EP3964585A1 - Cd62l-spezifisches lentivirales vektorpartikel zur gezielten transduktion von t-zell-teilmengen - Google Patents

Cd62l-spezifisches lentivirales vektorpartikel zur gezielten transduktion von t-zell-teilmengen Download PDF

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EP3964585A1
EP3964585A1 EP20194232.3A EP20194232A EP3964585A1 EP 3964585 A1 EP3964585 A1 EP 3964585A1 EP 20194232 A EP20194232 A EP 20194232A EP 3964585 A1 EP3964585 A1 EP 3964585A1
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Prior art keywords
protein
cd62l
cells
envelope protein
antigen
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French (fr)
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Thomas SCHASER
Andrew Kaiser
Laura KAPITZA
Jessica HARTMANN
Frederic THALHEIMER
Christian Buchholz
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Miltenyi Biotec GmbH
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Miltenyi Biotec GmbH
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Priority to EP20194232.3A priority Critical patent/EP3964585A1/de
Priority to US17/465,734 priority patent/US12018273B2/en
Publication of EP3964585A1 publication Critical patent/EP3964585A1/de
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of pseudotyped lentiviral vector particles for targeted transduction of T cells expressing CD62L, in particular to lentiviral vector particles having specificity for the CD62L antigen or to lentiviral vector particles having specificity for a tag, wherein said tag is coupled to a polypeptide that binds to the CD62L antigen, thereby allowing targeted transduction of T cells expressing said CD62L antigen.
  • Lentiviral vectors are commonly used for transduction of e.g. T cells.
  • T cells are typically activated with polyclonal stimuli/agents to achieve sufficient gene transfer rates with lentiviral vectors and to obtain the cell dosis required for therapeutic response in the patient.
  • Activated T cells are efficiently transduced with lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G).
  • VSV-G vesicular stomatitis virus
  • the receptor of VSV-G has been described to be LDL-R incl. family members and to be sufficiently expressed on activated T cells.
  • L-selectin also known as CD62L
  • CD62L is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • CD62L is expressed on non-activated (na ⁇ ve) and/or central memory (T CM ) and/or stem cell memory (T SCM ) T cells.
  • T EM effector memory
  • T EFF effector T cells are negative for CD62L.
  • CD62L contributes to leukocyte tethering and rolling along the luminal surface of venules and is cleaved off by proteases upon activation. Gene transfer to non-activated T cells, i.e. resting T cells is becoming increasingly interesting for the following reasons:
  • LDL-R is not expressed on non-activated T cells requiring alternative pseudotypes that mediate binding to abundantly expressed receptors.
  • Chimeric and/or truncated versions of BaEV, RD114, GALV or measles envelope proteins have shown superior activity for non-activated T cells as compared to VSV-G.
  • these pseudotypes have a broad tropism and therefore cannot selectively transduce specific T cells subsets.
  • T CM central memory
  • T SCM stem cell memory
  • CD62L is expressed on resting (naive) human T cells.
  • the specificity may be achieved directly via a fusion envelope protein of the lentivirus vector particle with a CD62L-antigen-binding domain as disclosed herein or indirectly via a fusion envelope protein of said lentiviral vector particle with an antigen-binding domain specific for a tag of a tagged polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide may have a CD62L-antigen binding domain as disclosed herein.
  • T cells expressing CD62L can be transduced with the pseudotyped lentiviral vector particle having specificity for said CD62L antigen as disclosed herein even in the presence of T cells shedding the extracellular domain of the CD62L receptor. It was unexpected that shed CD62L does not block the transduction of T cells with a pseudotyped lentiviral vector particle having specificity for said CD62L antigen as disclosed herein.
  • Compared to the state-of-the-art generation of CAR T cells by transducing activated T cells promising benefits of transducing resting (i.e. non-activated T cells) are that CAR T cells are less differentiated, less exhausted and more potent.
  • the process of manufacturing CAR T cells based on non-activated T cells is less complicated and remarkably shorter than for the process with activated T cells.
  • a further benefit of the use of a pseudotyped lentiviral vector particle having specificity for said CD62L antigen as disclosed herein for transduction of a T cell composition is that subtypes of T cells are transduced only, namely naive T cells, T CM and T SCM . Effector T cells (T EFF ) and effector memory T cells (T EM ) are not transduced with the pseudotyped lentiviral vector particle having specificity for said CD62L antigen as disclosed herein as these cells do not express CD62L.
  • T EFF Effector T cells
  • T EM effector memory T cells
  • the use of a pseudotyped lentiviral vector particle having specificity for said CD62L antigen comprising the amino acid sequences as disclosed herein leads to outstanding transduction results of said resting T cells and/or T CM and/or T SCM .
  • the specificity for the CD62L antigen may be on the tagged polypeptide as disclosed herein, wherein said polypeptide may comprise a CD62L antigen binding domain.
  • Activated PBMC were seeded in 50 ⁇ L of conditioned medium containing increasing concentrations of sCD62L. 10 ⁇ L of CD62L-LV in the presence of the transduction enhancer Vectofusin-1 were added and centrifuged at 850 xg for 90 min at 32°C. 100 ⁇ L of conditioned medium was added and flow cytometry analysis was performed 5 days after transduction. The ratio of transduced T cells expressing the transgene (in %, solid line) and the relative expression levels (dashed line) are depicted as MFI. Shed CD62L had no negative impact on transduction efficiency of CD62L-LV.
  • composition (or a combination) comprising
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said composition additionally may comprise iii) shed CD62L.
  • Said shed CD62L may comprise the extracellular domain of CD62L.
  • Said shed CD62L may comprise or may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • T cells expressing CD62L may comprise T CM cells, and/or T SCM cells, and/or naive T cells.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said composition may comprise T CM cells, T SCM cells, naive T cells, T EM cells and T EFF cells. Regularly, these T cell subtypes are present in an enriched CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cell composition. As told, only T CM cells, T SCM cells and naive T cells are effectively transduced by the pseudotyped retrovirus as disclosed herein.
  • Paramyxoviridae virus may be a virus of the Morbillivirus genus or of the Henipavirus genus.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said protein derived from protein G, or H of a virus of the Paramyxoviridae family may lack at least one part of the cytoplasmic region of said protein G, or H.
  • modifications are well known in the art and are described in more detail herein in the definition section.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said envelope protein with fusion activity derived from the Paramyxoviridae family may lack at least one part of the cytoplasmic region of said envelope protein.
  • Morbillivirus may be a measles virus or the Edmonston strain of measles virus.
  • retroviral vector particle may be a lentiviral or gammaretroviral vector particle.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may be a scFv.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said retroviral vector particle may comprises a nucleic acid encoding a transgene.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said transgene may be a chimeric antigen receptor.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising
  • Said shed CD62L may comprise the extracellular domain of CD62L.
  • Said shed CD62L may comprise or may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • Said tag of said tagged polypeptide may be not expressed on any cell of any species (target cells and non-target cells) of a subject or of a cell culture in which said retroviral vector particle may be applied for transduction, e.g. in a human.
  • said retroviral vector particle may transduce any target cell in the presence of said tagged polypeptide only.
  • the non-target cells furthermore are not transduced in the presence of said tagged polypeptide.
  • the tag of said tagged polypeptide may be a hapten.
  • Said hapten may be selected from the group consisting of biotin, fluorescein isocyanate (FITC), fluorescein, NHS-fluorescein, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), digoxigenin, thiamin and dextran. Said hapten may be biotin.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said T cells expressing CD62L may comprise TCM cells, and/or TSCM cells, and/or naive T cells.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said composition may comprise T CM , T SCM cells, naive T cells, T EM cells and T EFF cells.
  • these T cell subtypes are present in an enriched CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cell composition.
  • Paramyxoviridae virus may be a virus of the Morbillivirus genus or of the Henipavirus genus.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said protein derived from protein G, or H of a virus of the Paramyxoviridae family may lack at least one part of the cytoplasmic region of said protein G, or H.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said envelope protein with fusion activity derived from the Paramyxoviridae family may lack at least one part of the cytoplasmic region of said envelope protein.
  • Morbillivirus may be a measles virus or the Edmonston strain of measles virus.
  • retroviral vector particle may be a lentiviral or gammaretroviral vector particle.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may be a scFv.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may be a DARPin.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said tagged polypeptide may comprise an antigen binding domain specific for CD62L, e.g. said polypeptide may be an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain of said tagged polypeptide specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain of said tagged polypeptide specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 (VL) and SEQ ID NO:8 (VH).
  • the orientation may be SEQ ID NO:7 (VL) - linker- SEQ ID NO:8 (VH) or SEQ ID NO:8 (VH) - linker - SEQ ID NO:7 (VL).
  • Linkers for linking VL and VH domains are well known in the art and may be e.g. a (G4S)3 linker or a (G4S)4 linker.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said antigen binding domain of said tagged polypeptide specific for CD62L may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.
  • composition as disclosed herein, wherein said retroviral vector particle may comprises a nucleic acid encoding a transgene.
  • Said composition as disclosed herein, wherein said transgene may be a chimeric antigen receptor.
  • the present invention provides a pseudotyped retroviral vector particle comprising
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising
  • the present invention provides an in vitro method for transduction of target cells, wherein said target cells are T cells expressing CD62L, the method comprising the step: addition of a pseudotyped retroviral vector particle to said target cells, wherein said pseudotyped retroviral vector comprises
  • the present invention provides an in vitro method for transduction of target cells, wherein said target cells are T cells expressing CD62L, the method comprising the steps:
  • the addition of said pseudotyped retroviral vector to said target cells may be performed before, after or simultaneously to the addition of said tagged polypeptide to said target cells.
  • the present invention provides the use of a pseudotyped retroviral vector particle for transducing T cells expressing CD62L, the pseudotyped retroviral vector particle comprising
  • the present invention provides the use of a composition (or combination) for transducing T cells expressing CD62L, the composition comprising
  • CD62L positive T cells are selectively transduced with a retroviral vector particle as disclosed herein in a mixed cell population containing CD62L positive and CD62L negative T cells.
  • the mixed cell population comprising T cells may be provided from a human e.g. patient suffering from cancer.
  • CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells may be enriched by a magnetic separation step using anti-CD4 and/or anti-CD8 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof coupled to a magnetic particle.
  • the enriched CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells are not activated with polyclonal activation reagents.
  • the enriched T cells have a naive, central memory and/or stem cell memory phenotype.
  • the genetically modified T cells were generated in equal or less than 72 hours, less than 48 hours, or less than 24 hours.
  • the expansion of the genetically modified T cells in the generated sample is less than 10-fold, less than 5-fold, less than 2-fold, less than 1-fold compared to the amount of T cells of the originally provided sample comprising T cells.
  • the CD62L positive T cells are genetically engineered with retroviral vector particles as disclosed herein encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or TCR and the application may be for treating cancer in a patient.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • T cells are genetically modified by the methods as disclosed herein in a closed system in an automated process, e.g. by using the CliniMACS ® Prodigy (Miltenyi Biotec) to express a chimeric antigen receptor.
  • an adaptable retroviral vector system as disclosed herein is used, wherein said retroviral vector particle can bind to a tag and the corresponding tagged polypeptide binds specifically to CD62L.
  • the transduction efficiency is controlled by varying the amount of said tagged polypeptide.
  • CD62L positive T cells of a mixed cell population are transduced with the retroviral vector particle as disclosed herein that encodes a marker gene, thereby enabling identification and/or isolation of T cells of naive, central memory or stem cell memory phenotype in a mixed cell population.
  • Retroviridae is a virus family with a single-stranded, diploid, positive-sense RNA genome that is reverse-transcribed into a DNA intermediate that is then incorporated into the host cell genome.
  • Retroviridae -derived viruses are enveloped particles with a diameter of 80-120 nm.
  • (Retro- /lenti- /gammaretro-) viral vectors are replication-deficient viral particles that are derived from the corresponding virus family. They contain Gag and Pol proteins, a single-stranded RNA genome and are usually pseudotyped with heterologous envelope proteins derived from other viruses.
  • the RNA genome of said viral vectors do not contain any viral gene to produce viral progeny, but psi elements and LTRs that are required for efficient packing and reverse transcription into DNA.
  • the DNA intermediate may contain a gene of interest under the control of a suitable promoter, for example, the CMV promoter and the gene of interest is expressed upon integration of said DNA into the genome of the host cell.
  • a suitable promoter for example, the CMV promoter
  • the process of entering the host cell, delivering the RNA genome, integration and expression of the gene of interest is called transduction.
  • transduction The minimal requirements of a gammaretrovirus or lentivirus based viral vector has been well-described in the art.
  • ID-RVs integrase-deficient retroviral vectors
  • ID-RVs are derived from conventional retroviral vectors but contain no or a mutated form of the retroviral integrase.
  • ID-RVs are useful tools to express the gene of interest transiently.
  • the definition of retroviral vectors and transduction also extents the integration-deficient retroviral vectors and its application.
  • Lentivirus is a genus of Retroviridae that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in the human and other mammalian species.
  • the best-known lentivirus is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which can efficiently infect nondividing cells, so lentiviral derived retroviral vectors are one of the most efficient methods of gene delivery.
  • HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • Gammaretroviridae is a genus of the Retroviridae family. Representative species are the murine leukemia virus (MLV) and the feline leukemia virus (FLV).
  • MLV murine leukemia virus
  • FLV feline leukemia virus
  • Paramyxoviridae is a family of viruses in the order of Mononegavirales. There are currently 49 species in this family, divided among 7 genera. Diseases associated with this virus family include measles, mumps, and respiratory tract infections. Members of this virus family are enveloped viruses with a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome of about 16 kb. Two membrane proteins with two distinct functions appear as spikes on the virion surface. The H/HN/G proteins mediate binding to the receptor at the cell surface.
  • virus envelope protein(s) that have antigen binding activity refers to protein(s) on the viral envelope that are responsible for binding to complementary receptors or antigens on the cell membrane of a target cell.
  • virus envelope protein(s) that have antigen binding activity are virus envelope protein(s) that have antigen binding activity.
  • H/HN/G proteins Upon binding the H/HN/G proteins change their conformation that induces a process called fusion helper function, leading to subsequent conformational changes within the F protein that is mediating the fusion of the viral and cellular membrane.
  • the capsid and viral genome may now enter and infect or transduce the host cell.
  • virus envelope proteins(s) that have fusion activity refers to protein(s) that initiate fusion of viral and cellular membrane.
  • Paramyxoviridae F proteins refer to virus envelope protein(s) that have fusion activity.
  • ectodomain or "extracellular part/domain” as used herein refers to a domain of a membrane protein that extends into the extracellular space (the space outside a cell or virion).
  • activation refers to inducing physiological changes of a cell that increase target cell function, proliferation and/or differentiation.
  • non-activated refers to T cells that are not activated or have not been fully activated via signal 1 (an antigen-specific signal provided by the binding of the TCR to antigenic peptide complexed with MHC.TCR binding) and signal 2 (CD28 costimulatory signal).
  • signal 1 an antigen-specific signal provided by the binding of the TCR to antigenic peptide complexed with MHC.TCR binding
  • signal 2 CD28 costimulatory signal
  • pseudotyping or "pseudotyped” as used herein refers to a vector particle bearing envelope glycoproteins derived from other viruses having envelopes.
  • the host range of the lentiviral vectors or vector particles of the present invention can thus be expanded or altered depending on the type of cell surface receptor used by the glycoprotein.
  • the gag, pol and env proteins needed to assemble the vector particle are provided in trans by means of a packaging cell line, for example, HEK-293T. This is usually accomplished by transfection of the packaging cell line with one or more plasmids containing the gag, pol and env genes.
  • the env gene originally derived from the same retrovirus as the gag and pol genes and as the RNA molecule or expression vector, is exchanged for the envelope protein(s) of a different enveloped virus.
  • the F and H or HN or G protein of Paramyxoviridae is used.
  • an exemplary pseudotyped vector particle based on the HIV-1 retrovirus comprises the (1) HIV-1 Gag and Pol proteins, (2) an RNA molecule derived from the HIV-1 genome that may be used to generate a retroviral vector particle based on the HIV-1 genome lacking the gag, env, pol, tat, vif, vpr, vpu and nef genes, but still comprising the LTRs, the psi element and a CMV promoter followed by the gene to be transduced, for example, a gene for the GFP protein, and (3) the F and H proteins of measles virus, for example, in a truncated form.
  • native receptor or “originally receptor” as used herein may be used interchangeably and refer to the receptor or antigen expressed on the cell surface of a cell that is bound by the naturally occurring virus envelope protein with antigen (receptor) binding activity.
  • the native measles virus receptors are SLAM, nectin-4 and CD46.
  • Nipahvirus envelope proteins use ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as receptors for entry.
  • one envelope protein with antigen-binding activity that does not interact with at least one of its native receptor(s) means that said protein has reduced or ablated interaction with at least one receptor of a cell that is normally targeted by the virus having said protein as described elsewhere herein.
  • Reduced interaction means that said truncated and/or mutated protein interacts with said at least one native receptor at least 50 % less efficient, at least 60 % less efficient, at least 70 % less efficient, at least 80 % less efficient, at least 90 % less efficient, at least 95 % less efficient, at least 99 % less efficient compared to the non-mutated protein.
  • said protein does not interact anymore with said at least one of its native receptors.
  • the interaction may be the binding of these two molecules to each other.
  • the less efficient interaction may be a reduced affinity of said protein to its native receptor.
  • Said envelope protein with antigen-binding activity may have more than one native receptors, then the reduction or ablation of interaction of one of these native receptors of said protein results in a reduced tropism of the vector particle.
  • the more interactions of said protein with its native receptors are inhibited by mutation the more effective is the reduction of tropism of the vector particle.
  • the retroviral vector particle as disclosed herein, e.g. when a native receptor is not expressed on any cell (target cells and non-target cells) in the environment of target cells that are intended to be transduced.
  • an envelope protein with antigen-binding activity has more than 2 native receptors, e.g. 3 native receptors, then preferentially said protein does not interact with the majority of its native receptors, e.g. 2 from 3.
  • the envelope protein with antigen-binding activity does not interact with all of its native receptors.
  • tropism refers to the host range or specificity of a virus or retroviral vector.
  • envelope protein with antigen-binding activity that is fused at its ectodomain to a polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain defines the host range of the retroviral vector.
  • the tagged polypeptide specific for antigen expressed on target cells defines the host range of the retroviral vector.
  • target cell refers to a cell which expresses an antigen (a marker) on its cell surface that should be recognized (bound) by the pseudotyped retroviral vector particle as disclosed herein or the tagged polypeptide of the adaptable system as disclosed herein, regularly the target cell is a T cell expressing CD62L.
  • the target cell may be a eukaryotic primary cell or a cell line.
  • the target cell may be a mammalian cell such as a murine cell, preferentially the target cell is a human cell.
  • non-target cells refers to a cell which does not express CD62L and therefore is not bound and transduced by said retroviral vector particles.
  • the term "selective" and “targeted” as used herein refer to retroviral vector particles that induce preferential transduction in target cells.
  • the transduction with pseudotyped retrovirus vector particles is 10-fold higher, preferentially 100-fold higher, most preferentially 1000-fold higher on said target cells than on non-target cells.
  • this is achieved by incubating cells with the pseudotyped retroviral vector as disclosed herein or the tagged polypeptide in the presence of a pseudotyped retroviral vector that comprises an envelope protein with antigen binding activity with reduced or ablated interaction with its native receptor(s) and a fusion polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for a tag of a tagged polypeptide at the ectodoman of said envelope protein.
  • a pseudotyped retroviral vector that comprises an envelope protein with antigen binding activity with reduced or ablated interaction with its native receptor(s) and a fusion polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for a tag of a tagged polypeptide at the
  • the tropism of a selective or targeted retroviral vector particle of the present invention is not defined by the tropism of the virus the G, HN or H protein is derived from, but, depending on the specificity of the envelope protein that is a recombinant protein that does not interact with at least one of its original receptors and is fused at its ectodomain to a polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for CD62L or specific for a tag as disclosed herein, for a cell surface antigen, i.e. herein CD62L, of a target cell.
  • the truncated protein H fused to the polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for CD62L or a tag of a tagged polypeptide as disclosed herein must have mutations that generally reduce or ablate productive interactions with its native receptors.
  • Such mutations are well-known in the art.
  • a mutation that ablates interaction of measles H protein with CD46 is e.g. the point mutation at position Y481, F431, V451, Y452, A527, P486, 1487, A428, L464, G546, S548, F549 wherein these amino acids are replaced with another amino acid and this mutation prevents or assists in preventing interaction of the H protein with CD46.
  • replacement of all five consecutive residues 473 to 477 in H protein with alanine may prevent interaction of H protein with CD46. Any of the above cited mutations maybe combined with each other
  • the following introduction of mutations ablates productive interaction of the measles H protein with CD46 and SLAM, respectively: Y481A R533A.
  • the Hmut protein also includes the mutations S548L and F549S, which lead to a more complete ablation of residual infectivity via CD46.
  • the mutation of the residues V451 and Y529 ablates productive interaction with CD46 and SLAM.
  • E501, W504, Q530, E533 were either single mutated or in combination.
  • the combined mutation of E501A, W504A, Q530A, E533A showed completely ablated receptor binding ability for both receptors ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3.
  • a pseudotyped retroviral vector particle "derived from”, for example, HIV-1, as used in the present invention, refers to a particle in which the genetic information for the RNA and/or the Gag and Pol proteins comprised by the vector particle originate from said retrovirus, in the above case, HIV-1.
  • the original retroviral genome can comprise mutations, such as deletions, frame shift mutations and insertions.
  • cytoplasmic portion refers to the portion of the respective protein that is adjacent to the transmembrane domain of the protein and, if the protein is inserted into the membrane under physiological conditions, extends into the cytoplasm or in case of viral particles reaching into the intravirion side.
  • cytoplasmic tail refers to the portion of the respective protein that is adjacent to the transmembrane domain of the protein and, if the protein is inserted into the membrane under physiological conditions, extends into the cytoplasm or in case of viral particles reaching into the intravirion side.
  • endodomain refers to the portion of the respective protein that is adjacent to the transmembrane domain of the protein and, if the protein is inserted into the membrane under physiological conditions, extends into the cytoplasm or in case of viral particles reaching into the intravirion side.
  • type II membrane proteins meaning that the cytoplasmic domain is located at the N-terminus of the envelope protein.
  • the transmembrane domain is identified by five amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:11), for the measles H protein, the domain is identified by four amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:12).
  • the cytoplasmic portion of the measles F protein usually consists of the 33 C-terminal amino acids, the sequence for measles Edmonston strain can be found in SEQ ID NO:13.
  • the cytoplasmic portion of the measles H protein typically consists of 34 N-terminal amino acids, the sequence for measles Edmonston strain can be found in SEQ ID NO:14.
  • the transmembrane domain is usually identified by the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:15 and cytoplasmic portion as shown in SEQ ID NO:16.
  • the transmembrane domain is usually defined by the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 and the cytoplasmic portion usually consists of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:18.
  • truncated refers to a deletion of amino acid residues of the designated protein. It is clear to the skilled person that a protein is encoded by a nucleic acid. Thus, “truncated” also refers to the corresponding coding nucleic acids in a nucleic acid molecule that codes for a given "truncated” protein.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding for a specific truncated or modified protein are likewise encompassed, and vice versa.
  • truncated H designates the Paramyxoviridae, preferably measles H protein, Nipah G protein and Nipah or measles F proteins, respectively, whose cytoplasmic portion has been partly or completely truncated, i.e. amino acid residues (or coding nucleic acids of the corresponding nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein) have been deleted.
  • the cytoplasmic portion of the F protein is located at the C-terminus of the protein.
  • the cytoplasmic portion of the H, HN or G protein is located at the N-terminus.
  • one begins counting at the second amino acid residue of the N-terminal end of the H, HN or G protein (i.e. omitting the first methionine residue) when ascertaining the desired sequence.
  • the cytoplasmic domain of the measles F protein can be truncated to comprise at least 1 positively charged amino acid residue and the cytoplasmic portion of the H protein can be truncated to comprise at least 9 consecutive amino acid residues of the C-terminal cytoplasmic portion of the H protein plus an additional methionine at the N-terminus.
  • a further truncation of the cytoplasmic portion of the H protein is expected to be feasible, if the H protein is truncated to allow efficient pseudotyping and still has fusion support function.
  • Modifications that allow truncation for efficient pseudotyping may be combined with modifications that ablate native receptor binding function.
  • the proteins of the present invention further include functional homologs.
  • a protein is considered a functional homolog of another protein for a particular function, if the homolog has a similar function as the original protein.
  • the homolog can be, for example, a fragment of the protein, or a substitution, addition, or deletion mutant of the protein.
  • Determining whether two amino acid sequences are substantially homologous is typically based on FASTA searches.
  • the amino acid sequence of a first protein is considered to be homologous to that of a second protein if the amino acid sequence of the first protein shares at least about 70 % amino acid sequence identity, preferably at least about 80% identity, and more preferably at least about 85 %, 90 %, 95 % or 99 % identity, with the sequence of the second protein.
  • Psi positive and psi negative refer to a nucleic acid molecule where the retroviral psi element is present and absent, respectively.
  • the psi element is a cis-acting signal located near the 5' end of the retroviral genome and designates a packaging signal, which is of importance during assembly of the viruses and leads to the incorporation of the viral RNA into the viral core.
  • a psi negative RNA does not comprise the retroviral psi element and consequently will not be assembled into a vector particle of the present invention; in contrast, a psi positive RNA that does comprise said psi element will be effectively assembled into the vector particle.
  • Tumor or “transduction efficiency” are used as a means to characterize and compare vector particles with regard to their ability to transduce their target cells.
  • vector particles having an "increased titer” or an “increased transduction efficiency” are able to transduce a higher number of cells at a given vector particle volume than other vector particles with the same volume.
  • a cell marker refers to a molecule present on the surface of a cell, preferentially on a target cell.
  • molecules can be, inter alia, peptides or proteins that may comprise sugar chains or lipids, clusters of differentiation (CDs), antibodies or receptors. Since not all populations of cells express the same cell markers, a cell marker can thus be used to identify, select or isolate a given population of cells expressing a specific cell marker.
  • CD4 is a cell marker expressed by T helper cells, regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells.
  • T helper cells, regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells can be identified, selected or otherwise isolated, inter alia by a FACS cell sorter, by means of the CD4 cell marker.
  • tagged polypeptide that is specific for binding to CD62L as used herein refers to a polypeptide that has bound thereto directly or indirectly at least one additional component, i.e. the tag.
  • the tagged polypeptide as used herein is able to bind an antigen expressed on a target cell, herein CD62L on T cells expressing CD62L.
  • the polypeptide may be an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to said antigen expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the polypeptide of the tagged polypeptide alternatively may be a cytokine or a growth factor or another soluble polypeptide that is capable of binding to an antigen of a target cell.
  • adapter or "adapter molecule” as used herein refers to a tagged polypeptide that can bind to an antigen of a target cell, e.g. antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and has bound thereto directly or indirectly at least one additional component, i.e. the tag.
  • the adapter or adapter molecule may by a tagged antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, a cytokine or a growth factor or another soluble polypeptide that is capable of binding to an antigen of a target cell.
  • the retroviral vector particle specific for a tag as disclosed herein may bind to said adapter.
  • Such an adaptable retroviral vector system that comprises a pseudotyped retroviral vector particle specific for a tag and said tag specific for an antigen expressed on the surface of a target cell is disclosed e.g. in WO2019086351A1 .
  • the tag of said tagged polypeptide may be e.g. a hapten or dextran and the hapten or dextran may be bound by the antigen binding domain of the polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for the tag.
  • Haptens such as e.g. FITC, biotin, PE, streptavidin, thiamin or dextran are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.
  • the small-molecule hapten may also be able to bind to the antibody, but it will usually not initiate an immune response; usually only the hapten-carrier adduct can do this.
  • polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for a tag refers to a polypeptide that can bind a tag of a tagged polypeptide.
  • the tagged polypeptide is different from the polypeptide that comprises the antigen binding domain specific for the tag.
  • the polypeptide comprising the antigen binding domain specific for a tag may be an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to said tag of the tagged polypeptide.
  • polypeptide comprising an antigen binding domain specific for CD62L refers to a polypeptide that can bind to the antigen CD62L that is expressed on the surface of T cells expressing CD62L.
  • the polypeptide comprising the antigen binding domain specific for CD62L may be an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to said antigen CD62L.
  • antibody as used herein is used in the broadest sense to cover the various forms of antibody structures including but not being limited to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (including full length antibodies), multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies), antibody fragments, i.e. antigen binding fragments of an antibody, immunoadhesins and antibody-immunoadhesin chimeras, that specifically recognize (i.e. bind) an antigen.
  • Antigen binding fragments comprise a portion of a full-length antibody, preferably the variable domain thereof, or at least the antigen binding site thereof ("an antigen binding fragment of an antibody").
  • antigen binding fragments include Fab (fragment antigen binding), scFv (single chain fragment variable), single domain antibodies, diabodies, dsFv, Fab', single-chain antibody molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • the term "antigen" is intended to include substances that bind to or evoke the production of one or more antibodies and may comprise, but is not limited to, proteins, peptides, polypeptides, oligopeptides, lipids, carbohydrates such as dextran, and combinations thereof, for example a glycosylated protein or a glycolipid.
  • antigen refers to a molecular entity that may be expressed on the surface of a target cell and that can be recognized by means of the adaptive immune system including but not restricted to antibodies or TCRs, or engineered molecules including but not restricted to endogenous or transgenic TCRs, CARs, scFvs or multimers thereof, Fab-fragments or multimers thereof, antibodies or multimers thereof, single chain antibodies or multimers thereof, or any other molecule that can execute binding to a structure with high affinity.
  • expression is defined as the transcription and/or translation of a particular nucleotide sequence driven by its promoter in a cell.
  • a recombinant protein is a biotechnologically generated protein that does not occur naturally in a eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic cell. Often it is composed of different domains from different proteins, e.g. as used herein, a viral envelope protein is fused (at its ectodomain) to a polypeptide that comprises an antigen binding domain specific for an antigen, e.g. CD62L or for a tag. Said polypeptide may be an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • T cells expressing CD62L refers to T cell subsets of a specific phenotype. In general, T cells may be characterized based on their function and marker expression. Two main subgroups have been defined: CD4 expressing T cells (i.e. T helper cells) and CD8 expressing T cells (i.e. cytotoxic T cells). CD8 positive specifically lyse e.g. virus infected or tumor cells by releasing perforin, granzyme and FasL upon specific binding to the respective peptide presented on the MHC I to the TCR.
  • CD4 expressing T cells i.e. T helper cells
  • CD8 expressing T cells i.e. cytotoxic T cells
  • CD8 positive specifically lyse e.g. virus infected or tumor cells by releasing perforin, granzyme and FasL upon specific binding to the respective peptide presented on the MHC I to the TCR.
  • T cells On CD4+ T cells peptides presented on MHC II are bound specifically by the respective TCR inducing a signaling cascade triggering the release of several cytokines such as interferons and interleukins. Such cytokines may recruit other immune cells and may activate CD8+ T cells for a boosted and sustained cytolytic activity. T cells differentiate into different phenotypes showing a specific memory or effector function profile.
  • Naive T cells have recently undergone positive and negative selection in the thymus and are considered to be early differentiated with high memory function but a low effector function. They can be identified by flow cytometry expressing CD45RA, CCR7 and CD62L and being negative for CD45RO, CD95 and IL-2Rbeta.
  • the terms "naive T cells”, resting T cells” and “non-activated T cells” may be used interchangeably.
  • T SCM Stem cell memory T cells
  • T CM Central memory T cells
  • T EM Effector memory T cells migrate to inflamed tissues and have an intermediate level of effector function. They can be identified by flow cytometry expressing CD45RO, CD95, IL-2Rbeta and being negative for CCR7 and CD62L.
  • T EFF Effector T cells
  • CD62L (L-Selectin) is transmembrane protein mainly involved in lymphocyte homing of blood-borne T cells into secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes by mediating binding of lymphocytes and endothelia. CD62L is expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, T and B cell subsets. On T cells, the expression of CD62L is regulated depending on the state of differentiation and activation as it is on T N , T SCM and T CM only.
  • CD62L Upon engagement of the TCR, CD62L is proteolytically shed from the T-cell surface within hours by ADAM17 cleaving at a position very proximal to the membrane. It has been suggested that the CD62L downregulation is required to prevent activated T-cells re-entering lymph nodes from the bloodstream and allow entry into infected and inflamed tissues.
  • transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. This non-native segment of DNA may either retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the transgenic organism or alter the normal function of the transgenic organism's genetic code.
  • a chimeric antigen receptor may comprise an extracellular domain (extracellular part) comprising the antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic signaling domain (intracellular signaling domain).
  • the extracellular domain may be linked to the transmembrane domain by a linker or spacer.
  • the extracellular domain may also comprise a signal peptide.
  • the CAR may be a adaptable CAR system (similar to the adaptable retroviral vector system) and may be then referred to as "anti-tag" CAR or "adapterCAR” or "universal CAR” as disclosed e.g. in US9233125B2 .
  • a “signal peptide” refers to a peptide sequence that directs the transport and localization of the protein within a cell, e.g. to a certain cell organelle (such as the endoplasmic reticulum) and/or the cell surface.
  • an "antigen binding domain" of a CAR refers to the region of the CAR that specifically binds to an antigen, e.g. to a tumor associated antigen (TAA) or tumor specific antigen (TSA).
  • TAA tumor associated antigen
  • TSA tumor specific antigen
  • the CARs of the invention may comprise one or more antigen binding domains (e.g. a tandem CAR). Generally, the targeting regions on the CAR are extracellular.
  • the antigen binding domain of the CAR may comprise an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the antigen binding domain of the CAR may comprise, for example, full length heavy chain, Fab fragments, single chain Fv (scFv) fragments, divalent single chain antibodies or diabodies.
  • any molecule that binds specifically to a given antigen such as affibodies or ligand binding domains from naturally occurring receptors may be used as an antigen binding domain.
  • the antigen binding domain of a CAR is a scFv.
  • a flexible linker to form a scFv.
  • Such a linker may be for example the "(G 4 S) 3 -linker”.
  • the antigen binding domain of the CAR it is beneficial for the antigen binding domain of the CAR to be derived from the same species in which the CAR will be used in.
  • the antigen binding domain of the CAR when it is planned to use it therapeutically in humans, it may be beneficial for the antigen binding domain of the CAR to comprise a human or humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • Human or humanized antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof can be made by a variety of methods well known in the art.
  • Spacer refers to the hydrophilic region which is between the antigen binding domain of the CAR and the transmembrane domain.
  • the CARs of the invention may comprise an extracellular spacer domain but is it also possible to leave out such a spacer.
  • the spacer may include e.g. Fc fragments of antibodies or fragments thereof, hinge regions of antibodies or fragments thereof, CH2 or CH3 regions of antibodies, accessory proteins, artificial spacer sequences or combinations thereof.
  • a prominent example of a spacer is the CD8alpha hinge.
  • the transmembrane domain of the CAR may be derived from any desired natural or synthetic source for such domain.
  • the domain When the source is natural the domain may be derived from any membrane-bound or transmembrane protein.
  • the transmembrane domain may be derived for example from CD8alpha or CD28.
  • the key signaling and antigen recognition modules domains
  • the CAR may have two (or more) transmembrane domains. Splitting key signaling and antigen recognition modules enable for a small molecule-dependent, titratable and reversible control over CAR cell expression (e.g. WO2014127261A1 ) due to small molecule-dependent heterodimerizing domains in each polypeptide of the CAR.
  • the cytoplasmic signaling domain (the intracellular signaling domain or the activating endodomain) of the CAR is responsible for activation of at least one of the normal effector functions of the immune cell in which the CAR is expressed, if the respective CAR is an activating CAR (normally, a CAR as described herein refers to an activating CAR).
  • "Effector function" means a specialized function of a cell, e.g. in a T cell an effector function may be cytolytic activity or helper activity including the secretion of cytokines.
  • the intracellular signaling domain refers to the part of a protein which transduces the effector function signal and directs the cell expressing the CAR to perform a specialized function.
  • the intracellular signaling domain may include any complete, mutated or truncated part of the intracellular signaling domain of a given protein sufficient to transduce a signal which initiates or blocks immune cell effector functions.
  • Prominent examples of intracellular signaling domains for use in the CARs include the cytoplasmic signaling sequences of the T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptors that initiate signal transduction following antigen receptor engagement.
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • T cell activation can be mediated by two distinct classes of cytoplasmic signaling sequences, firstly those that initiate antigen-dependent primary activation through the TCR (primary cytoplasmic signaling sequences, primary cytoplasmic signaling domain) and secondly those that act in an antigen-independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal (secondary cytoplasmic signaling sequences, co-stimulatory signaling domain).
  • primary cytoplasmic signaling sequences primary cytoplasmic signaling domain
  • secondly those that act in an antigen-independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal secondary cytoplasmic signaling sequences, co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • an intracellular signaling domain of a CAR may comprise one or more primary cytoplasmic signaling domains and/or one or more secondary cytoplasmic signaling domains.
  • Primary cytoplasmic signaling domains that act in a stimulatory manner may contain ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs).
  • ITAM containing primary cytoplasmic signaling domains often used in CARs are that those derived from TCR ⁇ (CD3 ⁇ ), FcRgamma, FcRbeta, CD3gamma, CD3delta, CD3epsilon, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, and CD66d. Most prominent is sequence derived from CD3 ⁇ .
  • the cytoplasmic domain of the CAR may be designed to comprise the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain by itself or combined with any other desired cytoplasmic domain(s).
  • the cytoplasmic domain of the CAR can comprise a CD3 ⁇ chain portion and a co-stimulatory signaling region (domain).
  • the co-stimulatory signaling region refers to a part of the CAR comprising the intracellular domain of a co-stimulatory molecule.
  • a co-stimulatory molecule is a cell surface molecule other than an antigen receptor or their ligands that is required for an efficient response of lymphocytes to an antigen.
  • Examples for a co-stimulatory molecule are CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40, CD30, CD40, PD-1, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen- 1 (LFA-1), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3.
  • the cytoplasmic signaling sequences within the cytoplasmic signaling part of the CAR may be linked to each other with or without a linker in a random or specified order.
  • a short oligo- or polypeptide linker which is preferably between 2 and 10 amino acids in length, may form the linkage.
  • a prominent linker is the glycine-serine doublet.
  • the cytoplasmic domain may comprise the signaling domain of CD3 ⁇ and the signaling domain of CD28.
  • the cytoplasmic domain may comprise the signaling domain of CD3 ⁇ and the signaling domain of CD137.
  • the cytoplasmic domain may comprise the signaling domain of CD3 ⁇ , the signaling domain of CD28, and the signaling domain of CD137.
  • CAR is an inhibitory CAR (referred to normally as "iCAR")
  • said CAR may have the same extracellular and/or transmembrane domains as the activating CAR but differs from the activating CAR with regard to the endodmain.
  • the at least one endodomain of the inhibitory CAR may be a cytoplasmic signaling domain comprising at least one signal transduction element that inhibits an immune cell or comprising at least one element that induces apoptosis.
  • the CARs that may be transduced by the pseudotyped retroviral vector particle as disclosed herein present may be designed to comprise any portion or part of the above-mentioned domains as described herein in any order and/or combination resulting in a functional CAR.
  • CD62L-specific pseudotyped lentiviral vectors are generated by engineering envelope proteins that are used for pseudotyping.
  • the two envelope proteins within the Paramyxoviridae family have distinct functions.
  • the protein H, HN or G with antigen binding activity mediates binding to specific cellular receptor.
  • Upon binding the protein with fusion activity mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membrane and entry of the viral capsid into the cytoplasm.
  • a protein with antigen binding activity is rendered CD62L specific by reducing or ablating interaction with the native receptors and equipping it with a polypeptide such as a scFv, that is specific for CD62L.
  • the H protein is truncated at the cytoplasmatic domain and mutated at positions 481, 533, 548, 549 that are crucial for receptor binding.
  • a polypeptide such as a CD62L specific scFv is added at the C-terminal part of the H protein.
  • indirect, adaptable targeting systems are available that require a tagged adapter molecule to mediate specific binding to the target antigen and selective transduction.
  • the polypeptide that is fused to the protein with antigen binding activity is specific for a tag of the tagged polypeptide and said tagged polypeptide specifically binds to the antigen expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the tag is biotin or dextran and the tagged polypeptide may be an antibody or fragment thereof that is labelled with biotin or dextran.
  • polypeptide specific for CD62L (direct approach) or for the tag (indirect adapter) may be an antibody fragment such as an scFv.
  • Two chains of the scFvs are linked via a (G4S) 3 linker (SEQ ID NO:9) and may be present in either orientations (VH-VL or VL-VH).
  • the orientation can influence expression levels, stability, affinity and the titer of the pseudotyped retroviral vector or virus-like particle thereof, respectively.
  • a His tag (SEQ ID NO: 12) has been added to the C-terminal end of the protein with antigen binding activity protein, to enable measuring surface expression by flow cytometry ( FIG 2 ).
  • DNA encoding the scFv of the CD62L, dextran or biotin specific antibody in VH-VL orientation were obtained by gene synthesis (ATUM, Newark, California). Flanking restrictions sites SfiI and NotI were inserted to enable insertion into the SfiI and NotI digested Hmut encoding plasmid pCG-Hmut (Anliker et al. (2010)).
  • DNA encoding the scFv in VL-VH orientation was obtained by PCR using a plasmid encoding for the scFv in VL-VH orientation with primers adding the restriction sites. The amplified scFv was inserted via SfiI and NotI into the digested Hmut encoding plasmid.
  • Pseudotyped retroviral vector particles specific for CD62L were generated by transient transfection of HEK-293T cells.
  • HEK-293T cells that were seeded in T175 flasks in DMEM/10 % FBS the day before were transfected using PEI (Polyethyleneimine, branched 25 kDa, Sigma Aldrich) transfection with a composition of a plasmid encoding for the H protein, a plasmid encoding for the F protein, a packaging plasmid encoding gag/pol/rev and a psi-positive transfer vector plasmid encoding a polycistronic CD19-specific CAR cassette linked via F2A site to the LNGFR marker protein.
  • PEI Polyethyleneimine, branched 25 kDa, Sigma Aldrich
  • a total of 35 ⁇ g DNA as a mixture of all aforementioned plasmids were diluted in 2.3 mL DMEM per T175 flask and vortexed for 20 sec.
  • 140 ⁇ L of branched PEI (Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted in 2.2 mL DMEM and vortexed for 20 sec.
  • the DNA containing solution and the PEI containing solution were combined, vortexed for 20 sec and incubated for 10 min at RT.
  • the medium on HEK 293T cells was exchanged for 10 mL DMEM + 15 % FBS and 3 mM L-Glutamine. 4.7 mL of the transfection reaction mix were added onto each T175 flask.
  • Flasks were shaken slightly and incubated at 37 °C for either 6 h or overnight. Next, the medium was aspirated and 14 mL DMEM comp was added per flask. Two days after transfection, the vector particles were harvested. For that purpose, supernatant of the T175 flasks was collected and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter. The supernatant of 10 flasks was pooled in a VWR centrifuge bucket and 9 mL of PBS + 20 % sucrose was underlain. Centrifugation was performed at 4500 rpm and 4°C for 24 h. Afterwards, the supernatant was discarded.
  • Titration of the CD62L-LV was performed on recombinant HT1080 cells expressing CD62L and aHis-HT1080 cells. 8000 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate in 100 ⁇ L RPMI containing 10 % FBS and 3 mM L-Glutamine. A dilution series with the five dilutions and a dilution factor of 5 was produced. Thereby, the start point was a 1:20 dilution. 100 ⁇ L of these dilutions were added on the cells and incubated for four days.
  • HT1080 cells or recombinant HT1080 cells expressing CD62L were seeded in a 96-well plate in 100 ⁇ L RPMI containing 10 % FBS and 3 mM L-Glutamine and transduced with GFP-encoding CD62L-LV or the same dose of VSV-G-LV as control. 4 days after adding lentiviral vectors particles, the transduced cells were harvested and the transduction efficiency was determined by flow cytometry for GFP expression ( Fig 2 ).
  • CD62L is expressed on naive T cells, stem cell memory and central memory T cells.
  • a combination of a competition and binding assay was performed with CD62L-LV and a CD62L specific antibody derived from the same clone to show the specificity of CD62L-LV.
  • CD62L-LV and the antibody are combined in one sample with CD62L expressing cells, both compete for the binding to the same epitope of CD62L.
  • Cells were incubated with different concentrations of the parental antibody for 1h at 4 °C, and then CD62L-LV particles were added for 30 min at 4 °C followed by a FACS staining gated on T cells to detect bound vector particles.
  • the vector particles bound to the surface of T cells were detected via CD3 and LNGFR staining.
  • a CD45 antibody at the same concentrations was applied ( Fig 3 )
  • Frozen PBMC were thawed, fully activated with 1 ⁇ g/mL CD3 specific antibody (OKT3) and 3 ⁇ g/mL of a CD28 specific antibody in T cell medium containing IL-7 and IL-15. No medium exchange or splitting was performed on these PBMC during cultivation. At day 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10, the whole supernatant of one well was collected and frozen at -80 °C. For day 0, TCM medium containing IL-7 and IL-15 was placed into a well which was coated with aCD3 and incubated overnight at 37 °C and then frozen at -80 °C.
  • sCD62L-LV The influence of sCD62L on binding of CD62L-LV onto its target was investigated by detecting cell bound LVs on activated PBMC in the presence of conditioned media containing different concentrations of sCD62L. Frozen PBMC were thawed, fully activated by incubation with 1 ⁇ g/mL CD3 specific antibody (OKT3) and 3 ⁇ g/mL of a CD28 specific antibody in T cell medium containing IL-7 and IL-15 for 2 days. 10 ⁇ L of CD62L-LV were incubated with 40 ⁇ L of conditioned medium containing a defined concentration of sCD62L for 1 h at 4 °C.
  • the mixture of conditioned medium and vector stock was then added to 40,000 PBMC seeded in a 96-well plate in a total volume of 100 ⁇ L media supplemented with IL-7 and IL-15 for 30 min at 4°C. Binding of the vector particle was quantified via flow cytometry by detecting cell bound CD62L-LV upon staining of LNGFR (codisplayed on the LV surface) on viable T cells (CD3+ cells) ( Fig 5 ).
  • Example 8 Transduction of PBMC with CD62L-LV in the presence of shed CD62L
  • PBMC Frozen PBMC were thawed, fully activated by incubation with 1 ⁇ g/mL CD3 specific antibody (OKT3) and 3 ⁇ g/mL of a CD28 specific antibody in T cell medium containing IL-7 and IL-15 for 2 days.
  • PBMC were seeded in 50 ⁇ L conditioned medium containing different concentrations of sCD62L. Transduction was performed in form of spinfection at 850 xg for 90 min at 32°C using 10 ⁇ L of the CD62L-LV vector stock. After spinfection 100 ⁇ L of conditioned medium containing defined concentrations of sCD62L was added. Three days later 100 ⁇ L of the supernatant was replaced by 100 ⁇ L fresh TCM containing IL-7 and IL-15. FACS staining was performed after two more days and the percentage of LNGFR expressing T cells as well as the MFI was determined. ( Fig 6 )

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