operate inside powerbase 21514A and can be redundant therein.
  • communications means 53 can provide communications from powerbase 21514A to components external to powerbase 21514A.
  • MD control system 200A can include, but is not limited to including, at least one powerbase processor 100 and at least one power source controller 11 that can bi-directionally communicate over serial bus 143 using system serial bus messaging system 130F.
  • System serial bus messaging 130F can enable bi-directional communications among external applications 140 and I/O interface 130G, and UC 130.
  • the MD can access peripherals, processors, and controllers through interface modules that can include, but are not limited to including, input/output (I/O) interface 130G and external communications interface 130D.
  • I/O input/output
  • I/O interface 130G can transmit/receive messages to/from, for example, but not limited to, at least one of audio interface 150A, electronic interface 149A, manual interface 153A, and visual interface 151A .
  • Audio interface 150A can provide information to audio devices such as, for example, speakers that can project, for example, alerts when the MD requires attention.
  • Electronic interface 149A can transmit/receive messages to/from, for example, but not limited to, external sensors 147.
  • External sensors 147 can include, but are not limited to including, time-of-flight cameras and other sensors.
  • Manual interface 153A can transmit/receive messages to/from, for example, but not limited to, joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) and/or switches 70036-1/2 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 and processors 100 can transmit/receive information to/from I/O interface 130G, external communications 130D, and each other.
  • system serial bus interface 130F can enable communications among UC 130, processors 100 (also shown, for example, as processor A1 43A ( FIG. 18C ), processor A2 43B ( FIG. 18C ), processor B1 43C ( FIG. 18D ), and processor B2 43D ( FIG. 18D )), and power source controllers 11 (also shown, for example, as power source controller A 98 ( FIG. 18B ) and power source controller B 99 ( FIG. 18B )).
  • processors 100 also shown, for example, as processor A1 43A ( FIG. 18C ), processor A2 43B ( FIG. 18C ), processor B1 43C ( FIG. 18D ), and processor B2 43D ( FIG. 18D )
  • power source controllers 11 also shown, for example, as power source controller A 98 ( FIG. 18B ) and power source controller B 99 ( FIG. 18B )
  • Messages described herein can be exchanged among UC 130 and processors 100 using, for example, but not limited to, system serial bus 143.
  • External communications interface 130D can enable communications among, for example, UC 130 and external applications 140 using wireless communications 144 such as, for example, but not limited to, BLUETOOTH ® technology.
  • UC 130 and processors 100 can transmit/receive messages to/from external sensors 147 that can be used to enable automatic and/or semi-automatic control of the MD.
  • powerbase controller 50001 can include powerbase processor 100 that can process incoming motor data 775 and sensor data 767 upon which wheel commands 769, cluster commands 771, and seat commands 773 can be at least in part based.
  • powerbase processor 100 can include, but is not limited to including, CANbus controller 311 managing communications, motor drive control processor 305 preparing motor commands, timer interrupt service request processor 301 managing timing, voting/commit processor 329 managing the redundant data, main loop processor 321 managing various data inputs and outputs, and controller processing task 325 receiving and processing incoming data.
  • Controller processing task 325 can include, but is not limited to including, IMU filter 753 managing IMU data preparation, speed-limiting processor 755 managing speed-related features, weight processor 757 managing weight-related features, adaptive speed control processor 759 managing obstacle avoidance, traction control processor 762 managing challenging terrain, and active stabilization processor 763 managing stability features.
  • Inertial sensor pack 1070/23/29/35 can provide IMU data 767 to IMU filter 753 which can provide data that can result in wheel commands 769 to right wheel motor drive 19/31 and left wheel motor drive 21/33.
  • IMU filter 753 can include, but is not limited to including, body rate to gravity rate and projected rate processor 1102 ( FIG. 19A ), body rate and gravity to Euler angles and rates processor 1103 ( FIG.
  • Voting processor 329 can include, but is not limited to including, initial vote processor 873, secondary vote processor 871, and tertiary vote processor 875.
  • powerbase processors 100 can share, through, for example, CANbus 53A/B ( FIG. 18B ), as controlled by CANbus controller task 311 ( FIG. 17B ), accelerometer and gyro data from inertial sensor packs 1070/23/29/35 ( FIG. 17A ).
  • Powerbase serial buses 53A/B FIG. 18B
  • processors A1/A2/B1/B2 43A-43D FIG. 18C / 18D
  • CANbus controller 311 FIG. 17B
  • CANbus controller 311 can send a start commits processing message 319 ( FIG. 17B ) to voting/commit processor 329 ( FIG. 17C ).
  • Voting/commit processor 329 can send a commit message 331 ( FIG. 17C ) that can include the results of the voting process, for example, but not limited to, the voting processes of, for example, method 150 ( FIGs. 21 B/21C), applied to motor data 775 ( FIG.
  • Controller processing task 325 can compute estimates based at least on, for example, received IMU data 767 ( FIG. 17A ) and motor data 775 ( FIG. 17A ), and can manage traction (traction control processor 762 ( FIG. 17A )), speed (speed processor 755 ( FIG. 17A ), adaptive speed control processor 759 ( FIG. 17A )), and stabilization (active stabilization processor 763 ( FIG. 17A )) of the MD based at least on the estimates, and can send motor-related messages 335. If CANbus controller 311 ( FIG.
  • timer interrupt service request processor 301 can start commit backup timer 317 ( FIG. 17B ) that can, when the timer expires, start commits processing by sending a starts commits processing message 319 ( FIG. 17B ) to commits processing task 329 ( FIG. 17C ).
  • Timer interrupt service request processor 301 can also send start main loop message 315 ( FIG. 17B ) to main loop processor 321 ( FIG. 17B ) and update motors message 303 ( FIG.
  • main loop processor 321 can capture sensor data and data from user controller 130 ( FIG. 16A ).
  • Main loop processor 321 can send a synchronization message 313 ( FIG. 17B ) over CANbus 53A/B ( FIG. 18B ), if main loop processor 321 ( FIG. 17B ) is executing on a master of processors A1/A2/B1/B2 43A-D ( FIG. 18C / 18D ).
  • Main loop processor 321 ( FIG. 17B ) can track timed activities across powerbase processor 21514A ( FIG. 16A ), can start other processes, and can enable communications through powerbase output packet 323 ( FIG. 17B ).
  • PBC board 50001 can include, but is not limited to including, at least one processor 43A-43D ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one motor drive processor 1050, 19, 21, 25, 27, 31, 33, 37 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), and at least one power source controller (PSC) processor 11A/B ( FIG. 18B ).
  • PBC board 50001 FIG. 15G
  • PBC board 50001 can be operably coupled with, for example, but not limited to, UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) through, for example, but not limited to, electronic communications means 53C and a protocol such as, for example, a CANbus protocol, and PBC board 50001 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) can be operably coupled with at least one IMU and inertial system processor 1070, 23, 29, 35 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) can be optionally operatively coupled with electronic devices such as, for example, but not limited to, computers such as tablets and personal computers, telephones, and lighting systems.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) can include, but is not limited to including, at least one joystick and at least one display.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) can include push buttons and toggles.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ) can optionally be communicatively coupled with peripheral control module 1144 ( FIG. 18A ), sensor aid modules 1141 ( FIG. 18A ), and autonomous control modules 1142/1143 ( FIG. 18A ). Communications can be enabled by, for example, but not limited to, a CANbus protocol and an Ethernet protocol 271 ( FIG. 18A ).
  • processors 39/41 can control the commands to wheel motor processors 85/87/91/93 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), cluster motor processors 1050/27 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) and seat motor processors 45/47 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • Processors 39/41 can receive joystick, seat height and frame lean commands from UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Software that can enable UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • Software that can enable UC 130 can perform user interface processing including display processing, and can communicate with the external product interface.
  • Software that can enable PSC 11A/B FIG.
  • FIG. 18B can retrieve information from batteries 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) over a bus such as, for example, but not limited to, an I2C bus or an SMBus, and can send that information on CANbus 53A/53B ( FIG. 18B ) for UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) to interpret.
  • Boot code software executing on processors 39/41 FIGs. 18C / 18D ) can initialize the system and can provide the ability to update application software.
  • External applications can execute on a processor such as, for example, but not limited to, a personal computer, cell phone, and mainframe computer. External applications can communicate with the MD to support, for example, configuration and development.
  • a product interface is an external application that can be used by, for example, service, manufacturing, and clinicians, to configure and service the MD.
  • An engineering interface is an external application that can be used by, for example, manufacturing, to communicate with UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ), processors 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), and PSCs 11A/B ( FIG. 18B ) when commissioning the MD.
  • a software installer is an external application that can be used by, for example, manufacturing and service, to install software onto UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ), processors 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), and PSCs 11A/B ( FIG. 18B ).
  • each at least one processor 43A-43D can include, but is not limited to including, at least one cluster motor drive processor 1050, 27 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one right wheel motor drive processor 19, 31 ( FIG. 18C ), at least one left wheel motor drive processor 21, 33 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one seat motor drive processor 25, 37 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), and at least one inertial sensor pack processor 1070, 23, 29, 35 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • At least one processor 43A-43D can further include at least one cluster brake processor 57/69 ( FIGs.
  • FIGs. 18C / 18D at least one cluster motor processor 83/89 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one right wheel brake processor 59/73 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one left wheel brake processor 63/77 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one right wheel motor processor 85/91 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one left wheel motor processor 87/93 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one seat motor processor 45/47 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one seat brake processor 65/79 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one cluster position sensor processor 55/71 ( FIGs.
  • Processors 43A-43D can be used to drive cluster assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) of wheels forming a ground-contacting module.
  • the ground-contacting module can be mounted on cluster assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ), and each wheel of the ground-contacting module can be driven by a wheel motor drive commanded by right wheel motor drive processor A 19 ( FIG. 18C ), or redundant right wheel motor drive processor B 31 ( FIG. 18D ).
  • Cluster assembly 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) can rotate about a cluster axis, the rotation being governed by, for example, cluster motor drive processor A 1050 ( FIG.
  • At least one of the sensor processors such as, for example, but not limited to, at least one cluster position sensor processor 55/71 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one manual brake release sensor processor 61/75 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ), at least one motor current sensor processors (not shown), and at least one inertial sensor pack processor 17, 23, 29, 35 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) can process data transmitted from sensors residing on the MD.
  • Processors 43A-43D FIGs. 18C / 18D
  • processors 43A-43D among UC 130 ( FIG. 18A ), PSCs 11A/11B ( FIG. 18B ), and processors 43A-43D ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) can be according to any protocol including, but not limited to, a CANbus protocol.
  • At least one Vbus 95/97 can operably couple at least one PSC 11A/B ( FIG. 18B ) to processors 43A-43D ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) and components external to PBC board 50001 ( FIG. 15G ) through external Vbus 107 ( FIG. 18B ).
  • processor A1 43A FIG. 18C
  • Slaves on CANbus A 53A can be processor A2 43B ( FIG. 18C ), processor B1 43C ( FIG. 18D ), and processor B2 43D ( FIG. 18D ).
  • processor B1 43C FIG. 18D
  • processor B2 43C FIG. 18D
  • Slaves on CANbus B 53B FIG. 18B
  • can be processor B2 43C FIG. 18D
  • processor A1 43A FIG. 18C
  • processor A2 43B FIG. 18C
  • UC 130 FIG. 18A
  • UC 130 can be the master of CANbus C 53C ( FIG. 18B ).
  • Slaves on CANbus C 53C can be PSCs 11A/B ( FIG. 18B ), and processors A1/A2/B1/B2 43A/B/C/D ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • the master node any of processors 43A-43D ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) or UC 130 ( FIG. 18A )) can send data to or request data from the slaves.
  • powerbase controller board 50001 can include redundant processor sets A/B 39/41 that can control cluster 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) and rotating drive wheels 21201 ( FIG. 7B ).
  • Right/left wheel motor drive processors A/B 19/21, 31/33 can drive right/left wheel motors A/B 85/87/91/93 that drive wheels 21201 ( FIG. 7B ) on the right and left sides of the MD.
  • Wheels 21201 ( FIG. 7B ) can be coupled to drive together. Turning can be accomplished by driving left wheel motor processors A/B 87/93 and right wheel motor processors A/B 85/91 at different rates.
  • Cluster motor drive processor A/B 1050/27 can drive cluster motor processors A/B 83/89 that can rotate the wheel base in the fore/aft direction which can allow the MD to remain level while front wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) are higher or lower than rear wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • Cluster motor processors A/B 83/89 can keep the MD level when climbing up and down curbs, and can rotate the wheel base repeatedly to climb up and down stairs.
  • Seat motor drive processor A/B 25/37 can drive seat motor processors A/B 45/47 that can raise and lower a seat (not shown).
  • cluster position sensor processors A/B 55/71 can receive data from cluster position sensor that can indicate the position of cluster 21100 ( FIG. 3 ).
  • the data from the cluster position sensors and seat position sensors can be communicated among processors 43A-43D and can be used by processor set A/B 39/41 to determine information to be sent to, for example, right wheel motor drive processor A/B 19/31, cluster motor drive processor A/B 15/27, and seat motor drive processor A/B 25/37.
  • the independent control of clusters 21100 ( FIG. 3 ) and drive wheels 21201 ( FIG. 7B ) can allow the MD to operate in several modes, thereby allowing the user or processors 43A-43D to switch between modes, for example, in response to the local terrain.
  • inertial sensor pack processors 1070, 23, 29, 35 can receive data that can indicate, for example, but not limited to, the orientation of the MD.
  • Each inertial sensor pack processor 1070, 23, 29, 35 can process data from, for example, but not limited to, accelerometers and gyroscopes.
  • each inertial sensor pack processor 1070, 23, 29, 35 can process information from four sets of three-axis accelerometers and three-axis gyros.
  • the accelerometer and gyro data can be fused, and a gravity vector can be produced that can be used to compute the orientation and inertial rotation rates of the MD.
  • the fused data can be shared across processors 43A-43D and can be subjected to threshold criteria.
  • the threshold criteria can be used to improve the accuracy of device orientation and inertial rotation rates. For example, fused data from certain of processors 43A-43D that exceed certain thresholds can be discarded.
  • the fused data from each of processors 43A-43D that are within pre-selected limits can be, for example, but not limited to, averaged or processed in any other form.
  • Inertial sensor pack processors 1070, 23, 29, 35 can process data from sensors such as, for example, ST ® microelectronics LSM330DLC, or any sensor supplying a 3D digital accelerometer and a 3D digital gyroscope, or further, any sensor that can measure gravity and body rates.
  • Sensor data can be subject to processing, for example, but not limited to, filtering to improve control of the MD.
  • Cluster position sensor processors A/B 55/71, seat position sensor processors A/B 67/81, and manual brake release sensor processors A/B 61/75 can process, but are not limited to processing, Hall sensor data.
  • Processors 39/41 can manage the storage of information specific to a user.
  • At least one inertial sensor pack processor 17, 23, 29, 35 can process sensor information from IMU 608 ( FIG. 15D ) through to IMU filter 9753.
  • a state estimator can estimate dynamic states of the MD relative to an inertial coordinate system from the sensor information measured in a body coordinate system, that is, relative to the coordinate system associated with the MD.
  • the estimation process can include relating the acceleration and rate measurements as taken by IMU board 50003 ( FIG. 15B ) on the axis system in which they are mounted (body coordinate systems) to the inertial coordinate system, to generate dynamic state estimates.
  • the dynamic states relating the body coordinate frame to the inertial coordinate frame can be described with Euler angles and rates, which are computed from an estimate of the earth's gravitational field vector.
  • the gyroscopes can supply rate measurements relative to their mounting reference frame.
  • Pitch Euler angle 9147 and roll Euler angle 9149 can be estimated as follows.
  • Mapping rates from the body coordinate frame of reference to the inertial coordinate frame of reference can include evaluating the kinematic equation of the rotation of a vector.
  • G ⁇ G f ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ f
  • ⁇ is the gravity rate vector
  • ⁇ f is the filtered gravity vector
  • ⁇ f is the body rate vector.
  • ⁇ Integrated overtime, ⁇ provides a gravity vector estimate.
  • G ⁇ e G f ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ e
  • ⁇ e the gravity rate error
  • ⁇ e the body rate error
  • G f x-y-z are components of filtered gravity vector 9125
  • ⁇ e x-y-z are components of filtered body rate error 9157
  • ⁇ e x-y-z are components of filtered gravity rate error 9129.
  • ⁇ e G ⁇ e ⁇ G f ⁇ + G f ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ e
  • IMU filter 9753 can filter gravity vector 9125 which can represent the inertial z-axis.
  • IMU filter 9753 can provide a two-dimensional inertial reference in three-dimensional space.
  • Measured body rates 9113 (measured, for example, from gyros that can be part of the inertial sensor packs, filtered gravity vector 9127 computed based on accelerometer data, and differential wheel speed 9139 (that can be computed from data received from the right/left wheel motor drives of left and right wheels 21201 ( FIG. 1A ) can be inputs to IMU filter 9753.
  • IMU filter 9753 can compute pitch 9147, roll 9149, yaw rate 9151, pitch rate 9153, and roll rate 9155, for example, to be used to compute wheel commands 769 ( FIG. 21A ).
  • Filtered output (G) and measured input (G meas ) are compared to produce an error, along with the comparison of gravity projected rate and differential wheel speed. There errors are fed back to the rate measurements to compensate for rate sensor bias.
  • Filtered gravity vector 9125 and filtered body rates 9115 can be used to compute pitch 9147, roll 9149, yaw rate 9151, pitch rate 9153, and roll rate 9155.
  • method 9250 for processing data using IMU filter 9753 can include, but is not limited to including, subtracting 9251 gyro bias from gyro readings to remove the offset.
  • Method 9250 can further include computing 9255 gravity rate vector 9143 ( FIG. 19A ) and projected gravity rate estimate 9119 ( FIG. 19A ) based at least on filtered body rates 9115 ( FIG. 19A ) and filtered gravity vector 9125 ( FIG. 19A ).
  • Method 9250 can still further include subtracting 9257 the product of gain K1 and gravity vector error from gravity rate vector 9117 ( FIG. 19A ) and integrating 9259 filtered gravity rate 9143 ( FIG.
  • Gravity vector error 9129 ( FIG. 19A ) can be based at least on filtered gravity vector 9125 ( FIG. 19A ) and measured gravity vector 9127 ( FIG. 19A ).
  • Method 9250 can further include computing 9261 pitch rate 9153 ( FIG. 19A ), roll rate 9155 ( FIG. 19A ), yaw rate 9151 ( FIG. 19A ), pitch, and roll based on filtered gravity rate vector 9125 ( FIG. 19A ) and filtered body rates 9115 ( FIG. 19A ).
  • Gyro bias 9141 ( FIG. 19A ) can be computed by subtracting differential wheel speed 9139 ( FIG. 19A ) between wheels 21201 ( FIG.
  • Method 9250 can include computing gyro bias 9141 ( FIG. 19A ) based on applying gain K2 9133 ( FIG. 19A ) to the integration 9135 ( FIG. 19A ) over time of body rate error 9157 ( FIG. 19A ).
  • Equations describing method 9250 follow.
  • G ⁇ m G ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ where ⁇ m is the measured gravity rate vector, ⁇ f is the filtered gravity vector, and w is the filtered body rate vector.
  • ⁇ ⁇ G ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ where y is the projected rate.
  • ⁇ ⁇ e ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V diff where ⁇ e is the projected rate error and V diff is the differential wheel speed.
  • G ⁇ G ⁇ m ⁇ K 1 ⁇ G error where ⁇ is the filtered gravity rate, ⁇ m is the measured gravity rate vector, K1 is a gain, and G error is the gravity error vector.
  • G error G ⁇ f ⁇ G m
  • G m is the measured gravity vector from the accelerometer readings.
  • ⁇ ⁇ e G ⁇ e ⁇ G ⁇ f + G ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ e
  • ⁇ e the body rate error vector and ⁇ e is the gravity rate error vector.
  • ⁇ e K 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ e / s
  • w e is the integrated body rate error vector and K2 9133 ( FIG. 19A ) is a gain.
  • field weakening can cause the motor to temporarily run faster at times when needed, for example, when unexpected circumstances arise.
  • field weakening in the rotating frame of reference can be implemented as follows.
  • the maximum command voltage is V bus / 3 , where V bus is bus voltage.
  • the motor drive voltage controller increases the duty cycle to match the commanded input until the duty cycle reaches its maximum and the back EMF voltage equals the command voltage.
  • the velocity controllers can effectively command higher velocities to the motors, and the motors can behave as if they are receiving larger voltages.
  • the addition of ⁇ 25 amps of direct current can nearly double the maximum speed of certain motors, allowing for relatively short bursts of relatively high speed when unexpected stabilization is required, for example.
  • the direct current controller can have priority when regulating the direct current, leaving the leftover to the quadrature controller and reporting the subsequent limits to processors A/B 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • method 10160 for computing command voltage limits and current limits can include, but is not limited to including, computing 10161 the overall current limit I lim based on FET temperature, and computing the voltage limit V lim based on the measured bus voltage, ( V bus / 3 ).
  • Method 10160 can include setting 10163 the quad voltage controller current limit based on the overall current limit and the commanded direct current from a previous measurement.
  • Method 10160 can further include computing 10165 the direct current command, restricting the overall current limit I lim , and computing the commanded direct voltage V dLNCommanded.
  • Method 10160 can include setting 10167 the quad voltage controller current limit based on the overall voltage limit and the commanded direct voltage from the direct current controller.
  • voltage saturation is reported when the voltage command from the current controller saturates at the bus voltage limit V bus / 3 .
  • the motor drive injects direct current to increase motor speed when the quadrature voltage saturates.
  • the direct current controller only computes a direct current command when the commanded voltage has surpassed the capability of the bus to command quadrature voltage. Otherwise, direct currents are regulated to zero to maintain efficiency. Therefore, voltage saturation can be reported when the direct current controller attempts to regulate the direct current command to a maximum value, not when the quadrature voltage saturates at the bus voltage limit like a conventional drive.
  • the MD can include, but is not limited to including, redundant subsystems by which failures can be detected, for example, by comparison of data associated with each subsystem to data associated with the remaining subsystems. Failure detection in redundant subsystems can create fail-operative functionality, wherein the MD can continue to operate on the basis of the information provided by the remaining non-failing subsystems, if one subsystem is found to be defective, until the MD can be brought to a safe mode without endangering the user. If a failed subsystem is detected, the remaining subsystems can be required to agree to within prescribed limits in order for operation to continue, and operation can be terminated in case of disagreement between the remaining subsystems.
  • Voting processor 329 can include, but is not limited to including, at least one way to determine which value to use from redundant subsystems, and in some configurations, voting processor 329 can manage different types of data in different ways, for example, but not limited to, calculated command data and inertial measurement unit data.
  • voting processor 329 can include, but is not limited to including, initial vote processor 873, secondary vote processor 871, and tertiary vote processor 875.
  • Initial vote processor 873 can include, but is not limited to including, computer instructions to average sensor data 767 or command data 767A, from each processor A1/A2/B1/B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 18C / 18D ) (referred to herein as processor values).
  • Initial vote processor 873 can further include computer instructions to compute the absolute value difference between each processor value and the average, and discard the highest absolute value difference leaving three remaining processor values.
  • Secondary vote processor 871 can include, but is not limited to including, computer instructions to compute differences between the remaining processor values and each other, to compare the differences to a preselected threshold, to compare the processor values that have the highest difference between them to the remaining value, to vote out the processor value with the highest difference from the remaining value, to compare the voted out values to the remaining values, to vote out any difference above the pre-selected threshold, if any, and to select a remaining processor values or an average of the processor values, depending, for example, on the type of data the processor values represent.
  • Tertiary vote processor 875 can include, but is not limited to including, computer instructions to, if there are no differences greater than the pre-selected threshold, compare the discarded value to the remaining values, vote out the discarded value if there are any differences greater than the pre-selected threshold, and select one of the remaining processor values or an average of the remaining processor values depending, for example, on the type of data the processor values represent.
  • Tertiary vote processor 875 can also include computer instructions to, if there are no differences greater than the pre-selected threshold, select a remaining processor value or an average of the remaining processor values. It can be possible that the discarded value is not voted out and all processor values remain to be selected from or averaged.
  • Tertiary vote processor 875 can still further include computer instructions to, if a processor value is voted out a pre-selected number of times, raise an alarm, and, if the voting scheme fails to find a processor value that satisfies the selection criteria, increment the frame counter.
  • Tertiary vote processor 875 can also include computer instructions to, if the frame counter has not exceeded a pre-selected number of frames, discard the frame containing the processor values in which the voting scheme failed to find a processor value that satisfies the selection criteria, and to select the last frame with at least one processor value that could be used.
  • Tertiary vote processor 875 can also include computer instructions, if the frame counter is greater than a pre-selected number of frames, to move the MD to a failsafe mode.
  • method 150 for resolving which value to use from redundant processors can include, but is not limited to including, initializing 149 a counter, averaging 151 values, for example, but not limited to, sensor or command values, from each processor 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) (referred to herein as processor values), computing 153 the absolute value difference between each processor value and the average, and discarding the highest difference.
  • Method 150 can further include computing 155 differences between the remaining processor values and each other.
  • method 150 can include comparing 167 the values that have the highest difference between them to the remaining value, voting out 169 the value with the highest difference from the remaining value, comparing 171 the voted out values to the remaining values, and voting out 173 any difference above the pre-selected threshold and selecting one of the remaining processor values or an average of the processor values. For example, if processor values from processors A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ), B1 43C ( FIG. 21A ), and B2 43D ( FIG. 21A ) remain, the processor value (or an average of the processor values) from any of the remaining processors can be chosen.
  • method 150 can compare 159 the voted out value to the remaining values. If 161 there are any differences greater than the pre-selected threshold, method 150 can include voting out 163 the value voted out in the compare 159 step, and selecting one of the remaining processor values or an average of the remaining processor values. If 161 there are no differences greater than the pre-selected threshold, method 150 can include selecting 165 one of the remaining processor values or an average of the remaining processor values. If 185 a processor value is voted out a pre-selected number of times, method 150 can include raising 187 an alarm. If 175 the voting scheme fails to find a processor value that satisfies the selection criteria, method 150 can include incrementing 177 the counter.
  • method 150 can include discarding the frame having no remaining processor values and selecting 181 a previous frame having at least one processor value that meets the selection criteria. If 179 the frame counter is greater than the pre-selected number, method 150 can include moving 183 the MD to a failsafe mode.
  • example1 519 of voting can include first computations 521 in which processor values for processors A1-B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be averaged and can be compared to the computed average.
  • the processor having the largest difference from the average, in example1 519, processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) can be discarded.
  • Processor values from processor B2 43D ( FIG. 21A ) could have instead been discarded.
  • Second computations 523 can include comparisons between the processor values of the remaining three processors A2/B1/B2 43B-43D ( FIG. 21A ). Comparisons can be taken between the discarded processor value of processor A1 43A ( FIG.
  • example1 519 none of the differences exceeds the exemplary threshold of fifteen.
  • the voting result from example1 519 is that any of the processor values from processors A1/A2/B1/B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be selected.
  • example2 501 of voting can include first computations 507 in which processor values for processors A1-B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be averaged and can be compared to the computed average.
  • Second computations 509 can include comparisons between processor values of the remaining three processors A2/B1/B2 43B-43D ( FIG. 21A ).
  • none of the differences exceeds the exemplary threshold of fifteen. Comparisons can be taken between the processor value of discarded processor A1 43A ( FIG.
  • example2 501 one of the differences, the difference between the processor values of processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) and processor B2 43D ( FIG. 21A ), exceeds the exemplary threshold of fifteen. Since one difference exceeds the exemplary threshold, the processor value from discarded processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) can be voted out.
  • the voting result from example2 501 is that any of processor values from processors A2/B1/B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be selected because processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) was voted out.
  • example3 503 of voting can include first computations 511 in which processor values for processors A1-B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be averaged and can be compared to the computed average. The processor having the largest difference from the average, in example3 503, processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ), is discarded. Second computations 513 can include comparisons between processor values of the remaining three processors A2/B1/B2 43B-43D ( FIG. 21A ). In example3 511, none of the differences exceeds the exemplary threshold of fifteen. Comparisons can be taken between the processor value of discarded processor A1 43A ( FIG.
  • example4 505 of voting can include first computations 515 in which processor values for processors A1-B2 43A-43D ( FIG. 21A ) can be averaged and can be compared to the computed average. The processor having the largest difference from the average, in example4 515 processor B2 43D ( FIG. 21A ), is discarded. Second computations 517 can include comparisons between processor values of the remaining three processors A1/A2/B1 43A-43C ( FIG. 21A ). In example4 505, the difference between processor values of processors A1/B1 43A/C ( FIG. 21A ) exceeds the exemplary threshold of fifteen. Comparisons can be taken between the processor values of processors A1/B1 43A/C ( FIG.
  • processor A1/A2 43A/B equals the threshold value of fifteen, therefore, between the two processors, A1/B1 43A/C ( FIG. 21A ), processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) can be discarded. Comparisons can be taken between the processor values of discarded processors A1/B2 43A/43D ( FIG. 21A ) and the processor values of the two remaining processors A2/B1 43B-43C ( FIG. 21A ). In example4 505, one of the differences, the difference between the processor values of processor A1 43A ( FIG. 21A ) and processor A2 43B ( FIG.
  • the voting result from example4 505 is that the processor value from either processor A2 43B ( FIG. 21A ) or B1 43C ( FIG. 21A ) can be selected and A2 43B ( FIG. 21A ) is selected in example4 505.
  • Standard mode 100-1 the MD can operate on two drive wheels and two caster wheels.
  • Standard mode 100-1 can provide turning performance and mobility on relatively firm, level surfaces (e.g., indoor environments, sidewalks, pavement).
  • Seat tilt can be adjusted to provide pressure relief, tilting the seat pan and back together.
  • users can transition to 4-Wheel 100-2, docking 100-5, stair 100-4, and remote 100-6 modes, and, through other modes, into balance mode 100-3.
  • Standard mode 100-1 can be used where the surfaces are smooth and ease of turning is important, for example, but not limited to, positioning a chair at a desk, maneuvering for user transfers to and from other supports, and driving around offices or homes.
  • Entry into standard 100-1, remote 100-6, and docking mode 100-5 can be based upon in which operating mode the MD is currently, and upon cluster/wheel velocities.
  • enhanced mode, or 4-Wheel mode 100-2 the MD can operate on four drive wheels, can be actively stabilized through onboard sensors, and can elevate the main chassis, casters, and seating.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can provide the user with mobility in a variety of environments, enabling users to travel up steep inclines and over soft, uneven terrain.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 all four drive wheels can be deployed and the caster wheels can be retracted by rotating the MD.
  • Driving four wheels and equalizing weight distribution on the wheels can enable the MD to drive up and down steep slopes and through many types of gravel, sand, snow, and mud.
  • Cluster rotation can allow operation on uneven terrain, maintaining the center of gravity of the device over the wheels.
  • the drive wheels can drive up and over curbs.
  • This functionality can provide users with mobility in a wide variety of outdoor environments.
  • the seat height can be adjusted by the user to provide necessary clearance over obstacles and along slopes. Users can be trained to operate in 4-Wheel mode directly up or down slopes of up to 10°, and stability can be tested to 12° to demonstrate margin.
  • the MD can operate on outdoor surfaces that are firm and stable but wet.
  • frost heaves and other natural phenomena can degrade outdoor surfaces, creating cracks and loose material.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 the MD can operate on these degraded surfaces under pre-selected conditions.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can be available for selection by users from standard 100-1, balance 100-3, and stair 100-4 modes, for example. Users may transition from 4-Wheel mode 100-2 to each of these other modes.
  • the MD can attempt to execute an automatic transition to 4-Wheel mode 100-2.
  • Sensor data and user commands can be processed in a closed loop control system, and the MD can react to changes in pitch caused by changes in terrain, external impacts, and other factors.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can use both wheel and cluster motors to maintain stability. Traversing obstacles can be a dynamic activity, with the user and the MD possibly pitching fore and aft as the wheels follow the terrain and the cluster motor compensates for the changing slope of the terrain.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can protect the user if necessary, and can coordinate the wheel and cluster motors to keep the MD underneath the user.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can give the user the ability to traverse uneven terrain such as ramps, gravel, and curbs.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can be used to catch automatic transitions from balance mode 100-3 if the two-wheel controller fails (due to a loss of traction, a collision, etc.), and normal transitions from stair mode 100-4 onto a top landing.
  • the seat height can be adjustable between the "cluster clear height” and the maximum seat height.
  • the frame lean position can be set to an optimum position for active stabilization.
  • 4-Wheel mode 100-2 can coordinate the wheel and cluster servos to actively stabilize the MD.
  • balance mode 100-3 the MD can operate on two drive wheels at elevated seat height and can be actively stabilized through onboard sensors.
  • Balance mode 100-3 can provide mobility at an elevated seat height.
  • the MD can mimic human balance, i.e. the MD can operate on two wheels. Additional height comes in part from rotating the clusters to put a single pair of wheels directly under the user. The seat height may be adjusted by the user as well.
  • Balance mode 100-3 can be requested from several modes, and balance mode 100-3 can be entered if the wheel and cluster motors are substantially at rest and the MD is level.
  • Calibration mode can be used to determine a user's center of gravity for a specific MD.
  • the user can achieve balance at specified calibration points while the controller averages the pitch of the MD.
  • the averaged value can be stored, along with seat height and cluster position, for use in calculating the user center of gravity (CG) fit parameters.
  • the CG fit parameters can be used to determine the MD/user's center of gravity.
  • stair mode 100-4 the MD can use wheel clusters to climb stairs and can be actively stabilized. The MD can climb stairs by rotating the cluster while the machine is balanced-at least partially-by the user or an attendant. The user can control the motion of the cluster by offsetting the MD from the balance point. If the MD is pitched forward, the cluster can rotate in the downward climbing direction (stairs can be climbed with the user facing away from the stairs).
  • the cluster can rotate in the upward climbing direction.
  • the user can balance the MD by applying moderate forces to the handrail, or alternately an assistant can balance the MD using an attendant handle on the MD.
  • Stair mode 100-4 can enable users to ascend and descend stairs. If the MD begins to lose stability in stair mode 100-4, the MD can be made to fall on its back instead of falling forward to provide a safety feature for the user.
  • remote mode 100-6 the MD can operate on four drive wheels, unoccupied.
  • Remote mode 100-6 can provide the user with a way to operate the device when not seated in it. This mode can be useful for maneuvering the device for transfers, parking the device after a transfer (e.g., after transferring to bed the user can move the device out of the way), and other purposes.
  • Remote mode 100-6 can be used in any environment where standard mode 100-1 may be used, as well as on steep ramps.
  • the MD can be operated with the four drive wheels on the ground and the frame lean reclined such that the casters can be raised.
  • Joystick 70007 FIG. 12A
  • the rear detent can be selected to provide ample caster clearance for climbing forward up relatively steep inclines such as, for example, a 20° incline.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • the MD can operate on four drive wheels and two caster wheels, therefore lowering the main chassis.
  • Docking mode 100-5 can allow the user to maneuver the MD for engagement with a docking base. Docking mode 100-5 can operate in a configuration that can lower the docking attachments to engage the MD with a vehicle docking base. Docking mode 100-5 can be used within a motor vehicle that is configured with a docking base, for example.
  • Utility mode can be used to access various device features to configure the MD, or diagnose issues with the MD. Utility mode can be activated when the device is stationary, and in standard mode 100-1.
  • the MD can enter standard mode 100-1 when caster wheels 21001 ( FIG. 7 ) are deployed, when on four drive wheels 21201 ( FIG. 1A ) with the frame lean reclined, or when the seat is being adjusted during a transition.
  • the MD can use inertial data to set lean limits, seat height limits, speeds and accelerations to improve the stability of the MD. If inertial data are unavailable, speeds, accelerations, seat height and lean limits can take on default values that can be, but are not limited to being, conservative estimates.
  • active control may not be needed to maintain the MD in an upright position. The MD can continue to be in standard mode 100-1 after failure of one of the redundant systems.
  • entry into standard mode 100-1 can be dependent upon the current mode of the MD. In some configurations, entry into standard mode 100-1 can depend at least upon cluster and wheel velocities. When the MD is in remote mode 100-6, entry into standard mode 100-1 can be based upon the movement of the MD, and the position of caster wheels 21001 ( FIG. 7 ). In some configurations, entry into standard mode 100-1 can be based on the movement of the MD. In some configurations, entry into standard mode 100-1 can activate a seat controller and can set the MD in a submode based on the current mode of the MD. Lean and seat limits of the MD, joystick status, and cluster velocity can be based on the submode.
  • the MD can receive and filter desired fore/aft and yaw velocities, calculate cluster velocity, wheel and yaw positions, and velocity errors, and can limit velocities if required.
  • the MD can apply wheel and cluster brakes to, for example, conserve power when the MD is not moving, can monitor wheel speed, and can disable joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • the MD can automatically adjust back lean limits and accelerations.
  • braking can be adjusted to minimize any abrupt change from a reverse command to a forward command that might occur and that might cause problems in stability on inclines.
  • driving status caster wheels 21001 ( FIG. 7 ) can touch the ground and forward drive wheels 21513 can be held off the ground.
  • reclining status caster wheels 21001 ( FIG. 7 ) can be raised off the ground, the cluster can be moved by the user, and the joystick can be disabled.
  • transitioning status the MD can be transitioning to 4-Wheel mode 100-2.
  • transitioning can include phases such as leaning the frame back and raising/lowering the seat to access/exit 4-Wheel mode 100-2.
  • a reclining angle limit for reclining status can be based on a forward lean limit that can be set to a cluster angle that can correspond to a seat pan angle of, for example, but not limited to, approximately 6° reclined from horizontal.
  • the back frame lean limit for standard mode 100-1 can be based on parameters related to the center of gravity and the cluster angle.
  • Rearward static stability can be based on the center of gravity with respect to rear drive wheel 21201 ( FIG. 1A ).
  • a rear lean limit can be set to, for example, 13° less than rearward static stability to provide a stability margin, and there can be an absolute limit on the rear lean limit.
  • additional rearward frame lean may not be allowed if the center of gravity location is outside of the wheel drive wheel base, the incline is excessive for operation in standard mode 100-1, or for other reasons.
  • joystick 70007 can be disabled in standard mode 100-1 if caster wheels 21001 ( FIG. 7 ) have moved off the ground due to, for example, but not limited to, a frame lean or seat height adjustment.
  • joystick 70007 can be disabled whenever the wheel motors are hot and the desired wheel velocity is in the same direction as the wheel command or the desired yaw velocity is in the same direction as the yaw command, but enabled otherwise.
  • Desired velocity commands can be obtained from UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ). Desired velocity commands can be shaped to provide acceptable accelerations and braking rates for fore/aft velocity control in standard mode 100-1.
  • Filters can be used to shape the commands to acceptable trajectories.
  • the corner frequency of the filters can vary depending upon whether the MD is accelerating or braking.
  • the corner frequency of the yaw filter can be reduced when the MD is traveling slowly.
  • the corner frequency can be scaled when the wheel velocity is less than, for example, but not limited to, a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 1.5 m/s.
  • a filter coefficient can be scaled linearly as the wheel velocity decreases, and the decrease can be limited to a pre-selected value for example, but not limited to, 25% of the original value.
  • the filter corner frequency can be set to a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.29 Hz.
  • a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.29 Hz.
  • acceleration can be reduced as a linear function of pitch
  • a maximum corner frequency can be set to a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.29Hz
  • a minimal corner frequency can be set to a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.15 Hz.
  • a minimal corner frequency of a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.15Hz can be used to reduce accelerations.
  • the rearward speed can be limited to a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.35 m/s if the MD is on an incline greater than a pre-selected value, for example, but not limited to, 5° and other conditions are met.
  • the filter corner frequency can be set to a constant.
  • the MD can support at least one operating mode that can include, but is not limited to including, standard mode 100-1, enhanced mode 100-2, balance mode 100-3, stair mode 100-4, docking mode 100-5, and remote mode 100-6.
  • Service modes can include, but are not limited to including, recovery mode 100-7, failsafe mode 100-9 ( FIG. 22C ), update mode 100-10 ( FIG. 22C ), self-test mode 100-13 ( FIG. 22C ), calibrate mode 100-8, power on mode 100-12 ( FIG. 22C ), and power off mode 100-11 ( FIG. 22C ). Mode descriptions and screen flows that accompany the modes are described herein.
  • recovery mode 100-7 if a power off occurs when the MD is not in one of a pre-selected set of modes, such as for example, but not limited to, standard mode 100-1, docking mode 100-5, or remote mode 100-6, the MD can enter recovery mode 100-7 to safely reposition the MD into the driving position of standard mode 100-1, for example.
  • powerbase controller 100 FIG. 22D
  • Functionality can be limited to, for example, controlling the position of the seat and cluster 21100 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • powerbase controller 100 ( FIG. 22D ) can receive data related to the center of gravity of the MD from, for example, user controller 130 ( FIG. 12A ) and use those data to update the center of gravity data.
  • Mode information can be supplied to active controller 64A which can supply the mode information to mode controller 62A (FIG. 17A12).
  • powerbase controller 100 can transition the MD into failsafe mode 100-9 when powerbase controller 100 ( FIG. 22D ) determines that the MD can no longer effectively operate.
  • failsafe mode 100-9 FIG. 22C
  • powerbase controller 100 FIG. 22D
  • Powerbase controller 100 can transition from standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) to update mode 100-10 ( FIG. 22C ) to, for example, but not limited to, enable communications with applications that can be executing external to the MD.
  • Powerbase controller 100 can transition to self-test mode 100-13 ( FIG.
  • a first configuration of the process by which the user interfaces with the MD can include a workflow that can be user-friendly specifically for disabled users.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • GUI graphic user interface
  • FIG. 12A can display home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ) that can include, for example, various icons, a notification banner that can display notification icons, current time, current mode, current speed, and battery status.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • UC 130 can send 10005A ( FIG. 23B ) a seat height change command to processors A/B 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ).
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • UC 130 can ignore 10005B ( FIG. 23B ) the seat height change request.
  • the user can also choose to lean/tilt the seat. If 10001D ( FIG. 23B ) the user can lean the seat in the current mode, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display 10005D ( FIG. 23B ) a seat lean icon. If 10001D ( FIG. 23B ) the user cannot lean the seat in the current mode, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can ignore 10005C ( FIG. 23B ) the seat lean request.
  • the user can move a UC input device, for example, joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ). If 10001E ( FIG. 23C ) the movement is a double tap forward or backward, or a quick push and hold, UC 130 ( FIG.
  • transition screen 1040 ( FIG. 24I ).
  • the user is moving from/to balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ) to/from standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) and UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display icons associated with balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ) and standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ), for example.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • 10001F FIG.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ). The user can depress the power button while home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ) is displayed. If 10006 ( FIG. 23A ) UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) is in standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) or docking mode 100-5 ( FIG. 22A ), UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can transition to off state 10006B ( FIG. 23A ). If 10006 ( FIG. 23A ) UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) is any mode, and if the power button is pushed quickly, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can change 10006A ( FIG. 23A ) the current speed to zero, or emergency/quick stop, on home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ).
  • UC 130 can display main menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 24C ). If the menu button is depressed from a screen other than the home driving screen except the transition screen, the user can be brought to the home driving screen.
  • main menu screen 1010 FIG. 24C
  • the user can, for example, but not limited to, select a mode, adjust the seat, adjust the speed, and configure the device. Configuring the device can include, but is not limited to including, adjusting brightness, silencing non-critical cautions and alerts, clearing the service wrench, and forced power off. If the user chooses to change the mode ( FIG. 23D ), UC 130 ( FIG.
  • FIG. 12A can display selection screen 1050 ( FIG. 24E ) where the user can select among, for example, but not limited to, standard, 4-wheel, balance, stair, docking, and remote. If the user confirms 10007A ( FIG. 23E ) a new mode selection, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display transition screen 1040 ( FIG. 24I ), transition the MD to the selected mode, and display home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ). If the user confirms a mode that the MD is already in, home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ) is displayed. If the user chooses to adjust the seat ( FIG. 23D ), UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display selection screen 1050 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • selection screen 1050 FIG. 24E
  • speed 0 joystick off
  • speed 1 indoor
  • speed 2 outdoor
  • UC 130 can inform processors A/B 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) of the selected speed option, and can display home screen 1020 ( FIG. 24A ). If the clinician chooses to adjust the settings ( FIG. 23D , FIG. 29-7), UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display selection screen 1050 ( FIG. 24E ) where the user and/or clinician can select among, for example, but not limited to, clearing a service wrench, viewing the service code, logging a service call, setting the brightness/contrast of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ), silencing non-critical cautions and alerts, entering a service update (clinicians and service/technicians), and forcing a power off. In some configurations, UC 130 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display settings selection screen 1050 ( FIG. 24E ) under pre-selected conditions, for example, but not limited to, when UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) detects that a clinician is attempting to adjust the settings. If the clinician chooses to perform a CG fit ( FIG. 23G ), UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display CG fit selection screen 1050 ( FIG. 24E ). If the clinician chooses 10005G to continue with the CG fit, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display transition screen 1040 ( FIG. 24I ) having, for example, a calibration icon, or a CG fit screen 1070 ( FIGs. 24M / 24N ). UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display 10009-1 ( FIG.
  • a seat height icon that can guide the user in the first step necessary to perform a CG fit.
  • the MD can perform 10009-2 ( FIG. 23H ) CG fit-related calibrations. If 10009-3 ( FIG. 23H ) the calibrations are successful, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display 10009-4 ( FIG. 23H ) seat lean and/or seat height icons that can guide the user in the second through sixth steps ( FIGs. 23H-23J ) necessary to perform a CG fit. If 10009-3 ( FIG. 23H ) the calibrations are not successful, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can transition 10009-6 ( FIG. 23H ) the MD to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 can instruct processors A/B 39/41 ( FIGs. 18C / 18D ) to transition 10012-2 ( FIG. 23J ) the MD to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ), can display 10012-1 ( FIG. 23J ) a status of the CG fit, and can display menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 24C ) and select home screen 1020 ( FIG.
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display appropriate selection screens 1050 ( FIG. 24E ), can accept user input based on the displayed screen, and can display ( FIG. 23D ) menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 24C ) depending on user input.
  • FIG. 29-11 forced power off of the MD
  • UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can display 10013-1 ( FIG. 23K ) a settings screen ( FIG. 23G ) that can invite power off user sequence 10013-2 ( FIG. 23K ) to be performed through a forward joystick hold.
  • left/right joystick movement on menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 24C ) on a particular icon can open selection screen 1050 ( FIG. 24E ).
  • left/right joystick movement on a mode icon can open a mode selection screen.
  • Left/right joystick movement in mode selection, seat adjustment, speed selection, and settings can cycle the options to the user.
  • the icons can loop around, for example, for the mode selection screen, movement of the joystick could cause icons for 4-Wheel, standard, balance, stair, docking, remote modes to appear, then to cycle back to the 4-Wheel icon.
  • menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 24C )
  • an icon can be highlighted, for example, the mode icon can be highlighted.
  • menu screen 1010 may be disabled unless joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) is in a neutral position. If the transition screen 1040 ( FIG.
  • transition screen 1040 ( FIG. 24I ) can remain displayed until the transition has ended or there was an issue with the transition. If there is an issue with the transition, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can provide an indication to the user that the transition was not completed properly.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • the user can drive unless the level of caution prevents the user from driving, for example, when battery 70001 ( FIG. 1E ) is depleted. If the user can drive, the display can include the mode and speed.
  • the speed icon can be replaced with a prompt that indicates what the user needs to do to be able to drive again.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • the caution sound can continue until the user takes some action such as, for example, pressing a button.
  • the alarm icon may remain illuminated until the alarm condition has been resolved. If the user is transitioning to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) from balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ), UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can indicate that the MD is transitioning to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • a default mode selection screen 1050 can include 4-Wheel mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ), standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ), and balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ) options, one of which can be highlighted and positioned in, for example, a center circle, for example, standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • Moving the joystick right or left can move another mode into center circle and can highlight that mode. If the user is in a mode that can prevent the user from transitioning to other modes, UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can notify the user, for example, but not limited to, by graying out the modes that cannot be accessed.
  • a second configuration workflow can include screens that can enable the user and/or clinician to control the MD.
  • the power button When the power button is depressed by the user or clinician when the MD is in an off state, and the MD is not in recovery mode, the user can be presented with home screen 1020 ( FIGs. 23L , 24A ).
  • a screen other than home screen 1020 FIG. 23L
  • the power button is depressed for 3+ seconds, if in standard, remote, or docking mode, the MD can shut down. In any other mode, the user can remain on the current screen, and the MD can experience an emergency stop. If there is a short depression of the power button, the speed of the MD can be modified. From home screen 1020 ( FIG.
  • the user can view the MD status and can select options based upon the MD status.
  • Options can include, but are not limited to including, seat height and lean adjustments, and proceeding to main menu screen 1010 ( FIGs. 23O , 24C ).
  • Main menu screen 1010 FIG. 23O
  • Main menu screen 1010 FIG. 23O
  • options for recovery can include, but are not limited to including, standard recovery.
  • Each type of recovery provides a different workflow, and possibly different instructions to the user, for example, UC 130 can instruct the user to transition from 4-wheel mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ) to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • transition screen 1040 ( FIGs. 23N , 24I ) can be displayed to guide the user through a transition from a current mode to a selected mode of the MD.
  • standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) can be shown automatically as the selected option when the user opens mode selection screen 1060 ( FIG. 23P ).
  • the MD can display information about the availability of driving within drive speed area 1020-2 ( FIG. 24A ) on home screen 1020 ( FIG. 23L ).
  • main menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 23O ) is selected during a transition ( FIG. 23Q )
  • setting selection can be automatically shown as the selected option.
  • icons can be shown with options such as, for example, but not limited to, the CG fit, MD service, brightness/contrast edit, connect to wireless, and forced power off.
  • the user can scroll to select the desired setting, and can scroll to confirm the selection.
  • CG fit screens FIGs. 24M and 24N
  • wireless screen 1120 FIG. 23R
  • a connected icon or a status icon can be displayed.
  • the wireless connection can also be terminated.
  • UC 130 can display which way to move the joystick.
  • the menu button can be used to move into the CG fit workflow, and out of the CG fit workflow to drive the MD.
  • the service screen see FIG. 23X
  • a grayed service icon with 'X' can be displayed if there is no service code.
  • An 8-digit code can be displayed if no wrench clearing is necessary.
  • wrench clearing is necessary, after the user enters commands given by service (for example, but not limited to, N, S, E/R, W/L), numbers 1-4 can be displayed that can correspond to the movement of the joystick. After the user has entered 6 digits, the green up arrow can be displayed for the user to then hold forward on the joystick. If the user is in a position where a forced power off is necessary (see FIG. 23W ), for example if the user is stuck in the midst of a transition, and the user holds the menu button for a pre-selected amount of time, for example, 6+ seconds, home screen 1020 ( FIG. 23L ) can be displayed having icons that are relevant to the condition of the MD. If the user passes through pre-selected steps and confirms power off, the MD can power down.
  • commands given by service for example, but not limited to, N, S, E/R, W/L
  • numbers 1-4 can be displayed that can correspond to the movement of the joystick.
  • the green up arrow can be displayed for the user to
  • a third configuration workflow can include screens that can enable the user and/or clinician to control the MD.
  • the power button When the power button is depressed by the user or clinician when the MD is in an off state, and the MD is not in recovery mode, the user can be presented with home screen 1020 ( FIGs. 23Y , 24A ). If the power button is depressed from home screen 1020 ( FIGs. 23Y , 24A ), and if 10005 the user is in certain modes, for example, but not limited to, standard, docking, or remote mode, the user can be presented with a power off screen.
  • the MD can be transitioned to an off state. If the power button is not held for the pre-selected time, the user can be presented again with the power off screen. In some configurations, no confirmation is needed for the shut down. In a mode other than one of the certain pre-selected modes, if 10006 the power button has experienced a short depression for the first time, the speed of the MD can be modified, for example, emergency stop 10006B can be instituted and home screen 1020 ( FIGs. 23Y , 24A ) can once again be presented to the user.
  • a pre-selected amount of time for example, but not limited to, approximately two seconds
  • the MD can revert to the previous value of the speed before the power button was depressed and home screen 1020 ( FIGs. 23Y , 24A ) can be presented to the user.
  • home screen 1020 FIGs. 23Y , 24A
  • the user can view the MD status and can select options based upon the MD status. Options can include, but are not limited to including, seat height and lean adjustments, audio activation such as, for example, but not limited to, a horn, settings, and proceeding to main menu screen 1010 ( FIGs. 23BB , 24C ).
  • Main menu screen 1010 FIG. 23O
  • options for recovery can include, but are not limited to including, standard recovery.
  • Each type of recovery can provide a different workflow, and possibly different instructions to the user, for example, UC 130 can instruct the user to transition from 4-wheel mode 100-12 ( FIG. 22B ) to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ). The user can be instructed in how to move from one mode to another before a transition occurs.
  • transition screen 1040 ( FIGs. 23DD , 24I ) can be displayed to guide the user through a transition from a current mode to a selected mode of the MD.
  • standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ) can be shown automatically as the selected option when the user opens mode selection screen 1060 ( FIG. 23CC ).
  • the MD can display information about the availability of driving within drive speed area 1020-2 ( FIG. 24A ) on home screen 1020 ( FIG. 23L ).
  • main menu screen 1010 ( FIG. 23DD ) is selected during a transition ( FIG.
  • mode selection can be automatically shown as the selected option.
  • icons can be shown with options such as, for example, but not limited to, the CG fit, MD service, brightness/contrast edit, connect to wireless, and forced power off. The user can scroll to select the desired setting, and can scroll to confirm the selection.
  • CG fit screens see FIGs. 23FF-23HH ) can be displayed when the clinician sets up a connection between a wireless display and UC 130. In some configurations, the user cannot see the display.
  • connection to wireless screen 1120 FIG.
  • a connected wireless icon or a status icon can be displayed. If the clinician selects the back (menu) button, and the wireless screen is exited, the wireless connection can also be terminated.
  • the CG fit workflow see FIGs. 23FF-23HH
  • the user can be sent to a step in the CG workflow depending on the orientation of the joystick.
  • the menu button can be used to move into the CG fit workflow, and out of the CG fit workflow to drive the MD. If the service screen (see FIG. 23KK ) is selected, there could be a service code displayed.
  • a service icon with 'X' can be displayed if there is no service code and there are no existing conditions. If there are existing conditions, a service icon with "X" can be displayed with a code. If the user is in a position where a forced power off is necessary (see FIG. 23JJ ), and if the user holds the menu button for a pre-selected amount of time, for example, 6+ seconds, settings (see FIG. 23EE ) can be presented to the user. If the user passes through pre-selected steps and confirms power off, the MD can power down.
  • the user and/or clinician may, while driving, use the horn (see FIG. 23Y ) and force an emergency stop by depressing the power button (see FIG. 23Y ).
  • depressing the menu button while driving will not cause a display of the menu button which can be displayed with the joystick is in a neutral position.
  • the user can control the MD with either joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) and/or toggle 70036-2 ( FIG. 12D ).
  • the MD can stop and end the transition in 4-wheel mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • the transition status can be recalled.
  • the alarm sound can continue until the user has pressed the horn button.
  • Left/right movement of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) on some screens can open a selection, while on other screens, the movement can cycle options to the user.
  • Up/down movement of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) can change the selected icon on some screens, while on other screens, the movement can be used as a confirmation of the selection.
  • a fourth configuration workflow can include screens that can enable the user and/or clinician to control the MD.
  • the workflow can be divided into subflows that can include, but are not limited to including, normal workflow 1070 ( FIG. 23LL ), power button workflow 1072 ( FIG. 23MM ), stair mode workflow1074 ( FIG. 23NN ), forced power off workflow 1076 ( FIG. 23OO ), CG fit workflow 1078 ( FIGs. 23PP-1 , 23PP-2 ), recovery mode workflow 1080 ( FIG. 23QQ ), wireless workflow 1082 ( FIG. 23RR ), brightness workflow 1084 ( FIG. 23SS ), alarm mute workflow 1086 ( FIG. 23TT ), shortcut toggle workflow 1088 ( FIG.
  • Normal workflow 1070 can include the display of startup screen 1000 and, if the MD is not in recovery mode, home/driving screen 1020 can be displayed. Otherwise, the display can transition to recovery mode workflow 1080 ( FIG. 23QQ ). If the menu button is depressed when home/driving screen 1020 is displayed, main menu screen 1010 can be displayed, and manipulation of the joystick to select an option can cause any of setting screen 1043, speed selection screen 1041, seat adjustment selection screen 1042, or mode selection screen 1060 to display. If the menu button is depressed, home/driving screen 1020 can be displayed. If settings screen 1043 is displayed, any of alarm mute workflow 1086 ( FIG.
  • mode selection screen 1060 the user can choose a mode and confirm it through joystick manipulation, or return to home/driving screen 1020 by depressing the menu button. If the user chooses stair mode, the MD can enter stair mode workflow 1074 ( FIG. 23NN ). If the user does not choose stair mode, transition screen 1040 can be displayed, and when the transition is complete, home/driving screen 1020 can be displayed.
  • home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed unless the power button is depressed while transition screen 1040 is displayed.
  • the MD is in standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ), docking mode 100-5 ( FIG. 22A ), or remote mode 100-6 ( FIG. 22A ) and the user depresses the power button for a pre-selected amount of time, the MD can power down. If the user does not depress the power button for a pre-selected amount of time, an emergency stop can be enabled in which the speed is set to 0. If the MD is not in standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ), docking mode 100-5 ( FIG. 22A ), or remote mode 100-6 ( FIG.
  • an emergency stop can be enabled.
  • the user can depress the power button again to enable the MD to return to the speed it was traveling before the power button was depressed and to return to home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ).
  • stair mode workflow 1074 can be entered. If solo mode is selected, transition screen 1040 can be displayed followed by grab handrail confirmation screen 1092. If the user confirms that the handrail is to be used, home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed. If the menu button is depressed, no further input is accepted. If the user declines to use the handrail, the MD can automatically transition to 4-wheel mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22A ) and home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed. If assisted mode is selected, stair attendant confirmation screen 1094 can be displayed. If the user declines to use a stair attendant, mode selection screen 1060 can be displayed. If the user depresses the menu button, no input is accepted. If the user confirms the use of a stair attendant, transition screen 1040 can be displayed until the transition is complete, and home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed.
  • forced power off workflow 1076 can be entered and settings screen 1043 can be displayed. If the joystick is manipulated, forced power off confirmation screen 1096 can be displayed, and if the menu button is depressed, home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed. If forced power off is confirmed, the MD is powered down. If forced power off is not confirmed, the user can be given another chance to accomplish forced power off after a pre-selected amount of time. The user can depress the menu button to display home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ).
  • home/driving screen 1020 can be displayed and main menu screen 1010 can be displayed if the menu button is depressed.
  • the user can enable forced power off by opening setting screen 1043 and manipulating the joystick to enable display of forced power off confirmation screen 1096 as described herein.
  • CG fit workflow 1078 can be entered. Depending on how CG fit is entered, a CG fit icon can either appear on settings screen 1043 ( FIG. 23LL ) or not. If the CG fit icon appears, joystick manipulation can enable a transition from standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ) to balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22A ). If the joystick is moved backwards, CF fit workflow 1078 can be exited. Otherwise, steps in the CG fit process can be displayed.
  • the sub-steps for each step can include, but are not limited to including, displaying an indication that the MD is in a CG fit step, receiving a selection of a horn/ack button depression, calibrating the MD, and checking for success of the step.
  • the MD can transition to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ) and settings screen 1043 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed with an indication that the calibration has completed. If the MD power cycles, the CG fit calibration can be removed from the MD. If all the steps did not complete successfully, the MD can transition to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ), a CG fit fail icon can be displayed, and a visual and/or audible alert can be generated. Either the process can be repeated, or the menu button can be depressed, and home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed.
  • recovery mode workflow 1080 can executed.
  • prompts can appear in a status area of the display to indicate how the user can return to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ).
  • home/driving screen 1020 FIG. 23LL .
  • wireless workflow 1082 can be executed.
  • service update screen 1083 can be displayed, and the user can enter a passcode or provide another form of authentication.
  • the user can be a clinician, and wireless connectivity can be used to remotely control the MD.
  • service update screen 1083 can be displayed with an indication that the user is allowed to connect wirelessly. The user can be given up to a pre-selected number of times to authenticate.
  • brightness workflow 1084 can be executed.
  • Brightness screen 1085 can be displayed, and joystick manipulation can change the brightness of the display. If the menu button is depressed, brightness settings can be saved and home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed.
  • alarm mute workflow 1086 can be executed.
  • Alarm mute screen 1087 can be displayed, and joystick manipulation can enable or disable volume. Further joystick manipulation can save the volume settings and return to home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ), while depressing the menu button can return to home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) without saving volume settings.
  • shortcut toggle workflow 1088 can be executed.
  • Possible shortcuts can include, but are not limited to including, seat height shortcut, seat lean shortcut, and shortcut toggle. Because the seat height and seat lean can only be changed in certain modes, any attempts to change the seat height and/or the seat lean, including through the seat height and seat lean shortcuts, can be ignored. If the MD is in a mode in which the seat height and/or the seat lean can be changed, the seat height shortcut and/or the seat lean shortcut can be used to change the seat height and/or the seat lean. During the seat height change, the user can continue to drive.
  • home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed.
  • the joystick is manipulated in a pre-selected way, for example, but not limited to, a short tap and hold.
  • transition screen 1040 can be displayed, and the mode of the MD can change, for example, the MD can transition from standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22A ) to balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 23LL ) and vice versa.
  • the joystick is manipulated in a different pre-selected way, for example, a single hold, transition screen 1040 can be displayed. Otherwise, home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ) can be displayed.
  • battery charging workflow 1090 can be executed. If the MD is powered down, and if the A/C adapter is connected to the MD, a battery charging icon can be displayed until the battery is charged or until there is a battery fault. If the battery is charged, the full battery icon can be displayed. If there is a battery fault, a battery fault icon can be displayed. When the user disconnects the A/C adapter from the MD, the MD can power down. If the MD is not powered down and the A/C adapter is not connected to the MD, an indication that the battery is not charging can be displayed on home/driving screen 1020 ( FIG. 23LL ). If the MD is not powered down and the A/C adapter is connected to the MD, an indication of the current status, such as, for example, but not limited to, an audible alert, can be sounded until, for example, the alert is muted.
  • an indication of the current status such as, for example, but not limited to, an audible alert
  • UC home screen 1020/1020A can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1 that can include, but is not limited to including, time, and indication of the status of the parking brake, an alert status, a service required status, and a temperature status.
  • UC home screen 1020/1020A can include first screen area 1020-2 that can present, for example, but not limited to, the speed of the MD, and can also provide a shortcut for seat adjustment. A prompt can inform the user that the seat is in a position that prevents driving.
  • Second screen area 1020-3 can display, for example, but not limited to, the current mode of the MD, for example, but not limited to, in iconic form.
  • UC home screen 1020A ( FIG. 24B ) can include battery status strip 1020-4 that can provide, for example, but not limited to, battery status that can be, for example, visually highlighted in, for example, red, yellow, and green colors.
  • UC main menu screen 1010/1010A can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1 and, optionally, battery status strip 1020-4 ( FIG. 24D ) as described herein.
  • UC main menu screen 1010/1010A can accommodate selection of modes, seat adjustment, speed, and setting. A selection can be indicated by the presence of a highlighted icon, for example, within selected area 1010-2, which can be surrounded by further selection option arrows 1010-1.
  • Each of selection area 1010-3 can include, but is not limited to including, an icon indicative of a possible selection option.
  • UC selection screen 1050/1050A/1050B/1050C can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1 and, optionally, battery status strip 1020-4 ( FIG. 24F ) as described herein.
  • UC selection screen 1050/1050A/1050B/1050C can accommodate an indication of mode selected in mode selected area 1050-1.
  • selected mode can also be displayed in selected transition area 1050-3 that can be surrounded by unselected, but possible modes in unselected areas 1050-2 and 1050-4.
  • UC selection screen can include breadcrumb 1050B-1 ( FIG. 24G ) that can provide a navigational path of the modes navigated.
  • UC transition screen 1040/1040A can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1 and, optionally, battery status strip 1020-4 ( FIG. 24D ) as described herein.
  • UC transition screen 1040/1040A can include target mode area 1040-1 in which an icon, for example, indicating the mode to which the transition is occurring, can be displayed.
  • UC transition screen 1040/1040A can include transition direction area 1040-2 and transition status area 1040-3 that can indicate the status and direction of the transition from one mode to another.
  • UC power off screen 1060A can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1, power off first screen area 1060A-1, power off second screen area 1060A-2, and optional battery status area 1020-4.
  • power off first screen area 1060A-1 can indicate the speed at which the MD is traveling
  • power off second screen area 1 060A-2 can indicate power off progress.
  • power off progress can be indicated by the progressive changing of color of the area inside the shape in power off second screen area 1060A-2.
  • Base banner 1020-1 and optional battery status area 1020-4 are described elsewhere herein.
  • UC forced power off screen 1060B can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1, forced power off first screen area 1060B-1, power off second screen area 1060A-2, and optional battery status area 1020-4.
  • the forced power off screen 1060A can display the progress of the power down sequence.
  • forced power off first screen area 1060B-1 can indicate that a forced power off sequence is in progress
  • power off first screen area 1060A-1 can indicate forced power off progress.
  • forced power off progress can be indicated by the progressive changing of color of the area inside the shape in power off second screen area 1060A-2.
  • the user can begin the forced power off sequence by navigating to a menu and selecting forced power off.
  • CG fit screen 1070 can include, but is not limited to including, base banner 1020-1, CG fit breadcrumb 1070-1, menu button indicator 1070-2, and optional battery status area 1020-4.
  • the CG fit screen 1070 can display prompts for actions that can be needed to perform CG fit.
  • CG fit breadcrumb 1070-1 can indicate that a CG fit is in progress in which prompts can be displayed that can indicate the joystick action required to move from one step in the CG fit process to the next. Steps can include raising, lowering, and tilting the MD when input is received by the MD such as laid out in FIGs.
  • Menu button 1070-2 can be depressed when it is desired to drive the MD while a CG fit is in progress. In some configurations, completion, either successful or unsuccessful, of the CG fit process can indicate that exit of the CG fit process is possible.
  • speed processor 755 can accommodate a continuously adjustable scaled factor to control the MD.
  • a user and/or clinician can set at least one parameter bound 765 that can be adjusted according to the driving needs of the user and/or clinician.
  • Wheel commands 769 can be calculated as a function of joystick input 629 and profile constants 768 that can include, but are not limited to including, k s 601/607 ( FIG. 25E ), k a 603/609 ( FIG. 25E ), k d 605/611 ( FIG. 25E ), and k m 625 ( FIG. 25E ), where k s 601/607 ( FIG. 25E ) is a maximum speed range, k a 603/609 ( FIG.
  • Ranges of profile constants k s , k a , k d , and k m 625 ( FIG. 25E ) can vary, ranges provided herein are exemplary.
  • Parameter bounds 765 and profile constants 768 can be supplied by, for example, but not limited to, the user, can be pre-set, and can be determined in any other way.
  • Speed processor 755 can access parameter bounds 765 and profile constants 768.
  • Exemplary ranges for profile constants 768 can include:
  • adjusting C 3 can adjust the shape of the curve of the profile and therefore the user experience when user commands, for example, but not limited to, joystick commands 629, are converted to wheel commands 769.
  • adjusting C 3 can adjust the size of deadband 605/611 ( FIG. 25E ) and the maxima and minima on either side of deadband 605-611 ( FIG. 25E ).
  • Speed processor 755 can include, but is not limited to including, joystick processor 756 including computer instructions to receive joystick commands 629, and profile constants processor 754 including computer instructions to access profile constants 768 and merge value 625 ( FIG. 25E ), and to scale profile constants 768 based at least on merge value 625 ( FIG.
  • Speed processor 755 can also include bounds processor 760 including computer instructions to compute a maximum velocity based at least on profile constants 768 and a maximum joystick command, and to compute a proportional gain based at least on profile constants 768 and the maximum velocity, as shown, for example, but not limited to, in equations set out herein.
  • Speed processor 755 can also include wheel command processor 761 including computer instructions to compute wheel command 769 based at least on profile constants 768 and joystick commands 629, as shown, for example, but not limited to, in equations set out herein, and provide wheel commands 769 to wheel motor drives 19/31/21/33.
  • method 550 for accommodating a continuously adjustable scale factor can include, but is not limited to including, receiving 551 joystick commands 629 ( FIG. 25A ), accessing 553 profile constants 768 ( FIG. 25A ) and a merge value (shown exemplarily as merge value 625 ( FIG. 25E ) which portrays the merger of profile A 613 ( FIG. 25E ) and profile B 615 ( FIG. 25E )), scaling 555 profile constants 768 ( FIG. 25A ) based at least on the merge value, computing 557 a maximum velocity based at least on profile constants 768 ( FIG. 25A ) and a maximum joystick command (shown exemplarily as the maximum of speed 601 ( FIG.
  • powerbase controller 100 can modify joystick command 629 provided by user controller 130 before joystick commands 629 are provided to joystick processor 756.
  • user controller 130 could be receiving joystick commands 629 from a joystick, whereas in some configurations, user controller 130 can include the joystick.
  • joystick 130 ( FIG. 12A ) can be configured to have different transfer functions to be used under different conditions according to, for example, the abilities of the user.
  • Speed template (transfer function) 700 shows an exemplary relationship between physical displacement 702 of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) and output 703 of UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ) after transfer function processing with a particular transfer function.
  • Forward and reverse travel of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) can be interpreted as forward longitudinal requests and reverse longitudinal requests, respectively, as viewed from a user in the seat of the MD, and can be equivalent to commanded velocity.
  • joystick output 703 can be modified during certain conditions such as, for example, but not limited to, battery voltage conditions, height of the seat, mode, failed conditions of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ), and when speed modification is requested by powerbase controller 100 ( FIG. 25A ).
  • Joystick output 703 can be ignored and joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) can be considered as centered, for example, but not limited to, when a mode change occurs, while in update mode, when the battery charger is connected, when in stair mode, when joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) is disabled, or under certain other conditions.
  • the MD can be configured to suit a particular user.
  • the MD can be tailored to user abilities, for example, by setting speed templates and mode restrictions.
  • the MD can receive commands from external applications 140 ( FIG. 16B ) executing on devices such as, for example, but not limited to, a cell phone, a computer tablet, and a personal computer.
  • the commands can provide, for example, default and/or dynamically-determinable settings for configuration parameters.
  • a user and/or an attendant can configure the MD.
  • speed settings can control the system response to joystick movement.
  • a speed setting such as speed 0 can be used to disable a response to joystick movement
  • a speed setting such as speed 1 can be used to set a maximum speed that may be appropriate for indoor travel
  • a speed setting such as speed 2 can be used to set a maximum speed that may be appropriate for outdoor and/or hallway travel.
  • the MD can be configured with any number of speed settings, and the relationship between joystick movement and motor commands can include non-linear functions. For example, a parabolic relationship could provide finer control at low speeds.
  • a thumbwheel assembly as in FIG. 12P can be used to apply a gain on top of the described speed settings.
  • the gain can vary from 0 to 1, and a gain of 1 can be used when no speed variations are desired over configured speeds.
  • the thumbwheel assembly is used to change the gain by dialing thumbwheel knob 30173 ( FIG. 12N ) "down"
  • the maximum speed and every speed along the configured speed trajectory can be reduced proportional to the amount of the dialing "down".
  • Any maxima for speeds 1 and 2, for example, can be configured, and minima can be configured as well.
  • speed 2 can include a minimum speed that is greater than the maximum speed of speed 1 (see FIG. 25D-3 ), the speed 2 minimum speed and the speed 1 maximum speed can overlap (see FIG. 25D-1 ), and the speed 2 minimum can approximately equal the speed 1 maximum (see FIG. 25D-2 ).
  • thumbwheel knob 30173 ( FIG. 12N ) can be interpreted as a desired for a speed setting change.
  • continuing to dial the thumbwheel "up" when the gain is already saturated at that speed's maximum can indicate a request to increase the speed setting.
  • continuing to dial down when the gain is at its minimum can indicate a request for a lower speed setting.
  • dialing thumbwheel knob 30173 ( FIG. 12N ) pausing any thumbwheel assembly manipulation, and resuming dialing of thumbwheel knob 30173 ( FIG. 12N ) can indicate a request for a change in speed settings.
  • multiple manipulations surrounding one or more pauses can indicate a request for a change in speed settings.
  • the rate of manipulation of thumbwheel knob 30173 ( FIG. 12N ) can indicate, rather than a change in the gain itself, instead a request to change the speed setting.
  • a user and/or clinician can use a graphical user interface display that could be, for example, but not limited to, included in user controller 130 ( FIG. 12A ), to enable configuration of drive options in the form of joystick command shaping that can allow the user and/or clinician to configure the MD for driving preferences.
  • Templates can be provided for the user/clinician to set or pre-set profile constants 768 ( FIG. 25A ) that can place the MD in at least one situation, for example, but not limited to, sport situation, comfort situation, or economy situation. In economy mode, for example, speed and acceleration can be limited to reduce power consumption. In sport situation, the user could be allowed to drive aggressively by, for example, but not limited to, achieving maximum speeds.
  • Comfort situation can represent an average between economy and sport situations. Other situations can be possible.
  • Profile constants k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625 can be adjusted through, for example, but not limited to, variable display items, and wheel command velocity W i 627 can be computed and graphed based at least on adjusted k s 601 /607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625.
  • profiles A/B 613/615 can result from adjusting speed and deadpan ranges such that k s 601 and k s 607 differ, and k d 605 and k d 611 are similar.
  • Wheel command velocity W i 627 can be computed and graphed for a range of joystick command counts 629 for both the minimum values (profile A 613) of k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625 and the maximum values (profile B 615) of k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625.
  • Profile A 613 and profile B 615 can be averaged for an easier comparison with other configurations of profile constants k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625.
  • first joystick control graph 600 indicates that an average wheel command 617 of 1.5 m/s at 100 joystick command counts results from a first configuration of k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625.
  • wheel command velocity W i 627 can be computed and graphed for a range of joystick command counts 629 for both the minimum values (profile A 623) of k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625 and the maximum values (profile B 621) of k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625.
  • Profile A 623 and profile B 621 can be averaged and compared to other configurations of profile constants k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611 , and k m 625.
  • second joystick control graph 700 indicates that an average wheel command 617 of 1.75 m/s at 100 joystick command counts results from a second configuration of profile constants k s 601/607, k a 603/609, k d 605/611, and k m 625. Changes to k a 603 and k a 609 can scale filter constants under certain circumstances.
  • joystick command 629 can be filtered by a joystick filter to enable speed-sensitive steering by managing accelerations.
  • a relatively low corner frequency CF of the joystick filter can result in a relatively high damped response between joystick commands 629 and activity of the MD.
  • the corner frequency CF can be an adjustable function of speed which could result in, for example, but not limited to, a relatively high relationship between joystick commands 629 and wheel command velocity W i 769 when the MD is traveling at a relatively high speed, and a relatively lower relationship between joystick commands 629 and wheel command velocity W i 769 when the MD is traveling at a relatively low speed.
  • wheel command velocity W i 769 can be compared to a full speed threshold T and the corner frequency CF can be set according to the result of the comparison.
  • the corner frequency CF can be set to a first value, or if wheel command velocity W i 769 is less than the threshold T, the corner frequency CF can be set to another value, for example (W i *CF)/T.
  • Deceleration rate and acceleration rate can be managed separately and can be independent of one another. For example, deceleration rate may not be allowed to be as aggressive as acceleration rate. The deceleration rate can, for example, depend on the acceleration rate or can dynamically vary in some other way, or can be a fixed value. The user can, for example, control the deceleration rate.
  • adaptive speed control processor 759 for adaptive speed control of the MD can include, but is not limited to including, terrain/obstacle data receiver 1107 including computer instructions to receive terrain and obstacle data in the vicinity of the MD.
  • terrain and obstacle detection sensors for example, but not limited to, Lidar
  • remote sensing technology can measure distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light, stereo cameras, and radar.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can also include mapping processor 1109 including computer instructions to map obstacles and approaching terrain in real time based at least on the terrain and obstacle data.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can further include virtual valley processor 1111 including computer instructions to compute virtual valleys based at least on the mapped data.
  • Virtual valley processor 1111 can delineate a sub-area referred to herein as a virtual valley in the vicinity of the MD.
  • the virtual valley can include at least one low point, gradual and/or dramatic elevation increases from the at least one low point, and at least one rim surrounding the at least one low point in which the gradual and/or dramatic elevation increases terminate at the rim.
  • a relatively high wheel command 769 can be required to turn out of the virtual valley, possibly pre-disposing the MD to stay in the low point of the virtual valley.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can further include collision possible processor 1113 including computer instructions to compute collision possible areas based at least on the mapped data.
  • Collision possible areas can be sub-areas in which, when in the vicinity of the MD, adaptive speed control processor 759 can make it difficult to steer the MD into the obstacle. Collision possible areas can, for example, prevent the MD from running into objects.
  • the position of the MD can be measured from, for example, any part or parts of the MD, for example, the center, the periphery, or anywhere in between.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can further include slow-down processor 1115 including computer instructions to compute slow-down areas based at least on the mapped data and the speed of the MD. Adaptive speed control processor 759 can slow the MD in the slow-down areas. Adaptive speed control processor 759 can further make it difficult to turn into slow-down areas relative to turning into non-slow-down areas.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can recognize any number of types of slow-down areas, each having a set of characteristics. For example, adaptive speed control processor 759 can adjust the processing of fore-aft commands to the MD in some types of slow-down areas differently than in others. In some configurations, the size of the different types of slow-down areas can change as the speed of the MD changes. Adaptive speed control processor 759 can still further include preferences processor 1117 including computer instructions to receive user preferences with respect to the slow-down areas.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can include wheel command processor 761 including computer instructions to compute wheel commands 769 based at least on, for example, but not limited to, the virtual valleys, the collision possible areas, the slow-down areas, and the user preferences, and provide wheel commands 769 to wheel motor drives 19/31/21/33.
  • wheel command processor 761 including computer instructions to compute wheel commands 769 based at least on, for example, but not limited to, the virtual valleys, the collision possible areas, the slow-down areas, and the user preferences, and provide wheel commands 769 to wheel motor drives 19/31/21/33.
  • adaptive speed control processor 759 detects that the MD has entered, for example, a collision possible area, adaptive speed control processor 759 can, for example, move the MD away from the collision possible area.
  • Adaptive speed control processor 759 can move the MD in a direction to the direction opposite the collision possible area, a direction parallel to the collision possible area, or a direction that moves the MD into a collision free area.
  • method 1150 for adaptive speed control of the MD can include, but is not limited to including, receiving 1151 terrain and obstacle detection data, mapping 1153 terrain and obstacles, if any, in real time based at least on the terrain and obstacle detection data, optionally computing 1155 virtual valleys, if any, based at least on the mapped data, computing 1157 collision possible areas, if any, based at least on the mapped data, computing 1159 slow-down areas if any based at least on the mapped data and the speed of the MD, receiving 1161 user preferences, if any, with respect to the slow-down areas and desired direction and speed of motion, computing 1163 wheel commands 769 ( FIG.
  • Collision possible areas can include discreet obstacles that can include a buffer that can follow the contour of the discreet obstacle, or can follow a type of outline, for example, but not limited to, a polygon, enclosing the discreet obstacle. Collision possible areas can also include a number of discreet obstacles viewed as a single discreet obstacle. The transition area between one sub-area and another can be, for example, abrupt or gradual.
  • the shape of a virtual valley can be dynamic based at least upon the position of the MD in the virtual valley.
  • gradient map 1120 can be used to indicate to the user at, for example, but not limited to, user controller 130 ( FIG. 12A ), either periodically or dynamically updated, the sub-areas in the vicinity of the MD.
  • collision possible areas 1121 can be places in which adaptive speed control processor 759 can make it automatically impossible to steer into and the MD can be automatically prevented from running into objects and can be, for example, but not limited to, steered to a different direction of travel.
  • the position of the MD can be measured from the center of the MD and, in some configurations, the edge of the MD can be substantially near to the physical objects in the vicinity of the MD.
  • first slow-down areas 1125 can be places in which adaptive speed control processor 759 can automatically slow down the MD slightly and can make turning into first slow-down areas 1125 more difficult than turning into no-barriers sub-areas 1127.
  • second slow-down areas 1123 can be places in which adaptive speed control processor 759 can automatically slow down fore-aft commands to the MD more than in first slow-down sub-areas 1125, and adaptive speed control processor 759 can automatically make turning into second slow-down sub-areas 1123 harder than turning into first slow-down sub-areas 1125.
  • path map 1130 can indicate path 1133 that the MD can follow when adaptive speed control processor 759 ( FIG. 25G ) recognizes special sub-areas in the vicinity of the MD.
  • adaptive speed control processor 759 FIG. 25G
  • the MD can veer according to path 1133 towards no barriers sub-area 1127 and, for example, turn to a less collision-likely direction of travel.
  • adaptive speed control processor 759 can recognize objects that are moving (referred to herein as dynamic objects).
  • Terrain/obstacle data receiver 1107 can receive from sensors 1105 terrain/obstacle detection data 1101 that is characteristic of non-stationary (dynamic) object 1134.
  • Preferences processor 1117 can, for example, receive joystick commands 629 that indicate that straight path 1132 is the user-selected direction of travel, but when dynamic object 1134 is ahead of the MD and straight path 1132 would intersect with dynamic object 1134, dynamic object processor 1119 ( FIG.
  • 25G can designate a set of sub-areas around dynamic object 1134 starting with first slow down area 1125, then transitioning to second slow-down sub-area 1123, and finally transitioning to collision possible sub-area 1121.
  • slow-down processor 1115 can slow the MD when entering first slow-down sub-area 1125 and dynamic object processor 1119 can match the pace of dynamic object 1134 in second slow-down sub-area 1123.
  • dynamic object processor 1119 can adjust path 1132 to veer as, for example, in path 1131, to follow the safest closest path past dynamic object 1134.
  • Forward velocity commands in the absence of adaptive speed control processor 759 ( FIG. 25G ), could have the MD follow path 1132 directly through first slow-down sub-area 1125, second slow-down sub-area 1123, and collision possible subarea 1121.
  • traction control processor 762 can adjust the torque applied to wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) to minimize slipping.
  • adjusting the torque can prevent wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) from excessive slipping.
  • cluster 21100 FIG. 6A
  • cluster 21100 FIG. 6A
  • wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) and caster assemblies 21000 ( FIG. 7 ) are on the ground.
  • Having wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) and caster assemblies 21000 ( FIG. 7 ) on the ground at once can lengthen the wheelbase of the MD and can increase the friction coefficient between the MD and the ground.
  • Linear acceleration processor 1351 can include computer instructions to compute the acceleration of the MD based at least on the speed of wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • IMU acceleration processor 1252 can include computer instructions to compute the IMU acceleration based at least on sensor data 767 from inertial sensor pack 1070/23/29/35.
  • Traction loss processor 1254 can compute the difference between the MD acceleration and the IMU acceleration, and compare the difference to a pre-selected threshold. If the threshold is exceeded, wheel/cluster command processor 761 can send cluster commands 771 ( FIG. 17A ) to cluster 21100 ( FIG. 6A ) to drop such that wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) and caster assembly 21000 ( FIG. 7 ) are on the ground.
  • Wheel/cluster command processor 761 can adjust the torque to wheel motor drives 19/21/31/33 by dynamically adjusting drive current limits if traction loss is detected.
  • wheel/cluster command processor 761 can compute torque values for wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) that can be independent of each other and based at least on the speed of the MD and the speed of wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ).
  • traction loss processor 1254 can include computer instructions to dynamically adjust the center of gravity of the MD, for example, but not limited to, backwards and forwards to manage traction for the MD.
  • cluster 21100 in standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ), can be rotated to affect traction so that wheels 21201 ( FIG. 6A ) can come in contact with the ground when aggressive and/or quick braking is requested. Aggressive braking can occur when the MD is traveling forward and receives a reverse command from, for example, user controller 130 ( FIG. 12A ), that exceeds a pre-selected threshold.
  • enhanced mode 100-2 FIG.
  • traction control processor 762 can accomplish traction control by (1) detecting the loss of traction by taking the difference between a gyro measured device yaw and differential wheel speed of predicted device yaw, and (2) reducing the torque to wheel motors drives A/B 19/21/31/33 by dynamically reducing the drive current limits when loss of traction is detected.
  • method 1250 for controlling traction of the MD can include, but is not limited to including, computing 1253 the linear acceleration of the MD, and receiving 1255 the IMU measured acceleration of the MD. If 1257 the difference between an expected linear acceleration and a measured linear acceleration of the MD is greater than or equal to a preselected threshold, adjusting 1259 the torque to cluster/wheel motor drives 19/21/31/33 ( FIG. 2C / D ). If 1257 the difference between an expected linear acceleration and a measured linear acceleration of the MD is less than a preselected threshold, method 1250 can continue testing for loss of traction (step 1253).
  • tipping of the MD can be controlled to actively stabilize the MD and to protect against, for example, a rearward fall.
  • standard mode 100-1 FIG. 22A
  • caster wheels 21001 are against an obstacle such that forward motion does not occur, a continuous forward command can build up. Excess command in this scenario could lead to a rearward fall.
  • an overall command limit can be placed on the wheel command to prevent excessive wheel command from building up when the wheels are unable to move.
  • anti-tipping can be enabled when the rearward pitch of the MD falls in a range such as, for example, but not limited to, between about 5° and 30°.
  • Tipping control can be disabled when caster wheels 21001 are raised during frame lean adjustments, or when the MD is transitioning to 4-Wheel mode 100-2, or under certain conditions in IMU 50003 ( FIG. 15C ).
  • Tipping control can be implemented through the interaction of anti-tip and wheel controllers, with motor control authority of the two controllers governed by ramp functions that depend on rearward pitch angle. Wheel speed proportional and integral errors and pitch proportional and derivative errors can be multiplied by the ramp functions to change the behavior of the MD on a rearward pitch angle. Pitch error can be computed relative to a nominal pitch of, for example, but not limited to, -6.0°.
  • Pitch rate can be filtered to smooth erroneous measurements, and can be filtered, for example, but not limited to, with a .7Hz filter.
  • a deadband can be applied to the pitch rate values.
  • Controller gains can be applied as variable functions when multiplied by ramp functions that vary between 0 and 1 over the range of the pitched back error. The ramp functions can be used continuously in standard mode 100-1.
  • the wheel controller can compute commands based on desired wheel velocity from the joystick input while simultaneously responding to rearward pitch values in order to prevent the chair from falling over backwards.
  • a PI loop can be used to compute a command based on the wheel velocity error.
  • the dynamic state of the MD as characterized by the value of the pitched back error, can be used to determine which of the terms is used to compute the wheel fore/aft command.
  • Ramp functions can be based on the pitch of the MD.
  • the ramp functions are sliding gains that operate on pitch, pitch rate, and wheel errors.
  • the ramp functions can allow the wheel controller and the anti-tipping controller to interact to maintain stability and controllability of the MD. Tipping control can be disabled if, for example, but not limited to, inertial sensors on the MD have not been initialized or if the inertial estimator has faulted, and if the MD has tipped over.
  • method 8750 can include determining if 8267 stabilization is possible based on, for example, whether the MD has already tipped over, or if there has been an inertial estimator fault, or if the MD is transitioning. If 8267 stabilization is not possible, various actions can be taken depending on whether or not stabilization is not possible. If 8267 stabilization is possible, method 8750 can include computing 8255 a stabilization metric based on, for example, but not limited to, the distance the MD has moved since active stabilization has been engaged and the measured pitch angle.
  • Method 8750 can include computing 8257 a stabilization factor based on, for example, but not limited to, the measured pitch angle, filtered to allow only rearward angles and subjected to a proportional gain.
  • the stabilization factor can be based on the measured pitch rate around which has been placed a hysteresis band and to which a derivative gain has been applied. Ramp functions can be applied to the stabilization factor.
  • Method 8750 can include computing 8259 wheel command inputs based on the derivative over time of the desired fore-aft velocity, the desired fore-aft velocity, the measured fore-aft velocity, the desired yaw velocity, and the measured yaw velocity.
  • the derivative of the velocity can be used to compute a feed forward component.
  • the desired and measured fore-aft velocities can be inputs to a PI controller, and ramp functions can be applied to the result.
  • the desired and measured yaw velocities can be inputs to a proportional controller. If 8261 the metric indicates that stabilization is needed, method 8750 can include computing right/left wheel voltage commands based on the wheel command inputs and the stabilization factor. If 8261 the metric indicates that stabilization is not needed, method 8750 can include computing right/left wheel voltage commands based on the wheel command inputs.
  • Filter 8843 can be applied to measured pitch angle 8841 to allow pitch rates in the rearward tip direction, and hysteresis band 8849 can be placed around measured pitch rate 8847.
  • the derivative of desired fore-aft velocity 8853 is used as a feed forward term in the wheel controller. Desired fore-aft velocity 8853 and measured fore-aft velocity 8855 can be fed to first proportional-integral (PI) controller 8857, and ramp functions 8859 can be applied to the output of first PI controller 8857.
  • PI proportional-integral
  • Desired yaw velocity 8861 and measured yaw velocity 8863 can be fed to proportional controller 8865. If active stabilization is engaged, the measured pitch angle 8841, filtered and with proportional gain 8845 applied, is combined with measured pitch rate 8849, modified and with derivative gain 8851 applied. Ramp functions 8867 can be applied to the combination. Right wheel voltage command 768A and left wheel voltage command 768B can be based upon the combination result, and the results of PI controller 8857 and proportional controller 8865.
  • the CG fit of the MD can estimate a maximum allowed acceleration that can help prevent backwards falls based at least on pitch angle ⁇ 705 ( FIG. 27A ) and a center of gravity determination for the MD.
  • Active stabilization processor 763 can include a closed loop controller that can maintain the stability of the MD by automatically decelerating forward motion and accelerating backward motion when the MD begins tipping backwards.
  • Dynamic metric 845 that can be based at least on, for example, but not limited to, measured pitch angle, and can control whether to include the pitch rate feedback in wheel voltage commands 768, thereby metering the application of active stabilization.
  • the anti-tip controller can base its calculations at least in part on the CG location. If the anti-tip controller drives the MD backwards beyond a pre-selected distance, the MD can enter failsafe mode.
  • active stabilization processor 763 can include, but is not limited to including, center of gravity estimator 1301 including computer instructions to estimate the center of gravity based at least on the mode, and inertial estimator 1303 to estimate the pitch angle required to maintain balance based at least on the center of gravity estimate.
  • the location of center of gravity 181 can be used to set the frame lean limits.
  • an estimate of the location of center of gravity 181 can be used to, for example, but not limited to, actively stabilize mobility device 120 ( FIG. 27A ) and regulate transitions between modes.
  • the location of center of gravity 181 ( FIG.
  • FIG. 27A can vary with each user and seat setup combination, and is a function of the height of seat 105 ( FIG. 27A ) and the position of cluster 21100 ( FIG. 3 ).
  • An estimate of center of gravity 181 ( FIG. 27A ) over a range of seat heights and cluster positions that can occur during normal operation of mobility device 120 ( FIG. 27A ) can be calculated.
  • Calibration parameters can be calculated that can be used to determine various reference pitch angles that can relate the location of center of gravity 181 ( FIG. 27A ) to the balance point of the system.
  • the calibration parameters can allow the reference angles to be calculated every control cycle as the seat height and the cluster position change.
  • the estimation process can include balancing mobility device 120 ( FIG. 27A ) and its load at various angles of cluster 21100 ( FIG.
  • Powerbase controller 100 can compute reference variables based at least on the location of center of gravity 181 ( FIG. 27A ), for example, but not limited to, (1) the angle of mobility device 120 ( FIG. 27A ) that places center of gravity 181 ( FIG. 27A ) over the axis of cluster 21100 ( FIG. 3 ), a function of the height of seat 105 ( FIG. 27A ), used in enhanced mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22A ), and stair mode 100-4 ( FIG. 22A ); (2) the angle of powerbase 160 ( FIG.
  • method 11350 for computing center of gravity fit can include, but is not limited to including, (1) entering 11351 the balancing mode, (2) measuring 11353 data including a pitch angle required to maintain the balancing the balance at a pre-selected position of the at least one wheel cluster and a pre-selected position of the seat, (3) moving 11355 the mobility device/user pair to a plurality of pre-selected points and collecting calibration data at each of the plurality of pre-selected points, (4) repeating 11357 steps (2) and (3) at each of the plurality of pre-selected points, (5) verifying 11359 that the measured data fall within pre-selected limits, and (6) generating 11361 a set of calibration coefficients to establishing the center of gravity at any usable cluster and seat position during machine operation based on the verified measured data.
  • Method 11350 can optionally include storing the coefficients into, for example, but not limited to, non-volatile memory for use during operation of mobility device 120 ( FIG. 27A ).
  • a method for entering a vehicle while seated in the MD can include, but is not limited to including, receiving an indication that the MD is encountering a ramp between the ground and the vehicle, directing the clusters of wheels to maintain contact with the ground, changing the orientation of the cluster of wheels according to the indication to maintain the device center of gravity between the wheels, and dynamically adjusting the distance between the seat and the clusters of wheels to prevent contact between the seat and wheels while keeping the seat as low as possible.
  • a method for moving a balancing mobility device on relatively steep terrain can include, but is not limited to including, receiving an indication that the mobility device is upon the steep terrain, directing the clusters of wheels to maintain contact with the ground, and dynamically adjusting the distance between the seat and the clusters of wheels based at least on the indication and active stabilization of the mobility device.
  • the method can optionally include setting a travel speed of the mobility device based on the indication.
  • controller gains for certain loads on the MD, can be a function of the weight of the load, and stability of the MD is a function of at least the controller gains.
  • Controller gains can include, but are not limited to including, gains applied during enhanced mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ) to stabilize the MD when, for example, the load is light, or when transitioning into balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • Powerbase controller 100 can include at least one default value for the center of gravity for the MD.
  • the weight of the load on the MD can determine which default value for the center of gravity is used.
  • the weight of the load, and/or the change of weight of the load, and the chosen default value of the center of gravity can be used to adjust controller gains.
  • Controller gains can include a range of discreet values or analog values. For example, if the load falls out of the seat, the MD can experience relatively large accelerations resulting from a relatively small input torque. In some configurations, the change in load weight on the seat can change the controller gain based at least on the load weight. Weight processor 757 can adjust the stability of the MD based at least on the change in load weight. Weight processor 757 can determine the weight of the load based at least on, for example, but not limited to, motor current of seat motor 45/47 ( FIG. 18C / 18D ).
  • Weight processor 757 can potentially detect unstable situations by, for example, but not limited to, processing collected pitch rate data using a rolling discrete fast Fourier transform, recognizing values of the resulting pitch rate frequency that could represent instability-generating changes, filtering the pitch rate frequencies based at least on the recognized values, squaring the filtered pitch rate frequencies, and analyzing the squared pitch rate frequencies based at least on known profiles of potential instability.
  • Weight processor 757 for stabilizing the MD can include, but is not limited to including, weight estimation processor 956 including computer instructions to estimate the weight of a load on the MD, controller gains processor 947 including computer instructions to compute controller gains based at least on the weight, and wheel command processor 761 applying the controller gains to control the MD.
  • method 800 for stabilizing the MD can include, but is not limited to including, estimating 851 the weight and/or change in weight of a load on the MD, choosing 853 a default value or values for the center of gravity of the MD, computing 855 controller gains based at least on the weight and/or change in weight and the center of gravity values, and applying 857 the controller gains to control the MD.
  • weight-current processor can measure the weight of the load on the MD.
  • Weight-current processor 758 can include, but is not limited to including, position and function receiver 1551, motor current processor 1552, and torque-weight processor 1553.
  • Position and function receiver 1551 can receive sensor data 767 and mode information 776 to determine possible actions that can be taken with respect to the load.
  • Motor current processor 1552 can process measured electrical current to seat motor drive 25/37 ( FIG. 18C / 18D ) when, for example, but not limited to, the MD is transitioning to enhanced mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ). Since the motor current is proportional to torque, torque-weight processor 1553 can use the current readings to provide an estimate of the torque required to lift the load in the seat.
  • SC seat correction
  • SH seat height
  • MC motor current:
  • the weight of the load can be estimated by computing a continuous estimate of the weight based at least on continuous monitoring of the current signal from seat motor processors 45/47 ( FIG. 18C / 18D ). Predicting abrupt changes in weight can be based at least on, for example, but not limited to, accelerometer data, current data from other than seat motor processors 45/47 ( FIG. 18C / 18D ), the current required to slew cluster 21100 ( FIG. 6A ), and wheel acceleration. The specific predictor can be based at least on whether the MD is stationary or moving.
  • method 900 for computing the weight on the MD can include, but is not limited to including, receiving 951 the position of a load on the MD, receiving 953 the setting of the MD to standard mode 100-1 ( FIG. 22B ), measuring 955 the motor current required to move the MD to enhanced mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ) at least once, computing 957 a torque based at least on the motor current, computing 959 a weight of the load based at least on the torque, and adjusting 961 controller gains based at least on the weight to stabilize the MD.
  • the MD can provide enhanced functionality 145 to a user, for example, but not limited to, assisting a user in avoiding obstacles, traversing doors, traversing stairs, traveling on elevators, and parking/transporting the MD.
  • the MD can receive user input (for example Ul data 633) and/or input from the MD through, for example, but not limited to, messages from user interface devices and sensors 147.
  • the MD can further receive sensor input through, for example, but not limited to sensor processing systems 661. Ul data 633 and output from sensor processing systems 661, for example, can inform command processor 601 to invoke the mode that has been automatically or manually selected.
  • Command processor 601 can pass Ul data 633 and output from sensor processing systems 661 to a processor that can enable the invoked mode.
  • the processor can generate movement commands 630 at least based on previous movement commands 630, Ul data 633, and output from sensor processing systems 661.
  • the MD can include, but is not limited to including, command processor 601, movement processor 603, simultaneous location and mapping (SLAM) processor 609, point cloud library (PCL) processor 611, geometry processor 613, and obstacle processor 607.
  • Command processor 601 can receive user interface (Ul) data 633 from the message bus.
  • Ul data 633 can include, but is not limited to including, signals from, for example, joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) providing an indication of a desired movement direction and speed of the MD. Ul data 633 can also include selections such as an alternate mode into which the MD could be transitioned. In some configurations, in addition to the modes described with respect to FIG.
  • the MD can process mode selections such as, but not limited to, door mode 605A, rest room mode 605B, enhanced stair mode 605C, elevator mode 605D, mobile park mode 605E, and static storage/charging mode 605F. Any of these modes can include a move-to-position mode, or the user can direct the MD to move to a certain position.
  • Message bus 54 can receive control information in the form of UI data 633 for the MD, and can receive a result of the processing done by the MD in the form of commands such as movement commands 630 that can include, but are not limited to including, speed and direction. Movement commands 630 can be provided, by message bus 54, to The MD which can transmit this information to wheel motor drives 19/21/31/33 ( FIGs.
  • Movement commands 630 can be determined by movement processor 603 based on information provided by the mode-specific processors.
  • Mode-specific processors can determine mode-dependent data 657, among other things, based on information provided through sensor-handling processors 661.
  • sensor-handling processors 661 can include, but are not limited to including, MD geometry processor 613, PCL processor 611, SLAM processor 609, and obstacle processor 607. Movement processor 603 can provide movement commands 630 to the sensor-handling processors 661 to provide information necessary to determine future movements of the MD.
  • Sensors 147 can provide environmental information 651 that can include, for example, but not limited to, obstacles 623 and geometric information about the MD. In some configurations, sensors 147 can include at least one time-of-flight sensor that can be mounted anywhere on the MD. There can be multiple of sensors 147 mounted on the MD.
  • PCL processor 611 can gather and process environmental information 651, and can produce PCL data 655. The PCL, a group of code libraries for processing 2D/3D image data, can, for example, assist in processing environmental information 651. Other processing techniques can be used.
  • MD geometry processor 613 can receive MD geometry information 649 from sensors 147, can perform any processing necessary to prepare MD geometry information 649 for use by the mode-dependent processors, and can provide the processed of MD geometry information 649 to the mode-dependent processors.
  • the geometry of the MD can be used for, but is not limited to being used for, automatically determining whether or not the MD can fit in and/or through a space such as, for example, a stairway and a door.
  • SLAM processor 609 can determine navigation information 653 based on, for example, but not limited to, Ul data 633, environmental information 651 and movement commands 630.
  • the MD can travel in a path at least in part set out by navigation information 653.
  • Obstacle processor 607 can locate obstacles 623 and distances 621 to obstacles 623. Obstacles 623 can include, but are not limited to including, doors, stairs, automobiles, and miscellaneous features in the vicinity of the path of the MD.
  • method 650 for processing at least one obstacle 623 ( FIG. 29D ) while navigating the MD can include, but is not limited to including, receiving at least one movement command, and receiving and segmenting 1151 ( FIG. 29B ) PCL data 655 ( FIG. 29D ), identifying 1153 ( FIG. 29B ) at least one plane within the segmented PCL data 655 ( FIG. 29D ), and identifying 1155 ( FIG. 29B ) at least one obstacle 623 ( FIG. 29D ) within the at least one plane.
  • Method 650 can further include determining 1157 ( FIG. 29B ) at least one situation identifier 624 ( FIG.
  • Method 650 can also include accessing 1161 ( FIG. 29B ) at least one allowed command related to distance 621 ( FIG. 29D ), at least one obstacle 623 ( FIG. 29D ), and at least one situation identifier 624 ( FIG. 29D ). Method 650 can still further include accessing 1163 ( FIG. 29B ).
  • mapping 1167 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29D ) with one of the at least one allowed commands
  • At least one obstacle 623 can optionally include at least one stationary object and/or at least one moving object.
  • Distance 621 can optionally include a fixed amount and/or a dynamically-varying amount.
  • At least one movement command 630 can optionally include a follow command, at least one pass-the-at-least-one-obstacle command, a travel beside-the-at-least-one-obstacle command, and a do-not-follow-the-at-least-one obstacle command.
  • Method 650 can optionally include storing obstacle data 623 ( FIG.
  • PCL data 655 can optionally include sensor data 147 ( FIG. 29A ).
  • Method 650 can optionally include collecting sensor data 147 ( FIG. 29A ) from at least one time-of-flight sensor mounted on the MD, analyzing sensor data 147 ( FIG. 29A ) using a point cloud library (PCL), tracking the at least one moving object using simultaneous location and mapping (SLAM) with detection and tracking of moving objects (DATMO) based on the location of the MD, identifying the at least one plane within obstacle data 623 ( FIG.
  • Method 650 can also optionally include receiving a resume command, and providing, following the resume command, at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29D ) and the at least one automatic response associated with the mapped allowed command to the mode-dependent processors.
  • the at least one automatic response can optionally include a speed control command.
  • obstacle processor 607 for processing at least one obstacle 623 while navigating the MD can include, but is not limited to including, nav/PCL data processor 607F receiving and segmenting PCL data 655 from PCL processor 611, identifying at least one plane within the segmented PCL data 655, and identifying at least one obstacle 623 within the at least one plane. Obstacle processor 607 can further include distance processor 607E determining at least one situation identifier 624 based at least on UI data 633, at least one movement command 630, and at least one obstacle 623. Distance processor 607E can determine distance 621 between the MD and at least one obstacle 623 based at least on at least one situation identifier 624.
  • Moving object processor 607D and/or stationary object processor 607C can access at least one allowed command related to distance 621, at least one obstacle 623, and at least one situation identifier 624.
  • Moving object processor 607D and/or stationary object processor 607C can access at least one automatic response, from automatic response list 627, associated with the at least one allowed command.
  • Moving object processor 607D and/or stationary object processor 607C can access at least one movement command 630 including, for example, speed/signal command and direction command/signal, and map at least one movement command 630 with one of the at least one allowed commands.
  • Moving object processor 607D and/or stationary object processor 607C can provide at least one movement command 630 and the at least one automatic response associated with the mapped allowed command to the mode-dependent processors.
  • stationary object processor 607C can optionally perform any special processing necessary when encountering at least one stationary object
  • moving object processor 607D can optionally perform any special processing necessary when encountering at least one moving object
  • Distance processor 607E can optionally process distance 621 that can be a fixed and/or a dynamically-varying amount.
  • At least one movement command 630 can optionally include a follow command, a pass command, a travel-beside command, a move-to-position command, and a do-not-follow command.
  • Nav/PCL processor 607F can optionally store obstacles 623, for example, but not limited to, in local storage 607H and/or on storage cloud 607G, and can allow access to the stored obstacles 623 by systems external to the MD such as, for example, but not limited to, external applications 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • PCL processor 611 can optionally collect sensor data 147 ( FIG. 29A ) from at least one time-of-flight camera mounted on the MD, and can analyze sensor data 147 ( FIG. 29A ) using a point cloud library (PCL) to yield PCL data 655.
  • PCL point cloud library
  • Moving object processor 607D can optionally track the at least one moving object using navigation information 653 collected by simultaneous location and mapping (SLAM) processor 609 based on the location of the MD, identify the at least one plane using, for example, but not limited to, random sample consensus and a PCL library, and can provide at least one movement command 630 based on the at least one automatic response associated with the mapped allowed command to the mode-dependent processors.
  • Obstacle processor 607 can optionally receive a resume command, and provide, following the resume command, at least one movement command 630 based on the at least one automatic response associated with the mapped allowed command to the mode-dependent processors.
  • the at least one automatic response can optionally include a speed control command. For example, if joystick 70007 ( FIG.
  • the at least one automatic response can include speed control to protect the MD from a collision.
  • the at least one automatic response could be overridden by a contrary user command, for example, joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) could be released and movement of the MD could be halted.
  • Joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) could then be re-engaged to restart movement of the MD towards obstacle 623.
  • environmental information 651 can be received from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ).
  • the MD can process environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ).
  • PCL processor 611 FIG. 29A
  • PCL point cloud library
  • sensors 147 FIG. 29A
  • FIG. 29A can detect a cloud of points from, for example, and depending upon sensor 147 ( FIG. 29A ), box 2005 ( FIGs.
  • a sample consensus method for example, but not limited to, the random sample consensus method, from, for example, but not limited to, the PCL, can be used to find a plane among the cloud of points.
  • the MD can create a projected cloud and can determine point cloud inliers, and from these, determine a centroid of the projected cloud.
  • Central reference point 148 can be used to determine the location of environmental features with respect to the MD. For example, whether the MD is moving towards or away from an obstacle, or where a door hinge is with respect to the MD can be determined based on the location of central reference point 148.
  • Sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) can include, for example, time-of-flight sensor 147A.
  • method 750 for enabling the MD to navigate stairs can include, but is not limited to including, receiving 1251 at least one stair command, and receiving 1253 environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) mounted on the MD through obstacle processor 607 ( FIG. 29A ).
  • Method 750 can further include locating 1255, based on environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ), at least one of staircases 643 ( FIG. 29J ) within environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ), and receiving 1257 selection of selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ) from the at least one of staircases 643 ( FIG. 29J ).
  • Method 750 can still further include measuring 1259 at least one characteristic 645 ( FIG.
  • Method 750 can also include locating 1263, based on environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29J ), a last stair of selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ), and providing 1265 movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29J ) to move the MD on selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ) based on the measured at least one characteristic 645 ( FIG. 29J ), the last stair, and obstacles 623 ( FIG. 29J ), if any.
  • method 750 can continue providing movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29J ) to move the MD.
  • Method 750 can optionally include locating at least one of staircases 643 ( FIG. 29J ) based on GPS data, and building and saving a map of selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ) using, for example, but not limited to, SLAM.
  • Method 750 can also optionally include accessing geometry 649 ( FIG. 29J ) of the MD, comparing geometry 649 ( FIG. 29J ) to at least one of characteristics 645 ( FIG. 29J ) of selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ), and modifying the step of navigating based on the step of comparing. At least one of characteristics 645 ( FIG.
  • Method 750 can optionally include the height of at least one riser of selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ), the surface texture of the at least one riser, and the surface temperature of the at least one riser.
  • Method 750 can optionally include generating an alert if the surface temperature falls outside of a threshold range and the surface texture falls outside of a traction set.
  • the threshold range can optionally include temperatures below 33°F.
  • the traction set can optionally include a carpet texture.
  • Method 750 can further include determining, based on environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29J ), the topography of an area surrounding selected staircase 643A ( FIG. 29J ), and generating an alert if the topography is not flat.
  • Method 750 can still further optionally include accessing a set of extreme circumstances.
  • automated navigation of stairs can be enabled by stair processor 605C for enabling the MD to navigate stairs.
  • Sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) on the MD can determine if any environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) includes at least one staircase 643.
  • Ul data 633 can include the selection of stair mode 215 ( FIG. 22B ) which can invoke an automatic, semi-automatic, or semi-manual stair-climbing process.
  • Either automatic location of at least one staircase 643 or reception of Ul data 633 can invoke stair processor 605C for enhanced stair navigation functions.
  • Stair processor 605C can receive data from obstacle processor 607 such as, for example, at least one obstacle 623, distance 621 to at least one obstacle 623, situation 624, navigation information 653, and geometry information 649 for the MD.
  • Navigation information can include, but is not limited to including, a possible path for the MD to traverse.
  • At least one obstacle 623 can include, among other obstacles, at least one staircase 643.
  • Stair processor 605C can locate at least one staircase 643, and can either automatically or otherwise determine selected staircase 643A based on, for example, but not limited to, navigation information 653 and/or Ul data 633 and/or MD geometry information 649.
  • Characteristics 645 of selected staircase 643A can be used to determine a first stair and distance to next stair 640.
  • Stair processor 605C can determine movement commands 630 of the MD based on, for example, but not limited to, characteristics 645, distance 621, and navigation information 647.
  • Movement processor 603 can move the MD based on movement commands 630, and distance to next stair 640, and can transfer control to sensor processing 661 after a stair from selected staircase 643A has been traversed.
  • Sensor processing 661 can either proceed with navigating selected staircase 643A or can continue following the path set out by navigation information 653, depending upon whether the MD has completed traversing selected staircase 643A.
  • obstacle processor 607 can detect obstacles 623 on selected staircase 643A and stair processor 605C can provide movement commands 630 to avoid obstacles 623. Locations of obstacles 623 can be stored for future use locally to the MD and/or external to the MD.
  • stair processor 605C can include, but is not limited to including, staircase processor 641B receiving at least one stair command included in Ul data 633, and staircase locator 641A receiving environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) mounted on the MD through obstacle processor 607 ( FIG. 29A ).
  • Staircase locator 641A can further locate, based on environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ), at least one of staircases 643 within environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ), and can receive the choice of selected staircase 643A from at least one of staircases 643.
  • Selected staircase 643A can be stored in storage 643B for possible future use.
  • Stair characteristics processor 641C can measure at least one of characteristics 645 of selected staircase 643A, and can locate, based on environmental information 651, at least one obstacle 623, if any, on selected staircase 643A.
  • Stair movement processor 641D can locate, based on environmental information 651, a last stair of selected staircase 643A, and provide to movement processor 603 movement commands 630 for the MD to move on selected staircase 643A based on the measured at least one of characteristics 645, the last stair, and at least one obstacle 623, if any.
  • Staircase locator 641A can optionally locate at least one of staircases 643 based on GPS data, and can build and save a map of selected staircase 643A using SLAM.
  • Staircase processor 641B can optionally access geometry 649 of the MD, compare geometry 649 to at least one of characteristics 645 of selected staircase 643A, and can modify the navigation of the MD based on the comparison.
  • Staircase processor 641B can optionally generate an alert if the surface temperature of the risers of selected staircase 643A falls outside of a threshold range and the surface texture of selected staircase 643A falls outside of a traction set.
  • Stair movement processor 641D can optionally determine, based on environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ), the topography of an area surrounding selected staircase 643A, and can generate an alert if the topography is not flat.
  • Stair movement processor 641D can optionally access a set of extreme circumstances.
  • method 850 for negotiating door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) while maneuvering the MD can include, but is not limited to including, receiving and segmenting 1351 ( FIG. 29K ) environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) mounted on the MD.
  • Environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) can include geometry of the MD.
  • Method 850 can include identifying 1353 ( FIG. 29K ) at least one plane within the segmented sensor data, and identifying 1355 ( FIG. 29K ) door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) within the at least one plane.
  • Method 850 can further include measuring 1357 ( FIG. 29K ) door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) to provide door measurements. Method 850 can also include determining 1361 ( FIG. 29K ) the door swing. Method 850 can further include providing 1363 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29M ) to move the MD for access to a handle of door 675 ( FIG. 29M ), and providing 1365 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29M ) to move the MD away from door 675 ( FIG. 29M ), as door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) opens, by a distance based on the door measurements. If door 675 ( FIG. 29K ) door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) to provide door measurements. Method 850 can also include determining 1361 ( FIG. 29K ) the door swing. Method 850 can further include providing 1363 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29M ) to move the MD for access to a
  • method 850 can include providing at least one movement command to move the MD against door 675 ( FIG. 29M ), thus positioning door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) for movement of the MD through the doorway.
  • Method 850 can also include providing 1367 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29M ) to move the MD forward through the doorway, the MD maintaining door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) in an open position, if the door swing is towards the MD.
  • sensor processing 661 can determine, through information from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ), the hinge side of door 675, and the direction, angle, and distance of door.
  • Movement processor 603 can generate commands to the MD such as start/stop turning left, start/stop turning right, start/stop moving forward, start/stop moving backwards, and can facilitate door mode 605A by stopping the MD, cancelling the goal that the MD can be aiming to complete, and centering joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Door processor 671B can determine whether door 675 is, for example, push to open, pull to open, or a slider.
  • Door processor 671B can determine the width of door 675 by determining the current position and orientation of the MD, and determining the x/y/z location of the door pivot point. If door processor 671B determines that the number of valid points in the image of door 675 derived from obstacles 623 and/or PCL data 655 ( FIG. 29A ) is greater than a threshold, door processor 671B can determine the distance from the MD to door 675. Door processor 671B can determine if door 675 is moving based on successive samples of PCL data 655 ( FIG. 29A ) from sensor processor 661. In some configurations, door processor 671B can assume that a side of the MD is even with the handle side of door 675, and can use that assumption, along with the position of the door pivot point, to determine the width of door 675.
  • door movement processor 671D can generate and provide movement commands 630 to movement processor 603 to move the MD backward by a pre-determined or dynamically-determined percentage of the amount door 675 is moving. Movement processor 603 can provide movement commands 630 to the MD, and the MC can accept GUI data 633A and provide GUI data 633A to movement processor 603. If door 675 is moving away from the MD, door movement processor 671D can generate movement commands 630 to direct the MD to move forward by a pre-determined or dynamically-determined percentage of the amount that door 675 moves. The amount the MD moves either forward or backward can be based on the width of door 675.
  • Door processor 671B can locate the side of door 675 that provides the open/close function for door 675 based on the location of the door pivot point. Door processor 671B can determine the distance to the plane in front of sensors 147 ( FIG. 16B ). Door movement processor 671D can generate movement commands 630 to direct the MD to move through door 675. Door movement processor 671D can wait a pre-selected amount of time for the move of the MD to complete, and door movement processor 671D can generate movement commands 630 to adjust the location of the MD based on the position of door 675. Door processor 671B can determine the door angle and the door pivot point. Door processor 671B can determine if door 675 is stationary, can determine if door 675 is moving, and can determine the direction door 675 is moving. When door mode 605A is complete, door movement processor 671D can generate movement commands 630 that can direct the MD to discontinue movement.
  • door mode 605A for negotiating door 675 while maneuvering the MD can include, but is not limited to including, sensor processing 661 receiving and segmenting environmental information 651 from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) mounted on the MD, where environmental information 651 can include geometry 649 of the MD.
  • Door mode 605A can also include door locator 671A identifying at least one plane within the segmented sensor data, and identifying door 675 within the at least one plane.
  • Door processor 671B can include measuring door 675 to provide door measurements 645A.
  • Door movement processor 671D can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD away from door 675 if door measurements 645A are smaller than geometry 649 of the MD.
  • Door processor 671B can also include determining the door swing, and door movement processor 671D can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD forward through the doorway.
  • the MD can open door 675 and maintain door 675 in an open position if the door swing is away from the MD.
  • Door movement processor 671D can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD for access to a handle of door 675, and can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD away from door 675, as door 675 opens, by a distance based on door measurements 645A.
  • Door movement processor 671D can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD forward through the doorway.
  • the MD can maintain door 675 in an open position if the door swing is towards the MD.
  • the MD can automatically negotiate using rest room facilities.
  • the MD can automatically locate a door to a rest room, and to a rest room stall, if there are multiple doors, can automatically generate movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD through the door(s), and can automatically position the MD relative to rest room fixtures.
  • the MD can automatically locate the door(s) and automatically generate movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD through the door(s) to exit the rest room stall and/or rest room.
  • 29O can have a door threshold and a door swing, can include, but is not limited to including, providing 1451 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to cause the MD to traverse the door threshold entering the rest room.
  • Method 950 can also include providing 1453 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to position the MD for accessing an egress handle of the door, and providing 1455 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD away from door 675 ( FIG. 29O ), as door 675 ( FIG. 29O ) closes, if the door swing is towards the MD.
  • Method 950 can also include providing 1457 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD (FIG.
  • Method 950 can include providing 1461 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to stop the MD, and can include providing 1463 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to position the MD near a second rest room fixture.
  • Method 950 can include providing 1465 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to traverse the door threshold to exit the rest room stall.
  • automatically traversing the door threshold can optionally include, but is not limited to including, receiving and segmenting 1351 ( FIG. 29K ) environmental information 651 ( FIG. 29A ) from sensors 147 ( FIG. 29A ) mounted on the MD.
  • Environmental information 651 ( FIG. 10 ) can include geometry of the MD.
  • Automatically traversing the door threshold can also optionally include identifying 1353 ( FIG. 29K ) at least one plane within the segmented sensor data, and identifying 1355 ( FIG. 29K ) door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) within the at least one plane.
  • Automatically traversing the door threshold can further optionally include measuring 1357 ( FIG. 29K ) door 675 ( FIG.
  • Automatically traversing the door threshold can also optionally include determining 1361 ( FIG. 29K ) the door swing, and providing 1363 ( FIG. 29K ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD forward through the doorway, the MD opening door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) and maintaining door 675 ( FIG. 1A ) in an open position, if the door swing is away from the MD.
  • Automatically traversing the door threshold can further optionally include providing 1365 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD for access to a handle of the door, and providing 1367 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD away from door 675 ( FIG. 29M ), as door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) opens, by a distance based on the door measurements.
  • Automatically traversing the door threshold can also optionally include providing 1369 ( FIG. 29L ) at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD forward through the doorway, the MD maintaining door 675 ( FIG. 29M ) in an open position, if the door swing is towards the MD.
  • Method 950 can optionally include automatically locating the rest room, and automatically driving the MD to the rest room.
  • SLAM techniques can optionally be used to locate a destination, for example, a rest room.
  • the MD can optionally access a database of frequently-visited locations, can receive a selection one of the frequently-visited locations, and can provide at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29O ) to move the MD to the selected location which can include, for example, but not limited to, a rest room.
  • rest room mode 605B for negotiating, in the MD, a rest room stall in a rest room, where the rest room stall can have a door, and the door can have a door threshold and a door swing can include, but is not limited to including, door mode 605A providing at least one movement command 630 to cause the MD to traverse the door threshold entering the rest room.
  • the rest room can also include fixtures such as for example, but not limited to, toilets, sinks, and changing tables.
  • Entry/exit processor 681C can provide at least one movement command 630 to position the MD for accessing an egress handle of the door, and can providing at least one movement command 630 to move the MD away from the door, as the door closes, if the door swing is towards the MD. Entry/exit processor 681C can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD toward door 675, as door 675 closes, if the swing of door 675 is away from the MD.
  • Fixture processor 681B can provide at least one movement command 630 to position the MD alongside a first rest room fixture, and can provide at least one movement command to stop the MD. Fixture processor 681B can also provide at least one movement command 630 to position the MD near a second rest room fixture. Entry/exit processor 681C can provide at least one movement command 630 to traverse the door threshold to exit the rest room stall.
  • method 1051 for automatically storing the MD in a vehicle can assist a user in independent use of the vehicle.
  • a vehicle such as, for example, but not limited to, an accessible van
  • the MD can remain parked outside of the vehicle.
  • mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • movement commands 630 FIG. 29R
  • the MD can be commanded to store itself through commands received from external applications 140 ( FIG. 16B ), for example.
  • a computer-driven device such as a cell phone, laptop, and/or tablet can be used to execute external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ) and generate information that could ultimately control the MD.
  • the MD can automatically proceed to mobile park mode 605E after the user exits the MD when the MD has been placed in park mode by, for example, the user.
  • Movement commands 630 FIG. 29R
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG.
  • 29R can determine error conditions such as, for example, but not limited to, if the door is too small for the MD to enter and can alert the user of the error condition through, for example, but not limited to, an audio alert through audio interface 150A ( FIG. 16B ) and/or a message to external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • Mobile park mode 605E can determine when the vehicle door is open and whether or not there is space for the MD to be stored.
  • Mobile park mode 605E ( FIG. 29R ) can invoke obstacle processing 607 ( FIG.
  • mobile park mode 605E ( FIG. 29R ) determines that there is enough room for the MD
  • mobile park mode 605E ( FIG. 29R ) can provide movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to move the MD into the storage space in the vehicle.
  • Mobile park mode 605E ( FIG. 29R ) can provide vehicle control commands to command the vehicle to lock the MD into place, and to close the vehicle door.
  • external application 140 FIG. 16B
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG.
  • Mobile park mode 605E can recall the status of the MD and can begin processing by providing vehicle control commands to command the vehicle to unlock the MD and open the door of the vehicle.
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • Mobile park mode 605E FIG. 29R
  • can provide movement commands 630 FIG. 29R ) to move the MD through the vehicle door and to the passenger door to which it had been summoned by, for example, external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • the vehicle can be tagged in places such as, for example, the entry door for storage of the MD.
  • Mobile park mode 605E can recognize the tags, such as, for example, but not limited to, fiducials, bar codes, and/or QR CODES ® tags, and can execute the method described herein as a result of recognizing the tags.
  • Other tags can be included, such as tags within the storage compartment to indicate the proper storage location and tags on vehicle passenger doors.
  • the tags can be RFID enabled, for example, and the MD can include an RFID reader.
  • method 1051 for automatically storing the MD in a vehicle can include, but is not limited to including, providing 1551 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to locate the door of the vehicle at which the MD will enter to be stored in a storage space in the vehicle, and providing 1553 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to direct the MD to the door. If 1555 the vehicle door is wide enough for the MD to enter, method 1051 can include providing 1557 at least one vehicle control command to command the vehicle to open the door. If 1559 the door is open and if 1561 there is room in the vehicle to store the MD, method 1051 can include providing 1563 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG.
  • Method 1051 can include providing 1565 at least one vehicle control command to command the vehicle to lock the MD into place, and to close the door of the vehicle. If 1555 the vehicle door is not wide enough, or if 1559 the vehicle door is not open, or if 1561 there is no space for the MD, method 1051 can include alerting 1567 the user, and providing 1569 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to return the MD to the user.
  • the at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to store the MD can be received from external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ) and/or automatically generated.
  • Method 1051 can optionally include alerting the user of error conditions through, for example, but not limited to, an audio alert through audio interface 150A ( FIG. 16B ) and/or a message to external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • Method 1051 can optionally invoke obstacle processing 607 ( FIG. 29M ) to assist in locating the door of the vehicle, to determine if there is enough room in the vehicle to store the MD, and to locate any locking mechanism in the vehicle.
  • Method 1051 can include recalling the status of the MD and can include providing vehicle control commands to command the vehicle to unlock the MD and open the door of the vehicle.
  • Method 1051 can include locating the door of the vehicle, or can include accessing the location of the vehicle door from, for example, local storage 607H ( FIG. 29M ) and/or cloud storage 607G ( FIG. 29M ).
  • Method 1051 can include providing movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29R ) to move the MD through the vehicle door and to the passenger door to which it had been summoned by, for example, but not limited to, external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • mobile park mode 605E can include, but is not limited to including, vehicle door processor 691D that can provide at least one movement command 630 to locate door 675 of the vehicle at which the MD will enter to be stored in a storage space in the vehicle.
  • Vehicle door processor 691D can also provide at least one movement command 630 to direct the MD to door 675. If door 675 is wide enough for the MD to enter, vehicle command processor 691C can provide at least one vehicle control command to command the vehicle to open door 675. If door 675 is open and if there is room in the vehicle to store the MD, space processor 691B can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD into the storage space in the vehicle.
  • Vehicle command processor 691C can provide at least one vehicle control command to command the vehicle to lock the MD into place, and to close door 675 of the vehicle. If door 675 is not wide enough, or if door 675 is not open, or if there is no space for the MD, error processor 691E can alert the user, and can provide at least one movement command 630 to return the MD to the user.
  • vehicle door processor 691D can optionally recall the status of the MD, and vehicle command processor 691C can provide vehicle control commands to command the vehicle to unlock the MD and open door 675 of the vehicle.
  • Vehicle door processor 691D can once again locate door 675 of the vehicle, or can access the location of door 675 from, for example, local storage 607H ( FIG. 29M ) and/or cloud storage 607G ( FIG. 29M ), and/or door database 673B.
  • Vehicle door processor 691D can provide movement commands 630 to move the MD through door 675 and to the passenger door to which it had been summoned by, for example, external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • method 1150 for storing/recharging the MD can assist the user in storing and possibly recharging the MD.
  • the MD could be recharged when the user sleeps.
  • commands can be initiated at, for example, external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ), to move perhaps riderless the MD to a storage/docking area.
  • a mode selection by the user while the user occupies the MD can initiate automatic storage/docking functions after the user has exited the MD.
  • commands can be initiated by external application 140 ( FIG. 16B ) to recall the MD to the user.
  • Method 1150 can include, but is not limited to including, locating 1651 at least one storage/charging area, and providing 1655 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29T ) to move the MD from a first location to the storage/charging area.
  • Method 1150 can include locating 1657 a charging dock in the storage/charging area and providing 1663 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29T ) to couple the MD with the charging dock.
  • Method 1150 can optionally include providing at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29T ) to move the MD to the first location when the MD receives an invocation command.
  • method 1150 can optionally include providing 1665 at least one alert to the user, and providing 1667 at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29T ) to move the MD to the first location.
  • static storage/charging mode 605F can include, but is not limited to including, storage/charging area processor 702A that can locate at least one storage/charging area, and can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD from a first location to storage/charging area.
  • Coupling processor 702D can locate a charging dock in storage/charging area, and can provide at least one movement command 630 to couple the MD with the charging dock.
  • Return processor 702B can optionally provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD to the first location when the MD receives an invocation command.
  • error processor 702E can optionally provide at least one alert to the user, and can providing at least one movement command 630 to move the MD to the first location.
  • method 1250 for negotiating an elevator while maneuvering the MD can assist a user in getting on and off elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ) in the MD.
  • Sensor processing 661 can be used to locate elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ), for example, or elevator location 685A ( FIG. 29V ) can be determined from local storage 607H ( FIG. 29M ) and/or storage cloud 607G ( FIG. 29M ).
  • elevator mode 605D FIG. 29V
  • the geometry of elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ) can be determined and movement commands 630 ( FIG. 29V ) can be provided to move the MD into a location that makes it possible for the user to select a desired activity from the elevator selection panel. The location of the MD can also be appropriate for exiting elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ).
  • movement commands 630 FIG. 29V
  • Method 1250 can include, but is not limited to including, locating elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ), where elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ) has an elevator door and an elevator threshold associated with the elevator door.
  • Method 1250 can include providing at least one movement command 630 ( FIG.
  • Method 1250 can also include determining the geometry of elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ), and providing at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29V ) to move the MD into a floor selection/exit location relative to the elevator threshold. Method 1250 can also include providing at least one movement command 630 ( FIG. 29V ) to move the MD across and beyond the elevator threshold to exit elevator 685 ( FIG. 29V ).
  • elevator mode 605D can include, but is not limited to including, elevator locator 711A that can locate elevator 685 having an elevator door and an elevator threshold associated with the elevator door. Elevator locator 711A can save obstacles 623, elevators 685, and elevator locations 685A in elevator database 683B, for example. Elevator database 683B can be located locally or remotely from MD 120. Entry/exit processor 711B can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD through the elevator door beyond the elevator threshold to either enter or exit elevator 685. Elevator geometry processor 711D can determine the geometry of elevator 685. Entry/exit processor 711B can provide at least one movement command 630 to move the MD into a floor selection/exit location relative to the elevator threshold.
  • SSB 143 can provide communications through use of, for example, a CANbus protocol.
  • Devices connected to SSB 143 can be programmed to respond/listen to specific messages received, processed, and transmitted by SSB messaging 130F ( FIG. 16B ).
  • Messages can include packets, which can include, but are not limited to including, data and a CANbus device identification that can identify the source of the packet.
  • Devices receiving CANbus packets can ignore invalid CANbus packets. When an invalid CANbus packet is received, the received device can take alternative measures, depending on, for example, the current mode of the MD, the previous CANbus messages, and the receiving device.
  • the alternate measures can, for example, maintain stability of the MD.
  • the bus master of SSB 143 ( FIG. 16B ) can transmit master sync packet 901 to establish a bus alive sequence on a frame basis and synchronize the time base.
  • PBP A1 43A ( FIG. 18C )
  • PBP B1 43C ( FIG. 18D )
  • PBP A1 43A ( FIG. 18C ) is no longer transmitting on the bus.
  • the master of SSB 143 FIG.
  • PSC packets 905 can include data originated by PSC 11 ( FIG. 16B ), and PBP packets 907 can include data originated by PBP 100 ( FIG. 16B ).
  • user control packets 903 can include header, message ID, and data for messages traveling primarily to and from external applications 140 ( FIG. 16B ) wirelessly, for example, but not limited to, using a BLUETOOTH ® protocol.
  • User control packets 903 ( FIG. 30A ) can include, for example, packet format 701.
  • Packet format 701 can include, but is not limited to including, status 701A, error device identification 701B, mode requested 701C, control out 701D, commanded velocity 701E, commanded turn rate 701F, seat control 701G, and system data 701H.
  • Status 701A can include, but is not limited to including, possibilities such as, for example, self test in progress, device okay, non-fatal device failure (data OK), and fatal device failure in which receiving devices can ignore the data in the packet.
  • UC 130 for example, receives a device failure status
  • UC 130 can post an error to, for example, a graphical user interface (GUI) on UC 130 ( FIG. 12A ).
  • Error device ID 701B can include the logical ID of the device for which received communications has been determined to be erroneous. Error device ID 701B can be set to zero when no errors are received.
  • mode requested code 701C ( FIG. 30B ) can be defined such that a single bit error may not indicate another valid mode.
  • mode codes can include, but are not limited to including, self-test, standard, enhanced or 4-wheel, stair, balance, docking, remote, calibration, update, power off, power on, fail safe, recovery, flasher, door, mobile storage, static storage/charging, rest room, elevator, and enhanced stair, the meanings of which are discussed herein.
  • Mode requested code 701C can indicate if the mode being requested should be processed to (1) either maintain the current mode or execute an allowed mode change or (2) enable situation-dependent processing. In some configurations, special situations can require automatic control of the MD.
  • the MD can transition from stair mode 100-4 ( FIG. 22B ) automatically to enhanced mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22B ) when the MD has reached a top landing of a staircase.
  • the MD can, for example, but not limited to, modify the response of the MD to commands from joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ), for example, by setting the MD to a particular mode.
  • the MD can automatically be set to a slow driving mode when the MD is transitioned out of stair mode 100-4 ( FIG. 22B ).
  • joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) can be disabled.
  • mode availability can be determined based at least in part on current operating conditions.
  • a transition if a transition is not allowed to a user-selected mode from the current mode, the user can be alerted.
  • Certain modes and mode transitions can require user notification and possibly user assistance. For example, adjustments to the seat can be needed when positioning the MD for a determination of the center of gravity of the MD along with the load on the MD. The user can be prompted to perform specific operations based on the current mode and/or the mode to which the transition can occur.
  • the MD can be configured for, for example, but not limited to, fast, medium, medium dampened, or slow speed templates. The speed of the MD can be modified by using, for example, speed template 700 (25A) relating output 703 (25A) (and wheel commands) to joystick displacement 702 (25A).
  • control out 701D can include, but is not limited to including, indications such as, for example, but not limited to, OK to power down 801A, drive selection 801B, emergency power off request 801C, calibration state 801D, mode restriction 801E, user training 801F, and joystick centered 801G.
  • OK to power down 801A can be defined to be zero if power down is not currently allowed
  • mode restriction 801E can be defined to indicate whether or not there are restrictions for entering a particular mode. If the mode can be entered without restriction, bit 3 can be zero. If there are restrictions to entering a mode, for example, but not limited to, balance-critical modes can require certain restrictions to maintain the safety of the passenger of the MD, bit 3 can be one.
  • commanded velocity 701E can include, for example, a value representing forward or reverse speed.
  • Forward velocity can include a positive value and reverse velocity can be a negative value, for example.
  • Commanded turn rate 701F can include a value representing a left or right commanded turn rate.
  • a left turn can include a positive value and a right turn can include a negative value.
  • the value can represent the differential velocity between the left and right of wheels 21201 ( FIG. 1A ) equivalently scaled to commanded velocity 701E.
  • joystick 70007 can include multiple redundant hardware inputs. Signals such as, for example, commanded velocity 701E ( FIG. 30B ), commanded turn rate 701F ( FIG. 30B ), and joystick-centered 801G can be received and processed. Commanded velocity 701E ( FIG. 30B ) and commanded turn rate 701F ( FIG. 30B ) can be determined from a first of the multiple hardware inputs, and joystick-centered 801G can be determined from a second of the hardware inputs. Values of joystick-centered 801G can indicate when a non-zero of commanded velocity 701E ( FIG.
  • commanded velocity 701E ( FIG. 30B ) and commanded turn rate 701F ( FIG. 30B ) can be held to zero by the secondary input to avoid mismatch.
  • joystick 70007 can be indicated as centered.
  • a deadband can indicate the amount of displacement of joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) that can occur before a non-zero output from joystick 70007 ( FIG. 12A ) can appear.
  • the deadband range can set the zero reference region to include an electrical center position that can be, for example, but not limited to, 45% to 55% of the defined signal range.
  • seat control 701G ( FIG. 30B ) can convey seat adjustment commands.
  • Frame lean command 921 can include values such as, for example, invalid, lean forward, lean rearward, and idle.
  • Seat height command 923 can include values such as, for example, invalid, lower seat down, raise seat up, and idle.
  • remote control of the MD can be enabled by secure communications between control device 5107 and controlled device 5111, a configuration of which can include the MD (also referred to as mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ).
  • Control device 5107 can include, but is not limited to including, a cell phone, a personal computer, and a tablet-based device, and is also referred to herein as an external device, a configuration of which can include external application 5107A ( FIG. 31D ).
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • Control device 5107 can include voice recognition that can be used to control controlled device 5111.
  • Control device 5107 and controlled device 5111 can communicate using a first protocol, a second protocol, and, for example, a wireless protocol such as, for example, but not limited to, the BLUETOOTH ® Low Energy protocol.
  • the first protocol can support communications between control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) that can be physically remote from control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • the first protocol can include the RIS protocol in which each message can include header 5511, payload 5517, and data check 5519.
  • Messaging systems executing on control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) can parse header 5511 and verify data check section 5519.
  • Header 5511 can include, but is not limited to including, length of payload 5501, command 5503, sub-command 5515, and sequence number 5505. Sequence number 5505 can be incremented for each new message sent.
  • Data check section 5519 can include, but is not limited to including, a cyclic redundancy check of header 5511 and payload 5517.
  • the first protocol can include, but is not limited to including, messages that can vary in length. Messages can include header 5511, payload 5517, and CRC 5519.
  • Control device interface 5115 FIG. 31A
  • the first protocol can transparently tunnel messages formatted in a second protocol and encapsulated within messages formatted according to the first protocol for transmission and reception over, for example, wireless link 5136. Devices that communicate using the second protocol can be compatible with any updates that might happen in the wireless protocol and/or first protocol and can require no changes to operate seamlessly.
  • communications device drivers can provide driver bytes 5513 before message header 5511 that can be used by, for example, a serial peripheral interface (SPI) and remote communications drivers.
  • Sub-command 5515 can include a response bit that can indicate that the message is a response to command 5503.
  • a maximum message length can be imposed that may not include driver bytes 5513.
  • messages can include therapy commands that can include therapy number 5613 ( FIG. 32A ) in payload 5517.
  • a next therapy number can be provided in either a status message or a response. Therapy commands can be rejected if controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ) has not been configured for therapy.
  • sequence number 5505 of the response message must match sequence number 5505 of the original message.
  • Control device interface 5111 FIG. 31A
  • controlled device interface 5103 can detect and react to communications issues such as, for example, but not limited to, CRC inconsistencies, timeouts, and therapy number inconsistencies.
  • first protocol CRC 5519 can be computed over header 5511 and payload 5517.
  • a response message can be sent.
  • the response can include a negative acknowledgement that can have a code that can indicate the reason the message is considered invalid or inoperable.
  • Messages that fail CRC validation or unexpected message responses can be dropped and treated the same as any message lost during transport.
  • Controlled device interface 5103 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) can both perform source node functions because they can each be the originator of and/or conduit for source messages.
  • Whichever of controlled device interface 5103 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) sends the message can generate a timeout if necessary, perform message send retries, if necessary, and self-generate a dropped message negative acknowledgement response if a dropped message is detected.
  • controlled device interface 5103 can manage the extraction of messages formatted according to the second protocol from first protocol messages and vice versa.
  • Communications message management can include identifying first protocol messages and extracting tunneled second protocol messages as needed.
  • First protocol messages that include second protocol messages can be processed separately from other messages.
  • First protocol messages can be prepared and queued for transmission separately depending on whether second protocol messages are included.
  • Messages formatted according to the second protocol can include control byte, message ID, data, and a CRC computed over control byte, message ID, and data.
  • Control byte 5521 can be used for message addressing and can include a message sequence number that can be generated by controlled device interface 5103 ( FIG.
  • Control byte 5521 can indicate the identification from where a response to the message can be expected.
  • Control byte 5521 can include a processor ID that can identify the processor for which the message is intended.
  • message ID 5523 can provide a command and/or an indication of the identity of message data 5525.
  • message ID 5523 can take on the exemplary values in Table I.
  • the sender of the message having message ID 5523 can expect an exemplary response as shown in Table I.
  • second protocol messages that can be exchanged can include, but are not limited to including, an initialization message that can be sent from control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) to controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), and an initialization response message that can be sent from controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ) to control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • the initialization message can include, but is not limited to including, a protocol map, an application ID, a communication timeout value, and padding.
  • Second protocol messages can include a joystick command that can be sent from control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) to controlled device 5111 ( FIG.
  • Second protocol messages can include commands used to interface with a wireless protocol such as, for example, the BLUETOOTH ® protocol, that can enable communications between control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • the commands can kick off actions such as, for example, scanning for peripherals, discontinuing the scan, retrieving names of peripherals, connecting a peripheral such as, for example, controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ) operating as a peripheral with control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ), and canceling the peripheral connection.
  • the commands can interrogate peripherals, for example, by discovering services and characteristics of the peripherals, reading and setting values of the characteristics. Responses to the commands can include, but are not limited to including, status updates with respect to peripherals, connections, services, and characteristics.
  • first protocol commands can include disabling wireless communications in which control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) can continue operating without control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ), and in which control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) can reactivate if an alarm is received from control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • Second protocol commands can include commands such as, for example, but not limited to, echo, set/get system events, erase logs, get data, force alarm, set log record on control device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), force reset of control device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), startup test for control device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), integration test commands, and radio service commands.
  • Second protocol commands can include commands such as, for example, but not limited to, set an identification of control device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), setting of calibration and measurement options, executing of manufacturing tests, and providing a list of events.
  • wireless communications system 100P can enable control of controlled device 5111 ( FIG. 31A ), for example, but not limited to, mobility device 5111A, through, for example, but not limited to, external application (EA) 5107A executing on control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) (a cell phone, a PC, or a tablet, for example).
  • Wireless communications system 100P can include, but is not limited to including, mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A that can decode and use the messages moving between them.
  • Wireless communications system 100P can include, but is not limited to including, protocol conversion processes 5317, input queues 5311/5335, output queues 5309/5333, state machines 5305E and 5305M, and wireless processors 5325/5330.
  • Mobility device state machine 5305M can manage the process of communicating wirelessly from the perspective of mobility device 5111A.
  • External application state machine 5305E can manage the process of communicating wirelessly from the perspective of external application 5107A.
  • both mobility device state machine 5305M and external application state machine 5305E can manage the entry and exit of states from which messages can be generated and sent and/or received according pre-selected protocols.
  • the messages can, for example, direct mobility device 5111A and/or external application 5107A to respond to a status of dradio 5349.
  • External application wireless processor 5325 can execute on control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and can communicate with external application 5107A.
  • Mobility device wireless processor 5330 can execute on mobility device 5111A and can communicate with components of mobility device 5111A.
  • both external application wireless processor 5325 and mobility device wireless processor 5330 can include a processor, for example, but not limited to, ARM processor 5329, that can execute wireless control code, termed herein, for convenience, dradio 5349.
  • Dradio 5349 executing on control device 5107 can include at least one external application radio state machine 5337E
  • dradio 5349 executing on mobility device 5111A can include at least one mobility device radio state machine 5337M.
  • At least one radio state machine can manage the states of I/O to soft device 5347.
  • Soft device 5347 can include a wireless protocol processor such as, for example, but not limited to, a processor that communicates using the BLUETOOTH ® Low Energy protocol.
  • Both external application radio state machine 5337E and mobility device radio state machine 5337M can manage the states of radios 5331, and can provide information about radios 5331 to external application 5107A and mobility device 5111A.
  • Dradio 5349 can include general-purpose functionality and customized services to support mobility device 5111A, for example.
  • the communication means between mobility device 5111A and control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) can support digital communication between processors that are internal to mobility device 5111A.
  • External applications 5107 can execute on control devices 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) such as, for example, but not limited to, personal computers and mobile devices.
  • the communications means can enable customizing mobility device 5111A for users of varying abilities and physical characteristics, configuring training mode for new users, remote control of the device for stowage, and downloading parametric and performance data.
  • UC 130 FIG. 12A
  • UC 130 can include wireless processor 5325.
  • external application 5107A can send commands to mobility device 5111A and can receive the corresponding responses.
  • External application 5107A can create, for example, but not limited to, messages formatted according to a first protocol such as, for example, but not limited to, the RIS protocol (see FIG. 31C ), to communicate information to processors of mobility device 5111A, and vice versa.
  • External application 5107A can create, for example, but not limited to, messages formatted according to a second protocol such as, for example, but not limited to, the SCA protocol (see FIG. 31B ), to communicate control commands and data to processors of mobility device 5111A.
  • the second protocol can be extensible to accommodate various types of controlled devices 5111 ( FIG. 31A ) and various functions available through external application 5107A.
  • a radio-control application executing on an IPOD ® device can establish communications by using, for example, but not limited to, messages following the RIS protocol (see FIG. 31C ), and can send virtual joystick commands to mobility device 5111A by using, for example, but not limited to, messages following the SCA protocol (see FIG. 31B ).
  • dradio 5349 can, through state machines 5337E/M and soft device 5347, cooperate to scan for peripheral radios, choose one that is advertising its readiness to communicate, and initiate a wireless session with the desired peripheral radio, for example, but not limited to, the peripheral radio of mobility device 5111A.
  • radio 5331 and soft device 5347 can provide BLUETOOTH ® central radio functionality required to set up and maintain communications between mobility device 5111A and control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • external applications 5107A executing on ANDROID ® and iOS devices can use a wireless mechanism internal to ANDROID ® or iOS to communicate with mobility device 5111A.
  • External application state machine 5305E can set up, control, and monitor wireless chip 5325 in a particular mode, such as, for example, central radio mode.
  • dradio 5349 can manage radio 5331 through functionality such as, for example, but not limited to, sending messages and responses to command and interrogate radio 5331, sending data over wireless link 5136, securely pairing remote radios 5331, encrypting radio traffic, filtering pre-selected devices from the list of advertising peripheral radios, and white listing the last-paired remote radios 5331, which can assist with the scan/pair/connect sequence.
  • state machine 5337M can manage radio 5331
  • serial I/O processor 5339 can provide low-level, thread-safe serial I/O support
  • RIS-SCA process 5317 can extract/embed SCA messages from/in RIS protocol payloads.
  • RIS-only messages that are transmitted/received by radio 5331 can be discarded by external application wireless state machine 5305E or controlled device interface 5103.
  • Encapsulated SCA messages for example, but not limited to, commands and status requests, can be placed upon SCA output queue 53190 for transfer to output queue 5309.
  • RIS messages specific to a particular of controlled devices 5115 can augment a basic set of RIS messages.
  • SCA messages can be extracted from incoming RIS messages, and the messages can be dispatched to thread-safe, circular queues for consumption by external application 5107A or mobility device 5111A.
  • Outgoing messages can be queued separately depending on whether they are RIS or SCA messages.
  • RIS messages that originate with external application 5107A can be placed on RIS output Q 5303O and moved to output queue 5309 when a queue slot is available.
  • RIS-SCA process 5317 can retrieve SCA messages from RIS messages and vice versa to maintain transparency to SCA-aware software in system 100P.
  • the encapsulation of messages formatted in the second protocol within messages formatted in the first protocol can enable flexible communications between mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A.
  • External application 5107A can receive information from, for example, a user, and the information can be translated into second protocol messages which can then be encapsulated in first protocol messages and transmitted to mobility device 5111A.
  • Wireless state machines 5305E/M can include software constructs that can manage the states of wireless processors 5325/5330. State machines 5305E/M can maintain the synchronization of peripheral and central radio states of mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A.
  • external application state machine 5305E can recognize states such as, for example, but not limited to idle state 3001 in which radio 5331 experiences no activity, and start-up state 3003 in which radio 5331 is started up.
  • start-up state 3003 external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) is set up to listen for a status message from radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) that tells external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) that radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) is ready to begin.
  • check state 3005 in which external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) awaits the ready-to-begin status message.
  • Other states can include send state 3007 in which external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) requests information about dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ), for example, but not limited to, its software version number, sends a start radio command to dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ), sends a command to dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ) to open up pairing with mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ), and informs dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ) about which of possible mobility devices 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) the user has selected.
  • Wait for acknowledgement state 3009 sets external application state machine 5305E ( FIG.
  • wait for acknowledgement state 3009 informs dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ) that a response was received and loops back to the previous state until a pairing is selected or until scanning is stopped.
  • Other responses that can be awaited can include responses to connect messages and connect status messages in which the state is awaiting the successful connection of mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) with external application 5107A ( FIG. 31D ).
  • Wait to scan state 3011 awaits a command to begin the pairing process and listens for responses from available mobility devices 5111A ( FIG.
  • Start scan state 3013 sends a command to dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ) to start scanning for available mobility devices 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) and sets up a state machine to enable the connection in which external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) enters connected state 3015. If wireless link 5136 ( FIG. 31D ) is lost, or if message responses time out, or at an external request, external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) can enter start reset state 3017 from which radio reset state 3019 can be entered in which a reset command is sent to dradio 5349 ( FIG. 31D ), followed by a wait for a response 3017 to the reset command. Stop state 3021 can set up external application state machine 5305E ( FIG. 31D ) to clean up and return to idle state 3001.
  • mobility device state machine 5305M can include states such as, for example, but not limited to, idle state 3101 in which there is no radio activity, start-up state 3103 in which radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) is enabled, advertise go-ahead state 3105 in which mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 32 ) receives the go-ahead to advertise the availability of mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) for radio communication, and advertise state 3107 in which mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) identifying information is made available to listening radios such as, for example, radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) associated with external application 5107A ( FIG. 31D ).
  • states such as, for example, but not limited to, idle state 3101 in which there is no radio activity, start-up state 3103 in which radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) is enabled
  • advertise go-ahead state 3105 in which mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 32 ) receives the go-ahead to advertise the availability of mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D
  • States can further include waiting for connect request state 3109, accepting a connect request state, connected state 3111 in which mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) can communicate with the desired central radio, and waiting state 3113 in which mobility device 5111A ( FIG. 31D ) awaits the end of a wireless session, whether by user action, or loss of radio signal. States can further include reset request state 3117 from which radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) can be placed in reset state 3119, and auto-reconnect state 3115 in which radio 5331 ( FIG. 31D ) can attempt to automatically reconnect to the wireless session, depending on how the wireless session ended.
  • external application 5107A ( FIG. 31D ) can provide the interface between user interface 5107B executing on an external device and a wireless communications means.
  • the wireless communications means can be based upon the BLUETOOTH ® Low Energy protocol, and can include configuring communications between mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A, initiating the sending of messages between mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A, breaking up of large messages, and enabling virtual joystick commands that are initiated by a user of the external device and are transmitted to mobility device 5111A.
  • Messages that can be exchanged can include, but are not limited to including, scan for devices, stop scan, and retrieve devices, where devices can include mobility device 5111A.
  • Mobility device 5111A and external application 5107A can communicate with wireless processors 5325/5330 that can manage the transmission and reception of messages from between external application 5107A and mobility device 5111A.
  • External application 5107A can generate create message 2001 using, for example, but not limited to, an applications program interface that can communicate with external application wireless processor 5325, which can receive create message 2001, and use the information from create message 2001 to build and send advertising information 2003 to mobility device wireless processor 5330.
  • Advertising information 2003 can include, but is not limited to including, company identification, project identification, and customer identification.
  • Mobility device wireless processor 5330 can use advertising information 2003 to build and send advertising data 2005 through external application wireless processor 5325 to external application 5107A, which can build and send device information to user interface 5107B to display on the external device.
  • External application 5107A can send connect request 2007 to external application wireless processor 5325, which can build and send a connect request to mobility device wireless processor 5330.
  • Mobility device wireless processor 5330 can respond to the connect request through external application wireless processor 5325 to external application 5107A, which can react to the response by sending service request 2009 to external application wireless processor 5325, which can respond by sending services 2011 to external application 5107A.
  • Connect request 2007 can include commands to connect mobility device 5111A and/or cancel the connection to mobility device 5111A.
  • the response to connect request 2007 can include success or failure notifications.
  • External application 5107 can receive services 2011 and notify external device user interface 5107B that the device is connected.
  • a central manager within external application wireless processor 5325 can update the state of external application wireless processor 5325 and send the updated state information to external application 5107A.
  • a disconnect request and response could be exchanged while communications are in progress, and external application wireless processor 5325 can provide the disconnect request to external application 5107A.
  • external application 5107A can query mobility device 5111A by sending messages such as, for example, but not limited to, discovering the services and characteristics of mobility device 5111A, and requesting reading and writing values from/to mobility device 5111A. The query can be answered by a response that can provide data and status of mobility device 5111A.
  • external application 5107A can initiate communications with mobility device 5107A by commanding external application wireless processor 5325 to send initialization message 2013, send joystick enable message 2027, and send heartbeat message 2025 to mobility device wireless processor 5330.
  • Mobility device wireless processor 5330 can receive joystick enable message 2027 and notify mobility device 5111A that the virtual joystick of external application 5107A is enabled.
  • External application wireless processor 5325 can request, through mobility device wireless processor 5330, a status of mobility device 5111A.
  • Mobility device 5111A can receive the status request, access the status, and send status message 2119 through mobility device wireless processor 5330 and external application wireless processor 5325 to external application 5107A, which can provide the status to external device user interface 5107B.
  • External application wireless processor 5325 can request, through mobility device wireless processor 5330, a log from mobility device 5111A.
  • Mobility device 5111A can receive the log request, access the log, and send log message 2121 through mobility device wireless processor 5330 and external application wireless processor 5325 to external application 5107A, which can provide the log to an external storage device.
  • External communications and internal controls can be explicitly or accidently exploited causing minor to catastrophic results.
  • External communications can be put at risk through, for example, but not limited to, malicious modification 5603 of message traffic, eavesdropping and replay 5601, and co-opting control 5621 of control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • Internal control compromises can include, but are not limited to including, malicious and/or erroneous applications 5617 that can cause intended and/or unintended results that can compromise security of the MD.
  • In-flight modification 5603 of message traffic can be detected by standard procedures that can be available in commercial wireless products 5607 such as, for example, but not limited to, products that adhere to the BLUETOOTH ® Low Energy standard in which a secure link can be established using Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange and AES-128 encryption.
  • CRC protection 5605 can also be used to deter in-flight threats.
  • MITM attacks 5601 can include an attacker's monitoring messages, and altering and/or injecting messages into a communication channel.
  • active eavesdropping in which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker.
  • the attacker can intercept messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones.
  • the victim(s) can also be subject to a replay attack in which the MitM records traffic and inserts new messages containing the same text, and then continually plays the messages back.
  • Standard security features of commercial wireless protocols 5607 such as, for example, authentication, confidentiality, and authorization, can thwart some types of MitM attacks 5601.
  • Authentication can include verifying the identity of communicating devices based on their device addresses. Confidentiality can include protecting information from eavesdropping by ensuring that only authorized devices can access and view transmitted data.
  • Authorization can include insuring that a device is authorized to use a service.
  • MITM threats 5601 can be thwarted by using a passkey entry pairing method, an out of band pairing method, or a numeric comparison method.
  • PIN protection 5609 from MitM threats 5601 can include the exchange of a code, for example a six-digit code, between control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) using a short-term key.
  • the six-digit code can be exchanged one bit at a time, and both sides must agree on the bit setting before another bit can be exchanged.
  • control device 5107 FIG. 31A
  • control device interface 5115 FIG. 31A
  • control device interface 5115 FIG. 31A
  • MitM threats 5601 have no access to the six-digit code physically located on control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) and can therefore not assume control of control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) from control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • the pairing mechanism is the process in which control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) exchange identity information that paves the way for setting up encryption keys for future data exchange.
  • the MitM can operate the system and figure out the first protocol. Or the MitM could grab the message traffic between control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) and learn first protocol. Or the MitM could examine internal electrical busses of control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) to capture the first protocol traffic and figure out the first protocol. Clear text obfuscation 5611 can thwart these types of threats. Clear text obfuscation 5611 can include randomizing clear text so that even if the same message is sent over and over, the eavesdropped version varies randomly.
  • Either of control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) can obfuscate the clear text in the message before transmitting the message, and either of control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) can deobfuscate the clear text.
  • the messages Once obfuscated, the messages appear to be random lengths and appear to contain random data and the clear text cannot be seen outside of the control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ).
  • the obfuscation algorithm on control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) can be kept secret through a security feature such as, for example, Licel's DexProtector tool.
  • the obfuscation algorithm can be kept secret on control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) by setting the radio processor in control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) to disallow readback of the code and access to debugging features.
  • the obfuscation algorithm can be "stateless" in that transmitted messages can be recovered independently of any previous message traffic, obviating the need to maintain any shared state between the sender and the receiver.
  • the length of the obfuscated messages can vary randomly.
  • a first number of bytes of every message can be random.
  • the algorithm can execute without ROM for data tables and with a relatively small amount of RAM, code, and compute cycles.
  • method 5150 for obfuscating plain text can include, but is not limited to including, generating 6151 a random byte and using the random byte as a random key, transforming 6153 the random key into a count of random bytes in a known range, generating 6155 the number of random bytes that equals the count, and transforming 6157 several of the random bytes into a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) seed value.
  • Method 5150 can include whitening 6159 an input counted string using the LFSR seed value.
  • method 5160 for deobfuscating the clear text can include, but is not limited to including, transforming 6161 the random key into the count of random bytes in the known range, transforming 6163 several of the random bytes into the LFSR Seed value, dewhitening 6165 the original counted string bytecount value, dewhitening 6167 the counted string using the byte count value.
  • the MitM can record a message between control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) and can replay it inceimpulsly. If control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) is a medical device, a random therapy message number transmitted by controlled device can thwart replay attacks because control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) must reiterate the random therapy message number with a next command message. If control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) does not include the random therapy message number, controlled device can reject the message, thereby preventing replaying the same message over and over.
  • trust boundaries 5619 can be established between control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) and the operating system environment.
  • the trust boundary means can include, but is not limited to including, the use of pre-selected keys, sandboxing, file encryption entitlements, and file system encryption tied to the pre-selected keys.
  • challenge/response process 5615 can be used to thwart malicious actors.
  • control device interface 5115 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) either acting as sender, can present a challenge to control device 5107 ( FIG. 31A ) or control device interface 5115 ( FIG.
  • the method from the point of view of the sender, for thwarting security threats by challenge/response can include, but is not limited to including, picking 7701 a large random number, sending 7703 the large random number to a receiver, and transforming 7705/7709, by the sender and the receiver, the large random number in the same secret way.
  • the method can include hashing or encrypting 7707/7711, by the sender and the receiver, the transformed number in a cryptographically-secure way, receiving 7713, from the receiver, the hashed or encrypted number, and checking 7715 that the number hashed or encrypted by the sender and the number hashed or encrypted by the receiver are equal.
  • the challenge/response process can rely on both sender and receiver using the same secret transform algorithm. At no time does the transformed number travel over the radio in an unencrypted fashion, protecting the secret transform.
  • a controller can use commercially-available tools such as, for example, but not limited to, Licel DEXProtector, that can provide, for example, string, class, and resource encryption, integrity control, and hiding of application programming interfaces.
  • event handing can include dynamic, flexible, and integrated event management among UC 130, PSCs 98/99, and processors 39/41.
  • Event handling can include, but is not limited to including, event receiver 2101, event lookup processor 2103, and event dispatch processor 2105.
  • Event receiver 2101 can receive event 2117 from any parts of the MD including, but not limited to, UC 130, PSC 98/99, and PB 39/41.
  • Event lookup processor 2103 can receive event 2117 from event receiver 2101, and can transform event 2117 to event index 2119.
  • Event lookup process 2103 can use means such as, for example, but not limited to, table lookup and hashing algorithms to create a means to locate event information.
  • Event lookup process 2103 can provide event index 2119 to event dispatch processor 2105.
  • Event dispatch processor 2105 can determine, based at least in part on event index 2119, event entry 2121.
  • Event entry 2121 can include information that can be relevant to responding to event 2117.
  • Events can be processed by UC 130, PSC 98/99, and PB 39/41, each of which can include, but is not limited to including, status level processor 2107, filter processor 2109, action processor 2111, and indications processor 2115.
  • Status level processor 2107 can extract a status level, for example, but not limited to, a fault category, from event entry 2121, and can provide indications based on the status level.
  • status levels for example, a range of values, can accommodate conditions ranging from transient to severe, and can provide indications ranging from possible audible tones to flashing lights and automatic power down.
  • UC 130 can audibly and visually notify the user when, for example, but not limited to, a potential failure condition is detected, and can allow the user to disable alerts, such as, for example, audible alerts.
  • UC 130 can request user confirmation for events such as, for example, but not limited to, powering off, and powering off can be disabled at certain times, for example, but not limited to, in 4-Wheel mode 100-2 ( FIG. 22A ), balance mode 100-3 ( FIG. 22A ), and stair mode 100-4 ( FIG. 22A ).
  • filter processor 2109 can extract from event entry 2121 an indication of when the event 2117 is to be handled.
  • event 2117 can be handled immediately, or can be handled after an elapsed number of times event 2117 has been reported.
  • the reports can be non-consecutive.
  • events 2117 can be reported at a first rate and can be processed at a second rate.
  • event 2117 can be handled when reported, instead of deferring the handling for batch processing, when event 2117 is detected at pre-selected times or for pre-selected types of errors.
  • Each of UC 130, PSC 98/99, and PB 39/41 can include a particular event count threshold.
  • event handling can be latched if a pre-selected number of events 2117 has occurred. In some configurations, the latching can be maintained until a power cycle.
  • action processor 2111 can extract from event entry 2121 an indication of what action is associated with event 2117.
  • actions can include commanding the MD to discontinue motion and placing data in an event log and/or alarm log.
  • event and/or alarm log data from PB 39/41, UC 130, and PSC 98/99 can be managed by PSC 98/99.
  • an external application can retrieve event and/or alarm log data from PSC 98 and PSC 99 and synchronize the data.
  • the data can include a list of alarms and reports that can be associated with particular events and status identifications such as, for example, but not limited to, controller failure and position sensor fault.
  • Controller failures can be associated with an explicit reason for failure that can be logged.
  • event 2117 can be escalated, where escalation can include reporting events 2117 that can be associated with the reported event.
  • event entry 2121 can specify an accumulator to be incremented when event 2117 is detected.
  • the accumulators in all of PB 39/41, UC 130, and PSC 98/99 can be managed by PSC 98/99 and accessed by an external application.
  • event entry 2121 can include a specification of a service-required indication associated with event 2117, which can also be managed by PSC 98/99 and retrieved by an external application as described herein.
  • event entry 2121 can include a black box trigger name to be used when event 2117 is detected.
  • Restriction processor 2113 can extract from event entry 2121 information about immediate and downstream effects of event 2117.
  • immediate effects can include user notifications, for example, audible and visible notifications can be made available when the battery needs to be charged, when the temperature of the MD exceeds a pre-selected threshold, and when the MD needs service.
  • Immediate effects can also include notifying the user of the severity of event 2117.
  • downstream effects can include restricting operational modes based on events 2117.
  • entry can be restricted into enhanced, balance, stair, and remote modes.
  • downstream effects can include effects on the operation of the MD, for example limiting speed, disabling motion, transitioning into certain modes automatically, restricting MD lean, restricting power off, and blocking external application communication.
  • a return to 4-wheel mode can be automatic under certain pre-selected conditions such as, for example, but not limited to, the transition to balancing on two wheels has failed, the pitch of the MD has exceeded the safe operating limit for balance mode, and/or the wheels have lost traction in balance mode.
  • indications processor 2115 can extract from event entry 2121 any indications that should be raised as a result of event 2117.
  • indications can be raised when there is a loss of communications between components of the MD, for example, between PSC 98/99 and UC 130, and between PB 39 and PB 41, and when battery voltage is below a pre-selected threshold.
  • event entry 2121 can provide communications between processes, for example, status flags can provide the status of seat, cluster, yaw, pitch, and IMU indicators.
  • Configurations of the present teachings are directed to computer systems for accomplishing the methods discussed in the description herein, and to computer readable media containing programs for accomplishing these methods.
  • the raw data and results can be stored for future retrieval and processing, printed, displayed, transferred to another computer, and/or transferred elsewhere.
  • Communications links can be wired or wireless, for example, using cellular communication systems, military communications systems, and satellite communications systems. Parts of the system can operate on a computer having a variable number of CPUs. Other alternative computer platforms can be used.
  • the present configuration is also directed to software for accomplishing the methods discussed herein, and computer readable media storing software for accomplishing these methods.
  • the various modules described herein can be accomplished on the same CPU, or can be accomplished on a different computer.
  • the present configuration has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the present configuration is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the present configuration into effect.
  • Methods can be, in whole or in part, implemented electronically.
  • Signals representing actions taken by elements of the system and other disclosed configurations can travel over at least one live communications network.
  • Control and data information can be electronically executed and stored on at least one computer-readable medium.
  • the system can be implemented to execute on at least one computer node in at least one live communications network.
  • At least one computer-readable medium can include, for example, but not be limited to, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a compact disk read only memory or any other optical medium, punched cards, paper tape, or any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a random access memory, a programmable read only memory, and erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a Flash EPROM, or any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
  • a floppy disk a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium
  • a compact disk read only memory or any other optical medium punched cards, paper tape, or any other physical medium with patterns of holes
  • EPROM erasable programmable read only memory
  • Flash EPROM any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
  • the at least one computer readable medium can contain graphs in any form, subject to appropriate licenses where necessary, including, but not limited to, Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics (PNG), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).
  • GIF Graphic Interchange Format
  • JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
  • PNG Portable Network Graphics
  • SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
  • TIFF Tagged Image File Format

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Motorcycle And Bicycle Frame (AREA)
  • Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Rehabilitation Tools (AREA)
  • Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
EP22158965.8A 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device Active EP4026529B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201662339723P 2016-05-20 2016-05-20
US201662403030P 2016-09-30 2016-09-30
US15/441,190 US10220843B2 (en) 2016-02-23 2017-02-23 Mobility device control system
US15/486,980 US10802495B2 (en) 2016-04-14 2017-04-13 User control device for a transporter
PCT/US2017/033705 WO2017201513A1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device
EP17730984.6A EP3458007B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17730984.6A Division EP3458007B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device
EP17730984.6A Division-Into EP3458007B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4026529A1 EP4026529A1 (en) 2022-07-13
EP4026529B1 true EP4026529B1 (en) 2024-02-07

Family

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EP22158965.8A Active EP4026529B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device
EP17730984.6A Active EP3458007B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17730984.6A Active EP3458007B1 (en) 2016-05-20 2017-05-20 Mobility device

Country Status (8)

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EP (2) EP4026529B1 (ja)
JP (7) JP7128746B2 (ja)
AU (3) AU2017268465B2 (ja)
CA (1) CA3025067A1 (ja)
DK (2) DK4026529T3 (ja)
MX (2) MX2018014254A (ja)
PT (1) PT4026529T (ja)
WO (1) WO2017201513A1 (ja)

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WO2017201513A1 (en) 2017-11-23
AU2017268465A1 (en) 2018-12-06
JP2024102256A (ja) 2024-07-30
DK3458007T3 (da) 2022-11-21
AU2017268465B2 (en) 2022-01-13
EP4026529A1 (en) 2022-07-13
JP7416850B2 (ja) 2024-01-17
JP2019523662A (ja) 2019-08-29
EP3458007A1 (en) 2019-03-27
JP2022095844A (ja) 2022-06-28
MX2023008304A (es) 2024-02-29
AU2021286414B2 (en) 2023-05-18
JP2020124607A (ja) 2020-08-20
CA3025067A1 (en) 2017-11-23
AU2021286414A1 (en) 2022-01-20
JP7353332B2 (ja) 2023-09-29
PT4026529T (pt) 2024-04-23
EP3458007B1 (en) 2022-08-17
JP2024109646A (ja) 2024-08-14
JP7128746B2 (ja) 2022-08-31
MX2018014254A (es) 2019-08-16
AU2022202340B2 (en) 2024-05-30
JP2023062166A (ja) 2023-05-02
DK4026529T3 (da) 2024-04-22
JP2021183197A (ja) 2021-12-02
AU2022202340A1 (en) 2022-04-28

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