EP3939583A1 - Improvements in cancer treatment with isoflavonoids - Google Patents

Improvements in cancer treatment with isoflavonoids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3939583A1
EP3939583A1 EP21176052.5A EP21176052A EP3939583A1 EP 3939583 A1 EP3939583 A1 EP 3939583A1 EP 21176052 A EP21176052 A EP 21176052A EP 3939583 A1 EP3939583 A1 EP 3939583A1
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Prior art keywords
base
suppository
cancer
composition
previously defined
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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Graham Kelly
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Noxopharm Ltd
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Noxopharm Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/02—Suppositories; Bougies; Bases therefor; Ovules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0031—Rectum, anus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0034—Urogenital system, e.g. vagina, uterus, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra, bladder; Personal lubricants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • the invention relates to cancer therapy, especially to cytotoxic agents and chemo-sensitizing and radio-sensitising agents, particularly isoflavonoids, and to improving the bioavailability of same.
  • Plant-derived phenolic isoflavonoids have been the subject of considerable scientific research since the late-1980s. Many of these compounds have auxin or hormonal functions in plants and also display biological activities in human tissues.
  • One of the most extensively studied plant isoflavones is genistein, remarkable for its pleiotropic actions across carcinogenesis, inflammation, cardiovascular function, and insulin resistance.
  • the anti-cancer activities of genistein appear to stem in part from its ability to block the phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinases, resulting in mitotic arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis of human cancer cells (Lambert et al, 2005; Williamson and Manach, 2005). Genistein also is anti-angiogenic (Piao et al, 2006). The anti-cancer effects of genistein also extend to epigenetic modifications of cancer cells through modulation of DNA methylation, miRNA-mediated regulation and histone modifications (Adjakly et al, 2015) and to inhibition of proteasome activity (Kazi et al, 2003).
  • isoflavonoids have been found to be useful as cytotoxic agents, and as sensitising agents for sensitising cancer cells to cytotoxic signals from chemical or radiation insult. Some have also been shown to reverse chemo-resistance.
  • Idronoxil is an analogue of genistein.
  • Idronoxil phenoxodiol; dehydroequol; Haginin E (2H-1-Benzopyran-7-0,1,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) is about 10x more potent as an anti-cancer agent compared to genistein, inducing cytostasis and cytotoxicity in a wide range of cancer cell types. Its biological effects include inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis, immune modulation and neuro-protection.
  • Idronoxil has proved to have better drug-like qualities compared to its parent isoflavone compound, genistein, particularly in having greater in vitro anti-cancer activity and in not being particularly susceptible to Phase 1 metabolic processes (Brown et al, 2008). However, idronoxil, in common with members of the isoflavone family, is likely susceptible to Phase 2 metabolic processes, and it is this phenomenon that is believed to account for the lack of meaningful clinical efficacy observed with this family of compounds to some extent.
  • Isoflavonoid molecules are highly insoluble in water.
  • water-insoluble xenobiotics as well as water-insoluble internal hormones (steroidal hormones, thyroxine) and bile acids
  • the body seeks to convert these compounds into a water-soluble form that is excretable via the kidneys (Guy et al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2003).
  • Excretion can occur via the bile, but the rate of biliary excretion is slow compared to urinary excretion, leading the body to seek to convert as much of the xenobiotic into a water-soluble form that is possible.
  • One mode of detoxification may involve a family of UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzymes that attach the xenobiotic to the sugar, glucuronic acid, to produce a water-soluble glucuronide conjugate.
  • a secondary, less common detoxification process involves sulfotransferase enzyme activity that yields a water-soluble sulfated conjugate.
  • Orally administered idronoxil is completely converted into water-soluble conjugates as a combined effect of transferase activity in the gut mucosa and first-pass liver metabolism; intravenously administered idronoxil also is completely conjugated, with a low level of unconjugated drug being drug retained within the cyclodextrin carrier (Howes et al, 2011).
  • Isoflavonoid glucuronyl and sulfate conjugates lack anti-cancer activity in vitro and require the action of glucuronidase and sulphatase enzymes to liberate the active drug candidate.
  • tumour tissues are far more variable in their expression (Machin et al, 1980). That is, conjugated isoflavonoid drugs, as well as the broader family of phenolic drugs, are bio-available to healthy tissues because they possess the ability to deconjugate the drug, whereas their bio-availability to cancer tissue is far less certain and in some cases, non-existent.
  • Idronoxil has held an IND from the US FDA since about 2000 in both oral and intravenous dosage formulations and in that form has undergone over 12 Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical studies in over 300 patients with late-stage cancers. Instances of clinical response (complete response, partial response, stable disease) have been observed, but neither dosage formulation has delivered a consistent, clinically meaningful anti-cancer effect.
  • composition including:
  • the invention provides a composition including:
  • the oleaginous base comprises a predominance of (>45% w/w base) saturated fatty acids.
  • the oleaginous base is Theobroma oil (cocoa butter) or an oil fraction or derivative or synthetic version thereof having a saturated fatty acid profile substantially the same as, or identical to the fatty acid profile of Theobroma oil.
  • a suppository, pessary intra-urethral device or like formed from a composition described above.
  • a method of treating or preventing cancer comprising administering to a person in need thereof a suppository, pessary intra-urethral device or like described above.
  • compositions described above in the preparation of a suppository, pessary, intra-urethral device or like for the prevention and/or treatment of cancer.
  • a suppository, pessary, intra-urethral device or like formed from a composition described above for use in preventing or treating cancer.
  • the inventor has sought to improve the clinical efficacy of isoflavonoids, especially isoflavonoids for the treatment of cancer.
  • the inventor has investigated heretofore unexplored approaches for the clinical application of these compounds.
  • the inventor has recognised that it is possible to obtain a robust anti-tumour effect from isoflavonoids. As described and exemplified herein, the inventor describes the use of isoflavonoids to bring to remission an aggressive metastatic disease.
  • the isoflavonoid must be given in the form of a formulation having a substantially hydrophobic or lipophilic base.
  • the formulation must be given so as to enable contact of the isoflavonoid with rectal or urogenital mucosa. Where these conditions are met, the inventor has observed the anti-cancer activity of isoflavonoids against primary and metastatic disease.
  • an underlying mechanism of action is believed to involve the hydrophobic association of the isoflavonoid with fatty acid formulation base and the mucosal uptake of fatty acids administered in the rectal and urogenital spaces.
  • the isoflavonoid when the hydrophobic base of the formulation is liquefied at body temperature in the rectal or urogenital spaces, the isoflavonoid remains hydrophobically associated (potentially by hydrophobic interactions between the fatty acid chains of the hydrophobic formulation base and the phenolic chemistry of the isoflavonoid) in the form of a fatty acid/isoflavonoid complex.
  • a mechanism operating at the rectal or urogenital mucosa for uptake of fatty acid chains may transport the fatty acid/isoflavonoid complex across the mucosa whereby the isoflavonoid is available for therapeutic effect.
  • a critical feature of suppository and pessary formulations and the like is the presence of a base associated with the pharmaceutical active that is selected to enable the partitioning of the base and active.
  • the suppository base is generally hydrophobic or lipophilic, enabling the active to be physically retained in the rectum until the base melts, upon which the active is released for absorption across the mucosa and the base is understood to mix with rectal fluid and to be expelled from the rectal space.
  • the base functions merely as a carrier enabling physical administration of the active.
  • Partitioning of active and base is very well understood to be essential to the function of a suppository. It is generally accepted that pharmaceutical actives that are highly soluble in a suppository base in fact diffuse much less rapidly out of the base than do those actives which are insoluble or have a low excipient solubility see: Allen L.V in Compounding rectal dosage forms -Part II, Secundum Artem Vol 14 No. 4 Therefore, without partitioning of active and base, when the base (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) melts or otherwise is dissolved in mucosal fluid and expelled from the rectal or urogenital space, the active is dissolved and expelled with the base.
  • hydrophilic actives are generally formulated together with hydrophobic base (typically containing fatty acids, especially saturated fatty acids) and hydrophobic actives are generally formulated with hydrophilic base (for example cyclodextrin etc.).
  • the invention described herein stands in contrast to these accepted principles of suppository formulation whereby the inventor has recognised that, at least insofar as certain isoflavonoids described herein are concerned, there is a surprising advantage that pertains to utilising a hydrophobic or lipophilic base, enabling the dissolution of isoflavonoids therein, and from which these isoflavonoids would be expected to diffuse less rapidly and therefore to exhibit lower partitioning.
  • the inventor has recognised the applicability of isoflavonoids for treatment of cancer or sensitisation of cancer cells to chemo- or radiotherapy when given in the form of a formulation having a hydrophobic or lipophilic base .
  • the present invention provides a composition including:
  • the compounds of general formula (I) or (II) may be defined as isoflavonoids.
  • X is O.
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of wherein
  • the compound of Formula (I) is wherein R 11 and R 12 are as defined above.
  • isoflavonoids for use in a composition according to the invention described are shown by Formula (II): wherein
  • R 5 is aryl substituted with an alkoxy group.
  • the alkoxy group is methoxy.
  • R 5 is hydroxy.
  • the compound of formula (II) is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having from one to ten carbon atoms, or any range between, i.e. it contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group is optionally substituted with substituents, multiple degrees of substitution being allowed.
  • Examples of "alkyl” as used herein include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, and the like.
  • C 1-10 alkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, containing at least 1, and at most 10 carbon atoms respectively, or any range in between (e.g. alkyl groups containing 2-5 carbon atoms are also within the range of C 1- 10).
  • the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 5 carbons and more preferably are methyl, ethyl or propyl.
  • aryl refers to an optionally substituted benzene ring.
  • the aryl group is optionally substituted with substituents, multiple degrees of substitution being allowed.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic five, six or seven membered aromatic ring containing one or more nitrogen, sulfur, and/or oxygen heteroatoms, where N-oxides and sulfur oxides and dioxides are permissible heteroatom substitutions and may be optionally substituted with up to three members.
  • heteroaryl groups used herein include furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl and substituted versions thereof.
  • a “ring substituent” may be a moiety such as a halogen, alkyl group, or other substituent described herein that is covalently bonded to an atom, preferably a carbon or nitrogen atom, that is a ring member.
  • substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated substituents, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterised and tested for biological activity.
  • substituents include but are not limited to: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, C 3 -C 7 heterocyclyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfanyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfenyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonoamino, alkylcarboxy, alkylcarboxyamide, oxo, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, acyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, aminosulfonyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano or halogen.
  • isoflavonoid as used herein is to be taken broadly and includes isoflavones, isoflavenes, isoflavans, isoflavanones, isoflavanols and similar or related compounds.
  • isoflavonoid core structures are shown below: wherein " " represents either a single bond or a double bond.
  • dihydrodaidzein compound 1 where R 8 is H
  • dihydrogenestein compounds 2 and 5
  • tetrahydrodaidzein compound 8
  • equol and dehydroequol compound 10
  • oleaginous bases i.e. hydrophobic or lipophilic bases
  • hydrophilic bases such as PEG, cyclodextrin and the like do not.
  • 'base' may refer to a substance commonly used as a carrier in a suppository, pessary or intra-urethral device.
  • the base has a solvent power for the isoflavonoid enabling at least partial, preferably complete dissolution of the isoflavonoid in the base.
  • the base may be comprised of, or consist of an oil or fat.
  • the base includes saturated fatty acids in an amount of 50 to 65% w/w base.
  • Stearic acid may be included in an amount of 25 to 40% w/w base.
  • Palmitic acid may be included in an amount of 25 to 30% w/w base.
  • Longer chain saturated fatty acids such as myristic, arachidic and lauric acid may be included in an amount of ⁇ 2% w/w base.
  • the oleaginous base includes unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 35 to 50% w/w base.
  • unsaturated fatty acids may be included in an amount of 30 to 45% w/w base.
  • Oleic acid may be included in an amount of 30 to 40% w/w base.
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and alpha linolenic acid may be included in an amount of 0 to 5% w/w base.
  • Theobroma oil (cocoa butter) has been a traditional base in a suppository because of: (a) its non-toxic and non-irritant nature, and (b) its low melting point, meaning that it readily dissolves at body temperature when placed within a bodily cavity, However, it is increasingly being replaced for a number of reasons. One reason is its variability in composition, a consequence of its natural origins; theobroma oil also is polymorphic, meaning it has the ability to exist in more than one crystal form. Another is that the formulated product needs to be kept refrigerated because of its low melting point, rendering it unsuitable in tropical regions. This has led to a number of substitute products offering a range of advantages over theobroma oil such as greater consistency, decreased potential for rancidity, and greater ability to tailor phase transitions (melting and solidification) to specific formulation, processing, and storage requirements.
  • the oleaginous base comprises a predominance of (>45% w/w base) of saturated fatty acids.
  • the oleaginous base is Theobroma oil (cocoa butter) or an oil fraction or derivative or synthetic version thereof having a saturated fatty acid profile substantially the same as, or identical to the fatty acid profile of Theobroma oil.
  • the base may be formed or derived from a hard fat, butter or tallow.
  • a base may comprise esterified or non-esterified fatty acid chains.
  • the fatty acid chains may be in the form of mono, di and trigycerides, preferably of saturated fatty acid chains of C9-20 chain length.
  • a suppository base may be formed from synthetic oils or fats, examples including Fattibase, Wecobee, Witepesoll (Dynamit Nobel, Germany), Suppocire (Gatefosse, France, Hydrokote and Dehydag.
  • the proportion of the oleaginous suppository base in the final product is a function of the dosage of active pharmaceutical ingredient and the presence of other pharmaceutical or inert ingredient (if any) but may be provided by way of example in an amount of about 1 to 99% w/w formulation.
  • the isoflavonoid suppository, pessary and devices for urethral application of the invention may be prepared as follows.
  • the isoflavonoid is contacted with a suppository base (as described above) in molten form in conditions enabling at least partial, preferably complete or substantially complete dissolution of the isoflavonoid in the base.
  • This solution is then poured into a suitable mould, such as a PVC, polyethylene, or aluminium mould.
  • the isoflavonoid may be contacted with the base at a temperature of from about 35° C to about 50° C and preferably from about 40° C to about 44° C.
  • the isoflavonoid can be milled or sieved prior to contact with the base.
  • the method for manufacture of the formulation and devices formed from same of the invention require a dissolution of the isoflavonoid in the suppository base so that the isoflavonoid is at least partially dissolved therein.
  • the conditions provided for manufacture, and formulation or device formed from same enable at least, or provide at least, 50%, preferably 60%, preferably 70%, preferably 80%, preferably 90%, preferably 95% of the isoflavonoid for a given dosage unit to be dissolved in the dosage unit.
  • no more than 50% of the isoflavonoid for a given dosage unit preferably no more than 40%, preferably no more than 30%, preferably no more than 20%, preferably no more than 10%, preferably no more than 5% of isoflavonoid for a given dosage unit may be in admixture with, (i.e. undissolved in) the suppository base of the dosage unit.
  • all of the isoflavonoid added to a dosage unit is dissolved in the base.
  • no isoflavonoid is left in admixture with the suppository base. This is believed to increase the likelihood of the uptake of all of the isoflavonoid given in the dosage unit.
  • the objective of the manufacture process is not to admix, or to mingle, or to blend the suppository base with the isoflavonoid as generally occurs in pharmacy practice of admixing components, as it is believed that the resulting admixture would have a lower likelihood of providing therapeutic benefit.
  • any other excipient, carrier or other pharmaceutical active does not interfere with the dissolution of the isoflavonoid in the base, for example as may occur if the isoflavonoid forms a complex with a charged molecular species (other pharmaceutical active, carrier or excipient), the result of which would be to decrease the propensity of the complex, and therefore the isoflavonoid contained in it, to dissolve in the suppository base.
  • the suppositories, pessaries or intra-urethral devices may be coated, prior to packing, for example with cetyl alcohol, macrogol or polyvinyl alcohol and polysorbates to increase disintegration time or lubrication or to reduce adhesion on storage.
  • sample suppositories, pessaries, or intra-urethral devices from each batch produced are preferably tested by the dissolution method of the present invention for quality control.
  • a sample from each batch is tested to determine whether at least about 75 or 80% by weight of the base dissolves within 2 hours.
  • the suppository, pessary or like device according to the invention is substantially hydrophobic or lipophilic throughout and does not contain a hydrophilic substance such as hydrophilic carrier or pharmaceutical active, or hydrophilic foci or region formed from the ligation or complexing of the isoflavonoid to or with another pharmaceutical compound, carrier or excipient.
  • a hydrophilic substance such as hydrophilic carrier or pharmaceutical active, or hydrophilic foci or region formed from the ligation or complexing of the isoflavonoid to or with another pharmaceutical compound, carrier or excipient.
  • the formulation for forming the suppository, pessary and devices for urethral application does not include a further pharmaceutical active, cytotoxic or chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the only active is the isoflavonoid and the formulation does not include a platin, taxane or other cytotoxic or chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the total weight of the suppository preferably ranges from about 2250 to about 2700 mg and more preferably from about 2250 to about 2500 mg. According to one embodiment, the suppository has a total weight ranging from about 2300 mg to about 2500 mg.
  • the suppository or pessary is preferably smooth torpedo-shaped.
  • the melting point of the suppository or pessary is generally sufficient to melt in the patient's body, and is typically no more than about 37° C.
  • formulations according to the invention in suppository, pessary, intra-urethral device or like form are useful for improving the bioavailability of isoflavonoids in a range of therapeutic applications.
  • the formulations are useful for treatment of cancer, whereby the isoflavonoid is used as a cytotoxic monotherapy, or as a chemo-sensitising agent for another cytotoxic molecule.
  • a method of treating or preventing cancer in an individual including administering to a person in need thereof a suppository, pessary or intra- urethral device formed from a formulation according to the invention.
  • a formulation according to the invention in the preparation of a suppository, pessary or intra- urethral device for the prevention or treatment of cancer.
  • a suppository, pessary or intra- urethral device formed from a formulation according to the invention for use in preventing or treating cancer.
  • Methods for applying a suppository are well known in the art. Generally the methods involve inserting the suppository to a point aligned with the inferior and medial haemorrhoid veins, thereby enabling the release of the drug to the inferior vena cave.
  • 'Treatment' generally refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures.
  • Subjects requiring treatment include those already having a benign, pre-cancerous, or non-metastatic tumor as well as those in which the occurrence or recurrence of cancer is to be prevented.
  • the objective or outcome of treatment may be to reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the primary tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder.
  • Efficacy of treatment can be measured by assessing the duration of survival, time to disease progression, the response rates (RR), duration of response, and/or quality of life.
  • the method is particularly useful for delaying disease progression.
  • the method is particularly useful for extending survival of the human, including overall survival as well as progression free survival.
  • the method is particularly useful for providing a complete response to therapy whereby all signs of cancer in response to treatment have disappeared. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured.
  • the method is particularly useful for providing a partial response to therapy whereby there has been a decrease in the size of one or more tumors or lesions, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment.
  • Pre -cancerous or pre -neoplasia generally refers to a condition or a growth that typically precedes or develops into a cancer.
  • a "pre -cancerous” growth may have cells that are characterized by abnormal cell cycle regulation, proliferation, or differentiation, which can be determined by markers of cell cycle.
  • the cancer is pre-cancerous or pre -neoplastic.
  • the cancer is a secondary cancer or metastases.
  • the secondary cancer may be located in any organ or tissue, and particularly those organs or tissues having relatively higher hemodynamic pressures, such as lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, bowel and brain.
  • cancers include blastoma (including medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma), sarcoma (including liposarcoma and synovial cell sarcoma), neuroendocrine tumors (including carcinoid tumors, gastrinoma, and islet cell cancer), mesothelioma, schwannoma (including acoustic neuroma), meningioma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, leukemia or lymphoid malignancies, lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer (SGLG), non-small cell lung cancer (NSGLG), adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer (including metastatic breast cancer), colon cancer, rectal cancer, color
  • a condition or symptom associated [with the cancer] may be any pathology that arises as a consequence of, preceding, or proceeding from the cancer.
  • the condition or relevant symptom may be microbial infection.
  • the condition or symptom may relate to organ dysfunction of the relevant organ having tumor metastases.
  • the methods of treatment described herein are for the minimisation or treatment of a condition or symptom in an individual that is associated with a cancer in the individual.
  • the formulation according to the invention may be useful for preventing doubling time of the cancer cells or otherwise inhibiting tumour growth, either through cytotoxic effect on the tumour cells or otherwise by generally inhibiting cell replication.
  • the suppository formulation provides an anti neoplastic "monotherapy" effect.
  • the method of treatment described above further includes the step of administering cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy to the individual.
  • the treatment provides for sensitisation of the tumour to radiotherapy, especially stereotactic radiotherapy.
  • the treatment may provide for a reduction in tumour size utilising a sub-optimal radiation dose. It will be understood that a suboptimal radiation dose is one incapable of reducing tumour size in the absence of isoflavonoid formulation treatment.
  • the treatment provides for sensitisation of the tumour to chemotherapy.
  • the treatment provides for a reduction in tumour size utilising a sub-optimal chemotherapy dose. It will be understood that a suboptimal chemotherapy dose is one incapable of reducing tumour size in the absence of isoflavonoid formulation treatment.
  • the isoflavonoid formulaton treatment is provided either as a cytotoxic monotherapy, or as a radio or chemosensitising therapy according to a variable dosing regime, prior to, or at the time of radio or chemotherapy.
  • the variable dosing regime may include an increasing dose of isoflavonoid treatment during a run in period prior to radio or chemotherapy and/or an increasing dose during radio or chemotherapy.
  • the isoflavonoid is provided in a dose of about 400mg once daily for a period of 1 to 2 weeks and increased to 800mg once daily for a period of 1 to 2 weeks or 1 month or longer, and further increased to 1600mg (2x800mg) once daily for a period of 1 to 2 weeks or 1 month or longer.
  • Actual amounts will be influenced by disease status, age, weight, gender and other pharmacologically relevant variables.
  • the cancer is primary or secondary prostate cancer
  • the isoflavonoid is idronoxil
  • the formulation is in the form of a suppository having a suppository base formed from, or consisting of Theobroma oil (cocoa butter).
  • the idronoxil may be contained in the suppository in an amount of 400mg or 800mg.
  • the idronoxil may be given once or twice daily for a period of 2 to 4 weeks, or for up to 12 months.
  • the treatment provides for an inhibition of increase in prostate specific antigen (PSA) score, or for inhibition of tumour growth. In one embodiment the treatment provides for a reduction in PSA score, preferably a 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% reduction in PSA score.
  • PSA prostate specific antigen
  • formulation may also be applied in the form of a device adapted for urethral application enabling the treatment of transitional epithelial carcinoma of the bladder.
  • PSA 3.4
  • PSA at completion of 2 week period 6.7 indicating doubling time of 1 month.
  • the oral administration failed to reduce tumour doubling time.
  • PSA 6.0
  • PSA at completion of 2 week period 9.6 indicating continual growth of tumour during the treatment period.
  • Example 4 Cytotoxic monotherapy with (a) 400mg and (b) 800mg phenoxodiol daily against primary prostate cancer.
  • PSA PSA doubling time of 6 weeks
  • Patient received suppository comprising 400mg idronoxil in theobroma oil suppository base daily for 4 weeks.
  • PSA score 10 indicating that the monotherapy with suppository formulation had effectively stopped tumour growth.
  • Suppository treatment was stopped for a period of 2 weeks and then continued for 2 weeks.
  • PSA score 10 indicating suppository formulation has an inhibitory effect on tumour growth.
  • Patient received suppository comprising 800mg idronoxil in theobroma oil suppository based daily in 2 week courses for 15 months.

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