EP3920919A1 - Verfahren und zusammensetzungen zur modulierung der spleissung - Google Patents

Verfahren und zusammensetzungen zur modulierung der spleissung

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Publication number
EP3920919A1
EP3920919A1 EP20753044.5A EP20753044A EP3920919A1 EP 3920919 A1 EP3920919 A1 EP 3920919A1 EP 20753044 A EP20753044 A EP 20753044A EP 3920919 A1 EP3920919 A1 EP 3920919A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
substituted
unsubstituted
pharmaceutically acceptable
compound
formula
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20753044.5A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3920919A4 (de
Inventor
Michael Luzzio
Brian Lucas
Daniel Brian HORNE
Tiansheng Wang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Skyhawk Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Skyhawk Therapeutics Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Skyhawk Therapeutics Inc filed Critical Skyhawk Therapeutics Inc
Publication of EP3920919A1 publication Critical patent/EP3920919A1/de
Publication of EP3920919A4 publication Critical patent/EP3920919A4/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C07D451/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C07D451/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof with hetero atoms directly attached in position 3 of the 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or in position 7 of the 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/439—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom the ring forming part of a bridged ring system, e.g. quinuclidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/46—8-Azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane; Derivatives thereof, e.g. atropine, cocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C07D451/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane ring systems, e.g. granatane, 2-aza-adamantane; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/056—Ortho-condensed systems with two or more oxygen atoms as ring hetero atoms in the oxygen-containing ring

Definitions

  • oligonucleotides as therapeutics include unfavorable pharmacokinetics, lack of oral bioavailability, and lack of blood-brain-barrier penetration, with the latter precluding delivery to the brain or spinal cord after parenteral drug administration for the treatment of diseases (e.g., neurological diseases, brain cancers).
  • diseases e.g., neurological diseases, brain cancers.
  • oligonucleotides are not taken up effectively into solid tumors without a complex delivery system such as lipid nanoparticles. Further, most of the oligonucleotides taken up into cells and tissues remain in non-functional compartments (e.g. , endosomes) and does not gain access to the cytosol and/or nucleus where the target is located.
  • oligonucleotide therapies require access to complementary base pairs of the target.
  • This approach assumes that pre-mRNA sequences exist as a linear strand of RNA in the cell.
  • pre-mRNA is rarely linear; it has complex secondary and tertiary structure.
  • cis-acting elements e.g. , protein binding elements
  • trans-acting factors e.g. , splicing complex components
  • These features can be potency -and efficacy-limiting for oligonucleotide therapies.
  • SMSMs small molecule splicing modulators
  • oligonucleotide therapies e.g., by blocking hybridization to pre-mRNA targets.
  • Small molecules have been essential in uncovering the mechanisms, regulations, and functions of many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. While several recent reports have described screens for small molecule effectors of splicing, only a small number of constitutive or alternative splicing modulators have been identified and many of the small-molecule inhibitors lack specificity, lack selectivity, lack potency, exhibit toxicity, or are not orally available.
  • RNA transcriptome Targeting the RNA transcriptome with small-molecule modulators represents an untapped therapeutic approach to treat a variety of RNA-mediated diseases. Accordingly, there remains a need to develop small- molecule RNA modulators useful as therapeutic agents. There is need in the art for novel modulators of splicing or splicing-dependent processes. Provided herein are small molecule splicing modulators and uses thereof that fulfill this need.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C2 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium,
  • (ii) are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, or (iii) are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (la):
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (lb):
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (Ic):
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (Id):
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (Ie):
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof has the structure of Formula (If):
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD3, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with substituted or unsubstituted aryl, wherein if aryl is substituted then it is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C t haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- Cs heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if heteroaryl is substituted then it is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- Cs heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • each R Q is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -CN, -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CF 3 -OCH 3 , -
  • ring P is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • ring P is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein each R Q is independently selected from hydrogen, -F, -Cl, -CN, -OH, -CH 3 . CF 3 or -OCH 3 .
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, deuterium substituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and
  • n 1, 2, or 3.
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, deuterium substituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and
  • n 1, 2, or 3.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein each R B is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , - CF 3 - OH, or -OCH 3 .
  • each R B is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , - CF 3 - OH, or -OCH 3 .
  • each R B is independently H, -F or -OCFR
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein ring Q is 2-naphthyl substituted at the 3 position with 0, 1, and 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ce alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein W is -CH 2 OCH 2- .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein W is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 8 cycloalkylene or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene.
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 8 cycloalkylene or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein W is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 4 heterocycloalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, - CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, - CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , or cyclopropyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CFhF, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CFhF, -CHF 2 , or -CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -OCF 3 , -Q3 ⁇ 4, - CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 F, -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, - OH, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 F, -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein one or more of R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, - OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R 2 is hydrogen, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R A is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , or -CF 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein R 15 and R 18 are both hydrogen.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein the compound is selected from Table 1A, Table IB, and Table 1C.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 are F.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 are F.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF3, CHF2, and CH3CH2F.
  • R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine.
  • at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprise a fluorine.
  • at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine.
  • one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprise a fluorine.
  • the compound of Formula (I), Formula (la), Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of W, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF3, CHF2, and CH3CH2F.
  • one ofW, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine.
  • W comprises a fluorine.
  • Also provided herein is a method of modulating splicing comprising contacting a compound described herein to cells, wherein the compound modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a pre-mRNA that encodes a mRNA, wherein the mRNA encodes a target protein or a functional RNA.
  • a method of treating a disease or condition comprising administering a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • composition comprising a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
  • Also provided herein is use of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition or disease.
  • RNA denotes a small molecule compound that binds to a cell component (e.g., DNA, RNA, pre-mRNA, protein, RNP, snRNA, carbohydrates, lipids, co-factors, nutrients and/or metabolites) and modulates splicing of a target polynucleotide, e.g., a pre-mRNA.
  • a cell component e.g., DNA, RNA, pre-mRNA, protein, RNP, snRNA, carbohydrates, lipids, co-factors, nutrients and/or metabolites
  • an SMSM can bind directly or indirectly to a target polynucleotide, e.g., RNA (e.g., a pre-mRNA) with a mutated, non- mutated, bulged and/or aberrant splice site, resulting in modulation of splicing of the target polynucleotide.
  • a target polynucleotide e.g., RNA (e.g., a pre-mRNA) with a mutated, non- mutated, bulged and/or aberrant splice site, resulting in modulation of splicing of the target polynucleotide.
  • an SMSM can bind directly or indirectly to a protein, e.g., a spliceosome protein or a ribonuclear protein, resulting in steric modulation of the protein and modulation of splicing of a target RNA.
  • a spliceosome component e.g., a spliceosome protein or snRNA resulting in steric modulation of the spliceosome protein or snRNA and modulation of splicing of target polynucleotide.
  • RNA triplexes 3WJs, 4WJs, parallel-Y junctions, hairpins, bulge loops, pseudoknots, internal loops, and other higher-order RNA structural motifs.
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • biological context e.g., the RNA may be in the nucleus, circulating in the blood, in vitro, cell lysate, or isolated or pure form
  • physical form e.g., the RNA may be in single-, double-, or triple -stranded form (including RNA-DNA hybrids)
  • the RNA is 20, 22, 50, 75, or 100 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the RNA is 250 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the RNA is 350, 450, 500, 600, 750, or 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 7,500, 10,000, 15,000, 25,000, 50,000, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the RNA is between 250 and 1,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the RNA is a pre-RNA, pre- miRNA, or pretranscript.
  • the RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), a ribozyme, riboswitch, IncRNA, lincRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, scaRNA, piRNA, ceRNA, pseudo- gene, viral RNA, fungal RNA, parasitic RNA, or bacterial RNA.
  • ncRNA non-coding RNA
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • miRNA micro-RNA
  • a ribozyme riboswitch
  • IncRNA lincRNA
  • snoRNA snRNA
  • snRNA scaRNA
  • piRNA piRNA
  • ceRNA ceRNA
  • pseudo- gene viral RNA
  • fungal RNA fungal RNA
  • parasitic RNA parasitic RNA
  • bacterial RNA bacterial RNA
  • target polynucleotide or“target RNA,” as used herein, means any type of polynucleotide or RNA, respectively, having a splice site capable of being modulated by a small molecule compound described herein.
  • a target polynucleotide” or“target RNA” may have a secondary or tertiary structure capable of binding a small molecule compound described herein.
  • Steps in alteration refers to changes in the spatial orientation of chemical moieties with respect to each other.
  • steric mechanisms include, but are not limited to, steric hindrance, steric shielding, steric attraction, chain crossing, steric repulsions, steric inhibition of resonance, and steric inhibition of protonation.
  • arylalkylheterocycloalkyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl -radical which is substituted by an alkyl which is substituted by an aryl.
  • the term“one or more” refers to the range from one substituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e. replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens by substituents.
  • the term“substituted” denotes that a specified group bears one or more substituents. Where any group can carry multiple substituents and a variety of possible substituents is provided, the substituents are independently selected and need not to be the same.
  • the term“unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents.
  • the term“optionally substituted” means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents, independently chosen from the group of possible substituents. When indicating the number of substituents, the term“one or more” means from one substituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e. replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens by substituents.
  • Diipea diisopropylethylamine
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • H1 hydrogen chloride
  • MeOH methoxymethyl bromide
  • MOMBr methoxymethyl bromide
  • NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • Mel methyl Iodide
  • n-propanol n- PrOH
  • PMB p-methoxybenzyl
  • Et3N triethylamine
  • Ci-C x includes C1-C2, C1-C3... Ci-C x .
  • a group designated as “C1-C4” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbon atom,
  • “C1-C4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, .vo-propyl. «-butyl, /50-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl.
  • halo “halogen”, and“halide” are used interchangeably herein and denote fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical, having from one to twenty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
  • An alkyl comprising up to 10 carbon atoms is referred to as a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 6 carbon atoms is a Ci-Ce alkyl.
  • Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly.
  • Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 9 alkyl, Ci-C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C7 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkyl, C 1 -C5 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C3 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 alkyl and C 4 -C 8 alkyl.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, 1-methylethyl (/-propyl), «-butyl, /-butyl, 5-butyl, «-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (/-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 1- ethyl -propyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl is methyl or ethyl.
  • the alkyl is -CH(CH 3 ) 2 or -C(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
  • “Alkylene” or“alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group.
  • the alkylene is -CH2-, -CH2CH2-, or -CH2CH2CH2-.
  • the alkylene is -CH2-.
  • the alkylene is -CH2CH2-.
  • the alkylene is -CH2CH2CH2-.
  • alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is methoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is ethoxy.
  • alkylamino refers to a radical of the formula -NHR a or -NR a R a where each R a is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present.
  • R a is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e.. allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon triple bond is present.
  • an alkenyl group has the formula -CoC-R a , wherein R a refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group.
  • R a is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include -CoCH, -CoCCH 3 -CoCCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CoCH.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized p-electron system containing 4h+2p electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatics can be optionally substituted.
  • aromatic includes both aryl groups (e.g., phenyl, naphthalenyl) and heteroaryl groups (e.g., pyridinyl, quinolinyl).
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom.
  • Aryl groups can be optionally substituted. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, and naphthyl. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the
  • aryl or the prefix“ar-”(such as in“aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.
  • an aryl group is partially reduced to form a cycloalkyl group defined herein.
  • an aryl group is fully reduced to form a cycloalkyl group defined herein.
  • haloalkyl denotes an alkyl group wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by same or different halogen atoms, particularly fluoro atoms.
  • haloalkyl include monofluoro-, difluoro-or trifluoro-methyl, -ethyl or -propyl, for example 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 2- fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.
  • perhaloalkyl denotes an alkyl group where all hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been replaced by the same or different halogen atoms.
  • haloalkoxy denotes an alkoxy group wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group has been replaced by same or different halogen atoms, particularly fluoro atoms.
  • haloalkoxyl include monofluoro-, difluoro-or trifluoro-methoxy, -ethoxy or -propoxy, for example 3,3,3- trifluoropropoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, fluoromethoxy, or trifluoromethoxy.
  • perhaloalkoxy denotes an alkoxy group where all hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group have been replaced by the same or different halogen atoms.
  • bicyclic ring system denotes two rings which are fused to each other via a common single or double bond (annelated bicyclic ring system), via a sequence of three or more common atoms (bridged bicyclic ring system) or via a common single atom (spiro bicyclic ring system).
  • Bicyclic ring systems can be saturated, partially unsaturated, unsaturated or aromatic.
  • Bicyclic ring systems can comprise heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • the terms“carbocyclic” or“carbocycle” refer to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from“heterocyclic” rings or“heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom.
  • cycloalkyls are saturated or partially unsaturated.
  • cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • cycloalkyls are fused with an aromatic ring (in which case the cycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring carbon atom).
  • Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms.
  • Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to ten carbon atoms, from three to eight carbon atoms, from three to six carbon atoms, or from three to five carbon atoms.
  • Monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
  • the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopentenyl or
  • cyclohexenyl In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopentenyl.
  • Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthalenyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthalenyl, tetrainyl, decalinyl, 3,4- dihydronaphthalenyl-l(2H)-one, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbomyl and bicycle[l. l.l]pentyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • bridged refers to any ring structure with two or more rings that contains a bridge connecting two bridgehead atoms.
  • the bridgehead atoms are defined as atoms that are the part of the skeletal framework of the molecule and which are bonded to three or more other skeletal atoms.
  • the bridgehead atoms are C, N, or P. In some embodiments, the bridge is a single atom or a chain of atoms that connects two bridgehead atoms. In some embodiments, the bridge is a valence bond that connects two bridgehead atoms. In some embodiments, the bridged ring system is cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the bridged ring system is heterocycloalkyl.
  • fused refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure.
  • fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring
  • any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with one or more N, S, and O atoms.
  • fused heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring structures include 6-5 fused heterocycle, 6-6 fused heterocycle, 5-6 fused heterocycle, 5-5 fused heterocycle, 7-5 fused heterocycle, and 5-7 fused heterocycle.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,2-difluoroethoxy, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropoxy, 1,2-dibromoethoxy, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkoxy group may be optionally substituted.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom.
  • a fluoroalkyl is a C1-C6 fluoroalkyl.
  • a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, l-fluoromethyl-2- fluoroethyl, and the like.
  • a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl.
  • a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a heteroatom of the heteroalkyl.
  • a heteroalkyl is a Ci-Ce heteroalkyl.
  • Representative heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to -OCTfiOMe, -OCH2CH2OH, -OCTfiCThOMe, or -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2.
  • heteroalkylene refers to an alkyl radical as described above where one or more carbon atoms of the alkyl is replaced with a O, N or S atom.
  • “Heteroalkylene” or“heteroalkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent heteroalkyl chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heteroalkyl or heteroalkylene group may be optionally substituted as described below.
  • Representative heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to - OCH2CH2O-, -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2O-, or -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2O-.
  • heterocycloalkyl radical may be a monocyclic, or bicyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, the heterocycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems.
  • the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized.
  • the nitrogen atom may be optionally quatemized.
  • the heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated.
  • heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[l,3]dithianyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, decahydroquinolyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl,
  • heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of carbohydrates, including but not limited to monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. In some
  • heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring and 1 or 2 N atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring and 3 or 4 N atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons, 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms, 0-2 P atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons, 1-3 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the
  • heterocycloalkyl ring Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • heterocycle refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 12 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms.
  • heterocycles are monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 3 to 12 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 12 atoms in its ring system.
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl,
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, fiiryl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, qui
  • a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol- 1-yl (N- attached) or pyrrol-3 -yl (C-attached).
  • a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N-attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached).
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic.
  • both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the heteroaryl is monocyclic or bicyclic.
  • Illustrative examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, f iryl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthala
  • monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, fiiryl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine.
  • heteroaryl is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl or fiiryl.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-6 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 4-6 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, 0-1 P atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a C1-C9 heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a C1-C5 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • a bicyclic heteroaryl is a C6-C9 heteroaryl.
  • a heteroaryl group is partially reduced to form a heterocycloalkyl group defined herein.
  • a heteroaryl group is fully reduced to form a heterocycloalkyl group defined herein.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, -NH 2 , -OH, -NH(CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , - NH(cyclopropyl), -CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 3 , -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups.
  • the term“about” or“approximately” can mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, . e.. the limitations of the measurement system.
  • “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art.
  • “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 15%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value.
  • the term can mean within an order of magnitude, within 5-fold, or within 2-fold, of a value.
  • tautomer refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule.
  • the compounds presented herein may exist as tautomers. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric interconversions include:
  • the terms“administer,”“administering”,“administration,” and the like, as used herein, refer to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes (p.o.), intraduodenal routes (i.d.), parenteral injection (including intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.), intravascular or infusion (inf.)), topical (top.) and rectal (p.r.) administration. Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
  • co-administration or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • an“effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated; for example a reduction and/or alleviation of one or more signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an“effective amount” for therapeutic uses can be an amount of an agent that provides a clinically significant decrease in one or more disease symptoms.
  • An appropriate“effective” amount may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study, in individual cases.
  • the terms“enhance” or“enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in amount, potency or duration a desired effect.
  • the term “enhancing” can refer to the ability to increase or prolong splicing, either in amount, potency or duration, of a the target.
  • the term“subject” or“patient” encompasses mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the term“animal” as used herein comprises human beings and non human animals.
  • a“non-human animal” is a mammal, for example a rodent such as rat or a mouse.
  • a non-human animal is a mouse.
  • the terms“treat,”“treating” or“treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
  • the term“preventing” or“prevention” of a disease state denotes causing the clinical symptoms of the disease state not to develop in a subject that can be exposed to or predisposed to the disease state, but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease state.
  • the terms“pharmaceutical composition” and“pharmaceutical formulation” (or“formulation”) are used interchangeably and denote a mixture or solution comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active pharmaceutical ingredient together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to be administered to a subject, e.g., a human in need thereof.
  • the term“pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from mixing or combining more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients.
  • the term“fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound described herein and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
  • the term“non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound described herein and a co-agent, are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
  • cocktail therapy e.g., administration of three or more active ingredients.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes an attribute of a material which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and is acceptable for veterinary as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” can refer a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be used interchangeably and denote any pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition having no therapeutic activity and being non-toxic to the subject administered, such as disintegrators, binders, fillers, solvents, buffers, tonicity agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants, carriers, diluents, excipients, preservatives or lubricants used in formulating pharmaceutical products.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts denotes salts which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include both acid and base addition salts.
  • A“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” can refer to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and/or does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting an SMSM compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(Ir) or Formulas (Il)-(IIr) with an acid.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(Ir) or Formulas (Il)-(IIr) or with a base to form a salt.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(Ir) or Formulas (Il)-(IIr) or with a base to form a salt.
  • the type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesul
  • compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
  • compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • nucleic acid generally refers to one or more nucleobases, nucleosides, or nucleotides, and the term includes polynucleobases, polynucleosides, and polynucleotides.
  • polynucleotide generally refers to a molecule comprising two or more linked nucleic acid subunits, e.g., nucleotides, and can be used interchangeably with“oligonucleotide”.
  • a polynucleotide may include one or more nucleotides selected from adenosine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), or variants thereof.
  • a nucleotide generally includes a nucleoside and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphate (P03) groups.
  • a nucleotide can include a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups.
  • Ribonucleotides include nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose.
  • Deoxyribonucleotides include nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.
  • a nucleotide can be a nucleoside monophosphate, nucleoside diphosphate, nucleoside triphosphate or a nucleoside polyphosphate.
  • a nucleotide can be a deoxyribonucleoside polyphosphate, such as a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), Exemplary dNTPs include
  • dNTPs can also include detectable tags, such as luminescent tags or markers (e.g., fluorophores).
  • a nucleotide can be a purine (i.e., A or G, or variant thereof) or a pyrimidine (i.e., C, T or U, or variant thereof).
  • a polynucleotide is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or derivatives or variants thereof.
  • exemplary polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, short interfering RNA (siRNA), a microRNA (miRNA), a plasmid DNA (pDNA), a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), antisense RNA (asRNA), and heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA), and encompasses both the nucleotide sequence and any structural embodiments thereof, such as single- stranded, double -stranded, triple-stranded, helical, hairpin, stem loop, bulge, etc.
  • asRNA short interfering RNA
  • miRNA microRNA
  • pDNA plasmid DNA
  • pDNA plasmid DNA
  • pDNA plasmid DNA
  • polynucleotide is circular.
  • a polynucleotide can have various lengths.
  • a polynucleotide can have a length of at least about 7 bases, 8 bases, 9 bases, 10 bases, 20 bases, 30 bases, 40 bases, 50 bases, 100 bases, 200 bases, 300 bases, 400 bases, 500 bases, 1 kilobase (kb), 2 kb, 3, kb, 4 kb, 5 kb, 10 kb, 50 kb, or more.
  • a polynucleotide can be isolated from a cell or a tissue.
  • polynucleotide sequences may comprise isolated and purified DNA/RNA molecules, synthetic DNA/RNA molecules, and/or synthetic DNA/RNA analogs.
  • Polynucleotides may include one or more nucleotide variants, including nonstandard nucleotide(s), non-natural nucleotide(s), nucleotide analog(s) and/or modified nucleotides.
  • modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to diaminopurine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5- iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5- carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D- galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5- methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D- mannosylqueosine, 5’- methoxycarboxyl
  • nucleotides may include modifications in their phosphate moieties, including modifications to a triphosphate moiety.
  • modifications include phosphate chains of greater length (e.g., a phosphate chain having, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more phosphate moieties) and modifications with thiol moieties (e.g., alpha-thiotriphosphate and beta- thiotriphosphates).
  • Nucleic acid molecules may also be modified at the base moiety (e.g., at one or more atoms that typically are available to form a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide and/or at one or more atoms that are not typically capable of forming a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide), sugar moiety or phosphate backbone.
  • Nucleic acid molecules may also contain amine -modified groups, such as amino ally 1-dUTP (aa-dUTP) and aminohexhylacrylamide-dCTP (aha-dCTP) to allow covalent attachment of amine reactive moieties, such as N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (NHS).
  • Alternatives to standard DNA base pairs or RNA base pairs in the oligonucleotides of the present disclosure can provide higher density in bits per cubic mm, higher safety (resistant to accidental or purposeful synthesis of natural toxins), easier discrimination in photo-programmed polymerases, or lower secondary structure.
  • Such alternative base pairs compatible with natural and mutant polymerases for de novo and/or amplification synthesis are described in Betz K, Malyshev DA, Lavergne T, Welte W, Diederichs K, Dwyer TJ, Ordoukhanian P, Romesberg FE, Marx A. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2012 Jul;8(7):612-4, which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.
  • the terms“polypeptide”,“protein” and“peptide” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of two or more polypeptide chains.
  • the terms“polypeptide”,“protein” and“peptide” refer to a polymer of at least two amino acid monomers joined together through amide bonds.
  • An amino acid may be the L-optical isomer or the D- optical isomer.
  • the terms“polypeptide”,“protein” and“peptide” refer to a molecule composed of two or more amino acids in a specific order; for example, the order as determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene or RNA coding for the protein. Proteins are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions.
  • a protein can be a portion of the protein, for example, a domain, a subdomain, or a motif of the protein.
  • a protein can be a variant (or mutation) of the protein, wherein one or more amino acid residues are inserted into, deleted from, and/or substituted into the naturally occurring (or at least a known) amino acid sequence of the protein.
  • a protein or a variant thereof can be naturally occurring or recombinant.
  • Methods for detection and/or measurement of polypeptides in biological material include, but are not limited to, Western-blotting, flow cytometry, ELISAs, RIAs, and various proteomics techniques.
  • An exemplary method to measure or detect a polypeptide is an immunoassay, such as an ELISA. This type of protein quantitation can be based on an antibody capable of capturing a specific antigen, and a second antibody capable of detecting the captured antigen. Exemplary assays for detection and/or measurement of polypeptides are described in Harlow, E. and Lane, D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (1988), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • RNA in biological material includes, but are not limited to, Northern-blotting, RNA protection assay, RT PCR. Suitable methods are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Fourth Edition) By Michael R. Green, Joseph Sambrook, Peter MacCallum 2012, 2,028 pp, ISBN 978-1-936113-42-2.
  • a“small molecular weight compound” can be used interchangeably with“small molecule” or“small organic molecule”.
  • Small molecules refer to compounds other than peptides or oligonucleotides; and typically have molecular weights of less than about 2000 Daltons, e.g., less than about 900 Daltons.
  • a ribonucleoprotein refers to a nucleoprotein that contains RNA.
  • a RNP can be a complex of a ribonucleic acid and an RNA-binding protein. Such a combination can also be referred to as a protein-RNA complex.
  • These complexes can function in a number of biological functions that include, but are not limited to, DNA replication, gene expression, metabolism of RNA, and pre-mRNA splicing.
  • Examples of RNPs include the ribosome, the enzyme telomerase, vault ribonucleoproteins, RNase P, heterogeneous nuclear RNPs (hnRNPs) and small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs).
  • RNA transcripts from protein-coding genes and mRNA processing intermediates are generally bound by proteins in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. From the time nascent transcripts first emerge from RNA polymerase (e.g., RNA polymerase II) until mature mRNAs are transported into the cytoplasm, the RNA molecules are associated with an abundant set of splicing complex components (e.g., nuclear proteins and snRNAs). These proteins can be components of hnRNPs, which can contain heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) (e.g., pre-mRNA and nuclear RNA complexes) of various sizes.
  • hnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA
  • Splicing complex components function in splicing and/or splicing regulation.
  • Splicing complex components can include, but are not limited to, ribonuclear proteins (RNPs), splicing proteins, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs).
  • RNPs ribonuclear proteins
  • snRNAs small nuclear RNAs
  • snRNPs small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • hnRNPs heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • Splicing complex components include, but are not limited to, those that may be required for splicing, such as constitutive splicing, alternative splicing, regulated splicing and splicing of specific messages or groups of messages.
  • SR proteins serine arginine rich proteins
  • RRMs RNA-recognition motifs
  • RS domain C-terminal rich in arginine and serine residues
  • SR proteins in human include, but are not limited to, SC35, SRp55, SRp40, SRm300, SFRS10, TASR-1, TASR-2, SF2/ASF, 9G8, SRp75, SRp30c, SRp20 and P54/SFRS11.
  • Other splicing complex components in human that can be involved in splice site selection include, but are not limited to, U2 snRNA auxiliary factors (e.g. U2AF65, U2AF35), Urp/U2AF 1 -RS2, SF1/BBP, CBP80, CBP 20, SF1 and PTB/hnRNPl.
  • hnRNP proteins in humans include, but are not limited to, Al, A2/B1, L, M, K, U, F, H, G, R, I and C1/C2.
  • Human genes encoding hnRNPs include HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA3, HNRNP A2B1,
  • HNRNP AB HNRNPB1, HNRNPC, HNRNPCLl, HNRNPD, HNRPDL, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR.
  • Splicing complex components may be stably or transiently associated with a snRNP or with a transcript.
  • intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding sequence in the unprocessed RNA transcript. As part of the RNA processing pathway, introns can be removed by RNA splicing either shortly after or concurrent with transcription. Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be located in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
  • rRNA ribosomal RNA
  • tRNA transfer RNA
  • An“exon” can be any part of a gene that encodes a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
  • the term“exon” refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.
  • A“spliceosome” can be assembled from snRNAs and protein complexes.
  • the spliceosome can remove introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA.
  • “Medium effective dose” is the dose at which 50% of a population expresses a specified response.
  • “Medium lethal dose” is the dose at which 50% of a population dies.
  • “Medium toxic dose” is the dose at which 50% of a population expresses a specified toxic effect.
  • One particularly useful pharmacological indicator is the“therapeutic index” which is traditionally defined as the ratio of LD50 to ED50 or the ratio of TD50 to ED50. Therapeutic index provides a simple and useful indicator of the benefit versus adverse effect of a drug. Those drugs which have a high therapeutic index have a large therapeutic window, i.e., the drugs may be administered over a wider range of effective doses without incurring significant adverse events. Conversely, drugs having a small therapeutic index have a small therapeutic window (small range of effective doses without incurring significant adverse events).
  • AUC refers to an abbreviation for“area under the curve” in a graph of the concentration of a therapeutic agent over time in a certain part or tissue, such as blood or plasma, of a subject to whom the therapeutic agent has been administered.
  • SMSMs Small Molecule Splicing Modulators
  • SMSMs small molecule splicing modulators
  • the SMSMs of this invention can: 1) interfere with the formation and/or function and/or other properties of splicing complexes, spliceosomes, and/or their components such as hnRNPs, snRNPs, SR- proteins and other splicing factors or elements, resulting in the prevention or induction of a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • the small molecules of this invention are different from and are not related to antisense or antigene oligonucleotides.
  • Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products for use in the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., cancer). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a transcriptionally inactive variant or transcript of a gene product. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcriptionally active variant or transcript of a gene product.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium,
  • (ii) are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, or (iii) are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C2 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl; each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • E is -NR-. In some embodiments, E is -0-. In some
  • R 16 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (R)- configuration.
  • R 17 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (R)- configuration.
  • R 16 is not hydrogen and R 17 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (Reconfiguration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (Reconfiguration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the ⁇ -configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (Reconfiguration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (Reconfiguration.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (la):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (lb):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ic):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Id):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ie):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (If):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ig):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ih):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ii):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ij):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ik):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (II):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Im):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (In):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Io):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ip):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Iq):
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ir):
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C2heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , and R 20 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium, (ii) are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, or (iii) are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C2 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , and R 20 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , and R 20 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • R E is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • X is - NR 3 -;
  • Z is CR 2 ;
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 3 alkenylene,
  • Ci-C 2 heteroalkylene substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 8 cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkylene;
  • R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 4 haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , or substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 4 cycloalkyl or or substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 3
  • each R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , and R 20 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • R 15 and R 18 are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl;
  • a is 0 or 1
  • d 0 or 1.
  • E is -NR-. In some embodiments, E is -0-. In some
  • R 16 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (R)- configuration.
  • R 17 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (R)- configuration.
  • R 16 is not hydrogen and R 17 is not hydrogen.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (S)-configuration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (Reconfiguration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (Reconfiguration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (S)-configuration.
  • a carbon atom having R 16 group is in the (Reconfiguration and a carbon atom having R 17 group is in the (Reconfiguration.
  • R 19 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 19 is D. In some embodiments, R 19 is H. In some embodiments, R 19 is F.
  • R 20 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 20 is D. In some embodiments, R 20 is H. In some embodiments, R 20 is F. [0154] In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, R 16 and R 19 are H. In some embodiments, R 16 and R 19 are D. In some embodiments, R 16 and R 19 are F.
  • R 19 and R 20 are H. In some embodiments, R 19 and R 20 are D. In some embodiments, R 19 and R 20 are F.
  • R 17 and R 20 are H. In some embodiments, R 17 and R 20 are D. In some embodiments, R 17 and R 20 are F.
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ha):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (lib):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (He):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (lid):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (He):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilf):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilg):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilh):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Hi):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilj):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilk):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (III):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilm):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Iln):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Up):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilq):
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Hr):
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, -CD3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C t haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with substituted or unsubstituted aryl, wherein if aryl is substituted then it is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C4haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if heteroaryl is substituted then it is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C t haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3- C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is , wherein each R Q is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -CN, -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CF 3 - OCH 3 , - OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , and -OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ; ring P is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • ring Q is 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from:
  • ring P is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • each R Q is independently selected from hydrogen, -F, -Cl, -CN, -OH, -CH 3 . CF 3 or -OCH 3 .
  • ring P is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkyl.
  • -CD 3 substituted or unsubstituted G-G fhioroalkyl.
  • substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, deuterium substituted G-G alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted G-G
  • alkyl -CD3, substituted or unsubstituted G-G fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted G-G heterocycloalkyl; and
  • n 1, 2, or 3.
  • ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkoxy, deuterium substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, -OCD3, substituted or unsubstituted C3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2- C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and
  • n 1, 2, or 3.
  • n is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3.
  • each R B is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , -CF, . OH. or -OCH 3 .
  • each R B is independently H, -F or -OCH 3 .
  • R B1 is selected from hydrogen, deuterium, -CH 3 , - CF, . or -CD 3 .
  • m is 0 or 1.
  • Rb is H
  • ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Cg alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Cg alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkoxy. deuterium substituted G-G, alkoxy.
  • m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • m is 3.
  • m is 4.
  • ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci- fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G, alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G alkoxy, deuterium substituted Ci-G alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and m is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkyl. -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted G-G fluoroalkyl. substituted or unsubstituted G-G heteroalkyl substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl .
  • m is 1 , 2, or 3.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • m is 3.
  • m is 4.
  • ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci- fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkoxy. deuterium substituted G-G alkoxy.
  • m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • m is 3.
  • m is 4.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is 2-naphthyl substituted at the 3 position with 0, 1, and 2 substituents independently selected from:
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C t haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -G cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ce alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, deuterium substituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of the ring Q group can be optionally substituted with 1-3 R B , wherein each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C -Cg alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C -Cg alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, deuterium substituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, de
  • ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, deuterium substituted Ci-Cg alkoxy, -OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • ring Q is selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of the ring Q group can be optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 R B , wherein each R B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted G-G alkyl.
  • -CD 3 substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G, alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted G-G, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, deuterium substituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, - OCD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -CD 3 , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-G heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkylene. In some embodiments, W is -CH 2 -. In some embodiments, W is -CH 2 CH 2 -. In some
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted G- C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 4 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, - CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CFhCN, - CHF 2 , -CF 3 , or cyclopropyl.
  • R is hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or oxetanyl.
  • R is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , or -CF 3 .
  • R is hydrogen.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is
  • one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, - CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 F, -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
  • one or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 11 , R 12 , and R 16 are hydrogen.
  • R 11 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 11 is D. In some embodiments, R 11 is H. In some embodiments, R 11 is F.
  • R 12 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 12 is D. In some embodiments, R 12 is H. In some embodiments, R 12 is F.
  • R 13 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 13 is D. In some embodiments, R 13 is H. In some embodiments, R 13 is F.
  • R 14 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 14 is D. In some embodiments, R 14 is H. In some embodiments, R 14 is F.
  • R 15 is H, D, F, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 15 is H or D. In some embodiments, R 15 is F, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 15 is F, CF 3 , CHF 2 , or CH 2 F. In some embodiments, R 15 is F.
  • R 16 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 16 is D. In some embodiments, R 16 is H. some embodiments, R 16 is F.
  • R 17 is H, D, or F. In some embodiments, R 17 is D. In some embodiments, R 17 is H. In some embodiments, R 17 is F.
  • R 18 is H, D, F, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 18 is H or D. In some embodiments, R 18 is F, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 18 is F, CF 3 , CHF 2 , or CH 2 F. In some embodiments, R 18 is F.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof one or more of R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • one or more of R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -0CF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 F, -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
  • R 16 and R 17 is independently selected from the group consisting of F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 16 and R 17 are hydrogen.
  • R 2 is hydrogen, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 . In some embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, X is -NR 3 -.
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ce heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted C3-C4 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C3 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted 3, 4, 5, or 6-membered cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubsituted 3, 4, 5, or 6- membered heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted 3 or 4-membered cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubsituted 3 or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstitued oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxanyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, or thietanyl.
  • R 3 is unsubstitued oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxanyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, or thietanyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is cyclopropyl. In some
  • R 3 is oxetanyl
  • R A is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH3, -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -OH, -0CH3, -OCH 2 CH3, -0CF3, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , or -CF 3 .
  • R A is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -Q3 ⁇ 4, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , or -CF 3 . In some embodiments, R A is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 . In some embodiments, R A is hydrogen, F, Cl, or -CH 3 . In some embodiments, R A is hydrogen.
  • R 15 and R 18 are both hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 15 and R 18 are both deuterium.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, R 15 and R 18 are both hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 15 and R 18 are both deuterium.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof are not the same and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 3 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1- C 3 heteroalkyl.
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -OH( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 4) 2 , -CFhOH, - CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NHCH 3 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 )2, -OH, -0CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -0CF 3 , - CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CN, -OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , - OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 15 and R 18 are the same and selected from the group consisting of F, -Q3 ⁇ 4, and -OCH 3 .
  • R 15 and R 18 are F.
  • R 15 and R 18 are -CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, R 15 and R 18 are different and selected from the group consisting of F, -OR 1 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 fluoroalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 heteroalkyl.
  • R 15 and R 18 are different and selected from the group consisting of F, -Q3 ⁇ 4, -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 OH, - CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NHCH 3 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -OH, -0CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -0CF 3 , - CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • R 15 and R 18 are different and selected from the group consisting of F, -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CN, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CN, -OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 . In some embodiments, R 15 and R 18 are different and selected from the group consisting of F, -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , - OCF 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 . In some embodiments, R 15 and R 18 are different and selected from the group consisting of F, -Q3 ⁇ 4, and -OCH 3 . In some embodiments, R 15 or R 18 is F. In some embodiments, R 15 or R 18 is - CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 are F.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 are F.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF3, CHF2, and CH3CH2F.
  • a fluorine e.g., F or Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF3, CHF2, and CH3CH2F.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine. In some
  • At least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprise a fluorine.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprise a fluorine.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof wherein at least one of W, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF 3 , CHF 2 , and CH 3 CH 2 F.
  • one of W, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine.
  • W comprises a fluorine.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 is F.
  • one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 is F.
  • at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 are F.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 17 is F. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 17 are F.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF 3 , CHF 2 , and CH 3 CH 2 F.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 is F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 comprise a fluorine.
  • At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 17 comprises a fluorine. In some embodiments, at least two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 16 , and R 17 comprise a fluorine.
  • At least one of W, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine, e.g., F or C1-C4 fluoroalkyl such as CFhF, CF 3 , CHF 2 , and CH 3 CH 2 F.
  • one of W, R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 19 , R 20 , and R 18 comprises a fluorine.
  • W comprises a fluorine.
  • a compound of Table 1A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.
  • a compound of Table IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.
  • a compound of Table 1C or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.
  • an SMSM provided herein can be designated by more than one SMSM # in different parts of the application; for example, the same compound can appear more than once in Table 1A, Table IB, or Table 1C, in the examples, and in the schemes.
  • the compound of Formula (I)-(Ir), Formula (Il)-(IIr), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, an SMSM described herein possesses one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds and methods provided herein include all
  • compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers.
  • resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein.
  • diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.
  • separation of stereoisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen,“Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981.
  • stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is a single enantiomer. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is not racemic. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is substantially free of other isomers. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is a single isomer substantially free of other isomers. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 25% or less of other isomers. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 20% or less of other isomers.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 15% or less of other isomers. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 10% or less of other isomers. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 5% or less of other isomers. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) comprises 1% or less of other isomers.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 75%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 85%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 90%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 95%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 96%.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 97%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 98%. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 98%.
  • an asymmetric carbon atom of a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is present in enantiomerically enriched form.
  • the asymmetric carbon atom of the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60 % enantiomeric excess, at least 70 % enantiomeric excess, at least 80 % enantiomeric excess, at least 90 % enantiomeric excess, at least 95 % enantiomeric excess, or at least 99 % enantiomeric excess in the (S)- or (R) -configuration.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
  • A“prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility.
  • a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the“prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial.
  • a further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • prodrugs are designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug.
  • the design of prodrugs of the compound is possible (see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Rooseboom et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 56:53-102, 2004; Aesop Cho,“Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery”, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 41, 395-407, 2006; T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C
  • some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions Therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.
  • the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, biolumine scent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2 H, 3 H,
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half- life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid,
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like
  • organic acid such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid
  • cyclopentanepropionic acid glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4- hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2- ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2- naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4’- methylenebis-(3 -hydroxy-2 -ene-1 -carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tert
  • compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
  • compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms, particularly solvates.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein.
  • the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
  • an SMSM has a molecular weight of at most about 2000 Daltons, 1500 Daltons, 1000 Daltons or 900 Daltons. In some embodiments, an SMSM has a molecular weight of at least 100 Daltons, 200 Daltons, 300 Daltons, 400 Daltons or 500 Daltons. In some embodiments, an SMSM does not comprise a phosphodiester linkage.
  • Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation include for example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et ah,“Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House,“Modem Synthetic Reactions”, 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist,“Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J.
  • SMSMs can be made using known techniques and further chemically modified, in some embodiments, to facilitate intranuclear transfer to, e.g., a splicing complex component, a spliceosome or a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • a splicing complex component e.g., a splicing complex component
  • a spliceosome e.g., a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • pre-mRNA molecule e.g., a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • standard medicinal chemistry approaches for chemical modifications for intranuclear transfer e.g., reducing charge, optimizing size, and/or modifying lipophilicity.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is made from racemic starting materials (and/or intermediate) and separated into the individual enantiomers by chiral chromatography as an intermediate or final product. Unless otherwise stated, it is understood that the absolute configuration of the separated intermediates and final compounds is not determined. In some emboeiments, the absolute stereochemistry of the enantiomers as drawn is arbitrarily assigned. In some embodiments, both enantiomers are synthesized.
  • the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • a summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania 1975; Liberman, H.A.
  • a pharmaceutical composition can be a mixture of an SMSM described herein with one or more other chemical components (i.e. pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients), such as carriers, excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moistening agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wetting agents, anti -foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or more combination thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • compositions described herein can be administered to the subject in a variety of ways, including parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, intramuscularly, colonically, rectally or intraperitoneally.
  • the small molecule splicing modulator or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered by intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, or intravenous injection of the subject.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly or orally.
  • the oral agents comprising a small molecule splicing modulator can be in any suitable form for oral administration, such as liquid, tablets, capsules, or the like.
  • the oral formulations can be further coated or treated to prevent or reduce dissolution in stomach.
  • compositions of the present invention can be administered to a subject using any suitable methods known in the art. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention and methods of delivery are generally well known in the art.
  • the small molecule splicing modulators described herein can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
  • the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions including pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, such as, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
  • compositions described herein can be administrable to a subject in a variety of ways by multiple administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasal injections), intranasal, buccal, topical or transdermal administration routes.
  • parenteral e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasal injections
  • intranasal buccal
  • topical or transdermal administration routes e.g., topical or transdermal administration routes.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet.
  • pharmaceutical formulations containing an SMSM described herein are in the form of a capsule.
  • liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration are in the form of aqueous suspensions or solutions selected from the group including, but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups.
  • an SMSM described herein can be formulated for use as an aerosol, a mist or a powder.
  • the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner.
  • an SMSM described herein can be prepared as transdermal dosage forms.
  • an SMSM described herein can be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection.
  • an SMSM described herein can be administered topically and can be formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams or ointments.
  • an SMSM described herein can be formulated in rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas.
  • Extensive posttranscriptional processing occurs before eukaryotic pre-mRNA matures and exits from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, including the addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5’ end, the cleavage and addition of a poly-A tail at the 3’ end as well as the removal of intervening sequences or introns by the spliceosome.
  • the vast majority of higher eukaryotic genes contain multiple introns that are spliced out with high precision and fidelity in order to maintain the reading frame of the exons.
  • Splicing of pre-mRNA can utilize the recognition of short consensus sequences at the boundaries and within introns and exons by an array of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes (e.g., snRNPs Ul, U2, U4, U5, U6, Ul l, U12m U4atc and U6 atc) and a large number of proteins, including spliceosomal proteins and positively as well as negatively acting splicing modulators.
  • snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
  • Serine-arginine-rich (SR)-domain-containing proteins generally serve to promote constitutive splicing. They can also modulate alternative splicing by binding to intronic or exonic splicing enhancer (ISE) or ESE, respectively) sequences. Other pre-mRNA binding proteins, such as hnRNPs, regulate splicing by binding to intronic or exonic splicing suppressor (ISS or ESS, respectively) sequences and can also act as general splicing modulators.
  • the SR protein family is a class of at least 10 proteins that have a characteristic serine/arginine rich domain in addition to an RNA-binding.
  • SR proteins are generally thought to enhance splicing by simultaneously binding to U170K, a core component of the U1 snRNP, at the 5’ splice site, and the U2AF35 at the 3’ splice site, thus bridging the two ends of the intron. While this particular function of SR proteins seems to be redundant, as any individual SR protein can commit a pre-mRNA for constitutive splicing, the role of the various SR proteins in alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs is distinct due in part to their ability to recognize and bind to unique consensus sequences. Phosphorylation of the RS domain of SR proteins can lead to the regulation of their protein interactions, RNA binding, localization, trafficking, and role in alternative splicing.
  • SRPKs SR protein Kinase
  • Clks Cdc2-like kinases
  • PRP4 pre-mRNA processing mutant 4
  • topoisomerase I Optimal phosphorylation of SR proteins may be required for proper functioning as both hypo- and hyperphosphorylation of the RS domains may be detrimental to their role in constitutive and alternative splicing.
  • pre-mRNA splicing is the mechanism by which introns are removed from a pre-mRNA and the exons are ligated together to generate mature mRNAs and pre-miRNA that is then exported to the cytoplasm for translation into the polypeptide gene product.
  • Splicing of pre-mRNA can occur in cis, where two exons derive from two adjacent cotranscribed sequences, or in trans, when the two exons come from different pre-mRNA transcripts.
  • the ratio of the different protein products may be due to the frequency of alternative splicing events within a pre-mRNA that leads to different amounts of distinct splice variants.
  • alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA may lead to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 protein isoforms being expressed.
  • Alternative splicing allows for a single gene to express different isoforms of mRNA, thus playing a major role in contributing to the cellular complexity in higher eukaryotes without the need to expand the genome.
  • Splicing can also be subject to regulation by upstream signaling pathways.
  • an upstream signaling pathway may modulate alternative splicing and increase or decrease expression levels of different isoforms of mRNA.
  • Alternative splicing events are highly regulated by numerous splicing factors in a tissue type-, developmental stage-, and signal-dependent manner. Furthermore, non-mutation based causes of splicing defects and defects in the splicing machinery itself, e.g., due to the loss/gain of function of splicing factors or their relative stoichiometry, cause of a wide range of human ailments, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. In many diseases the disease state is caused by an alteration of the ratio of different isoforms of two or more proteins expressed from a gene.
  • the alteration in the ratio of the protein products is due to changes in the frequency of alternative splicing events within a pre-mRNA, leading to changes in the ratio of splice variants produced.
  • alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA may lead to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 protein isoforms being expressed.
  • a change in the splice variant ratio is caused by genetic mutation.
  • RNA-protein complex that occurs in unique steps and may comprise a subset of several hundred different proteins, in addition to five spliceosomal snRNAs. These factors are responsible for the accurate positioning of the spliceosome on the 5’ and 3’ splice site sequences. The reason why so many factors are needed reflects the observation that exon recognition can be affected by many pre-mRNA features such as exon length, sequence recognition, the presence of enhancer and silencer elements, the strength of upstream splicing signals, the promoter architecture, and the rate of RNA processivity, secondary and tertiary RNA structure.
  • mRNA messenger mRNA
  • mRNA messenger mRNA
  • RNA is only a small portion of the transcriptome: other transcribed RNAs also regulate cellular biology either directly by the structure and function of RNA structures (e.g., ribonucleoproteins) as well as via protein expression and action, including (but not limited to) microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (IncRNA), long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA), piwi- interacting RNA (piRNA), competing endogenous (ceRNA), and pseudo-genes. Drugs that intervene at this level have the potential of modulating any and all cellular processes.
  • miRNA microRNA
  • IncRNA long noncoding RNA
  • lincRNA long intergenic noncoding RNA
  • small nucleolar RNA small nucleolar RNA
  • snRNA small nuclear RNA
  • scaRNA small Cajal body-specific RNA
  • DNA sequences in the chromosome are transcribed into pre-mRNAs which contain coding regions (exons) and generally also contain intervening non-coding regions (introns).
  • Introns are removed from pre- mRNAs through splicing.
  • Pre-mRNA splicing proceeds by a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the 5’ splice site is cleaved, resulting in a“free” 5’ exon and a lariat intermediate. In the second step, the 5’ exon is ligated to the 3’ exon with release of the intron as the lariat product. These steps are catalyzed in a complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and proteins called the spliceosome.
  • trans-splicing In most cases, the splicing reaction occurs within the same pre-mRNA molecule, which is termed cis- splicing. Splicing between two independently transcribed pre-mRNAs is termed trans-splicing.
  • Introns are portions of eukaryotic DNA, which intervene between the coding portions, or“exons,” of that DNA. Introns and exons are transcribed into RNA termed“primary transcript, precursor to mRNA” (or “pre-mRNA”). Introns can be removed from the pre-mRNA so that the native protein encoded by the exons can be produced (the term“native protein” as used herein refers to naturally occurring, wild type, or functional protein). The removal of introns from pre-mRNA and subsequent joining of the exons is carried out in the splicing process.
  • a“pre-mRNA” can be an RNA that contains both exons and intron(s)
  • mRNA mature mRNA
  • mRNA can be an RNA in which the intron(s) have been removed and the exons joined together sequentially so that the protein may be translated therefrom by the ribosomes.
  • Introns can be defined by a set of“splice elements” that are part of the splicing machinery and may be required for splicing and which are relatively short, conserved RNA segments that bind the various splicing factors, which carry out the splicing reactions.
  • each intron is defined by a 5’ splice site, a 3’ splice site, and a branch point situated there between.
  • Splice elements also comprise exon splicing enhancers and silencers, situated in exons, and intron splicing enhancers and silencers situated in introns at a distance from the splice sites and branch points. In addition to splice site and branch points these elements control alternative aberrant and constitutive splicing.
  • RNA transcripts of most eukaryotic genes are retained in the nucleus until non coding intron sequences are removed by the spliceosome to produce mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • the splicing that occurs can vary, so the synthesis of alternative protein products from the same primary transcript can be affected by tissue-specific or developmental signals.
  • a significant fraction of human genetic diseases, including a number of cancers, are believed to result from deviations in the normal pattern of pre-mRNA splicing.
  • the spliceosome is a complex comprising ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles composed of small nuclear RNAs and proteins. snRNA components of the spliceosome can promote the two transesterification reactions of splicing.
  • snRNP ribonucleoprotein
  • U2-dependent spliceosome which catalyzes the removal of U2-type introns
  • U12-dependent spliceosome which is present in only a subset of eukaryotes and splices the rare U12-type class of introns.
  • the U2-dependent spliceosome is assembled from the Ul, U2, U5, and U4/U6 snRNPs and numerous non-snRNP proteins.
  • the U2 snRNP is recruited with two weakly bound protein subunits, SF3a and SF3b, during the first ATP-dependent step in spliceosome assembly.
  • SF3b is composed of seven conserved proteins, including PHF5a, SF3M55, SF3M45, SF3M30, SF3b49, SF3bl4a, and SF3bl0.
  • Splicing or RNA splicing typically refers to the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre- mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • Splicing is a biochemical process which includes the removal of introns followed by exon ligation. Sequential transesterification reactions are initiated by a nucleophilic attack of the 5’ splice site (5’ss) by the branch adenosine (branch point; BP) in the downstream intron resulting in the formation of an intron lariat intermediate with a 2’, 5’-phosphodiester linkage. This is followed by a 5’ss-mediated attack on the 3’ splice site (3’ss), leading to the removal of the intron lariat and the formation of the spliced RNA product.
  • 5’ss branch adenosine
  • Cis-acting elements are sequences of the mRNA and can include core consensus sequences and other regulatory elements. Core consensus sequences typically can refer to conserved RNA sequence motifs, including the 5’ss, 3’ss, polypyrimidine tract and BP region, which can function for spliceosome recruitment.
  • BP refers to a partially conserved sequence of pre-mRNA, generally less than 50 nucleotides upstream of the 3’ss. BP reacts with the 5’ss during the first step of the splicing reaction.
  • ESE exonic splicing enhancer
  • ESS exonic splicing silencer
  • ISE intronic splicing enhancer
  • ISS intronic splicing silencer
  • Trans-acting factors can be proteins or ribonucleoproteins which bind to cis-acting elements.
  • Splice site identification and regulated splicing can be accomplished principally by two dynamic macromolecular machines, the major (U2-dependent) and minor (U 12-dependent) spliceosomes.
  • Each spliceosome contains five snRNPs: U 1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs for the major spliceosome (which processes -95.5% of all introns); and U11, U12, U4atac, U5 and Ug atac snRNPs for the minor spliceosome.
  • Spliceosome recognition of consensus sequence elements at the 5’ss, 3’ss and BP sites is one of the steps in the splicing pathway, and can be modulated by ESEs, ISEs, ESSs, and ISSs, which can be recognized by auxiliary splicing factors, including SR proteins and hnRNPs.
  • Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein PTBP
  • PTBP can bind to the polypyrimidine tract of introns and may promote RNA looping.
  • Alternative splicing is a mechanism by which a single gene may eventually give rise to several different proteins.
  • Alternative splicing can be accomplished by the concerted action of a variety of different proteins, termed “alternative splicing regulatory proteins,” that associate with the pre-mRNA, and cause distinct alternative exons to be included in the mature mRNA.
  • alternative splicing regulatory proteins that associate with the pre-mRNA, and cause distinct alternative exons to be included in the mature mRNA.
  • These alternative forms of the gene’s transcript can give rise to distinct isoforms of the specified protein.
  • Sequences in pre-mRNA molecules that can bind to alternative splicing regulatory proteins can be found in introns or exons, including, but not limited to, ISS, ISE, ESS, ESE, and polypyrimidine tract. Many mutations can alter splicing patterns.
  • mutations can be cis-acting elements, and can be located in core consensus sequences (e.g. 5’ss, 3’ss and BP) or the regulatory elements that modulate spliceosome recruitment, including ESE, ESS, ISE, and ISS.
  • core consensus sequences e.g. 5’ss, 3’ss and BP
  • regulatory elements that modulate spliceosome recruitment including ESE, ESS, ISE, and ISS.
  • a cryptic splice site for example, a cryptic 5’ss and a cryptic 3’ss, can refer to a splice site that is not normally recognized by the spliceosome and therefore are in the dormant state.
  • Cryptic splice site can be recognized or activated, for example, by mutations in cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors, or structural configurations, such as bulges.
  • the present invention contemplates use of small molecules with favorable drug properties that modulate the activity of splicing of a target RNA.
  • SMSMs small molecule splicing modulators
  • the SMSMs bind and modulate target RNA.
  • a library of SMSMs that bind and modulate one or more target RNAs.
  • the target RNA is mRNA.
  • the target RNA is mRNA a noncoding RNA.
  • the target RNA is a pre-mRNA.
  • the target RNA is hnRNA.
  • the small molecules modulate splicing of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein modulates splicing at a sequence of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein modulates splicing at a cryptic splice site sequence of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to atarget RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to a splicing complex component. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to a target RNA and a splicing complex component.
  • splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule
  • methods of preventing or inducing a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule comprising contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements of the splicing machinery (e.g., within a cell) with a compound provided herein to prevent or induce the splicing event in the pre-mRNA molecule.
  • the splicing event that is prevented or induced can be, e.g., an aberrant splicing event, a constitutive splicing event or an alternate splicing event.
  • a method of identifying a compound capable of preventing or inducing a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule comprising contacting the compound with splicing elements and/or factors involved in alternative, aberrant and/or constitutive splicing as described herein (e.g., within cells) under conditions whereby a positive (prevention or induction of splicing) or negative (no prevention or induction of splicing) effect is produced and detected and identifying a compound that produces a positive effect as a compound capable of preventing or inducing a splicing event.
  • a small molecule compound described herein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prevents or induces an alternative or aberrant splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • the small molecule compounds provided herein are not antisense or antigene oligonucleotides. Tables 1A, IB, and 1C shows the chemical structure and name of exemplary compounds and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
  • a composition comprises a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM); wherein the SMSM interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleobase of an RNA duplex, and wherein the RNA duplex comprises a splice site.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • composition comprising a complex comprising a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) bound to an RNA duplex, wherein the SMSM interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleobase of an RNA duplex, and wherein the RNA duplex comprises a splice site.
  • the duplex RNA comprises an alpha helix.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located within an internal portion of the helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the unpaired bulged nucleobase. In some embodiments, the intermolecular interaction is selected from the group comprising an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction or a van der Waals interaction.
  • a first portion of the SMSM interacts with the unpaired bulged nucleobase on a first RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • a second portion of the SMSM interacts with one or more nucleobases of a second RNA strand of the RNA duplex, wherein the first RNA strand is not the second RNA strand.
  • a rate of exchange of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA to an exterior portion of the helix is reduced.
  • the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleobase.
  • the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleobase around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates a distance of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from a second nucleobase of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces the distance of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from a second nucleobase of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA of the complex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex.
  • the SMSM removes a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM stabilizes a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleobase has modulated base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleobase has increased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleobase has decreased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • the SMSM is not an aptamer.
  • the RNA duplex comprises pre-mRNA.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleobase is free to rotate around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex in the absence of the SMSM.
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to cells, wherein the SMSM kills the cells at an IC50 of less than 50 nM.
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to cells, wherein the SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a pre-mRNA that encodes a mRNA, wherein the mRNA encodes a target protein or a functional RNA, and wherein a total amount of the mRNA is increased at least about 10% compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in control cells.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to cells, wherein the SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a pre-mRNA that encodes a mRNA, wherein the mRNA encodes a target protein or a functional RNA, and wherein a total amount of the mRNA, the target protein and/or the functional RNA is at least 10% lower than the total amount of the mRNA, the target protein and/or the functional RNA in control cells.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to cells, wherein the SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a pre-mRNA that encodes a first mRNA isoform associated with a disease or condition and a second mRNA isoform, wherein a total amount of the first mRNA isoform is decreased by at least about 10% compared to the total amount of the first mRNA isoform in control cells, and/or a total amount of the second mRNA isoform is increased by at least about 10% compared to the total amount of the first mRNA isoform in control cells.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to cells comprising an amount of a first mRNA isoform and an amount of a second mRNA isoform present in the cells; wherein a ratio of the first mRNA isoform to the second mRNA isoform is decreased at least 1.2 fold; wherein the first and second mRNAs are encoded by a pre-MRNA comprising a splice site sequence, and wherein the first mRNA isoform is associated with a disease or condition and a second mRNA isoform.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, wherein the SMSM modulates exon inclusion, exon exclusion, pseudoexon inclusion, intron retention, or splicing at a cryptic splice site of the polynucleotide, and wherein the SMSM modulates splicing of the splice site sequence.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, thereby modulating splicing of the polynucleotide, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a splice site sequence selected from the group consisting of splice site sequences of Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 2C and Table 2D.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a sequence selected from GGAguaag and AGAguaag.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, wherein the splice site sequence comprises at least one bulged nucleotide at the -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 or +6 position of the splice site sequence.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a mutant nucleotide at the -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 or +6 position of the splice site sequence.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, thereby modulating splicing of the polynucleotide, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of NGAgunvm, NHAdddddn, NNBnnnnn, and NHAddmhvk; wherein N or n is A, U, G or C; B is C, G, or U; H or h is A, C, or U; d is a, g, or u; m is a or c; r is a or g; v is a, c or g; k is g or u.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, thereby modulating splicing of the polynucleotide, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of NNBgunnnn, NNBhunnnn, and NNBgvnnnn; wherein N or n is A, U, G or C; B is C, G, or U; H or h is A, C, or U; d is a, g, or u; m is a or c; r is a or g; v is a, c or g; k is g or u.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • the splice site sequence comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of NNBgurrm, NNBguwwdn, NNBguvmvn, NNBguvbbn, NNBgukddn, NNBgubnbd, NNBhunngn,
  • NNBhurmhd and NNBgvdnvn; wherein N or n is A, U, G or C; B is C, G, or U; H or h is A, C, or U; d is a, g, or u; m is a or c; r is a or g; v is a, c or g; k is g or u.
  • the nucleotide at the -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 or +6 position of the splice site sequence is a bulged nucleotide.
  • the nucleotide at the -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 or +6 position of the splice site sequence is mutated nucleotide.
  • the splice site sequence comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of splice site sequences of Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 2C and Table 2D.
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell comprising a polynucleotide with a splice site sequence, thereby modulating splicing of the polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide is encoded by a gene selected from the group consisting of genes of Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 2C and Table 2D.
  • the gene is SMN2.
  • modulating splicing of the polynucleotide comprises inhibiting skipping of exon 7.
  • the gene is DMD.
  • modulating splicing of the polynucleotide comprises promoting skipping of exon 51.
  • a method of modulating splicing comprises contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell; wherein the SMSM interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleobase of an RNA duplex in the cell; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site sequence; and wherein the SMSM modulates splicing of the RNA duplex.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method comprises modulating the relative position of a first nucleobase relative to a second nucleobase, wherein the first nucleobase and the second nucleobase are within a duplex RNA, the method comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to the duplex RNA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the first nucleobase is an unpaired bulged nucleobase of the RNA duplex; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site sequence.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • the duplex RNA comprises a helix.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA prior to contacting the SMSM.
  • the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the duplex RNA.
  • the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the unpaired bulged nucleobase.
  • the intermolecular interaction is selected from the group comprising an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction or a van der Waals interaction.
  • a rate of exchange of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA to an exterior portion of the helix is reduced.
  • a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleobase is reduced.
  • a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleobase around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is reduced.
  • a distance of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from a second nucleobase of the duplex RNA is modulated after contacting the SMSM.
  • the distance of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from a second nucleobase of the duplex RNA is reduced.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located within the interior of the helix of the duplex RNA.
  • a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex is reduced.
  • a bulge of the RNA duplex is removed or maintained.
  • splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex is promoted.
  • base stacking of the unpaired bulged nucleobase within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is increased after contacting the SMSM.
  • the distance of the unpaired bulged nucleobase from a second nucleobase of the duplex RNA is increased or maintained. In some embodiments, a bulge of the RNA duplex is stabilized after contacting the SMSM. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleobase is located on an exterior portion of a helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex is increased. In some embodiments, splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex is inhibited.
  • splicing is inhibited at the splice site
  • base stacking of the unpaired bulged nucleobase within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is reduced after contacting the SMSM.
  • the RNA duplex comprises pre-mRNA.
  • a method of treating a subject with a tumor comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to the subject, wherein a size of the tumor is reduced.
  • a method of treating a subject with a tumor comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to the subject, wherein tumor growth is inhibited by at least 20.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of a condition or disease comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a subject, wherein the SMSM modulates splicing of a splice site of a polynucleotide in a cell of the subject, wherein the condition or disease is associated with splicing of the splice site.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • the subject has the disease or condition.
  • a method of treating a subject with a disease or condition comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a subject with a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of diseases of Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 2C and Table 2D.
  • a method of treating a subject with a disease or condition comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a subject with a disease or condition, wherein the SMSM is selected from the group consisting of the SMSMs of Table 1A, Table IB, and Table 1C.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method of treating a subject with a disease or condition comprises administering a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a subject with a disease or condition, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence selected from the group consisting of splice site sequences of Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 2C and Table 2D.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the polynucleotide is a pre-mRNA.
  • the disease or condition is spinal muscular atrophy.
  • the disease or condition is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.
  • the method further comprises administering an additional therapeutic molecule to the subject.
  • the SMSM is a compound described herein.
  • the SMSM is selected from the group consisting of SMSMs of Table 1A, Table IB, and Table 1C.
  • modulating splicing comprises preventing, inhibiting or reducing splicing at the splice site sequence of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, modulating splicing comprises enhancing, promoting or increasing splicing at the splice site sequence of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the splice site sequence is a 5’ splice site sequence, a 3’ splice site sequence, a branch point splice site sequence or a cryptic splice site sequence.
  • the splice site comprises a mutation, the splice site comprises a bulge, the splice site comprises a mutation and a bulge, the splice site does not comprises a mutation, the splice site does not comprises a bulge, or the splice site does not comprises a mutation and does not comprise a bulge.
  • the bulge is a bulge caused by the mutation.
  • a bulged nucleotide is a mutant nucleotide.
  • a bulged nucleotide is not a mutant nucleotide.
  • the SMSM decreases a KD of splicing complex component to the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases a KD of splicing complex component to the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSM inhibits binding of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, upstream of the splice site sequence or downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the SMSM promotes binding of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, upstream of the splice site sequence or downstream of the splice site sequence.
  • the polynucleotide is RNA.
  • the RNA is a pre-mRNA.
  • the RNA is a heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
  • the splice site sequence is a 5’ splice site sequence, a 3’ splice site sequence, a branch point (BP) splice site sequence, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, a polypyrimidine tract sequence, or any combination thereof.
  • the polynucleotide is at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, or 1,000,000 nucleotides in length.
  • the SMSM binds to the splice site sequence of the polynucleotide.
  • the SMSM interacts with a bulge of the splice site sequence of the polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide comprises a cis-acting element sequence. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence does not comprise a bulge .
  • the cis-acting element sequence does not comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a mutation, a bulge, or a combination thereof, at the cis-acting element sequence, 1-1000 nucleobases upstream of the cis-acting element sequence or 1-1000 nucleobases downstream of the cis-acting element sequence. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a regulatory element sequence that modulates recruitment of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a regulatory element sequence that modulates recruitment of a spliceosome to the polynucleotide.
  • the regulatory element sequence comprises an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, and combinations thereof.
  • the SMSM binds to the splicing complex component.
  • the splicing complex component is 9G8, A1 hnRNP, A2 hnRNP, ASD-1, ASD-2b, ASF, B1 hnRNP, Cl hnRNP, C2 hnRNP, CBP20, CBP80, CELF, F hnRNP, FBP11, Fox-1, Fox-2, G hnRNP, H hnRNP, hnRNP 1, hnRNP 3, hnRNP C, hnRNP G, hnRNP K, hnRNP M, hnRNP U, Hu, HUR, I hnRNP, K hnRNP, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), F hnRNP, M hnRNP, mBBP, muscle-blind like (MBNF), NF45, NFAR, Nova-1, Nova-2, nPTB, P54/SFRS 11, polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), PRP
  • the splicing complex component comprises RNA. In some embodiments, the splicing complex component is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA). In some embodiments, the snRNA comprises U1 snRNA, U2 snRNA, U4 snRNA, U5 snRNA, U6 snRNA, Ul l snRNA, U12 snRNA, U4atac snRNA, U5 snRNA, U6 atac snRNA, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the splicing complex component comprises a protein. In some embodiments, the splicing complex component comprises a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP).
  • snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
  • the snRNP comprises U1 snRNP, U2 snRNP, U4 snRNP, U5 snRNP, U6 snRNP, Ul l snRNP, U12 snRNP, U4atac snRNP, U5 snRNP, U6 atac snRNP, or any combinations thereof.
  • the protein is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein.
  • the splice site sequence comprises a base that is mismatched to a base of a snRNA sequence. In some embodiments, a bulge is due to mismatched base pairing between the splice site sequence and a snRNA sequence.
  • a method comprises upregulating expression of a native protein in a cell containing a DNA encoding the native protein, wherein the DNA contains a mutation or no mutation that causes downregulation of the native protein by aberrant and/or alternate splicing thereof.
  • the DNA can encode a pre-mRNA that has a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure that causes downregulation of one or more isoforms of a protein.
  • the method can comprise introducing into the cell a small molecule provided herein that prevents an aberrant splicing event, whereby the native intron is removed by correct splicing and the native protein is produced by the cell.
  • a method comprises introducing into a cell a small molecule provided herein that modulates an alternate splicing event to produce a protein that has a different function than the protein that would be produced without modulation of alternate splicing.
  • a method comprises downregulating expression of a native protein in a cell containing a DNA encoding the native protein, wherein the DNA contains a mutation or no mutation that causes upregulation of the native protein by aberrant and/or alternate splicing thereof.
  • the DNA can encode a pre-mRNA that has a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure that causes upregulation of one or more isoforms of a protein.
  • the method can comprise introducing into the cell a small molecule provided herein that prevents an aberrant splicing event, whereby the native intron is removed by correct splicing and the native protein is produced by the cell.
  • a method comprises introducing into a cell a small molecule provided herein that modulates an alternate splicing event to produce a protein that has a different function than the protein that would be produced without modulation of alternate splicing.
  • a method can comprise preventing aberrant splicing in a pre-mRNA molecule containing a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure and/or preventing an alternative splicing event.
  • the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure can cause a pre-mRNA to splice incorrectly and produce an aberrant mRNA or mRNA fragment different from the mRNA ordinarily resulting from a pre-mRNA without the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure.
  • s pre-mRNA molecule can contain: (i) a first set of splice elements defining a native intron which can be removed by splicing when the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure is absent to produce a first mRNA molecule encoding a native protein, and (ii) a second set of splice elements induced by the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure which defines an aberrant intron different from the native intron, which aberrant intron is removed by splicing when the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure is present to produce an aberrant second mRNA molecule different from the first mRNA molecule.
  • the method can comprise contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other factors and/or elements of the splicing machinery as described herein (e.g. , within a cell) with a compound described herein to prevent or promote an aberrant splicing event in a pre- mRNA molecule, whereby the native intron is removed by correct splicing and native protein production is increased in the cell.
  • a method comprises upregulating expression of a RNA that would otherwise be downregulated by modulating an alternative splicing event in the RNA.
  • the method can comprise contacting a pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound described herein to modulate alternate splicing events, whereby a native splicing event is inhibited and an alternate splicing event is promoted that upregulates expression of a RNA that is otherwise downregulated when under the control of the native splicing event.
  • a method comprises downregulating expression of a RNA that would otherwise be upregulated by modulating an alternative splicing event in the RNA.
  • the method can comprise contacting a pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound described herein to modulate alternate splicing events, whereby a native splicing event is inhibited and an alternate splicing event is promoted that downregulates expression of a RNA that is otherwise upregulated when under the control of the native splicing event.
  • RNA to be expressed may be any RNA encoding a protein to be produced so long as the gene contains a native intron.
  • the RNA may be mutated by any suitable means, such as site-specific mutagenesis (see, T. Kunkel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192) to deliberately create an aberrant second set of splice elements which define an aberrant intron which substantially downregulates expression of the gene.
  • a sequence encoding the RNA may be inserted into a suitable expression vector and the expression vector inserted into a host cell (e.g., a eukaryotic cell such as a yeast, insect, or mammalian cell (e.g. , human, rat)) by standard recombinant techniques.
  • a host cell e.g., a eukaryotic cell such as a yeast, insect, or mammalian cell (e.g. , human, rat)
  • the host cell can then be grown in culture by standard techniques.
  • a suitable compound of the present invention in a suitable formulation, can be added to the culture medium so that expression of the gene is upregulated.
  • Also provided herein is a method of altering the ratio of splice variants produced from a gene.
  • the method can comprise contacting a pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound or compounds described herein to modulate alternative splicing events.
  • the compound or compounds of this invention can be used to act upon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 alternative splicing events that may occur within a pre-mRNA.
  • a first splice variant may be downregulated or inhibited and/or a second splice variant may be upregulated, resulting in an altered ratio of splice variants of the two or more RNA.
  • a first splice variant may be upregulated while a second splice variant may be unaffected, thereby altering the ratio of the RNA. In some embodiments, a first splice variant may be downregulated while a second splicing event may be unaffected thereby altering the ratio of the RNA.
  • RNAs encoded by genes e.g., those developmental ⁇ and/or tissue regulated (e.g., alternate splicing events).
  • a method of treating a subject having a condition or disorder associated with an alternative or aberrant splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to modulate an alternative splicing event or prevent an aberrant splicing event, thereby treating the subject.
  • the method can, e.g., restore a correct splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • the method can, e.g., utilize a small molecule compound described herein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Formulations containing the small molecules described herein can comprise a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an aqueous carrier.
  • a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an aqueous carrier.
  • formulations for use in the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, those suitable for oral administration, parenteral administration, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial administration, as well as topical administration (e.g., administration of an aerosolized formulation of respirable particles to the lungs of a patient afflicted with cystic fibrosis or lung cancer or a cream or lotion formulation for transdermal administration of patients with psoriasis).
  • topical administration e.g., administration of an aerosolized formulation of respirable particles to the lungs of a patient afflicted with cystic fibrosis or lung cancer or a cream or lotion formulation for transdermal administration of patients with psoriasis.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and
  • the most suitable route of administration in any given case may depend upon the subject, the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and the particular active compound, which is being used, as would be readily determined by one of skill in the art.
  • the medicament upregulates gene expression.
  • the medicament downregulates gene expression.
  • the compound can be admixed with, inter alia, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier may be a solid or a liquid.
  • One or more compounds may be incorporated in any combination in the formulations described herein, which may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy, such as admixing the components, and/or including one or more accessory therapeutic ingredients.
  • the present inventors identify herein low molecular weight compounds (sometimes referred to herein as small molecules, which block mRNA splicing and/or enhance (facilitate, augment) mRNA splicing.
  • the splicing that can be regulated by the methods described herein include alternative splicing, e.g., exon skipping, intron retention, pseudoexons skipping, exon exclusion, partial intron exclusion and others.
  • modulation of splicing can be accomplished in the presence of, or in the absence of, antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) that are specific for splicing sequences of interest.
  • AOs antisense oligonucleotides
  • a small molecule and an AO act synergistically.
  • a method comprises contacting a splice modulating compound (e.g., a SMSM) to a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation.
  • a splice modulating compound e.g., a SMSM
  • a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation.
  • an SMSM described herein can increase one or more isoforms of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation.
  • an SMSM described herein can decrease expression one or more isoforms of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation.
  • a method comprises contacting a splice modulating compound (e.g., a SMSM) to a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation.
  • a splice modulating compound e.g., a SMSM
  • a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation.
  • an SMSM described herein can increase one or more isoforms of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation.
  • an SMSM described herein can decrease expression one or more isoforms of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation.
  • a method of modulating splicing of pre-mRNA comprises using an SMSM to decrease expression or functionality of one or more isoforms of a transcript in a subject.
  • the method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.
  • the method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to disfavor expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with a disease or condition associated with aberrant splicing of a pre-mRNA.
  • the method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to inhibit expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.
  • the method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates the splicing of the pre-mRNA to increase expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.
  • a number of diseases are associated with expression of an aberrant gene product (e.g., an RNA transcript or protein) of a gene.
  • an aberrant gene product e.g., an RNA transcript or protein
  • aberrant amounts of a RNA transcript may lead to disease due to corresponding changes in protein expression.
  • Changes in the amount of a particular RNA transcript may be the result of several factors.
  • changes in the amount of RNA transcripts may be due to an aberrant level of transcription of a particular gene, such as by the perturbation of a transcription factor or a portion of the transcription process, resulting in a change in the expression level of a particular RNA transcript.
  • changes in the splicing of particular RNA transcripts can change the levels of a particular RNA transcript.
  • Changes to the stability of a particular RNA transcript or to components that maintain RNA transcript stability such as the process of poly-A tail incorporation or an effect on certain factors or proteins that bind to and stabilize RNA transcripts, may lead to changes in the levels of a particular RNA transcript.
  • the level of translation of particular RNA transcripts can also affect the amount of those transcripts, affecting or upregulating RNA transcript decay processes.
  • aberrant RNA transport or RNA sequestration may also lead to changes in functional levels of RNA transcripts, and may have an effect on the stability, further processing, or translation of the RNA transcripts.
  • RNA transcripts encoded by a pre-mRNA comprising contacting a cell with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the cell is contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a cell culture.
  • the cell is contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a subj ect (e. g. , a non-human animal subj ect or a human subject).
  • kits for treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of a disease or condition comprising administering an effective amount of a small molecule splicing modulator as described herein to a subject, in particular to a mammal.
  • compositions and methods for treating a disease or condition including steric modulator compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that promote prevention or correction of exon skipping of a pre-mRNA.
  • the invention further provides compositions and methods for increasing production of mature mRNA and, in turn, protein, in cells of a subject in need thereof, for example, a subject that can benefit from increased production of protein.
  • the invention further provides compositions and methods for decreasing production of mature mRNA and, in turn, protein, in cells of a subject in need thereof, for example, a subject that can benefit from decreased production of protein.
  • the described methods may be used to treat subjects having a disease or condition caused by a mutation in a gene, including missense, splicing, frameshift and nonsense mutations, as well as whole gene deletions, which result in deficient protein production.
  • the described methods may be used to treat subjects having a disease or condition not caused by gene mutation.
  • the compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat subjects having a disease or condition, who can benefit from increased production of protein.
  • the compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat subjects having a disease or condition, who can benefit from increased production of protein.
  • the compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat subjects having a disease or condition, who can benefit from decreased production of a protein.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof by increasing the expression of a target protein or functional RNA by cells of the subject, wherein the cells have a mutation that causes, e.g. , exon skipping or intron inclusion, or a portion thereof, of pre-mRNA, wherein the pre-mRNA encodes the target protein or functional RNA.
  • the method can comprise contacting cells of a subject with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that targets the pre- mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA or splicing complex component, whereby splicing of an exon from a pre-mRNA encoding a target protein or functional RNA is prevented or inhibited, thereby increasing a level of mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA, and increasing the expression of the target protein or functional RNA in the cells of the subject.
  • a method of increasing expression of a target protein by cells having a mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure that causes exon skipping of pre-mRNA the pre-mRNA comprising a mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure that causes exon skipping.
  • the method can comprise contacting the cells with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that targets a pre-mRNA encoding a target protein or functional RNA, whereby splicing of an exon from a pre-mRNA encoding a target protein or functional RNA is prevented or inhibited, thereby increasing the level of mRNA encoding functional protein, and increasing the expression of protein in the cells.
  • the target protein is a tumor suppressor. In some embodiments, the target protein is a tumor promoter. In some embodiments, the target protein or the functional RNA is a compensating protein or a compensating functional RNA that functionally augments or replaces a target protein or functional RNA that is deficient in amount or activity in the subject. In some embodiments, the cells are in or from a subject having a condition caused by a deficient amount or activity of the protein.
  • the deficient amount of the target protein is caused by haploinsufficiency of the target protein, wherein the subject has a first allele encoding a functional target protein, and a second allele from which the target protein is not produced, or a second allele encoding a nonfunctional target protein, and wherein an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof binds to a targeted portion of a pre-mRNA transcribed from the first allele.
  • the target protein is produced in a form that is fully-functional compared to the equivalent protein produced from mRNA in which an exon has been skipped or is missing.
  • the pre-mRNA is encoded by a genetic sequence with at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to a pre-mRNA.
  • an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof increases the amount of the target protein or the functional RNA by modulating alternative splicing of pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding the functional RNA or target protein.
  • an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof increases the amount of the target protein or the functional RNA by modulating aberrant splicing resulting from mutation of the gene encoding the target protein or the functional RNA.
  • the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, or at least about 500%, compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell.
  • the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with than SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, or about 200% to about 250%, compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell.
  • the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with an SMSMS compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.
  • the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, or about 200% to about 250%, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.
  • a total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3 -fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5 -fold, or at least about 10-fold compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell.
  • a total amount of an mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5 -fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, or about 4 to about 9-fold, compared to a total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell.
  • a total amount of target protein produced by a cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5- fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5 -fold, at least about 3 -fold, at least about 3.5 -fold, at least about 4- fold, at least about 5 -fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.
  • the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9- fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, or about 4 to about 9-fold, compared to a total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.
  • the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell.
  • the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about
  • the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.
  • the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, or about
  • the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variant
  • the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms produced
  • the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7- fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least
  • the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10- fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least
  • a difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in a cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splic
  • a difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by a cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to a difference in amounts between two protein iso
  • the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5 -fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7- fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold,
  • the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10- fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least
  • the ratio of a first isoform and a second isoform may contribute to a number of conditions or diseases.
  • a subject without a condition or disease has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of 1 : 1.
  • a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of about 1 : 1.2, 1 : 1.4, 1 : 1.6, 1 : 1.8, 1 :2, 1 :2.5, 1 :3, 1 :3.5, 1 :4, 1:4.5 or 1 :5.
  • a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio from about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.1, about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.2, about 1: 1 to about 1 : 1.3, about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.4, about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.5, about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.6, about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 1.8, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :2, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :3, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :3.5, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :4, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :4.5, about 1 : 1 to about 1 :5, 1 :2 to about 1 :3, about 1 :2 to about 1 :4, about 1 :2 to about 1 :5, about 1 :3 to about 1 :4, about 1 :3 to about 1 :5, or about 1 :4 to about 1:5.
  • binding of an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to pre-mRNA prevents splicing out of one or more exons and/or introns and/or proteins thereof, from the population of pre-mRNAs to produce mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA.
  • the cell comprises a population of pre-mRNAs transcribed from the gene encoding the target protein or functional RNA, wherein the population of pre-mRNAs comprises a mutation that causes the splicing out of one or more exons, and wherein an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof binds to the mutation that causes the splicing out of the one or more exons in the population of pre-mRNAs.
  • the binding of an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the mutation that causes the splicing out of the one or more exons prevents splicing out of the one or more exons from the population of pre-mRNAs to produce mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA.
  • the condition is a disease or disorder.
  • the method further comprises assessing protein expression.
  • an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof binds to a targeted portion of a pre-mRNA.
  • the binding of an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof catalyzes the inclusion of a missing exon or removal of an undesired retained intron or portions thereof, resulting in healthy mRNA and proteins. In some embodiments, the binding of an SMSM compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has minimal to no effect on non-diseased cells.
  • an SMSM kills cells at an IC50 of less than 50 nM.
  • the cells are primary cells.
  • an SMSM kills the cells at an IC50 of less than 48 nM, 45 nM, 40 nM, 35 nM, 30 nM, 25 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 3 nM, or 1 nM.
  • an SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide of the primary cells. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates proliferation or survival of the primary cells. In some embodiments, the primary cells are primary diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary diseased cells are primary cancer cells. In some embodiments, the SMSM is present at a concentration of at least about 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 mM, 10 pM, 100 pM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, or 1 M.
  • At least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the primary diseased cells are killed. In some embodiments, at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the primary diseased cells undergo apoptosis. In some embodiments, at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the primary diseased cells undergo necrosis.
  • proliferation is reduced or inhibited in at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the primary diseased cells.
  • the primary diseased cells are non-transformed cells.
  • an SMSM reduces a size of a tumor in a subject.
  • a size of a tumor in a subject administered an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% in the subject.
  • a diameter of a tumor in a subject administered an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
  • a volume of the tumor is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% in the subject.
  • the tumor is malignant.
  • a method comprises contacting an SMSM to primary non-diseased cells. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells are killed. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells undergo apoptosis. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells undergo necrosis. In some embodiments, proliferation is reduced or inhibited in at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary non-diseased cells are of the same tissue as the primary diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary non- diseased cells are differentiated cells.
  • An SMSM can modulate splicing at a splice site of a polynucleotide and does not exhibit significant toxicity.
  • an SMSM penetrates the blood brain barrier (BBB) when administered to a subject.
  • BBB blood brain barrier
  • an SMSM has a brain/blood AUC of at least about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 40, or higher.
  • an SMSM has a half-life of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 hours in a human.
  • an SMSM provided herein e.g., an SMSM of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has an apparent permeability (Papp) of at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100, as determined by MDCK-MDR1 Permeability assay.
  • an SMSM provided herein has an apparent permeability of at least about 10, at least about 20, or at least about 50.
  • an SMSM provided herein e.g., an SMSM of Formula (I) or Formula (II) has an Efflux Ratio (ER) of at most about 3.
  • an SMSM provided herein has an Efflux ratio within a range of from about 1, about 2, about 3 or about 4, to about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about
  • an SMSM provided herein has an Efflux ratio of from about 3 to about 10. In some embodiments, an SMSM provided herein has an Efflux ratio that is at most about 3, at most about 2, or at most about 1. In some embodiments, an SMSM provided herein has an Efflux ratio of larger than about 10. In some embodiments, an SMSM provided herein has an Efflux ratio of at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 200, or at least about 300.
  • an SMSM is stable at room temperature for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
  • an SMSM is stable at 4 °C for at least 1, 2, 3, 4,
  • an SMSM is stable at room temperature in water or an organic solvent for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years.
  • an SMSM is stable at 4 °C in water or an organic solvent for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
  • an SMSM has an cell viability IC50 of 0.01-10 nM, 0.01-5 nM, 0.01-2.5 nM, 0.01-1 nM, 0.01-0.75 nM, 0.01-0.5 nM, 0.01-0.25 nM, 0.01-0.1 nM, 0.1-100 nM, 0.1-50 nM, 0.1-25 nM, 0.1-
  • an SMSM has an cell viability IC50 of at most 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM, 16 nM, 17 nM, 18 nM, 19 nM, 20 nM, 21 nM, 22 nM, 23 nM, 24 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 51 nM, 52 nM, 53 nM, 54 nM, 55 nM, 56 nM, 57 nM, 58 nM, 59 nM, 60 nM, 61 nM, 62 nM, 63 nM, 64 nM, 65 nM, 66 nM,
  • an SMSM reduces cell proliferation of diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%,
  • an SMSM reduces cell proliferation of diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%
  • an SMSM reduces viability of diseased cells by more than 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.
  • an SMSM reduces viability of diseased cells by more than 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of at least 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM
  • an SMSM does not reduce viability of non-diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50 when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of 2-1000 nM, 2-500 nM, 2-250 nM, 2-100 nM, 2-75 nM, 2-50 nM, 2-25 nM, 2-10 nM, 10-1000 nM, 10-500 nM, 10-250 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-75 nM, 10-50 nM, 10-25 nM, 25-1000 nM, 25-500 nM, 25-250 nM, 25-100 nM, 25-75 nM, 25-50 nM
  • an SMSM does not reduce viability of non-diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of at least 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM,
  • an SMSM reduces a size of a tumor in a subject by at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,
  • an SMSM inhibits tumor growth of a tumor in a subject by at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%,
  • SMSM Targets 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.
  • Aberrant splicing of mRNA can result in a defective protein and can cause a disease or a disorder in a subject.
  • the compositions and methods described herein can reduce this aberrant splicing of mRNA, such as pre-mRNA, and treat a disease or a disorder caused by this aberrant splicing.
  • RNA transcripts are often treated with a focus on the aberrant protein expression.
  • the processes responsible for the aberrant changes in RNA levels such as components of the splicing process or associated transcription factors or associated stability factors, could be targeted by treatment with a small molecule, it would be possible to restore protein expression levels such that the unwanted effects of the expression of aberrant levels of RNA transcripts or associated proteins. Therefore, there is a need for methods of modulating the amount of RNA transcripts encoded by certain genes as a way to prevent or treat diseases associated with aberrant expression of the RNA transcripts or associated proteins. Structural Targets
  • Mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in cis-acting elements can induce three- dimensional structural change in pre-mRNA.
  • Mutations and/or aberrant secondary RNA structures in cis-acting elements can induce three-dimensional structural change in pre-mRNA when the pre-mRNA is, for example, bound to at least one snRNA, or at least one snRNP, or at least one other auxiliary splicing factor.
  • non-canonical base pairing of a non-canonical splice site sequence to a snRNA can form a bulge.
  • a bulge can be formed when the 5’ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be induced to form when 5’ss containing at least one mutation is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be formed when the cryptic 5’ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be induced to form when cryptic 5’ ss containing at least one mutation is bound to U 1 -U 12 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be formed when the 3’ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be induced to form when the 3’ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be formed when the cryptic 3’ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • a bulge can be induced to form when the cryptic 3’ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof.
  • the protein components of U1 and U2 may or may not present to form the bulge.
  • Exemplary 5’ splice site mutations and/or with aberrant secondary and/or tertiary structures that can induce a bulge structure are described herein.
  • a polynucleotide in the methods disclosed herein can contain any one of exemplary the 5’ splice site sequences described herein.
  • a small molecule can bind to a bulge.
  • a bulge is naturally occurring.
  • a bulge is formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the splice site and the small nuclear RNA.
  • a bulge can be formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the 5’ss and U1-U12 snRNA.
  • the bulge can comprise 1 nucleotide, 2 nucleotides, 3 nucleotides, 4 nucleotides, 5 nucleotides, 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides, 9 nucleotides, 10 nucleotides, 11 nucleotides, 12 nucleotides, 13 nucleotides, 14 nucleotides, or 15 nucleotides.
  • 3-dimensional structural changes can be induced by a mutation without bulge formation.
  • a bulge may be formed without any mutation in a splice site.
  • a recognition portion can be formed by a mutation in any of the cis-acting elements.
  • a small molecule can bind to a recognition portion that is induced by a mutation.
  • a mutation and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure at an authentic 5’ splice site can result in splicing at a cryptic 5’ splice site.
  • a mutation and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure can be in one of the regulatory elements including ESEs, ESSs, ISEs, and ISSs.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide in an exon.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide upstream (5’) of the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the -1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnn, wherin N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the -2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NN*Nnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the -3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of N*NNnnnnn, wherin N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide in an intron. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide downstream (3’) of the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNn*nnnn, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnn*nnn, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnn*nnn, wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +4 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnn*nn, wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +5 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnn*n, wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +6 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnnn*, wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnnn*, wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the -1, -2, -3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 and/or +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnnn NN*Nnnnnn N*NNnnnnnn NNNn*nnnnn, NNNnn*nnnn, NNNnnn*nnn, NNNnnnn*nn, NNNnnnn*n, NNNnnnn*n, NNNnnnnnn* or NNNnnnnnnn* wherin N* or n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the -1, -2, and/or -3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnn, NN*Nnnnnn or N*NNnnnnnnn wherin N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 and/or +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNn*nnnn, NNNnn*nnnn, NNNnnn*nnn, NNNnnnn*n, NNNnnnn*n, NNNnnnn* or NNNnnnnnn* wherin n* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the -1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a bulged nucleotide at the -2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NN*N*nnnnn, wherin N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the -2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a bulged nucleotide at the -3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
  • a target of an SMSM can be a pre- mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of N*N*Nnnnnn, wherin N* represents a bulged nucleotide.
  • an SMSM interacts with a bulged nucleotide of an RNA duplex comprising a splice site.
  • the RNA duplex comprises pre-mRNA.
  • an SMSM binds to an RNA duplex and interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleobase of an RNA duplex comprising a splice site.
  • a first portion of the SMSM interacts with the bulged nucleotide on a first RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • a second portion of the SMSM interacts with one or more nucleotides of a second RNA strand of the RNA duplex, wherein the first RNA strand is not the second RNA strand.
  • the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the duplex RNA, for example, an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction or a van der Waals interaction.
  • the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the bulged nucleotide, for example, an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction or a van der Waals interaction.
  • the duplex RNA comprises an alpha helix.
  • the bulged nucleotide is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide is located within an internal portion of the helix of the duplex RNA.
  • a rate of exchange of the bulged nucleotide from within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA to an exterior portion of the helix is reduced.
  • the SMSM modulates a distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces the distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases the distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA.
  • the bulged nucleotide is located within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA of the complex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has modulated base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has increased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has decreased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • the SMSM modulates splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM removes a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM stabilizes a bulge of the RNA duplex.
  • the unpaired bulged nucleotide is free to rotate around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex in the absence of the SMSM. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex.
  • the SMSM is not an aptamer.
  • a method of modulating splicing comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell; wherein the SMSM interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleotide of an RNA duplex in the cell; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site; and wherein the SMSM modulates splicing of the RNA duplex.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • a method for modulating the relative position of a first nucleotide relative to a second nucleotide, wherein the first nucleotide and the second nucleotide are within a duplex RNA comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to the duplex RNA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the first nucleotide is a bulged nucleotide of the RNA duplex; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site.
  • SMSM small molecule splicing modulator compound
  • the duplex RNA comprises a helix.
  • the bulged nucleotide is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA prior to contacting the SMSM.

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