Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1216—Inorganic compounds metal compounds, e.g. hydrides, carbides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1886—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof naphthenic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline

Definitions

• the present invention describes additives for gasoline and gasoline fuels with additives for reducing uncontrolled ignitions in gasoline internal combustion engines.
• DISI engines Direct Injection Spark Ignition
• LSPI low speed Pre-Ignition
• the fuel-air mixture is burned in the combustion chamber before it is ignited by the spark plug.
• pressure peaks form which at least lead to irregular running of the engine and, in extreme cases, to engine damage if the pressure peaks affect pistons, piston rings, bearings, cylinder heads or valves.
• the effect of the LSPI differs from knocking in that the knocking process is irregular combustion only after ignition, mostly due to the formation of an irregular flame front in addition to the desired spherical shell-shaped flame front emanating from the spark plug.
• LSPI refers to the premature onset of combustion of a fuel-air mixture in a gasoline engine during compression before ignition by the spark plug, preferably in the range of 1 to 10 ° of the crankshaft rotation before ignition, particularly preferably 2 to 9 ° and very particularly preferably 3 to 8 ° before ignition.
• Calcium-based additives in engine oil were held responsible for premature ignitions ( http://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2017-01-2292/ ), especially calcium salicylate ( http://www.sae .org / publications / technical-papers / content / 2014-32-0092 / ), as well as magnesium and sodium compounds ( http://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2015-32-0771/ ).
• diarylamines as an additive in a fuel is in WO 2018/041710 described as reducing the LSPI.
• the object of the present invention was therefore to develop new additives for use in fuels which are capable of reducing or preventing the effect of the LSPI.
• the object was achieved by using (A) at least one compound of metals selected from groups 1, 2 and 7 to 12 of the periodic table with a solubility in toluene at 25 ° C. of at least 0.1 g / l, preferably at least 0 , 2 g / l in petrol to reduce and / or prevent the premature onset of combustion of the fuel-air mixture in a petrol engine before ignition by the spark plug (LSPI).
• LSPI spark plug
• the compounds (A) according to the invention are suitable as additives in gasoline fuels and, as additives in gasoline fuels, are able to reduce LSPI.
• the named groups of the periodic table are identified by their current IUPAC numbering.
• the first group is the alkali metal group, preferred of these are lithium, sodium and potassium, particularly preferably sodium and potassium and very particularly preferably sodium.
• the second group is the alkaline earth metal group, preferred among these are magnesium, calcium and barium, and magnesium is particularly preferred.
• the 7th group is the manganese group, the preferred metal of this group is manganese.
• the 8th to 10th groups are the iron groups, preferred metals of these groups are iron, cobalt, nickel,
• copper and silver are preferred, copper is particularly preferred.
• compounds selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc with the above-mentioned solubility are preferred; compounds selected from the group consisting of are particularly preferred Magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc, very particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium and zinc, provided that they meet the above solubility together with the respective counterion.
• Suitable counterions or ligands of the metals mentioned in the invention are halides, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, C 1 -C 12 -alkyl carbonates, sulfates, hydrogen sulfates, C 1 -C 12 -alkyl sulfates, C 1 -C 12 -alkyl sulfonates, C 6 -C 10 -aryl sulfonates or C 7 -C 30 -alkylarylsulfonates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates, C 1 -C 12 -dialkyldithiophosphates, cyanates, thiocyanates, anions of up to 30 carbon atoms containing organic mono-, di- or polycarboxylic acids, carbonyl ( CO) and optionally alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl.
• Preferred counterions and ligands are C 1 -C 12 alkyl carbonates, C 1 -C 12 alkyl sulfates, C 1 -C 12 alkyl sulfonates, C 6 -C 10 arysulfonates, C 7 -C 30 alkyl aryl sulfonates, dithiocarbamates, C 1 - C 12 dialkyldithiophosphates, organic anions of up to 30 carbon atoms Mono-, di- or polycarboxylic acids, carbonyl (CO), dicarbonyl compounds and optionally alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl.
• Anions of organic mono-, di- or polycarboxylic acids containing up to 30 carbon atoms such as octanoic acid (caprylic acid), pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid), decanoic acid (capric acid), undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), pentadecanoic acid (, Hexadecanoic acid), margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid), stearic acid (octadecanoic acid), nonadecanoic acid, arachidic acid (eicosanic acid), behenic acid (docosanic acid), tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), cerotic acid (hexacosanoic acid), triacontanoic acid (9-melissinic acid), enoic acid], oleic acid [(9Z) -oct
• Dicarbonyl compounds acetoacetone, acetoacetic acid C 1 -C 8 -alkyl ester, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione.
• cyclopentadienyl cyclopentadienyl, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl.
• Zinc compounds zinc octanoate, zinc ethylhexanoate, zinc decanoate, zinc neodecanoate, zinc dodecanoate, zinc myristate, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc salicylate, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate
• Magnesium compounds Magnesium naphthenate, magnesium phthalate, magnesium bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), magnesium octanoate, magnesium ethylhexanoate, magnesium decanoate, magnesium neodecanoate, magnesium dodecanoate, magnesium myristate, magnesium palmitate, magnesium stearate, magnesium C 1 -C 12 alkyl sulfonate, magnesium C 6 -C 10 aryl sulfonate, magnesium salicylate
• Iron compounds ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl, iron (III) p-toluenesulfonate, iron (III) 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate.
• Manganese compounds methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
• Preferred compounds (A) are zinc octanoate, zinc ethylhexanoate, zinc decanoate, zinc neodecanoate, zinc dodecanoate, zinc myristate, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc salicylate, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate, magnesium naphthenate, magnesium phthalate, magnesium bis (2,2,6 , 6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), magnesium octanoate, magnesium ethylhexanoate, magnesium decanoate, magnesium neodecanoate, magnesium dodecanoate, magnesium myristate, magnesium palmitate, magnesium stearate, magnesium C 1 -C 12 alkyl sulfonate, magnesium C 6 -C 10 -arylsulfonate and magnesium salicylate.
• the metal compounds are usually used in petrol in amounts of 0.1 to 500, preferably 0.5 to 250, particularly preferably 1 to 150, very particularly preferably 2 to 100 and in particular 5 to 75 ppm by weight added, based on the total mass of the fuel to be added without further additives.
• the metal compounds are usually added to the gasoline as a solution in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture or as a solution in an alkanol or polyalkylene glycol, preferably in a fuel (see below).
• solvents from the Solvesso ® series toluene, xylene or straight-chain and branched saturated hydrocarbons such as paraffins or naphthenes, fuels, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tridecanol isomer mixtures , 2-ethylhexanol, 2-propylheptanol, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols, or mixed polypropylene / butylene glycols.
• the metal compounds (A) according to the invention can be added to the fuels to be added individually or in a mixture with further active additive components (co-additives) and thus form fuel additive compositions according to the invention.
• the hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergent additives which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 85 to 20,000, in particular 113 to 10,000, especially 300 to 5000.
• Mn number average molecular weight
• Amines such as ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such as dimethylaminopropylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylene pentamine can be used for the amination.
• Corresponding additives based on polypropene are described in particular in WO-A-94/24231.
• additives containing monoamino groups (a) are the compounds obtainable from polyisobutene epoxides by reaction with amines and subsequent dehydration and reduction of the amino alcohols, as in particular in DE-A-196 20 262 are described.
• These reaction products are generally mixtures of pure nitropolyisobutenes (e.g. alpha, beta-dinitropolyisobutene) and mixed hydroxynitropolyisobutenes (e.g. alpha-nitro-beta-hydroxypolyisobutene).
• Carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (d) containing additives are preferably copolymers of C 2 -C 40 olefins with maleic anhydride with a total molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, the carboxyl groups wholly or partly to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and a remaining Rest of the carboxyl groups are reacted with alcohols or amines.
• Such additives are in particular from EP-A-307 815 known.
• Such additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can, as in WO-A-87/01126 described, can be used with advantage in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.
• Additives containing sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (s) are preferably alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinate, as it is in particular in US Pat EP-A-639 632 is described.
• Such additives mainly serve to prevent valve seat wear and can advantageously be used in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.
• Additives containing polyoxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkylene groups (f) are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines, which are obtained by reacting C 2 -C 60 -alkanols, C 6 -C 30 -alkanediols, mono- or di-C 2 -C 30 -alkylamines, C 1 -C 30 -alkylcyclohexanols or C 1 -C 30 -alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, Monoamines or polyamines are available.
• Such products are particularly popular in EP-A-310 875 , EP-A-356 725 , EP-A-700,985 and US-A-4,877,416 described.
• polyethers such products also have carrier oil properties. Typical examples of this are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
• Additives containing carboxylic ester groups (g) are preferably esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, in particular those with a minimum viscosity of 2 mm 2 / s at 100 ° C., as in particular in DE-A-38 38 918 are described.
• Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids; long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols.
• esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of iso-octanol, iso-nonanol, iso-decanol and iso-tridecanol. Such products also meet carrier oil properties.
• derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylene pentamine.
• Such gasoline additives are in particular in US-A-4,849,572 described.
• Additives containing groups (i) produced by the Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines are preferably reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine or dimethylaminopropylamine.
• Such "polyisobutene Mannich bases” are particularly in the EP-A-831 141 described.
• additive formulations according to the invention can moreover be combined with other customary components and additives.
• Carrier oils without a pronounced detergent effect are primarily to be mentioned here.
• Suitable mineral carrier oils are fractions that occur during petroleum processing, such as bright stocks or base oils with viscosities such as, for example, from class SN 500-2000; but also aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons and alkoxyalkanols.
• a fraction known as "hydrocrack oil” and obtained in the refining of mineral oil can also be used (vacuum distillate cut with a boiling range of about 360 to 500 ° C., obtainable from natural mineral oil catalytically hydrogenated and isomerized and dewaxed under high pressure). Mixtures of the abovementioned mineral carrier oils are also suitable.
• Examples of synthetic carrier oils which can be used according to the invention are selected from: polyolefins (polyalphaolefins or polyinternalolefins), (poly) esters, (poly) alkoxylates, polyethers, aliphatic polyetheramines, alkylphenol-started polyethers, alkylphenol-started polyetheramines and carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols.
• suitable polyethers or polyetheramines are preferably compounds containing polyoxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkylene groups, which are obtained by reaction of C 2 -C 60 -alkanols, C 6 -C 30 -alkanediols, mono- or di-C 2 -C 30 -alkylamines, C 1 -C 30 -alkylcyclohexanols or C 1 -C 30 -alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines.
• poly-C 2 -C 6 -alkylene oxide amines or functional derivatives thereof can be used as polyether amines.
• Typical examples of this are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
• carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols are, in particular, esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, as they are in particular in US Pat DE-A-38 38 918 are described.
• Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids; long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols.
• esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of isooctanol, isononanol, isodecanol and isotridecanol, such as di- (n- or isotridecyl) phthalate.
• suitable synthetic carrier oils are alcohol-initiated polyethers with about 5 to 35, such as about 5 to 30, C 3 -C 6 alkylene oxide units, such as selected from propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide and i-butylene oxide units, or mixtures of that.
• suitable starter alcohols are long-chain alkanols or phenols substituted by long-chain alkyl, the long-chain alkyl radical in particular being a straight-chain or branched C 6 -C 18 -alkyl radical. Tridecanol and nonylphenol are preferred examples.
• corrosion inhibitors for example based on ammonium salts of organic carboxylic acids that tend to form films or of heterocyclic aromatics in the case of non-ferrous metal corrosion protection
• Antioxidants or stabilizers for example based on amines such as p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or derivatives thereof or on phenols such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
• Demulsifiers such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
• Demulsifiers Demulsifiers
• Antistatic agents Lubricity improvers (other than the triazoles according to the invention) such as certain fatty acids, alkenylsuccinic acid esters, bis (hydroxyalkyl) fatty amines, hydroxyacetamides or castor oil; and dyes (markers).
• the components or additives can be added to the fuel individually or as a previously prepared concentrate (additive package) together with the metal compound (A) according to the invention.
• the detergent additives mentioned with the polar groups (a) to (i) are usually added to the fuel in an amount of 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, in particular 50 to 1000 ppm by weight.
• the other components and additives mentioned are added, if desired, in the amounts customary for this purpose.
• additive compositions according to the invention can be used in all conventional gasoline fuels, as described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition 1990, Volume A16, pp. 719 ff.
• a petrol with an aromatic content of a maximum of 60, such as a maximum of 42 or a maximum of 35 vol .-% and / or a sulfur content of a maximum of 2000, such as a maximum of 150 or a maximum of 10 ppm by weight.
• the aromatic content of the petrol is, for example, 10 to 50, such as 30 to 42% by volume, in particular 32 to 40% by volume, or a maximum of 35% by volume.
• the sulfur content of the gasoline is, for example, 2 to 500, such as 5 to 100 ppm by weight, or a maximum of 10 ppm by weight.
• the gasoline can have an olefin content of up to 50% by volume, for example from 6 to 21% by volume, in particular 7 to 18% by volume; a benzene content of up to 5% by volume, such as 0.5 to 1.0% by volume, in particular 0.6 to 0.9% by volume and / or an oxygen content of up to to 25% by volume, for example up to 10% by weight or 1.0 to 2.7% by weight, in particular from 1.2 to 2.0% by weight.
• such petrol can be named as an example, which at the same time have an aromatic content of a maximum of 38 or 35 vol .-%, an olefin content of a maximum of 21 vol .-%, a sulfur content of a maximum of 50 or 10 ppm by weight, a benzene content of a maximum of 1, 0% by volume and an oxygen content of 1.0 to 2.7% by weight.
• the content of alcohols and ethers in petrol can vary over a wide range. Examples of typical maximum contents are 15% by volume for methanol, 85% by volume for ethanol, 20% by volume for isopropanol, 15% by volume for tert-butanol, 20% by volume for isobutanol and 20% by volume for ether with 5 or more carbon atoms in the molecule 30% by volume. Pure alkanols, especially pure methanol or ethanol, are also conceivable.
• the summer vapor pressure of the petrol is usually a maximum of 70 kPa, in particular 60 kPa (in each case at 37 ° C).
• the RON of petrol is usually 75 to 105.
• a common range for the corresponding MON is 65 to 95.
• the specified specifications are determined using customary methods (DIN EN 228).
• the fuels with additives are accordingly also suitable for reducing and / or preventing the premature onset of combustion of the fuel-air mixture in an Otto engine before ignition by the spark plug (LSPI).
• the tests for LSPI were carried out in a 4-cylinder gasoline engine from large series with 1.6 liter displacement (bore 85.8 mm, stroke 77.0 mm) and turbocharger with a maximum output of 125 kW and an emissions standard in accordance with the Euro 4 norm . According to the manufacturer's recommendation, the engine can be operated on fuels with an RON of 91 to 98.
• the 7-hole injectors were arranged on the side of the combustion chamber and operated at a maximum fuel pressure of 120 bar.
• All four cylinders were equipped with special indicator spark plugs with integrated pressure sensors and evaluated with the SMETEC Combi Combustion Analyzer. While the peak pressure of the engine configuration at 1600 rpm and wide open throttle (WOT) is 60 bar, a pressure peak above 90 bar was assessed as an LSPI event in each case.
• WOT wide open throttle

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• 2020
  • 2020-06-30 EP EP20183202.9A patent/EP3933014A1/fr not_active Withdrawn

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