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  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the transformation and genetic modification of bacteria, in particular belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, typically of solventogenic bacteria, for example of the genus Clostridium, preferably of bacteria possessing in the wild state both a bacterial chromosome and minus one DNA molecule (or natural plasmid) distinct from chromosomal DNA.
• a genetic modification involving in particular a nucleic acid sequence used to facilitate the transformation of the bacterium, said sequence comprising i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• the description also covers the genetically modified bacteria obtained and their uses, in particular to produce a solvent, preferably on an industrial scale.
• Clostridium contains Gram-positive bacteria, strictly anaerobic and sporulating, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. Clostridia are an important group to the scientific community for several reasons. The first is that a number of serious diseases (e.g. tetanus, botulism) are due to infections of pathogenic members of this family (John & Wood, 1986; Gonzales et al., 2014). The second is the possibility of using so-called acidogenic or solventogenic strains in biotechnology (Moon et al., 2016).
• Clostridia non-pathogenic, naturally have the capacity to convert a large variety of sugars to produce chemical species of interest, and more particularly acetone, butanol, and ethanol (John & Wood, 1986) in during a fermentation process called ABE.
• IBE fermentation is possible in some particular species, in which acetone is reduced in variable proportion to isopropanol (Chen et al., 1986, George et al., 1983) thanks to the presence in the genome of these strains of genes encoding secondary alcohol dehydrogenases (s-ADH; Ismael et al., 1993, Hiu et al., 1987).
• Solventogenic Clostridia species exhibit significant phenotypic similarities, which made their classification difficult before the emergence of modern sequencing techniques (Rogers et al., 2006). With the possibility of sequencing the complete genomes of these bacteria, it is now possible to classify this bacterial genus into 4 major species: C. acetobutylicum, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum, C. saccharobutylicum and C. beijerinckii.
• a recent publication proposes, after comparative analysis of the complete genomes of 30 strains, to classify these solventogenic Clostridia into 4 main clades ( Figure 1). These groups in particular separate the species C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii with the respective references C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (also designated DSM 792 or LMG 5710) and C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. These latter are model strains for the study of ABE fermentation.
• Clostridium strains naturally capable of carrying out IBE fermentation are few in number and mostly belong to the Clostridium beijerinckii species (see Zhang et al., 2018, Table 1). These strains are typically selected from C. butylicum LMD 27.6, C. aurantibutylicum NCIB 10659, C. beijerinckii LMD 27.6, C. beijerinckii VPI2968, C. beijerinckii NRRL B-593, C. beijerinckii ATCC 6014, C. beijerinckii McClung 3081 , C. isopropylicum IAM 19239, C. beijerinckii DSM 6423, C. sp. A1424, C. beijerinckii optinoii, and C. beijerinckii BGS1.
• nuclease typically a Cas-type nuclease in the case of the CRISPR / Cas genetic tool, such as the Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes
• gRNA guide RNA
• the tools based on CRISPR technology have the major drawback of significantly limiting the size of the nucleic acid. of interest (and therefore the number of coding sequences or genes) likely to be inserted into the bacterial genome (approximately 1.8 kb at best according to Xu et al., 2015).
• the inventors have developed and described a more efficient genetic tool for modifying bacteria, suitable for bacteria of the Clostridium genus, based on the use of two distinct nucleic acids, typically of two plasmids (WO2017064439, Wasels et al., 2017 and Figure 3) which solves this problem in particular.
• the first nucleic acid of this tool allows the expression of cas9 and a second nucleic acid, specific for the modification to be carried out, contains one or more gRNA expression cassettes as well as a matrix of repair allowing the replacement of a portion of the bacterial DNA targeted by Cas9 by a sequence of interest.
• At least one nucleic acid comprises a sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein ("acr"), placed under the control of an inducible promoter.
• acr anti-CRISPR protein
• the inventors have also very recently succeeded in genetically modifying bacteria comprising in the wild state a gene conferring on the bacteria resistance to one or more antibiotics in order to make them sensitive to the said antibiotic (s), this which facilitated the use of their genetic tool based on the use of at least two nucleic acids. They thus succeeded in genetically modifying the strain C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 naturally producing isopropanol. They succeeded in particular in eliminating from this strain a natural plasmid which is not essential for the strain, identified in the present description as “pNF2” (cf. FRI 8/73492).
• the inventors then discovered, and reveal for the first time in the context of the present invention, that the elimination of this plasmid pNF2 makes it possible to obtain a C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 bacterium for which the efficiency of introducing material genetic (ie transformation) is increased by a factor of between approximately 10 1 and 5 x 10 3 .
• the inventors also succeeded in still very significantly improve the genetic tool based on the use of at least two nucleic acids, using part of the plasmid pNF2 in order to design particular nucleic acids carrying a sequence allowing modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or to express within a bacterium a DNA sequence absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• These nucleic acids and new tools dramatically improve the efficiency of transformation of bacteria, in particular the efficiency of transformation of bacteria previously freed of the natural plasmid (s) they contain in the wild state.
• the present invention thus very advantageously facilitates the efficiency of transformation and therefore the exploitation of bacteria, in particular on an industrial scale.
• the inventors describe, in the context of the present invention and for the first time, a nucleic acid (also identified in the present text as "OPT" nucleic acid) facilitating the transformation of bacteria (by improving maintenance within said bacteria. of all the genetic material introduced).
• the OPT nucleic acid comprises i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a sequence of DNA partially or totally absent from the genetic material present in the wild version of said bacterium.
• the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 is also identified herein as nucleic acid "OREP".
• the inventors have succeeded in improving the frequencies of transformation of a nucleic acid within the bacterium C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 in particular by deleting the OREP sequence within said bacteria and by advantageously using all or part of this OREP sequence to construct nucleic acids and / or genetic tools allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacteria.
• the OREP sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 127) encoding a protein involved in the replication of an OPT nucleic acid of interest.
• This protein involved in replication is also identified in this text as "REP" protein (SEQ ID NO: 128 - "MNNNNTESEELKEQSQLLLDKCTKKKKKNPKFSSYIEPLVSKKLSERIKECGDFLQMLSDLNLE NSKLHRASFCGNRFCPMCSWRIACKDSLEISILMEHLRKEESKEFIFLTLTTPNVKGADLDNSIKA YNKAFKKLMERKEVKSIVKGYIRKLEVTYNLDKSSKSYNTYHPHFHVVLAVNRSYFKKQNLYIN HHRWLSLWQESTGDYSITQVDVRKAKINDYKEVYELAKYSAKDSDYLINREVFTVFYKSLKGK QVLVFSGLFKDAHKMYKNGELDLYKKLDTIEYAYMVSYNWLKKKY
• the REP protein has a domain conserved in firmicutes, called “COG 5655” (Plasmid rolling circle replication initiator protein REP), of sequence SEQ ID NO: 129. Also described is a genetic tool allowing the optimized transformation then the modification by homologous recombination of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the material of a bacterium.
• bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus (Hidalgo-Cantabrana, C. et al.; Yadav, R. et al.).
• the modification tool by homologous recombination is typically characterized i) in that it comprises at least:
• first nucleic acid encoding at least one DNA endonuclease, for example the enzyme Cas9, in which the sequence encoding the DNA endonuclease is placed under the control of a promoter, and
• At least one of said nucleic acids further encodes one or more guide RNAs (gRNA) or in that the genetic tool further comprises one or more guide RNAs, each guide RNA comprising a binding RNA structure to the DNA endonuclease and a sequence complementary to the targeted portion of the bacterial DNA, and preferably iii) in that at least one of said nucleic acids further comprises a sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter, or in that the genetic tool further comprises a third nucleic acid encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter.
• gRNA guide RNAs
• such a genetic tool comprising at least:
• first nucleic acid encoding at least one DNA endonuclease, in which the sequence encoding the DNA endonuclease is placed under the control of a promoter
• nucleic acid comprising, or consisting of, an “OREP nucleic acid” sequence, ie comprising, or consisting of, i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• the “second nucleic acid containing a repair template” as described above comprises this “other nucleic acid”.
• the inventors also describe a process for transforming, and preferably for genetically modifying, for example by homologous recombination, a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, typically a solventogenic bacterium. , as well as the bacterium (s) obtained (transformed (s) and typically genetically modified (s)) using such a process.
• This method advantageously comprises a step of transforming the bacterium by introducing into said bacterium all or part of a genetic tool as described in the present text, in particular of a nucleic acid (“nucleic acid OREP ”) comprising, or consisting of, i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence that is partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• nucleic acid OREP nucleic acid
• this method advantageously comprises the following steps: a) introduction into the bacterium of a genetic tool as described in the present text, preferably in the presence of an agent inducing the expression of anti-CRISPR protein, and
• step b) culture of the transformed bacterium obtained at the end of step a) on a medium not containing the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein, and typically allowing the expression of the ribonucleoprotein endonuclease complex DNA / gRNA, for example Cas9 / gRNA.
• the inventors also describe a kit for transforming, and preferably genetically modifying, a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, or for producing at least one solvent, for example a mixture of solvents, using such a bacterium.
• This kit preferably comprises a nucleic acid as described in the present text and an inducer suitable for the inducible promoter of the expression of the selected anti-CRISPR protein used in the genetic tool as described in this text.
• the kit comprises all or part of the elements of a genetic tool as described in this text.
• a nucleic acid or a genetic tool for the first time in the present text, for transforming and possibly genetically modifying a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, preferably a bacterium possessing in the wild state both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from the chromosomal DNA (typically a natural plasmid).
• a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, preferably a bacterium possessing in the wild state both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from the chromosomal DNA (typically a natural plasmid).
• a nucleic acid of a genetic tool, of a method for transforming and preferably genetically modifying such a bacterium, of the bacterium obtained by such a method and / or a kit, to allow the production, preferably on an industrial scale, of a solvent or of a mixture of solvents, preferably acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol or d a mixture of these, typically of an isopropanofbutanol, butanol / ethanol or isopropanol / ethanol mixture.
• bacteria of the Clostridium genus naturally producing isopropanol typically possessing in their genome an adh gene encoding a primary / secondary alcohol dehydrogenase which allows the reduction of acetone to isopropanol, are distinguished both genetically and functionally from bacteria naturally capable of ABE fermentation.
• the inventors have advantageously succeeded, in the context of the present invention, in transforming and genetically modifying a bacterium of the Clostridium genus naturally producing isopropanol, the bacterium C. beijerinckii DSM 6423, as well as the reference strain C. acetobutylicum DSM 792.
• the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain is naturally sensitive to erythromycin but resistant to thiamphenicol.
• Patent application No. FRI 8/73492 describes a particular strain, the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB strain (also identified in the present text as C. beijerinckii IFP962 AcatB), made sensitive to thiamphenicol.
• the inventors have succeeded in removing from the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain its natural plasmid pNF2 and obtained a C. beijerinckii DSM6423 AcatB ApNF2 strain (also identified in the present text as C. beijerinckii IFP963 AcatB ApNF2).
• This strain is characterized for the first time in the context of the present application. It was registered on February 20, 2019 under the deposit number LMG P- 31277 with the BCCM-LMG collection. This strain lacks the catB gene of sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 and the plasmid pNF2 (wild type). The description also relates to any bacterium derived, cloned, mutant or genetically modified version thereof, typically also lacking the catB gene of sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 and the plasmid pNF2 (wild-type).
• non-chromosomal (bacterial) DNA or "natural (bacterial) plasmid”
• genetically modified using a nucleic acid and / or genetic tool described in the context of the present invention so as not to include at least one of its molecules of non-chromosomal DNA, typically several of its non-chromosomal DNA molecules (eg two, three or four non-chromosomal DNA molecules), preferably all of its non-chromosomal DNA molecules.
• a solventogenic bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, more particularly a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, naturally capable (ie capable of wild state) to produce isopropanol, in particular naturally capable of carrying out IBE fermentation, which has been genetically modified and has, due to this genetic modification, in particular lost at least one natural plasmid (ie a naturally occurring plasmid present in the wild version of said bacterium), preferably all of its natural plasmids, as well as the tools, in particular the genetic tools, which made it possible to obtain it.
• a solventogenic bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, more particularly a bacterium of the genus Clostridium,
• the inventors have thus succeeded in making sensitive to an antibiotic belonging to the class of amphenicols, a bacterium naturally carrying (carrier in the wild state) of a gene encoding an enzyme responsible for resistance to these antibiotics. .
• Other preferred bacteria contain, in the wild, both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from chromosomal DNA.
• Also preferred bacteria contain, in the wild, both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from chromosomal DNA, as well as a gene conferring resistance to an antibiotic.
• this gene encodes an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, for example a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase or a thiamphenicol-O-acetyltransferase.
• a first object described by the inventors relates to a nucleic acid (identified in the present text as “OPT” nucleic acid), advantageously usable to facilitate the transformation of bacteria by improving the maintenance within said bacteria of all the genetic material.
• This OPT nucleic acid comprises i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 (“OREP” sequence) or of a functional variant thereof and ii) a sequence (also identified in the present text as “ sequence of interest ') allowing modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• the OREP sequence (SEQ ID NO: 126) comprises a nucleotide sequence of sequence SEQ ID NO: 127.
• the sequence SEQ ID NO: 127 preferably comprises a sequence encoding a protein involved in the replication of the OPT nucleic acid.
• a protein considered to be involved in replication is also identified in the present text as a “REP” protein (SEQ ID NO: 128).
• the REP protein has a domain conserved in Firmicutes, called “COG 5655”, of sequence SEQ ID NO: 129.
• the OPT nucleic acid comprises part of the OREP sequence (SEQ ID NO: 126), typically one or more fragments of the OREP sequence, preferably at least the sequence encoding the REP protein (SEQ ID NO: 128) or a variant or functional fragment thereof (ie the fragment involved in replication), typically the sequence SEQ ID NO: 127 or a variant or fragment thereof encoding the fragment involved, within the sequence.
• REP protein in the replication of an OPT nucleic acid.
• the functional fragment of the OREP sequence encoding the fragment, present within the REP protein, involved in the replication of an OPT nucleic acid comprises the domain of sequence SEQ ID NO: 129.
• nucleic acid fragments encoding a functional fragment of the REP protein are capable of being easily prepared by those skilled in the art.
• a typical example of a variant has sequence homology with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 127 of between 70% and 100%, preferably between 85 and 99%, even more preferably between 95 and 99%, for example 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%.
• the functional fragment or variant of the OREP sequence encodes a protein involved in the replication of OPT nucleic acid.
• the functional fragment or variant of the OREP sequence comprises, in addition to the sequence encoding a protein (for example the REP protein) involved in the replication of the OPT nucleic acid (for example a genetic construct of the plasmid type) or of a variant or functional fragment thereof, a site of 1 to 150 bases, preferably of 1 to 15 bases, for example a sequence rich in bases A and T (Rajewska et al .), preferably a site present within the plasmid pNF2 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 18, allowing the binding of a protein allowing the replication of the nucleic acid OPT.
• a protein for example the REP protein
• the OPT nucleic acid for example a genetic construct of the plasmid type
• a variant or functional fragment thereof for example a site of 1 to 150 bases, preferably of 1 to 15 bases, for example a sequence rich in bases A and T (Rajewska et al .)
• the sequence of interest allowing the modification of the genetic material of the bacterium is typically a modification matrix allowing, for example by a homologous recombination mechanism, for example according to one of the methods described in the present text, the replacement of a portion of the bacteria's genetic material by a sequence of interest.
• the sequence of interest allowing the modification of the genetic material of the bacterium can also be a sequence recognizing (binding at least in part), and preferably targeting, ie recognizing and allowing the cut, in the genome of a bacterium of interest. , at least one strand i) of a target sequence, ii) of a sequence controlling the transcription of a target sequence, or iii) of a sequence flanking a target sequence.
• sequence of interest allowing the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium typically allows the bacterium to express one or more proteins that it is incapable of expressing, or of expressing in sufficient quantity, in the wild.
• “OPT nucleic acid” further comprises iii) a sequence encoding a DNA endonuclease, for example Cas9, and / or iv) one or more guide RNAs (gRNA), each gRNA comprising an RNA structure binding to the DNA endonuclease and a sequence complementary to the targeted portion of the genetic material of the bacteria.
• gRNA guide RNAs
• OPT nucleic acid does not exhibit methylation at the level of the units recognized by the methyltransferases of the Dam and Dcm type.
• the “OPT nucleic acid” is selected from an expression cassette and a vector, and is preferably a plasmid, for example a plasmid having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 19, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124 and SEQ ID NO: 125.
• Another object described by the inventors relates to a genetic tool that can be used to transform and / or genetically modify a bacterium of interest, typically a bacterium as described in the present text belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium. , of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, preferably a bacterium of the genus Clostridium naturally capable (ie capable in the wild state) of producing isopropanol, in particular naturally capable of carrying out IBE fermentation, preferably a resistant bacterium naturally to one or more antibiotics, such as C. beijerinckii bacteria.
• a preferred bacteria has both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from chromosomal DNA in the wild.
• bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes is meant, in the context of the present description, bacteria belonging to the class of Clostridia, Mollicutes, Bacilli or Togobacteria, preferably to the class of Clostridia or Bacilli.
• Particular bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes include, for example, bacteria of the genus Clostridium, bacteria of the genus Bacillus or bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus.
• bacteria of the genus Clostridium is understood to mean in particular the Clostridium species said to be of industrial interest, typically the solvent-causing or acetogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium.
• the expression "bacterium of the genus Clostridium” encompasses wild bacteria as well as the strains derived from these, genetically modified with the aim of improving their performance (for example overexpressing the ctfA, ctfB and a de genes) without having been exposed. to the CRISPR system.
• Clostridium species of industrial interest the species capable of producing, by fermentation, solvents and acids such as butyric acid or acetic acid, from sugars or from oses, typically from sugars comprising 5 carbon atoms such as xylose, arabinose or fructose, from sugars comprising 6 carbon atoms such as glucose or mannose, from polysaccharides such as cellulose or hemicelluloses and / or any other source of carbon which can be assimilated and used by bacteria of the Clostridium genus (CO, CO2, and methanol for example).
• solvents and acids such as butyric acid or acetic acid
• solvent-forming bacteria of interest are bacteria of the genus Clostridium producing acetone, butanol, ethanol and / or isopropanol, such as the strains identified in the literature as “ABE strain” [strains producing fermentations allowing the production of acetone, butanol and ethanol] and “strain IBE” [strains carrying out fermentations allowing the production of isopropanol (by reduction of acetone), butanol and ethanol].
• Solventogenic bacteria of the Clostridium genus can be selected, for example, from C. acetobutylicum, C. cellulolyticum, C. phytofermentans, C. beijerinckii, C. saccharobutylicum, C.
• saccharoperbutylacetonicum C. sporogenes, C. butyricum, C. aurantibutyricum and C. tyrobutyricum, preferably from C. acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii, C. butyricum, C. tyrobutyricum and C. cellulolyticum, and even more preferably from C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii.
• a bacterium capable of producing isopropanol in the wild state may for example be a bacterium selected from a C. beijerinckii bacterium, a C. diolis bacterium, C. puniceum bacteria, C. butyricum bacteria, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum bacteria, C. botulinum bacteria, C. drakei bacteria, C. scatologenes bacteria, C. perfringens bacteria, and C. tunisiense bacteria, from preferably a bacterium selected from a C. beijerinckii bacterium, a C. diolis bacterium, a C.
• puniceum bacterium and a C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum bacterium.
• the acetogenic bacteria of interest are bacteria that produce acids and / or solvents from CO2 and 3 ⁇ 4.
• Acetogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium can be selected, for example, from C. aceticum, C. thermoaceticum, C. ljungdahlii, C. autoethanogenum, C. difficile, C. scatologenes and C. carboxydivorans.
• the bacterium of the Clostridium genus concerned is an “ABE strain”, preferably the DSM 792 strain (also designated strain ATCC 824 or also LMG 5710) of C. acetobutylicum, or the NCIMB 8052 strain of C. beijerinckii.
• the bacterium of the Clostridium genus concerned is an “IBE strain”, preferably a subclade of C. beijerinckii selected from DSM 6423, LMG 7814, LMG 7815, NRRL B-593, NCCB 27006, or a bacterium C. aurantibutyricum DSZM 793 (Georges et al., 1983), and a subclade of such a bacterium C. beijerinckii or C. aurantibutyricum exhibiting at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98 % or 99% identity with strain DSM 6423.
• the inventors carried out fermentation tests confirming that the C. beijerinckii bacteria of the DSM 6423, LMG 7815 and NCCB 27006 subclade are capable of producing isopropanol in the wild state (see Table 1).
• the C. beijerinckii bacterium is the bacterium of DSM 6423 subclade.
• the C. beijerinckii bacterium is a C. beijerinckii strain IFP963 AcalB ApNF2 (registered on February 20, 2019 under the deposit number LMG P-31277 from the BCCM-LMG collection, and also identified herein as C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB ApNF2), or a genetically modified version thereof.
• the bacterium C. beijerinckii IFP963 AcatB ApNF2, or said genetically modified version thereof lacks the catB gene of sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 and of the plasmid pNF2.
• bacterium of the genus Bacillus is meant in particular B. amyloliquefaciens, B. thurigiensis, B. coagulans, B. cereus, B. anthracis or also B. subtilis.
• the strain IFP963 AcatB ApNF2 can thus be transformed with an efficiency 10 to 5 ⁇ 10 3 times greater than its wild-type counterpart or to the strain DSM 6423 AcatB (also identified in the present text as IFP962 AcatB).
• the bacterium intended to be transformed, and preferably genetically modified is preferably a bacterium which has been exposed to a first step of transformation and to a first step of genetic modification using a nucleic acid or genetic tool according to l 'invention having made it possible to delete at least one extrachromosomal DNA molecule (typically at least one plasmid) naturally present within said bacterium in the wild state.
• a particular genetic tool described by the inventors is characterized i) in that it comprises at least:
• first nucleic acid encoding at least one DNA endonuclease, for example the enzyme Cas9, in which the sequence encoding the DNA endonuclease is placed under the control of a promoter, and
• At least one of said nucleic acids further encodes one or more guide RNAs (gRNA) or in that the genetic tool further comprises one or more guide RNAs, each guide RNA comprising a binding RNA structure DNA endonuclease and a sequence complementary to the targeted portion of bacterial DNA.
• gRNA guide RNAs
• RNA is in the form of a chimeric RNA which consists of the combination of a bacterial CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a tracrRNA (// vms-activating RNA CRISPR) (linek et al., Science 2012 ).
• the gRNA combines the targeting specificity of the crRNA corresponding to the "spacer sequences" which serve as guides for the Cas proteins, and the conformational properties of the rRNA into a single transcript.
• the target genomic sequence is typically advantageously permanently modified by virtue of a repair matrix provided.
• the genetic tool according to the invention is preferably characterized iii) in that at least one of said (“first” and “second”) nucleic acids further comprises a sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter, or in that the genetic tool further comprises a third nucleic acid encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter.
• a genetic tool comprising at least:
• nucleic acid (or an “umpteenth nucleic acid”) comprising, or consisting of, a nucleic acid sequence “OPT”, ie a sequence comprising i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 (“OREP ”) And ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or completely absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium, at least one of said nucleic acids of this particular genetic tool preferably further comprising a sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter, or said particular genetic tool preferably further comprising a third nucleic acid encoding an anti-CRISPR protein placed under the control of an inducible promoter.
• the “second” or “nth nucleic acid containing a repair template” as described above comprises, or consists of, this “other nucleic acid”.
• the “first nucleic acid” further encodes one or more guide RNAs (gRNA).
• gRNA guide RNAs
• nucleic acid is understood to mean any natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic or recombinant DNA or RNA molecule, optionally chemically modified (ie comprising non-natural bases, modified nucleotides comprising by example a modified binding, modified bases and / or modified sugars), or optimized so that the codons of the transcripts synthesized from the coding sequences are the codons most frequently found in a bacterium of the genus Clostridium for its use in it.
• the optimized codons are typically codons rich in adenine (“A”) and thymine (“T”) bases.
• C cysteine
• D aspartic acid
• E glutamic acid
• F phenylalanine
• G glycine
• H histidine
• I isoleucine
• K lysine
• L leucine
• M methionine
• N asparagine
• P proline
• Q glutamine
• R arginine
• S serine
• T threonine
• V valine
• W tryptophan
• Y tyrosine.
• a genetic tool described in the context of the present invention comprises a first nucleic acid encoding at least one DNA endonuclease (also identified in the present text as “nuclease”), typically a Cas type nuclease, for example Cas9 or MAD7.
• DNA endonuclease also identified in the present text as “nuclease”
• Cas type nuclease for example Cas9 or MAD7.
• Cas9 is meant the Cas9 protein (also called CRISPR-associated protein 9, Csnl or Csxl2) or a functional protein, peptide or polypeptide fragment thereof, ie capable of interacting with the guide RNA (s) and of to exert the enzymatic (nuclease) activity which allows it to carry out the double strand cleavage of the DNA of the target genome.
• Cas9 can thus denote a modified protein, for example truncated in order to delete the domains of the protein which are not essential for the predefined functions of the protein, in particular the domains not necessary for the interaction with the gRNA (s).
• the MAD7 nuclease (the amino acid sequence of which corresponds to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 72), also identified as “Cas 12” or “Cpfl”, can otherwise be advantageously used in the context of the present invention by the combining with one or more gRNAs known to those skilled in the art capable of binding to such a nuclease (cf. Garcia-Doval et al., 2017 and Stella S. et al., 2017).
• the sequence encoding the MAD7 nuclease is a sequence optimized to be easily expressed in strains of Clostridium, preferably the sequence SEQ ID NO: 71.
• sequence encoding the MAD7 nuclease is a sequence optimized to be easily expressed in strains of Bacillus, preferably the sequence SEQ ID NO: 132.
• the Cas9 encoding sequence (the entire protein or a fragment thereof) as usable in one of the exemplary possible embodiments of the invention can be obtained from any known Cas9 protein (Makarova et al. , 201 1).
• Cas9 proteins which can be used in the present invention include, without being limited thereto, the Cas9 proteins of S. pyogenes (cf.
• the Cas9 protein, or a functional protein, peptide or polypeptide fragment thereof, encoded by one of the nucleic acids of the genetic tool according to the invention comprises, or consists of, the sequence of amino acids SEQ ID NO: 75, or any other amino acid sequence having at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, identity therewith, and containing at least the two aspartic acids ("D ") Occupying positions 10 (" D10 ”) and 840 (" D840 ") of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 75.
• Cas9 comprises, or consists of, the Cas9 protein (NCBI accession number: WP_010922251.1, SEQ ID NO: 75), encoded by the cas9 gene of the strain of S. pyogenes M1 GAS ( NCBI entry number: NC 002737.2 SPy_1046, SEQ ID NO: 76) or an optimized version thereof ("optimized version") that results in a transcript containing the codons used preferably by bacteria of the Clostridium genus, typically codons rich in adenine (“A”) and thymine (“T”) bases, allowing facilitated expression of the Cas9 protein within this bacterial genus.
• These optimized codons respect the codon usage bias, well known to those skilled in the art, specific to each bacterial strain.
• the Cas9 domain consists of an entire Cas9 protein, preferably the Cas9 protein of S. pyogenes or of an optimized version thereof.
• each of the nucleic acids of a genetic tool described in the present text consists of a distinct entity and is typically in the form of 'an expression cassette (or “construct”) such as for example a nucleic acid comprising at least one transcriptional promoter linked in an operational manner (as understood by those skilled in the art) to one or more (coding) sequences of interest, for example to an operon comprising several coding sequences of interest, the expression products of which contribute to the achievement of a function of interest within the bacterium, or a nucleic acid further comprising an activator sequence and / or a transcription terminator; or in the form of a vector, circular or linear, single or double stranded, for example a plasmid, a phage, a cosmid, an artificial or synthetic chromosome, comprising one or more expression cassettes as defined above.
• the vector is a plasmid
• the nucleic acids of interest can be constructed by standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art and can comprise one or more promoters, origins of bacterial replication (ORI sequences) , termination sequences, selection genes, for example antibiotic resistance genes, and sequences ("flanked regions") permitting the targeted insertion of the cassette or the vector.
• cassettes and expression vectors can be integrated within the bacterial genome by techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
• ORI sequences of interest can be chosen from pIP404, rAMbI, repH (origin of replication in C. acetobutylicum), ColE1 or rep (origin of replication in E. coli), or any other origin of replication allowing the maintenance of the vector, typically from the plasmid, within a bacterial cell, for example a Clostridium or Bacillus cell.
• a preferred ORI sequence is that present within the OREP sequence (SEQ ID NO: 126) of the plasmid pNF2 (SEQ ID NO: 1 18).
• the termination sequences of interest can be chosen from those of the adc, th1 genes, of the bcs operon, or of any other terminator, well known to those skilled in the art, allowing the stopping of transcription within. of a bacterial cell, for example of a Clostridium or Bacillus cell.
• Selection genes (resistance genes) of interest can be chosen from ermB, catP, bla, tetA, tetM, and / or any other gene for resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, spectinomycin, tetracycline or any other antibiotic which can be used to select bacteria, for example of the genus Clostridium or Bacillus, well known to those skilled in the art.
• the sequence encoding the DNA endonuclease, for example Cas9 optionally present within one of the nucleic acids of a genetic tool according to the invention, can be placed under the control of a promoter.
• This promoter can be a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter.
• the promoter controlling the expression of the nuclease is an inducible promoter.
• constitutive promoters which can be used in the context of the present invention can be selected from the promoter of the th1 gene, of the ptb gene, of the adc gene, of the BCS operon, or a derivative thereof, preferably a functional derivative. but shorter (truncated) such as the “miniPthl” derivative of the promoter of the thl gene of C. acetobutylicum (Dong et al., 2012), or any other promoter, well known to those skilled in the art, allowing the expression of d a protein within a bacterium of interest, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium.
• inducible promoters can be selected for example from a promoter whose expression is controlled by the transcriptional repressor TetR, for example the promoter of the telA gene (tetracycline resistance gene originally present on the Tn10 transposon of E. coli); a promoter whose expression is controlled by L-arabinose, for example the promoter of the ptk gene (Zhang et al., 2015), preferably in combination with the araR cassette for regulating the expression of C.
• a promoter whose expression is controlled by the transcriptional repressor TetR for example the promoter of the telA gene (tetracycline resistance gene originally present on the Tn10 transposon of E. coli); a promoter whose expression is controlled by L-arabinose, for example the promoter of the ptk gene (Zhang et al., 2015), preferably in combination with the araR cassette for regulating the expression of C.
• acetobutylicum so to build an ARAi system (Zhang et al., 2015); a promoter whose expression is controlled by laminaribiose (glucose dimer b-1,3), for example the promoter of the celC gene, preferably immediately followed by the repressor gene glyR3 and the gene of interest (Mearls et al.
• the promoter of the celC gene (Newcomb et al., 201 1); a promoter whose expression is controlled by lactose, for example the promoter of the bgaL gene (Banerjee et al., 2014); a promoter whose expression is controlled by xylose, for example the promoter of the xylB gene (Nariya et al., 2011); and a promoter whose expression is controlled by UV exposure, for example the ben gene promoter (Dupuy et al., 2005).
• lactose for example the promoter of the bgaL gene
• a promoter whose expression is controlled by xylose for example the promoter of the xylB gene (Nariya et al., 2011)
• a promoter whose expression is controlled by UV exposure for example the ben gene promoter (Dupuy et al., 2005).
• a promoter derived from one of the promoters described above, preferably a shorter (truncated) functional derivative can also be used in the context of the invention.
• inducible promoters which can be used in the context of the present invention are also described, for example, in the articles by Ransom et al. (2015), Currie et al. (2013) and Hartman et al. (201 1).
• a preferred inducible promoter is a promoter derived from such A, inducible to anhydrotetracycline (aTc; less toxic than tetracycline and capable of lifting the inhibition of the transcriptional repressor TetR at lower concentration), chosen from Pcm-2tet01 and Pcm- 2tet02 / l (Dong et al., 2012).
• Another preferred inducible promoter is a lactose inducible promoter, for example the promoter of the bgaL gene (Banerjee et al., 2014).
• a nucleic acid of particular interest typically an expression cassette or vector, comprises one or more expression cassettes, each cassette encoding a gRNA.
• the term “guide RNA” or “gRNA” denotes, within the meaning of the invention, an RNA molecule capable of interacting with a DNA endonuclease in order to guide it towards a target region of the bacterial chromosome. The specificity of cut is determined by the gRNA. As explained previously, each gRNA comprises two regions:
• SDS region a first region (commonly called "SDS" region), at the 5 'end of the gRNA, which is complementary to the target chromosomal region and which mimics the crRNA of the endogenous CRISPR system, and
• a second region (commonly called the “handle” region), at the 3 'end of the gRNA, which mimics the base pairing interactions between the tracrRNA (“trans-activating crRNA”) and the crRNA of the endogenous CRISPR system and has a double-stranded rod and loop structure terminating at 3 'in an essentially single-stranded sequence.
• This second region is essential for the binding of gRNA to the DNA endonuclease.
• the first region of the gRNA ("SDS" region) varies depending on the target chromosome sequence.
• the "SDS" region of the gRNA which is complementary to the target chromosomal region comprises at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides, typically between 1 and 40 nucleotides. Preferably, this region is 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides in length.
• the second region of the gRNA (“handle” region) has a stem and loop structure (or hairpin structure).
• the “handle” regions of the different gRNAs do not depend on the chromosomal target chosen.
• the “handle” region comprises, or consists of, a sequence of at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 1, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 nucleotides, typically between 1 and 1000 nucleotides. . Preferably, this region is 40 to 120 nucleotides in length.
• the total length of a gRNA is generally 50 to 1000 nucleotides, preferably 80 to 200 nucleotides, and more particularly preferably 90 to 120 nucleotides.
• a gRNA as used in the present invention has a length of between 95 and 110 nucleotides, for example a length of approximately 100 or of approximately 110 nucleotides.
• gRNAs can easily define the sequence and structure of gRNAs according to the chromosomal region to be targeted using well known techniques (see for example the article by DiCarlo et al., 2013).
• the targeted DNA region / portion / sequence within the bacterial genome may correspond to a non-coding portion of DNA or to a coding portion of DNA.
• the targeted portion of the bacterial DNA is essential for bacterial survival. It corresponds, for example, to any region of the bacterial chromosome or to any region located on non-chromosomal DNA, for example on a mobile genetic element, essential for the survival of the microorganism under growth conditions.
• a plasmid containing a marker of resistance to a antibiotic when the growth conditions provided make it necessary to cultivate the bacteria in the presence of said antibiotic.
• the targeted portion of the bacterial DNA can correspond to any region of said non-bacterial DNA. chromosomal.
• Specific examples of DNA portion targeted within a bacterium of the genus Clostridium are the sequences used in Example 1 of the experimental part. These are, for example, sequences encoding the bdhA (SEQ ID NO: 77) and bdhB (SEQ ID NO: 78) genes.
• the targeted DNA region / portion / sequence is followed by a "PAM" ("protospacer adjacent motif") sequence which is involved in binding to the DNA endonuclease.
• PAM protospacer adjacent motif
• the “SDS” region of a given gRNA is identical (100%) or at least 80% identical, preferably at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% at least. to the region / portion / DNA sequence targeted within the bacterial genome, for example the bacterial chromosome, and is capable of hybridizing to all or part of the sequence complementary to said region / portion / sequence, typically to a sequence comprising at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides, typically between 1 and 40 nucleotides, preferably with a sequence comprising 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides.
• the nucleic acid of interest may comprise one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting a sequence ("target sequence”, “targeted sequence” or “recognized sequence”).
• gRNAs guide RNAs
• target sequence "targeted sequence” or “recognized sequence”
• gRNAs can target chromosomal regions, or regions belonging to the non-chromosomal bacterial DNA (for example to mobile genetic elements) possibly present within the microorganism, which are identical or different.
• GRNAs can be introduced into the bacterial cell in the form of gRNA molecules (mature or precursor), in the form of precursors or in the form of one or more nucleic acids encoding said gRNAs.
• the gRNAs are preferably introduced into the bacterial cell in the form of one or more nucleic acids encoding said gRNAs.
• these gRNAs can contain modified nucleotides or chemical modifications allowing them, for example, to increase their resistance to nucleases and thus increase their lifespan in the cell. They may in particular comprise at least one modified or unnatural nucleotide such as, for example, a nucleotide comprising a modified base, such as inosine, methyl-5-deoxycytidine, dimethylamino-5-deoxyuridine, deoxyuridine, diamino -2,6-purine, bromo-5-deoxyuridine or any other modified base allowing hybridization.
• a modified base such as inosine, methyl-5-deoxycytidine, dimethylamino-5-deoxyuridine, deoxyuridine, diamino -2,6-purine, bromo-5-deoxyuridine or any other modified base allowing hybridization.
• the gRNAs used according to the invention can also be modified at the level of the intemucleotide bond such as, for example, phosphorothioates, H-phosphonates or alkyl-phosphonates, or at the level of the backbone such as by example alpha-oligonucleotides, 2'-0-alkyl riboses or PNAs (Peptide Nucleic Acids) (Egholm et al., 1992).
• GRNAs can be natural, synthetic or produced by recombinant techniques. These gRNAs can be prepared by any methods known to those skilled in the art such as, for example, chemical synthesis, in vivo transcription or amplification techniques.
• the sequence (s) encoding the gRNA (s) are placed under the control of an expression promoter.
• This promoter can be constitutive or inducible.
• each gRNA can be controlled by a different promoter.
• the promoter used is the same for all the gRNAs.
• the same promoter can in a particular embodiment be used to allow the expression of several, for example only a few, or in other words of all or part, of the gRNAs intended to be expressed.
• the promoter (s) controlling the expression of the gRNA (s) is / are inducible promoters.
• constitutive promoters which can be used in the context of the present invention can be selected from the promoter of the th1 gene, of the ptb gene or of the BCS operon, or a derivative thereof, preferably miniPthl, or any other promoter, well known to those skilled in the art, allowing the synthesis of an RNA (coding or not coding) within the bacterium of interest.
• inducible promoters which can be used in the context of the present invention can be selected from the promoter of the gene such A, of the xylA gene, of the lad gene, or of the bgaL gene, or a derivative thereof, preferably 2tet01 or tet02 / l.
• a preferred inducible promoter is 2tet01.
• the promoters controlling the expression of DNA endonuclease and gRNA (s) may be the same or different and constitutive or inducible.
• the promoters respectively controlling the expression of the DNA endonuclease or of the gRNA (s) are different promoters but inducible by the same inducing agent.
• Inducible promoters as described above make it possible to advantageously control the action of the DNA / gRNA ribonucleoprotein endonuclease complex, for example Cas9 / gRNA, and to facilitate the selection of transformants which have undergone the desired genetic modifications.
• the genetic tool according to the invention can also advantageously comprise a sequence encoding at least one anti-CRISPR protein, ie a protein capable of inhibiting or preventing / neutralizing the action of Cas, and / or a protein capable to inhibit or prevent / neutralize the action of a CRISPR / Cas system, for example of a CRISPR / Cas type II system when the nuclease is a Cas9 type nuclease.
• This sequence is typically placed under the control of an inducible promoter different from the promoters controlling the expression of the DNA endonuclease and / or of the gRNA (s), and is inducible by another inducing agent.
• the sequence encoding the anti-CRISPR protein is also typically located on one of the at least two nucleic acids present within the genetic tool.
• the sequence encoding the anti-CRISPR protein is located on a nucleic acid distinct from the first two (typically a “third nucleic acid”).
• both the sequence encoding the anti-CRISPR protein and the sequence encoding the transcriptional repressor of said anti-CRISPR protein are integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
• the sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein is placed, within the genetic tool, on the nucleic acid encoding the DNA endonuclease (also identified in the present text as "first nucleic acid ").
• the sequence encoding an anti-CRISPR protein is placed, within the genetic tool, on a nucleic acid different from that encoding the DNA endonuclease, for example on the nucleic acid identified in the present text as a “second nucleic acid” or else on an “umpteenth” (typically a “third”) nucleic acid possibly included in the genetic tool.
• the anti-CRISPR protein is typically an "anti-Cas9" protein or an "anti-MAD7” protein, i.e. a protein capable of inhibiting or preventing / neutralizing the action of Cas9 or CAS7.
• the anti-CRISPR protein is advantageously an “anti-Cas9” protein, for example selected from AcrlIA1, AcrIIA2, AcrIIA3, AcrIIA4, AcrIIA5, AcrIICl, AcrIIC2 and AcrIIC3 (Pawluk et al, 2018).
• the “anti-Cas9” protein is AcrIIA2 or AcrIIA4.
• the “anti-Cas9” protein is AcrIIA4.
• Such a protein is typically able to very significantly limit, ideally prevent, the action of Cas9, for example by binding to the enzyme Cas9 (Dong et al, 2017; Rauch et al, 2017).
• anti-MAD7 protein
• AcrVA1 AcrVA1
• the anti-CRISPR protein is capable of inhibiting, preferably neutralizing, the action of the DNA endonuclease, preferably during the phase of introduction of the nucleic acid sequences of the DNA. genetic tool in the bacterial strain of interest.
• the promoter controlling the expression of the sequence encoding the anti-CRISPR protein is preferably an inducible promoter.
• the inducible promoter is associated with a constitutively expressed gene, typically responsible for the expression of a protein allowing transcriptional repression from said inducible promoter.
• This promoter can for example be selected from the promoter of the gene such A, of the xylA gene, of the lacl gene, or of the bgaL gene, or a derivative thereof.
• an inducible promoter that can be used in the context of the invention is the Pbgal promoter (inducible to lactose) present, within the genetic tool and on the same nucleic acid, alongside the bgaR gene expressed in a constitutive manner and of which the expression product allows transcriptional repression from Pbgal.
• the inducing agent lactose
• the transcriptional repression of the Pbgal promoter is lifted, allowing transcription of the gene placed downstream of the latter.
• the gene placed downstream corresponds, in the context of the present invention, to the gene encoding the anti-CRISPR protein, for example acrIIA4.
• the promoter controlling the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein makes it possible to advantageously control the action of the DNA endonuclease, for example of the Cas9 enzyme, and thus to facilitate the transformation of bacteria, for example of bacteria from genus Clostridium, Bacillus or Lactobacillus, and obtaining transformants which have undergone the desired genetic modifications.
• the invention relates to a genetic tool comprising a plasmid vector whose sequence is that of SEQ ID NO: 23 as the "first" nucleic acid.
• the invention relates to a genetic tool comprising a plasmid vector whose sequence is selected from one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124 and SEQ ID NO: 125 as the "second" or "nth" nucleic acid.
• the invention relates to a genetic tool comprising a plasmid vector whose sequence is selected from one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124 and SEQ ID NO: 125 as "OPT nucleic acid".
• the genetic tool comprises several (for example at least two or three) sequences from among SEQ ID NOs: 23, 79, 80, 1 19, 123, 124 and 125, said sequences being different from each other. others.
• the inventors describe examples of nucleic acid of interest, typically of DNA sequences of interest, allowing the expression within a bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within of the wild version of said bacterium.
• the expression of the DNA sequence of interest allows the bacterium, for example the bacterium of the genus Clostridium, to ferment (typically simultaneously) several different sugars, for example at least two different sugars , typically at least two different sugars from sugars comprising 5 carbon atoms (such as glucose or mannose) and / or from sugars comprising 6 carbon atoms (such as xylose, arabinose or fructose), of preferably at least three different sugars, selected for example from glucose, xylose and mannose; glucose, arabinose and mannose; and glucose xylose and arabinose.
• the DNA sequence of interest encodes at least one product of interest, preferably a product which promotes the production of solvent by the bacterium, for example by the bacterium of the genus Clostridium, Bacillus or Lactobacillus. , typically at least one protein of interest, for example an enzyme; a membrane protein such as a transporter; a protein for processing other proteins (chaperone protein); a transcription factor; or a combination of these.
• the DNA sequence of interest promotes solvent production and is typically selected from a sequence encoding i) an enzyme, for example an involved enzyme.
• a sequence encoding an alcohol dehydrogenase for example a sequence selected from adh, adhE, adhE1, adhE2, bdhA, bdhB and bdhC
• a sequence encoding a transferase for example a sequence selected from ct / A, ctfB, atoA and atoB
• a sequence encoding a decarboxylase eg a de
• a sequence encoding a hydrogenase eg a sequence selected from etfA, etfB and hydA
• a membrane protein for example a sequence encoding a phosphotransferase (for example a sequence selected from glcG, bglC, cbe4532, cbe4533, cbe4982, cbe4983, cbe0751), iii
• the inventors also describe examples of nucleic acid of interest recognizing (binding at least in part), and preferably targeting, ie recognizing and allowing the cleavage, in the genome of a bacterium of interest, of at least a strand i) of a target sequence, ii) of a sequence controlling the transcription of a target sequence, or iii) of a sequence flanking a target sequence.
• the recognized sequence is also identified herein as a "target sequence” or “targeted sequence”.
• a genetic tool comprising, or consisting of, such a nucleic acid of interest is also described.
• the nucleic acid of interest is typically present within the "second" or “umpteenth” nucleic acid of a genetic tool as described in this text.
• the nucleic acid of interest is typically used in the context of the present description to delete the recognized sequence from the genome of the bacterium or to modify its expression, for example to modulate / regulate its expression, in particular to inhibit it, preferably. to modify it so as to render said bacterium incapable of expressing a protein, in particular a functional protein, from said sequence.
• the target sequence is a sequence encoding an enzyme allowing the bacterium of interest to grow in a culture medium containing an antibiotic to which it confers resistance on it, a sequence controlling the transcription of such a sequence or a sequence flanking such a sequence
• the antibiotic is typically an antibiotic belonging to the class of amphenicols.
• amphenicols of interest in the context of the present disclosure are chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, azidamfenicol and florfenicol (Schwarz S. et al., 2004), in particular chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol.
• the nucleic acid of interest comprises at least one region complementary to the target sequence which is 100% identical or at least 80% identical, preferably 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%. , 97%, 98% or 99% at least to the region / portion / DNA sequence targeted within the bacterial genome and is capable of hybridizing to all or part of the sequence complementary to said region / portion / sequence, typically to a sequence comprising at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at less 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides, typically between 1, 10 or 20 and 1000 nucleotides, for example between 1, 10 or 20 and 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300 or 200 nucleotides, between 1, 10 or 20 and 100 nucleotides, between 1, 10 or 20 and 50 nucleotides, or between 1, 10 or 20 and 40 nucleotides, for example between 10 and 40 nucleotides, between 10 and 30 nucleotides, between 10 and 20 nucleotides,
• the nucleic acid of interest comprises at least two regions each complementary to a target sequence, identical at 100% or identical at least 80%, preferably at 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% at least to said targeted region / portion / DNA sequence within the bacterial genome. These regions are capable of hybridizing to all or part of the sequence complementary to said region / portion / sequence, typically to a sequence as described above comprising at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 100 nucleotides, typically between 100 and 1000 nucleotides.
• Regions complementary to the target sequence present within the nucleic acid of interest can recognize, preferably target, the 5 'and 3' flanking regions of the target sequence in a genetic modification tool as described in present text, for example the ClosTron® genetic tool, the Targetron® genetic tool or an allelic exchange tool such as ACE®.
• the target sequence is a sequence encoding an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, for example a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase or a thiamphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, controlling the transcription of such a sequence or flanking such a sequence, at within the genome of a bacterium of interest, for example of the genus Clostridium, capable of growing in a culture medium containing one or more antibiotics belonging to the class of amphenicols, for example chloramphenicol and / or thiamphenicol.
• an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase for example a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase or a thiamphenicol-O-acetyltransferase
• the recognized sequence is for example the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 corresponding to the catB gene (CIBE 3859) encoding a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase from C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 or an amino acid sequence which is at least 70%, 75% identical. , 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% to said chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, or a sequence comprising all or at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97 %, 98% or 99% of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18.
• the recognized sequence can be a sequence comprising at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides, typically between 1 and 40 nucleotides, preferably a sequence comprising 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 , 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18.
• amino acid sequences at least 70% identical to chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase encoded by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 correspond to the sequences identified in the NCBI database under the following references: WP 077843937.1, SEQ ID NO: 44 (WP_063843219.1), SEQ ID NO: 45 (WP_0781 16092.1), SEQ ID NO: 46 (WP_077840383.1), SEQ ID NO: 47 (WP_077307770.1), SEQ ID NO: 48 (WPJ03699368.1 ), SEQ ID NO: 49 (WP_087701812.1), SEQ ID NO: 50 (WP 0172101 12.1), SEQ ID NO: 51 (WP 077831818.1), SEQ ID NO: 52 (WP 012059398.1), SEQ ID NO: 53 ( WP 077363893.1), SEQ ID NO: 54 (WP 015393553.1), SEQ ID NO: 55 (WP_023973814.1), SEQ ID NO:
• amino acid sequences at least 75% identical to chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase encoded by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 correspond to the sequences WP 077843937.1, WP_063843219.1, WP_0781 16092.1, WP_077840383.1, WP_077307770.1 , WP 103699368.1,
• amino acid sequences which are at least 90% identical to chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase encoded by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18, are the sequences WP 077843937.1,
• WP_063843219.1 WP_0781 16092.1, WP_077840383.1, WP_077307770.1, WP 103699368.1,
• amino acid sequences at least 95% identical to chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase encoded by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 correspond to the sequences WP 077843937.1, WP_063843219.1, WP_0781 16092.1, WP_077840383.1, WP_077307770.1 , WP 103699368.1,
• Preferred amino acid sequences are the sequences WP 077843937.1, SEQ ID NO: 44 (WP_063843219.1) and SEQ ID NO: 45 (WP_0781 16092.1).
• a particular sequence identical to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 is the sequence identified in the NCBI database under the reference WP 077843937.1.
• the target sequence is the sequence SEQ ID NO: 68 corresponding to the catQ gene encoding a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase from C. perfringens whose amino acid sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 66 (WP 063843220.1), or a sequence identical to at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% to said chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, or a sequence comprising all or at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 68.
• the recognized sequence can be a sequence comprising at least 1 nucleotide, preferably at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides, typically between 1 and 40 nucleotides, preferably a sequence comprising 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 68.
• the recognized sequence is selected from a nucleic acid sequence catB (SEQ ID NO: 18), catQ (SEQ ID NO 68), catD (SEQ ID NO: 69, Schwarz S. et al. , 2004) or catP (SEQ ID NO: 70, Schwarz S. et al., 2004) known to those skilled in the art, present naturally within a bacterium or introduced artificially into such a bacterium.
• catB nucleic acid sequence catB
• catQ SEQ ID NO: 68
• catD SEQ ID NO: 69, Schwarz S. et al. , 2004
• catP SEQ ID NO: 70, Schwarz S. et al., 2004
• the target sequence can also be a sequence controlling the transcription of a coding sequence as described above (encoding an enzyme allowing the bacteria of interest to grow in a culture medium containing a antibiotic to which it confers resistance), typically a promoter sequence, for example the promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 73) of the catB gene or that (SEQ ID NO: 74) of the calQ gene.
• a promoter sequence for example the promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 73) of the catB gene or that (SEQ ID NO: 74) of the calQ gene.
• the nucleic acid of interest then recognizes, and is therefore typically capable of binding to a sequence controlling the transcription of a coding sequence as described above.
• the target sequence may be a sequence flanking a coding sequence as described above, for example a sequence flanking the catB gene of sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 or a sequence at least 70% identical to the latter.
• a flanking sequence typically comprises 1, 10 or 20 and 1000 nucleotides, for example between 1, 10 or 20 and 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300 or 200 nucleotides, between 1, 10 or 20 and 100 nucleotides.
• between 1, 10 or 20 and 50 nucleotides, or between 1, 10 or 20 and 40 nucleotides for example between 10 and 40 nucleotides, between 10 and 30 nucleotides, between 10 and 20 nucleotides, between 20 and 30 nucleotides, between 15 and 40 nucleotides, between 15 and 30 nucleotides or between 15 and 20 nucleotides.
• the target sequence corresponds to the pair of sequences flanking such a coding sequence, each flanking sequence typically comprising at least 20 nucleotides, typically between 100 and 1000 nucleotides, preferably between 200 and 800 nucleotides.
• nucleic acid of interest used to transform and / or genetically modify a bacterium of interest
• a DNA fragment i) recognizing a coding sequence, ii) controlling the transcription of a coding sequence, or iii) flanking a coding sequence, an enzyme of interest, preferably an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, for example an chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase or a thiamphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, within the genome of a bacterium, for example of a bacterium of the genus Clostridium as described above
• nucleic acid of interest is capable of deleting the sequence (“target sequence”) recognized from the genome of the bacterium or of modifying its expression, for example of modulating it, in particular of inhibiting it, preferably modifying it so as to render said bacterium incapable of expressing a protein, for example an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, in particular a functional protein, from said sequence.
• target sequence the sequence recognized from the genome of the bacterium or of modifying its expression, for example of modulating it, in particular of inhibiting it, preferably modifying it so as to render said bacterium incapable of expressing a protein, for example an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, in particular a functional protein, from said sequence.
• the selection gene used is not a gene for resistance to chloramphenicol and / or to thiamphenicol. , and is preferably none of the catB, catQ, catD or catP genes.
• the nucleic acid of interest comprises one or more guide RNAs (gRNA) targeting a coding sequence, controlling the transcription of a coding sequence, or flanking a coding sequence, an enzyme of interest, in in particular an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, and / or a modification matrix (also identified in the present text as an "edition matrix"), for example a matrix making it possible to eliminate or modify all or part of the sequence target, preferably with the aim of inhibiting or suppressing the expression of the target sequence, typically a template comprising sequences homologous (corresponding) to the sequences located upstream and downstream of the target sequence as described above, typically sequences (homologous to said sequences located upstream and downstream of the target sequence) each comprising between 10 or 20 base pairs and 1000, 1500 or 2000 base pairs, for example between 100, 200, 300, 400 o u 500 base pairs and 1000, 1200, 1300, 1400 or 1500 base pairs, preferably between 100 and 1500 or between 100 and 1000 base pairs
• gRNA
• the nucleic acid of interest used to transform and / or genetically modify a bacterium of interest is a nucleic acid which does not exhibit methylation at the levels of the motifs recognized by the methyltransferases of the Dam and Dcm type. (prepared from an Escherichia coli bacterium exhibiting the dam- dcm- genotype).
• the nucleic acid of interest used as a genetic tool is a nucleic acid which does not exhibit methylation at the levels of the motifs recognized by the methyltransferases of the Dam and Dcm type, typically a nucleic acid including adenosine ("A" ) of the GATC motif and / or the second cytosine “C” of the CCWGG motif (W which may correspond to an adenosine (“A”) or to a thymine (“T”)) are demethylated.
• A adenosine
• C second cytosine
• a nucleic acid not exhibiting methylation at the levels of the motifs recognized by the Dam and Dcm type methyltransferases can typically be prepared from an Escherichia coli bacterium exhibiting the ni dcm genotype (for example Escherichia coli INV 110, Invitrogen) .
• This same nucleic acid can comprise other methylations carried out for example by methyltransferases of EcoKI type, the latter targeting the adenines (“A”) of the AAC (N6) GTGC and GCAC (N6) GTT (N can correspond to n ' any base).
• the targeted sequence corresponds to a gene encoding an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, for example a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase such as the catB gene, to a sequence controlling the transcription of this gene, or to a flanking sequence this gene.
• an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase for example a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase such as the catB gene
• a nucleic acid of particular interest described by the inventors is for example a vector, preferably a plasmid, for example the plasmid pCas9ind-Aca / 2? of sequence SEQ ID NO: 21 or the plasmid pCas9ind-gRNA_ca / 2? of sequence SEQ ID NO: 38 described in the experimental part of the present description (cf. example 2), in particular a version of said sequence not exhibiting methylation at the level of the units recognized by the methyltransferases of the Dam and Dcm type.
• the present description also relates to the use of a nucleic acid of interest to transform and / or genetically modify a bacterium of interest as described in the present text.
• Another aspect described by the inventors relates to a method for transforming, and preferably furthermore genetically modifying, a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, typically a bacterium.
• solventogen in particular a solventogenic bacterium of the Clostridium genus, using a genetic tool according to the invention, typically using a nucleic acid of interest according to the invention as described above.
• This method advantageously comprises a step of transforming the bacterium by introducing into said bacterium all or part of a genetic tool as described in the present text, in particular of a nucleic acid of interest described in the present text, of preferably an "OPT nucleic acid" comprising, or consisting of, i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 (OREP) and ii) a sequence allowing modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or l expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium.
• the method may further comprise a step of obtaining, recovering, selecting or isolating the transformed bacteria, i.e. the bacteria exhibiting the desired recombination / modification / optimization (s).
• the method for transforming, and preferably genetically modifying, a bacterium as described in the present text involves a genetic modification tool, for example a genetic modification tool selected from a CRISPR tool, a tool based on the use of type II introns (for example the Targetron® tool or the ClosTron® tool) and a allelic exchange (for example the ACE® tool), and comprises a step of transforming the bacterium by introducing into said bacterium a nucleic acid of interest according to the invention as described above.
• a genetic modification tool for example a genetic modification tool selected from a CRISPR tool, a tool based on the use of type II introns (for example the Targetron® tool or the ClosTron® tool) and a allelic exchange (for example the ACE® tool)
• a genetic modification tool for example a genetic modification tool selected from a CRISPR tool, a tool based on the use of type II introns (for example the Targetron® tool or the ClosT
• the present invention is typically advantageously implemented when the genetic modification tool selected to transform, and preferably genetically modify, a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, is intended to be used on a bacterium, such as C.
• said genetic tool comprises a step of transforming said bacterium with the aid of a nucleic acid allowing the expression of a marker of resistance to an antibiotic to which this bacterium is resistant to wild state and / or a step of selecting bacteria transformed and / or genetically modified using said antibiotic (to which the bacteria is resistant in the wild state), preferably by selecting tion among said bacteria of bacteria having lost said extra-chromosomal DNA sequence.
• a modification advantageously achievable by virtue of the present invention for example using a genetic modification tool selected from a CRISPR tool, a tool based on the use of type II introns and an allelic exchange tool, consists in removing an undesirable sequence, for example a sequence encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to one or more antibiotics on the bacterium, or in rendering this undesirable sequence non-functional.
• Another modification advantageously achievable by virtue of the present invention consists in genetically modifying a bacterium in order to improve its performance, for example its performance in the production of a solvent or a mixture of solvents of interest, said bacterium having previously already has been modified thanks to the invention to make it sensitive to an antibiotic to which it was resistant in the wild state, and / or to rid it of an extra chromosomal DNA sequence present within the wild form of said bacterium.
• the method according to the invention is based on the use of (implements) the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromie Repeats) technology / genetic tool, in particular the CRISPR / genetic tool. Case (CRISPR-associated protein).
• CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromie Repeats
• Case CRISPR-associated protein
• the present invention can be implemented using a conventional CRISPR / Cas genetic tool using a single plasmid comprising a nuclease, a gRNA and a repair template as described by Wang et al. (2015).
• gRNAs can readily define the sequence and structure of gRNAs according to the chromosomal region or mobile genetic element to be targeted using well known techniques (see, for example, the article by DiCarlo et al., 2013).
• the inventors have developed and described a genetic tool for modifying bacteria, suitable for bacteria of the genus Clostridium, also usable in the context of the present invention, based on the use of two plasmids (cf. WO2017 / 064439, Wasels et al. al., 2017, and Figure 15 associated with the present description).
• the “first” plasmid of this tool allows the expression of the Cas nuclease and a “second” plasmid, specific for the modification to be carried out, contains one or more gRNA expression cassettes (targeting typically different regions of bacterial DNA) as well as a repair matrix allowing, by a homologous recombination mechanism, the replacement of a portion of the bacterial DNA targeted by Cas by a sequence of interest.
• the cas gene and / or the gRNA expression cassette (s) are placed under the control of constitutive or inducible, preferably inducible, expression promoters known to those skilled in the art (for example described in application WO2017 / 064439 and incorporated by reference into the present description), and preferably different but inducible by the same inducing agent.
• the gRNAs likely to be used correspond to the gRNAs as described previously in this text.
• a particular process involving CRISPR technology capable of being implemented in the context of the present invention to transform, and typically to genetically modify by homologous recombination, a bacterium as described in this text, comprises the following steps:
• step b) culture of the transformed bacteria obtained at the end of step a) on a medium which does not contain (or under conditions which do not involve) the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein, typically allowing the expression of the DNA / gRNA endonuclease ribonucleoprotein complex, typically Cas / gRNA (in order to stop the production of said anti-CRISPR protein and to allow the action of the endonuclease).
• a medium which does not contain (or under conditions which do not involve) the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein typically allowing the expression of the DNA / gRNA endonuclease ribonucleoprotein complex, typically Cas / gRNA (in order to stop the production of said anti-CRISPR protein and to allow the action of the endonuclease).
• the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein is present in an amount sufficient to induce said expression.
• the inducing agent lactose, makes it possible to overcome the inhibition of expression (transcriptional repression) of the anti-CRISPR protein linked to the expression of the BgaR protein.
• the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein is preferably used at a concentration of between about 1 mM and about IM, preferably between about 10 mM and about 100 mM, for example about 40 mM.
• the anti-CRISPR protein is capable of inhibiting, preferably neutralizing, the action of the nuclease, preferably during the phase of introduction of the nucleic acid sequences of the genetic tool into the gene. bacterial strain of interest.
• the method further comprises, during or after step b), a step of inducing the expression of the inducible promoter (s) controlling the expression of the nuclease. and / or guide RNA (s) when such a promoter (s) are present within the genetic tool, in order to allow the genetic modification of interest to the bacterium once said genetic tool has been introduced into said bacterium.
• Induction is carried out using a substance making it possible to lift the inhibition of expression linked to the selected inducible promoter.
• the induction step when it is present, can thus be implemented by any culture method on a medium allowing the expression of the ribonucleoprotein endonuclease / gRNA complex known to those skilled in the art after introduction into the target bacteria. of the genetic tool according to the invention. It is for example carried out by bringing the bacteria into contact with a suitable substance, present in sufficient quantity or by exposure to UV light. This substance makes it possible to remove the inhibition of expression linked to the selected inducible promoter.
• the aTc is preferably used at a concentration between about 1 ng / ml and about 5000 ng / ml, preferably between about 10 ng / ml and 1000 ng / ml, 10 ng / ml and 800 ng / ml, 10 ng / ml and 500 ng / ml, 100 ng / ml or 200 ng / ml and about 800 ng / ml or 1000 ng / ml, or between about 100 ng / ml or 200 ng / ml and about 500 ng / ml, 600 ng / ml or 700 ng / ml, for example about 50 ng / ml, 100 ng / ml, 150 ng / / ml,
• the method comprises an additional step c) of removing the nucleic acid containing the repair matrix (the bacterial cell then being considered as “cured” of said nucleic acid) and / or of elimination guide RNA (s) or sequences encoding the guide RNA (s) introduced with the genetic tool during step a).
• the method comprises one or more additional steps, subsequent to step b) or to step c), of introducing an umpteenth, for example third, fourth, fifth, etc., nucleic acid containing a repair template distinct from that (s) already introduced and one or more RNA expression cassettes allowing the integration of the sequence of interest contained in said distinct repair matrix in a targeted area of the genome of the bacterium, in the presence of an agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein, each additional step being followed by a step of culturing the bacterium thus transformed on a medium not containing the agent inducing the expression of the anti-CRISPR protein, typically allowing the expression of the Cas / gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex.
• the bacterium is transformed using a nucleic acid or a genetic tool such as those described above, using (for example encoding) an enzyme responsible for the cleavage.
• an enzyme responsible for the cleavage at least one strand of the target sequence of interest, in which the enzyme is, in a particular mode, a nuclease, preferably a Cas type nuclease, preferably selected from a Cas9 enzyme and a MAD7 enzyme.
• the target sequence of interest is a sequence, for example the catB gene, encoding an enzyme conferring on bacteria resistance to one or more antibiotics, preferably to one or more antibiotics belonging to the class of amphenicols, typically an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase such as a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, a sequence controlling the transcription of the coding sequence or a sequence flanking said coding sequence.
• the anti-CRISPR protein is typically an “anti-Cas” protein as described above.
• the anti-CRISPR protein is advantageously an “anti-Cas9” protein or an “anti-MAD7” protein.
• the editing / repair template may itself comprise one or more nucleic acid sequences or portions of nucleic acid sequence corresponding to natural sequences and / or synthetic, coding and / or non-coding.
• the matrix can also comprise one or more "foreign" sequences, i.e. naturally absent from the genome of bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, in particular to the genus Clostridium, to the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, or from the genome of particular species of said genus.
• the matrix can also include a combination of sequences.
• the genetic tool used in the context of the present invention allows the repair matrix to guide the incorporation into the bacterial genome of a nucleic acid of interest, typically of a sequence or portion of a DNA sequence comprising at least 1 base pair (bp), preferably at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000 or 1,000,000 bp, typically between 1 bp and 20 kb, for example 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12 or 13 kb, or between 1 bp and 10 kb, preferably between 10 bp and 10 kb or between 1 kb and 10 kb, for example between lpb and 5 kb, between 2 kb and 5 kb, or alternatively between 2.5 or 3 kb and 5 kb.
• bp base pair
• the expression of the DNA sequence of interest allows the bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, in particular of the genus Clostridium, of the genus Bacillus or of the genus Lactobacillus, to ferment (typically simultaneously) several different sugars, for example at least two different sugars, typically at least two different sugars from sugars comprising 5 carbon atoms (such as glucose or mannose) and / or from sugars comprising 6 carbon atoms (such as xylose , arabinose or fructose), preferably at least three different sugars, selected for example from glucose, xylose and mannose; glucose, arabinose and mannose; and glucose xylose and arabinose.
• the DNA sequence of interest encodes at least one product of interest, preferably a product promoting the production of solvent by the modified bacterium, typically at least one protein of interest, for example. an enzyme; a membrane protein such as a transporter; a protein for processing other proteins (chaperone protein); a transcription factor; or a combination of these.
• the introduction into the bacteria of the elements (nucleic acids or gRNA) of the genetic tool is carried out by any method, direct or indirect, known to those skilled in the art, for example by transformation, conjugation, microinjection, transfection, electroporation, etc., preferably by electroporation (Mermelstein et al, 1993).
• the method according to the invention is based on the use of type II introns, and for example implements the ClosTron® technology / genetic tool or the Targetron® genetic tool.
• Targetron® technology is based on the use of a reprogrammable group II intron (based on Tintron Ll.ltrB from Lactococcus lactis) capable of integrating the bacterial genome rapidly at a desired locus (Chen et al., 2005, Wang et al. ., 2013), typically for the purpose of inactivating a targeted gene.
• the mechanisms of recognition of the edited zone as well as of insertion into the genome by retro-splicing are based on a homology between Tintron and said zone on the one hand, and on the activity of a protein (ltrA) on the other hand. go.
• ClosTron® technology is based on a similar approach, supplemented by the addition of a selection marker in the Tintron sequence (Heap et al., 2007).
• This marker makes it possible to select for the integration of the intron into the genome, and therefore makes it easier to obtain the desired mutants.
• This genetic system also exploits type I introns. Indeed, the selection marker (called RAM for retrotransposition-activated marker) is interrupted by such a genetic element, which prevents its expression from the plasmid (a more precise description of the system: Zhong et al.). Splicing of this genetic element occurs before integration into the genome, resulting in a chromosome with an active form of the resistance gene.
• An optimized version of the system includes FLP / FRT sites upstream and downstream of this gene, allowing the use of the FRT recombinase to eliminate the resistance gene (Heap et al., 2010).
• the method according to the invention is based on the use of an allelic exchange tool, and for example implements the technology / genetic tool ACE®.
• ACE® technology is based on the use of an auxotrophic mutant (for Turacil in C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 by deletion of the pyrE gene, which also causes resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid (A-5-FO); Heap et al. ., 2012).
• the system uses the allelic exchange mechanism, well known to those skilled in the art. Following transformation with a pseudo-suicide vector (with very low copies), the integration of the latter into the bacterial chromosome by a first allelic exchange event can be verified by virtue of the resistance gene initially present on the plasmid.
• the integration step can be performed in two different ways, either within the pyrE locus or within another locus:
• the pyrE gene is also placed on the plasmid, without however being expressed (no functional promoter).
• the second recombination restores a functional pyre gene and can then be selected by auxotrophy (minimum medium, not containing uracil). Since the non-functional pyrE gene also exhibits a selectable character (sensitivity to A-5-FO), other integrations can then be envisaged on the same model, by successively alternating the state of pyrE between functional and non-functional.
• a genomic zone allowing expression of the counter-selection marker after recombination is targeted (typically, in operon after another gene, preferably a highly expressed gene). This second recombination is then selected by auxotrophy (minimum medium not containing uracil).
• the targeted sequence is typically one of the sequences described in the present text.
• the nucleic acids and genetic tools according to the invention allow the introduction into the bacterium of sequences of interest of small sizes as well as of large sizes, in one step, ie using a single nucleic acid (typically “OPT nucleic acid” or the “second” or “umpteenth” nucleic acid of a tool as described in the present text) or in several steps, ie using several nucleic acids (typically the “second” or the “nth” nucleic acids as described in the present text), preferably in one step.
• a single nucleic acid typically “OPT nucleic acid” or the “second” or “umpteenth” nucleic acid of a tool as described in the present text
• several steps typically the “second” or the “nth” nucleic acids as described in the present text
• the nucleic acids and genetic tools according to the invention make it possible to delete a targeted portion of the bacterial DNA or to replace it with a shorter sequence (for example by a sequence having lost in the process. minus one base pair) and / or non-functional.
• the nucleic acids and genetic tools according to the invention advantageously make it possible to introduce into the bacterium, for example into the bacterial genome, a nucleic acid of interest comprising at least one pair of base, and up to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, or 15 kb.
• Another subject of the invention relates to a transformed and / or genetically modified bacterium, typically a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, and belonging for example to the genus Clostridium, to the genus Bacillus or to the genus Lactobacillus, typically a solvent-causing bacterium, preferably a bacterium belonging to a species or corresponding to one of the subclades described by the inventors in the present text or obtained using a process as described by the inventors in the present text, as well as any derived bacterium, clone, mutant, or genetically modified version thereof, and their uses.
• a transformed and / or genetically modified bacterium typically a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, and belonging for example to the genus Clostridium, to the genus Bacillus or to the genus Lactobacillus, typically a solvent-causing bacterium, preferably a bacterium belonging to a species or corresponding to one of the
• An example of a bacterium thus transformed and / or genetically modified by virtue of the invention is a bacterium which no longer expresses an enzyme conferring on it resistance to one or more antibiotics, in particular a bacterium which no longer expresses an amphenicol-O-acetyltransferase, for example a bacterium expressing in the wild state the catB gene, and lacking said catB gene or incapable of expressing said catB gene once transformed and / or genetically modified by virtue of the invention.
• the bacteria thus transformed and / or genetically modified by virtue of the invention is made sensitive to an amphenicol, for example to an amphenicol as described in the present text, in particular to chloramphenicol or to thiamphenicol.
• a particular example of a preferred genetically modified bacterium according to the invention is the bacterium identified in the present description as C. beijerinckii IFP962 AcatB as registered under the deposit number LMG P-31 151 with the Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (“BCCM”, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent - Belgium) on December 6, 2018.
• BCCM Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms
• C. beijerinckii is a C. beijerinckii IFP963 AcatB ApNF2 strain as registered under the deposit number LMG P-31277 with from the BCCM- LMG collection on February 20, 2019.
• the description also relates to any bacterium derived, cloned, mutant or genetically modified version of one of said bacteria, for example any bacterium derived, clone, mutant or genetically modified version remaining sensitive to an amphenicol such as thiamphenicol and / or chloramphenicol, typically a bacterium lacking the catB gene of sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 and the plasmid pNF2.
• the bacterium transformed and / or genetically modified according to the invention for example the bacterium C. beijerinckii IFP962 AcatB or the bacterium C. beijerinckii IFP963 AcatB ApNF2, is still capable of being transformed, and preferably genetically modified. It can be done using a nucleic acid, for example a plasmid as described in the present description, for example in the experimental part.
• nucleic acid capable of being advantageously used is the plasmid pCas9 aCr of sequence SEQ ID NO: 23 (described in the experimental part of the present description) or else a plasmid selected from pCas9 md (SEQ ID NO: 22) , pCas9 Cond (SEQ ID NO: 133) and pMAD7 (SEQ ID NO: 134).
• a particular aspect of the invention indeed relates to the use of a genetically modified bacterium described in the present text, preferably the bacterium C. beijerinckii IFP962 AcatB (also identified in the present text as C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB ) deposited under the number LMG P-31 151, even more preferably the bacterium C.
• the invention also relates to a kit comprising (i) a nucleic acid as described in the present text, for example “an OPT nucleic acid” or a DNA fragment recognizing a target sequence in a bacterium belonging to the phylum des Firmicutes as described in the present text, and (ii) at least one tool, preferably several tools, selected from among the elements of a genetic modification tool as described in the present text making it possible to transform, and typically genetically modifying such a bacterium, in order to produce an improved variant of said bacterium; nucleic acid as gRNA; nucleic acid as a repair template; an "OPT nucleic acid”; at least one pair of primers, for example a pair of primers as described in the context of the present invention; and an inducer allowing the expression of a protein encoded by said tool, for example of a Cas9 or MAD7 type nuclease.
• a nucleic acid as described in the present text for example “an OPT nucleic acid”
• the genetic modification tool for transforming, and typically genetically modifying a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes as described in the present text, perhaps for example selected from an “OPT nucleic acid”, a CRISPR tool, a tool based on the use of type II introns and an allelic exchange tool, as explained above.
• the kit comprises all or part of the elements of a genetic tool as described in this text.
• a particular kit for transforming, and preferably genetically modifying, a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes as described in the present text, or for producing at least one solvent, for example a mixture of solvents, using such a bacterium comprises a nucleic acid comprising, or consisting of, i) all or part of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and ii) a sequence allowing the modification of the genetic material of a bacterium and / or the expression within said bacterium of a DNA sequence partially or totally absent from the genetic material present within the wild version of said bacterium; as well as at least one inducer suitable for the inducible promoter of the expression of the selected anti-CRISPR protein used in a genetic tool described in this text.
• the kit can also comprise one or more inducers suitable for the selected inducible promoter (s) optionally used within the genetic tool to control the expression of the nuclease used and / or one or more guide RNAs.
• kits according to the invention allows the expression of a nuclease comprising a label (or "tag").
• the kits according to the invention can also comprise one or more consumables such as a culture medium, at least one competent bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes as described in the present text, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, Bacillus or Lactobacillus, (ie packaged for processing), at least one gRNA, one nuclease, one or more selection molecules, or even an explanatory leaflet.
• the description also relates to the use of a kit according to the invention, or of one or more of the elements of this kit, for the implementation of a method described in the present conversion text, and ideally of genetic modification, of a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes as described in the present text, for example a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, Bacillus or Lactobacillus (for example the bacterium C. beijerinckii IFP962 AcatB deposited under the number LMG P-31 151), preferably a bacterium having in the wild state both a bacterial chromosome and at least one DNA molecule distinct from the chromosomal DNA ( typically a natural plasmid), most preferably of the bacterium C.
• a bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes as described in the present text
• a bacterium of the genus Clostridium, Bacillus or Lactobacillus for example the bacterium C. beijerinckii
• Solvents capable of being produced are typically acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol or a mixture of these, typically an ethanol / isopropanol, butanol / isopropanol, or ethanol / butanol mixture, preferably a isopropanoPbutanol mixture.
• bacteria transformed according to the invention typically allows the production per year on an industrial scale of at least 100 tonnes of acetone, of at least 100 tonnes of ethanol, of at least 1000 tonnes of isopropanol. , at least 1,800 tonnes of butanol, or at least 40,000 tonnes of a mixture thereof.
• Figure 1 represents the CRISPR / Cas9 system used for genome editing as a genetic tool for creating, using Cas9 nuclease, one or more double stranded cuts in genomic DNA directed by the gRNA.
• GRNA guide RNA
• PAM Protospacer Adjacent Motif. Figure modified from Jinek et al, 2012.
• FIG 2 shows the repair by homologous recombination of a double-stranded cleavage induced by Cas9.
• PAM Protospacer Adjacent Motif.
• FIG 3 shows the use of CRISPR / Cas9 in Clostridium.
• ermB gene for resistance to erythromycin
• catP SEQ ID NO: 70
• thiamphenicoPchloramphenicol resistance gene tetR, gene whose expression product represses transcription from Pcm-tet02 / l
• Pcm-2tet01 and Pcm-tet02 / l anhydrotetracycycline inducible promoters, "aTc” (Dong et al., 2012); miniPthl, constitutive promoter (Dong et al., 2012).
• Figure 4 shows the map of the plasmid pCas9 aCr (SEQ ID NO: 23).
• ermB erythromycin resistance gene
• rep origin of replication in E. coli
• repH origin of replication in C. acetobutylicum
• Tthl thiolase terminator
• miniPthl constitutive promoter
• Pcm-tetO2 / l promoter repressed by the product of tetR and inducible by anhydrotetracycline, "aTc” (Dong et al., 2012)
• Pbgal promoter repressed by the product of lacR and inducible by lactose (Hartman et al., 201 1); acrIIA4, gene encoding the anti-CRISPR protein AcrII14; bgaR, gene whose expression product represses transcription from Pbgal.
• FIG 5 shows the relative transformation rate of C. acetobutylicum DSM 792 containing pCas9 md (SEQ ID NO: 22) or pCas9 aCT (SEQ ID N: 23).
• the frequencies are expressed as the number of transformants obtained per pg of DNA used during the transformation, related to the transformation frequencies of pEC750C (SEQ ID NO: 106), and represent the means of at least two independent experiments.
• FIG 6 shows the induction of the CRISPR / Cas9 system in transformants of strain DSM 792 containing pCas9 aCT and a gRNA expression plasmid targeting bdhB, with (SEQ ID NO: 79 and SEQ ID NO: 80) or without (SEQ ID NO: 105) repair matrix.
• Em erythromycin; Tm, thiamphenicol; aTc, anhydrotetracycline; ND, undiluted.
• Figure 7 represents the modification of the bdh locus of C. acetobutylicum DSM792 via the CRISPR / Cas9 system.
• Figure 7A shows the genetic organization of the bdh locus. Homologies between repair matrix and genomic DNA are highlighted using light gray parallelograms. The hybridization sites of primers VI and V2 are also shown.
• Figure 7 shows the modification of the bdh locus of C. acetobutylicum DSM792 via the CRISPR / Cas9 system.
• Figure 7B shows the amplification of the bdh locus using primers VI and V2.
• M 2-log size marker (NEB);
• P plasmid pGRNA -AbdhAAbdhB;
• WT wild strain.
• Figure 8 represents the classification of 30 Solventogenic Clostridium strains, according to Poehlein et al., 2017. Note that the C. beijerinckii NR RL B-593 subclade is also identified in the literature as that C. beijerinckii DSM 6423.
• Figure 9 represents the Map of the plasmid pCas9ind -AcatB
• Figure 10 represents the Map of the plasmid pCas9acr
• FIG 11 shows the Map of the plasmid pEC750S-iyy; HR
• Figure 12 shows the map of plasmid p EX -A 2 -g R N A - upp.
• FIG 13 shows the map of the plasmid pEC750S-Dmpp.
• Figure 14 represents the Map of the plasmid pEC150C-Aupp
• Figure 15 represents the Map of pGRNA-pNF2
• FIG 16 shows the PCR Amplification of the catB gene in the clones resulting from the bacterial transformation of the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain.
• FIG. 17 represents the growth of the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 WT and AcatB strains on 2YTG medium and 2YTG thiamphenicol selective medium.
• FIG. 18 shows the Induction of the CRISPR / Cas9acr system in transformants of the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain containing pCas9 acr and a gRNA expression plasmid targeting upp, with or without a repair template.
• Em erythromycin
• Tm thiamphenicol
• aTc anhydrotetracycline
• ND undiluted.
• Figure 19 shows the Modification of the upp locus of C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 via the CRISPR / Cas9 system.
• 19A represents the genetic organization of the upp locus: genes, target site of the gRNA and repair matrices, associated with the regions of corresponding homologies on the genomic DNA.
• the sites of hybridization of the primers for verification by PCR RHO 10 and RHO 11 are also indicated.
• Figure 19 shows the Modification of the upp locus of C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 via the CRISPR / Cas9 system.
• Figure 19B shows the amplification of the upp locus using primers RH010 and RH01 1. Amplification of 1680 bp is expected in the case of a wild-type gene, compared to 1090 bp for a modified upp gene.
• M size marker 100 bp - 3 kb (Lonza); WT, wild strain.
• Figure 20 represents the PCR amplification verifying the presence of the plasmid pCas9 md . in C. beijerinckii strain 6423 AcatB.
• Figure 21 represents the PCR amplification (—900 bp) verifying the presence or not of the natural plasmid pNF2 before induction (positive control 1 and 2) then after induction on medium containing aTc of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. .
• Figure 22 shows the Genetic Tool for Bacteria Modification, adapted to bacteria of the genus Clostridium, based on the use of two plasmids (cf. WO2017 / 064439, Wasels et al., 2017).
• Figure 23 shows the map of the plasmid pCas9ind-gRNA_ca / 2 ?.
• FIG. 24 represents the transformation efficiency (in colonies observed per ⁇ g of DNA transformed) for 20 ⁇ g of plasmid pCas9 md in the C. beijerinckii strain DSM6423. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean for a biological triplicate.
• Figure 25 shows the map of plasmid pNF3.
• Figure 26 shows the map of the plasmid pEC751 S.
• Figure 27 shows the map of plasmid pNF3S.
• Figure 28 shows the map of plasmid pNF3E.
• Figure 29 shows the map of plasmid pNF3C.
• FIG. 30 represents the transformation efficiency (in colonies observed per ⁇ g of transformed DNA) of the plasmid pCas9 md in three strains of C. beijerinckii DSM 6423.
• the error bars correspond to the standard deviation of the mean for a biological duplicate.
• FIG. 31 represents the efficiency of transformation (in colonies observed per ⁇ g of transformed DNA) of the plasmid pEC750C in two strains derived from C. beijerinckii DSM 6423.
• the error bars correspond to the standard deviation of the mean for a biological duplicate.
• Figure 32 shows the efficiency of transformation (in colonies observed per ⁇ g of transformed DNA) of the plasmids pEC750C, pNF3C, pFWO1 and pNF3E in the strain C. beijerinckii IFP963 AcatB ApNF2.
• the error bars are the standard deviation from the mean for a biological triplicate.
• FIG. 33 represents the efficiency of transformation (in colonies observed per ⁇ g of transformed DNA) of the plasmids pFWO1, pNF3E and pNF3S in the C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 strain.
• C. acetobutylicum DSM 792 was cultured in 2YTG medium (Tryptone 16 gl -1 , yeast extract 10 gl -1 , glucose 5 gl -1 , NaCl 4 gl -1 ).
• E. coli NEB 10B was cultured in LB medium (Tryptone 10 gl -1 , yeast extract 5 gl -1 , NaCl 5 gl -1 ). Solid media were made by adding 15 ⁇ l -1 agarose to liquid media.
• Erythromycin at concentrations of 40 or 500 mg.l -1 respectively in 2YTG or LB medium
• chloramphenicol 25 or 12.5 mg.l -1 respectively in solid or liquid LB
• thiamphenicol 15 mg.l -1 in 2YTG medium
• Plasmid pCas9 aCT (SEQ ID NO: 23), presented in Figure 4, was constructed by cloning the fragment (SEQ ID NO: 81) containing bgaR and acrIIA4 under the control of the Pbgal promoter synthesized by Eurofins Genomics at the Sacl site.
• pCas9 md vector (Wasels et al, 2017).
• the pGRNA md plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 82) was constructed by cloning an expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 83) of a gRNA under the control of the Pcm-2tet01 promoter (Dong et al, 2012) synthesized by Eurofins Genomics at the SacI site of the vector pEC750C (SEQ ID NO: 106) (Wasels et al, 2017).
• the plasmids pGRNA-xylB (SEQ ID NO: 102), pGRNA-xylR (SEQ ID NO: 103), pGRNA-glcG (SEQ ID NO: 104) and pGRNA-bdhB (SEQ ID NO: 105) were constructed by cloning the respective pairs of primers 5'-TCATGATTTCTCCATATTAGCTAG-3 'and 5'-AAACCTAGCTAATATGGAGAAATC- 3', 5 '-TCAT GTTAC ACTT GGAAC AGGCGT - 3' and 5 '- AAACACGCCT GTTCCAAGTGTAAC-3', 5 ' and 5'-AAACTGGGGATCCTACTGCCGGAA-3 ', 5'-TCATGCTTATTACGACATAACACA-3' and 5'-AAACTGTGTTATGTCGTAATAAGC-3 'within the plasmid pGRNA md (SEQ ID NO: 82) digested with B
• Plasmid pGRNA-DM / td (SEQ ID NO: 79) was constructed by cloning the DNA fragment obtained by overlapping PCR assembly of the PCR products obtained with the primers 5'- ATGCATGGATCCAAACGAACCCAAAAAGAAAGTTTC-3 'and 5'-
• Plasmid pGKN A- AbdhAAbdhB (SEQ ID NO: 80) was constructed by cloning the DNA fragment obtained by overlapping PCR assembly of the PCR products obtained with the primers 5'- ATGCATGGATCCAAACGAACCCAAAAAGAAAGTTTC-3 'and 5'-
• C. acetobutylicum DSM 792 was transformed according to the protocol described by Mermelstein et al, 1993.
• the selection of transformants of C. acetobutylicum DSM 792 already containing an expression plasmid of Cas9 (pCas9 md or pCas9 aCr ) transformed with a plasmid containing an gRNA expression cassette was produced on solid 2YTG medium containing erythromycin (40 mg.l -1 ), thiamphenicol (15 mg.l 1 ) and lactose (40 nM).
• Induction of the expression of cas9 was carried out via the growth of transformants obtained on a solid 2YTG medium containing erythromycin (40 mg.l -1 ), thiamphenicol (15 mg.l -1 ) and agent inducing the expression of cas9 and gRNA, aTc (1 mg.l -1 ).
• the targeting plasmid containing the expression cassette for the gRNA targeting bdhB (pGRNA-bdhB - SEQ ID NO: 105) as well as two derived plasmids containing repair templates allowing the deletion of the bdhB gene alone (pGRNA-AM / zR - SEQ ID NO: 79) or bdhA and bdhB genes (pGRNA -AbdhAAbdhB - SEQ ID NO: 80) were transformed into the DSM 792 strain containing pCas9 md (SEQ ID NO: 22) or pCas9 acr (SEQ ID NO: 23).
• Table 2 [Table 2]
• Transformation frequencies of strain DSM 792 containing pCas9 md or pCas9 aCT with plasmids targeting bdhB are expressed as the number of transformants obtained per ⁇ g of DNA used during the transformation, and represent the means of at least two independent experiments.
• the first plasmid, pCas9 md contains cas9 under the control of a promoter inducible to TaTc, and
• the second plasmid derived from pEC750C, contains the expression cassette of a gRNA (placed under the control of a second promoter inducible to aTc) as well as an editing matrix making it possible to repair the double-stranded break induced by the system.
• gRNAs still seemed to be too toxic, despite controlling their expression as well as that of Cas9 using promoters inducible to aTc, consequently limiting the efficiency of transformation of bacteria by the genetic tool and therefore the modification of the chromosome.
• the cas9 expression plasmid was modified, via the insertion of an anti-CRISPR gene, acrIIA4, under the control of a lactose-inducible promoter.
• the efficiencies of transformation of different gRNA expression plasmids could thus be improved very significantly, making it possible to obtain transformants for all the plasmids tested.
• the modification of the cas9 expression plasmid allows better control of the Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, advantageously facilitating the production of transformants in which the action of Cas9 can be triggered in order to obtain mutants of interest.
• C. beijerinckn DSM 6423 was cultured in 2YTG medium (Tryptone 16 g L -1 , yeast extract 10 g L -1 , glucose 5 g L -1 , NaCl 4 g L -1 ).
• E. coli NEB 10-beta and INV1 10 were cultured in LB medium (Tryptone 10 g L -1 , yeast extract 5 g L -1 , NaCl 5 g L -1 ).
• Solid media were made by adding 15 g L -1 of agarose to liquid media.
• Erythromycin at concentrations of 20 or 500 mg L -1 respectively in 2YTG or LB medium
• chloramphenicol 25 or 12.5 mg L -1 respectively in solid or liquid LB
• thiamphenicol 15 mg L -1 in 2YTG medium
• spectinomycin at concentrations of 100 or 650 mg L -1 respectively in LB or 2YTG medium
• AcatB fwd TGTTATGGATTATAAGCGGCTCGAGGACGTCAAACCATGTTAATCATTGC
• RH077 ATTGCCAGCCTAACACTTGG
• RH001 ATCTCCATGGACGCGTGACGTCGACATAAGGTACCAGGAATTAGAGCAGC
• RH003 ATAATGGTCTAGAGCTGGAGATAGATTATTTGGTACTAAG
• RH004 TATGACCATGATTACGAATTCGAGCTCGAAGCGCTTATTATTGCATTAGC pEX-fwd: C AG ATT GTACT GAGAGT GC ACC
• RH 134 GT CGACGT GGAATT GT GAGC
• pNF2_fwd GGGCGCACTTATACACCACC
• pNF2_rev TGCTACGCACCCCCTAAAGG
• RH021 ACTTGGGTCGACCACGATAAAACAAGGTTTTAAGG
• RH022 TACCAGGGATCCGTATTAATGTAACTATGATATCAATTCTTG
• aad9-fwd2 ATGCATGGTCCCAATGAATAGGTTTACACTTACTTTAGTTTTATGG aad9-rev: ATGCGAGTTAACAACTTCTAAAATCTGATTACCAATTAG
• RH031 ATGCATGGATCCCAATGAATAGGTTTACACTTACTTTAGTTTTATGG
• RH032 AT GCG AGAGCT C AACTT CTAAAAT CT GATTACC AATTAG
• RH138 AT GCAT GGAT CCGT CT GACAGTTACC AGGTCC
• RH 139 AT GCG AGAGCTCC AATT GTT CAAAAAAATAAT GGCGGAG
• RH 1 AT ATGCATGGATCCCGGCAGTTTTTCTTTTTCGG
• This AcatB fragment comprises i) an expression cassette for a guide RNA targeting the catB gene (chloramphenicol resistance gene encoding a chloramphenicol-O-acetyltransferase - SEQ ID NO: 18) of C. beijerinckii DSM6423 under the control of a promoter inducible to anhydrotetracycline (expression cassette: SEQ ID NO: 19), and ii) an editing template (SEQ ID NO: 20) comprising 400 bp homologs located upstream and downstream of the catB gene.
• AcatB fragment amplified by PCR (AcatB fwd and AcatB rev primers) and cloned into pCas9ind (described in patent application WO2017 / 064439 - SEQ ID NO: 22) after digestion of the various DNAs with the restriction enzyme Xhol .
• SEQ ID NO: 25 a repair template used for the deletion of the upp gene and consisting of two homologous DNA fragments upstream and downstream of the upp gene (respective sizes: 500 (SEQ ID NO: 26) and 377 (SEQ ID NO: 27) base pairs). Assembly was obtained using the Gibson Cloning System (New England Biolabs, Gibson assembly Master Mix 2X). To do this, the upstream and downstream parts were amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of strain DSM 6423 (cf. Maté de Gerando et al., 2018 and accession number PRJEB 1 1626
• This plasmid comprises the DNA fragment gRNA-upp corresponding to an expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 29) of a guide RNA targeting the upp gene (protospacer targeting upp (SEQ ID NO: 31)) under the control of 'a constitutive promoter (non-coding RNA of sequence SEQ ID NO: 30), inserted into a replication plasmid called pEX-A2.
• plasmid pEC750S-w /? PHR (SEQ ID NO: 24) and additionally contains the DNA fragment comprising an expression cassette for a guide RNA targeting the upp gene under the control of a promoter constitutive.
• This fragment was inserted into a pEX-A2, called pEX-A2-gRNA-upp.
• the insert was then amplified by PCR with the primers pEX-fwd and pEX-rev, then digested with the restriction enzymes XhoI and Ncol. Finally, this fragment was ligated into pEC750S-w /? PHR previously digested with the same restriction enzymes to obtain pEC750S-Dmpp.
• Plasmid No. 7 pEC750C-Aupp (cf. Figure 14 and SEQ ID NO: 33)
• the cassette comprising the guide RNA as well as the repair template were then amplified with the primers pEC750C-fwd and M13-rev.
• the amplicon was digested by enzyme restriction with the enzymes XhoI and SacI, then cloned by enzyme ligation into pEC750C to obtain pEC750C-Dmpp.
• Plasmid No. 8 pGRNA-pNF2 (cf. Figure 15 and SEQ ID NO: 34)
• This plasmid is based on pEC750C and contains an expression cassette for a guide RNA targeting the plasmid pNF2 (SEQ ID NO: 118).
• Plasmid No. 9 pCas9ind-gRNA_ca / R (cf. Figure 23 and SEQ ID NO: 38).
• pNF2 contains part of pNF2, comprising in particular the origin of replication and a gene encoding a plasmid replication protein (CIBE_p20001), amplified with the primers RH021 and RH022. This PCR product was then cloned at the SalI and BamHI restriction sites in the plasmid pUC19 (SEQ ID NO: 1 17).
• pEC750C contains all the elements of pEC750C (SEQ ID NO: 106), except the chloramphenicol resistance gene catP (SEQ ID NO: 70).
• the latter has been replaced by the aad9 gene from Enterococcus faecalis (SEQ ID NO: 130), which confers resistance to spectinomycin.
• This element was amplified with the primers aad9- fwd2 and aad9-rev from the plasmid pMTL007S-E1 (SEQ ID NO: 120) and cloned into the Avall and Hpal sites of pEC750C, in place of the catP gene (SEQ ID NO : 70).
• Plasmid No. 12 pNF3S (cf. Figure 27 and SEQ ID NO: 123)
• pNF3C (cf. Figure 29 and SEQ ID NO: 125) It contains all the elements of pNF3, with an insertion of the cal P gene of Clostridium perfringens (SEQ ID NO: 70). This element was amplified from pEC750C with the primers RH140 and RH141 and cloned between the BamHI and SacI sites of pNF3E.
• the plasmids were introduced and replicated in a half dcm strain of E. coli (INV110, Invitrogen). This makes it possible to eliminate the methylations of the Dam and Dcm type on the plasmid pCas9ind-DcatB before introducing it by transformation into the strain DSM 6423 according to the protocol described by Mermelstein et al. (1993), with the following modifications: the strain is transformed with a larger quantity of plasmid (20 ⁇ g), at an OD 600 of 0.8, and using the following electroporation parameters: 100 W, 25 pF, 1400 V. Spreading on a Petri dish containing erythromycin (20 mg / ml) thus made it possible to obtain transformants of C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 containing the plasmid pCas9ind -AcatB.
• a clone of the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB strain was previously transformed with the vector pCas9 acr not exhibiting methylation at the levels of the motifs recognized by the methyltransferases of the dam and dcm type (prepared from an Escherichia coli bacterium exhibiting the dam demj genotype. verification of the presence of the pCas9 aCT plasmid maintained in the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain was verified by colony PCR with the primers RH025 and RH 134.
• a clone of the C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB strain was previously transformed with the vector pCas9 md not exhibiting methylation at the levels of the motifs recognized by the methyltransferases of the Dam and Dcm type (prepared from an Escherichia coli bacterium exhibiting the ni dcm genotype).
• the presence of the plasmid pCas9 md within the C. beijerinckii DSM6423 strain was verified by PCR with the primers pCas9 ind _fwd (SEQ ID NO: 42) and pCas9 ind _ rev (SEQ ID NO: 43) (cf. Figure 20). ).
• pGRNA-pNF2 prepared from an Escherichia coli bacterium with the ni dcm genotype.
• the inventors succeeded in introducing and maintaining various plasmids within the Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain. They managed to delete the catB gene using a CRISPR-Cas9 type tool based on the use of a single plasmid. The sensitivity to thiamphenicol of the recombinant strains obtained was confirmed by tests in agar medium.
• the plasmids prepared in the ⁇ 'E. coli NEB 10-beta strain are also used to transform the C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 strain.
• the plasmids are introduced beforehand and replicated in a strain of E coli half dcm- (INV110, Invitrogen). This makes it possible to remove the Dam and Dcm type methylations on the plasmids of interest before introducing them by transformation into strain DSM 6423.
• the transformation is otherwise carried out similarly for each strain, that is to say according to the protocol described by Mermelstein et al. 1992, with the following modifications: the strain is transformed with a larger amount of plasmid (5-20 pg), at an OD 600 of 0.6-0.8, and the electroporation parameters are 100 W, 25 pF , 1400 V. After 3 h of regeneration in 2YTG, the bacteria are spread on a Petri dish (2YTG agar) containing the desired antibiotic (erythromycin: 20-40 mg / mL; thiamphenicol: 15 mg / mL; spectinomycin: 650 mg / mL).
• the desired antibiotic erythromycin: 20-40 mg / mL
• thiamphenicol 15 mg / mL
• spectinomycin 650 mg / mL
• Transformations were carried out in biological duplicates in the following strains of C. beijerinckii: wild-type DSM 6423, DSM 6423 AcatB and DSM 6423 AcalB ApNF2 (FIG. 30).
• the vector pCas9 md which is notably difficult to use to modify a bacterium because it does not allow good transformation efficiencies, was used. It also comprises a gene conferring on the strain resistance to erythromycin, an antibiotic for which the three strains are sensitive.
• Plasmids pFWO1 and pEC750C were also transformed. These two plasmids contain genes for resistance to different antibiotics (respectively G erythromycin and thiamphenicol) and are commonly used to transform C. beijerinckii and C. acetobutylicum.
• the vectors based on pNF3 exhibit excellent transformation efficiency, and can be used in particular in C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 AcatB ApNF2.
• pNF3E which contains an erythromycin resistance gene
• pFW01 which includes the same resistance gene.
• This same plasmid could not be introduced into the wild-type C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 strain (0 colonies obtained with 5 ⁇ g of plasmids transformed into biological duplicates), which demonstrates the impact of the presence of the natural plasmid pNF2.
• the inventors carried out a comparative analysis of the transformation efficiencies of the plasmids pFWO1, pNF3E and pNF3S in the strain ABE C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 (FIG. 33) .
• the strain NCIMB 8052 being naturally resistant to thiamphenicol, pNF3S, conferring resistance to spectinomycin, was used instead of pNF3C.
• strain NCIMB 8052 is transformable with plasmids based on pNF3, which proves that these vectors are applicable to the species C. beijerinckii in the broad sense.
• Patent application FRI 8/73492 describes the AcatB strain as well as the use of a CRISPR / Cas9 system with two plasmids requiring the use of a gene for resistance to erythromycin and of a gene for resistance to thiamphenicol. .
• the vector pNF3C was transformed into the AcatB strain already containing the plasmid pCas9 acr .
• Transformation carried out in duplicate, showed a transformation efficiency of 0.625 ⁇ 0.125 colonies / pg DNA (mean ⁇ standard error), which proves that a vector based on pNF3C can be used in combination with the pCas9 acr in the AcatB strain.
• part of the plasmid pNF2 comprising its origin of replication (SEQ ID NO: 118) could be successfully reused to create a new series of shuttle vectors (SEQ ID NO: 1 19, 123, 124 and 125) , customizable, allowing in particular their replication in an E. coli as well as their reintroduction into C. beijerinckii DSM 6423.
• shuttle vectors SEQ ID NO: 1 19, 123, 124 and 125
• These new vectors exhibit advantageous transformation efficiencies for carrying out genetic editing, for example in C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 and its derivatives, in particular using the tool CRISPR / Cas9 comprising two different nucleic acids.
• PNA Peptide nucleic acids
• ClosTron mutagenesis in Clostridium refined and streamlined. Journal of microbiological methods, 80 (1), 49-55.
• ClosTron a universal gene knock-out System for the genus Clostridium. Journal of microbiological methods, 70 (3), 452-464.

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