EP3876926A1 - Alkohol-antidot - Google Patents
Alkohol-antidotInfo
- Publication number
- EP3876926A1 EP3876926A1 EP19808700.9A EP19808700A EP3876926A1 EP 3876926 A1 EP3876926 A1 EP 3876926A1 EP 19808700 A EP19808700 A EP 19808700A EP 3876926 A1 EP3876926 A1 EP 3876926A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- flavonoid
- alcohol
- complex
- cyclodextrin
- taxifolin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 239000000729 antidote Substances 0.000 title description 9
- 206010001605 Alcohol poisoning Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 208000007848 Alcoholism Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 201000007930 alcohol dependence Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 153
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 claims description 152
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 152
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000007962 solid dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N beta-cyclodextrin Chemical compound OC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1CO WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920003134 Eudragit® polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- GDSRMADSINPKSL-HSEONFRVSA-N gamma-cyclodextrin Chemical compound OC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1CO GDSRMADSINPKSL-HSEONFRVSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000001116 FEMA 4028 Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000011175 beta-cyclodextrine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960004853 betadex Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
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- 125000002791 glucosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
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- 125000006552 (C3-C8) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Poloxamer Chemical compound C1CO1.CC1CO1 RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000926 neurological effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- BWWAFUZQSLIIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-3H-chromen-3-id-4-one Chemical class O1C(=[C-]C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C12)C1=CC=CC=C1 BWWAFUZQSLIIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- CXQWRCVTCMQVQX-LSDHHAIUSA-N (+)-taxifolin Chemical compound C1([C@@H]2[C@H](C(C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3O2)=O)O)=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 CXQWRCVTCMQVQX-LSDHHAIUSA-N 0.000 description 259
- KQNGHARGJDXHKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrotamarixetin Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1 KQNGHARGJDXHKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 125
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 90
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 71
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 66
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 61
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- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229960003692 gamma aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 19
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-aminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- -1 alcohol Chemical compound 0.000 description 16
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 16
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- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 15
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 14
- NEDGUIRITORSKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C.CN(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C NEDGUIRITORSKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- 229920003148 Eudragit® E polymer Polymers 0.000 description 12
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- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- YLRNDYZYIUVEDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sativol Natural products O1C2=CC(O)=CC=C2C2=C1C1=CC=C(OC)C(O)=C1OC2=O YLRNDYZYIUVEDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical group OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline
- A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
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- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
- A61K47/40—Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
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- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
- A61P25/32—Alcohol-abuse
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the prevention and treatment of alcoholism, alcohol intoxication and secondary effects and diseases associated with alcohol consumption with the aid of special flavonoids.
- Alcohol intoxication and the associated damage as well as the side effects the next day are a widespread but difficult to manage problem. Since there is no effective antidote for alcohol, which is by far the most frequently consumed poison, medical treatment of alcohol-related symptoms is very difficult or impossible. This is due, among other things, to the complex mechanism of action that underlies drinking alcohol. In contrast to benzodiazepines, for example, alcohol (ethanol), as a very small molecule, is able to exert its effect at various binding sites on the receptor responsible. The GABA A receptor is responsible for the majority of the alcohol's effects.
- This ionotropic receptor consists of five subunits (two a, two ß, once g / d / e / q / p), whereby tonic receptors, which consist of ad subunit in combination with two a4 or a6 and two ß3 subunits, are special react sensitively to ethanol 1 . If ethanol binds to the receptor between the ß and the a subunit, the efficiency of the orthosteric agonist GABA increases. This leads to an increased influx of negatively charged chloride ions at the postsynapse, which considerably inhibits the transmission of electrical impulses at the synapse.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to circumvent the above problems and to provide an effective alcohol antidote.
- specific searches were made for GABA A modulators which act on a4b3d and a6b3d receptors in a subunit-specific manner.
- the well-known hypnotics methaqualon and etomidate and the anticonvulsant loreclezole bind to the ß (+) / a (-) - interface of the GABAA receptor at the amino acid ß-265ASN, the low-affinity binding site of the drinking alcohol. They act as positive allosteric modulators (PAM) by changing the conformation of the orthosteric GABA side so that the effect of GABA is increased 4 . It is interesting here that the three active ingredients differ fundamentally from the benzodiazepines and also bind to tonic GABA A receptors with ad subunit.
- Fig. 2 Structural similarities of the active ingredients. Left to right: Etomidat, Loreclezol, Methaqualon 4 These structural similarities can also be found in another class of active substances, namely the flavonoids.
- Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals that are formally derived from the basic body of Flavan. There are around 8,000 compounds in nature, the diversity of which arises from different oxidation levels in the oxygen-containing ring, different substitutions on the aromatic rings and the addition of sugars (glycoside formation). In addition, flavonoids are present in a variety of plants and therefore also in human food. Among them, some of these plant components have health-promoting properties, which is why this group of substances is of particular medical interest.
- flavonoids are able to act as subunit specific a4b3d and a6b3d GABA A receptors as negative allosteric modulators. They prevent the binding of GABA in a subunit-specific manner, which also makes ethanol ineffective. These flavonoids are based on the basic structure of (+) T axifolin, whereby certain residues are possible at the different positions of the ring system.
- a first aspect of the invention therefore relates to a flavonoid of the general formula (I)
- R7, R4 ' -OH, C- M8 alkoxy, C3-io-cycloalkoxy, C- M s-alkenyloxy, C3-io-
- R5, R3, R3 ' -H -OH, Ci-i 8 -alkoxy, C 3-i o-cycloalkoxy, C- M a-alkenyloxy,
- Oligoglycosyl, esters e.g. succinate
- R6, R8, R2 ', R5', R6 ' -H or Ci -8 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-i0 alkenyl or
- C3-io-cycloalkenyl for use in the prevention and / or treatment of alcoholism, alcohol intoxication or sequelae and diseases associated with alcohol consumption.
- the flavonoids used according to the invention have significant advantages over previous compounds such as e.g. Ro-15-4513, because on the one hand there are no side effects due to the specific binding even at high doses (NOAEL-Level Taxifolin 1500 mg / kg) and on the other hand the alcohol can be counteracted by competitive inhibition even at high doses.
- the flavonoid of the general formula (I) is also able to alleviate the acute side effects of excessive alcohol consumption, since the symptoms the next day can also be explained at least in part by a reduction in the GABA A receptor density and the withdrawal symptom triggered thereby .
- This is particularly relevant since tonic GABA A receptors with a d subunit are very susceptible to down regulation by endocytosis. Significant internalization of tonic GABA A receptors was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo after a single alcohol dose 5 .
- the flavonoid of the general formula (I) is also able to prevent secondary diseases, in particular impairments of the nervous system as a result of alcohol consumption.
- a combination of a flavonoid of the general formula (I) and vitamins, in particular thiamine, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives and prodrugs are suitable.
- Taxifolin and other compounds of formula (I) are characterized by a basic structure with a single bond between positions 2 and 3.
- the flavonoid loses its planarity and, depending on the substitution at R3, one or two centers of chirality (at 2 and at 3) result.
- Only the (2S) isomers (if there is only one chirality center) or the (2R, 3R) trans isomers (for two chirality centers) are suitable for the use according to the invention, since only these can assume the correct position in the binding pocket .
- Docking to the ß (+) / a (-) interface of the GABA receptor, which is responsible for a specific alcohol-antagonistic effect, is stereospecific.
- flavonoids with a 2,3-double bond such as quercetin, morin, apigenin, luteolin, chrysin and baicalein have a planar structure and show an effect similar to benzodiazepine.
- flavonoids are the main active ingredients of soothing plant extracts such as St. John's wort or passion flower and have therefore been used for centuries as herbal medicines for insomnia, inner restlessness and anxiety.
- flavonoids according to formula (I) used according to the invention are an oxane ring and a keto group at position 4. These groups act as H-bond acceptors and thus stabilize the position of the flavonoid in the binding pocket of the receptor.
- the radicals R7 and R4 ' are selected from the group consisting of OH, Ci.i 8 alkoxy, C 3-i 0 -cycloalkoxy, Ci.ie-alkenyloxy, C 3-i0- cycloalkenyloxy, Ci-is-hydroxyalkoxy, Mono- or oligoglycosyl, and esters (eg succinate). OH is preferred.
- the radicals R5, R3 and R3 ' are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, Ci.ie-alkoxy, C 3-i0- cycloalkoxy, Ci-ie-alkenyloxy, C 3-i 0 -cycloalkenyloxy, Ci_ 18-hydroxyalkoxy , Mono- or oligoglycosyl, and esters (eg succinate).
- the radicals R6, R8, R2 ', R5' and R6 ' are selected from H or Ci -8 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-i0 alkenyl and C 3-i o-cycloalkenyl. H and Ci -8 alkyl are preferred.
- Flavonoids of the general formula (I) are preferred, wherein
- R7 and R4 ' are each OH
- R5, R3 and R3 ' are each H or OH and
- R6, R8, R2 ', R5' and R6 ' are each H or Ci -8 alkyl, preferably H.
- R3 ', R4', R3, R5 and R7 are each OH.
- alkyl refers to a straight chain or branched hydrocarbon group.
- Ci-b alkyl refers to a C1-8 alkyl chain. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and n-pentyl. Alkyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
- cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic ring system with at least one saturated ring. Cycloalkyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms of each ring of a cycloalkyl group can be substituted by one Representative examples of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl and the like.
- alkenyl refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which can be a straight or branched chain that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
- cycloalkenyl refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic ring system with at least one non-aromatic ring that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Cycloalkenyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
- (cyclo) alkoxy refers to a -0- (cyclo) alkyl radical, in which (cyclo) alkyl is as defined above.
- (cyclo) alkenyloxy refers to the group -0 (cyclo) alkenyl, where (cyclo) alkenyl is as defined above.
- hydroxyalkoxy denotes an -O-alkyl radical, where one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to primary or secondary carbon atoms of the alkyl radical.
- the compounds of the general formula (I) can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives or prodrugs, in particular with glycosyl, ether or ester groups at the positions of OH groups. These derivatives are converted back into the main active substance in the body through enzymatic cleavage.
- Polyphenols such as the compounds of the general formula (I) generally have a low bioavailability, which can be explained in particular by the low water solubility, the low stability and the pronounced metabolism by phase II enzymes.
- the first two problems according to the present invention can be solved by a suitable formulation as described hereinafter, but conversion into prodrugs is also a very elegant way of circumventing the low bioavailability of the flavonoids.
- the water solubility can be increased, on the other hand, it is possible to protect the phenolic hydroxyl groups from oxidation or biotransformation.
- the permeability can also be positively influenced by the conversion into prodrugs.
- OH positions are more susceptible to metabolism by phase II enzymes, in particular glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), sulfonation by sulfotransferases (SULT) and O-methylation by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are in the foreground.
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- SULT sulfonation by sulfotransferases
- COMP catechol-O-methyltransferase
- esters e.g. carbonates, carbamates, sulfamates, phosphates / phosphonates, neutral or anionic carboxylic acid esters, and amino acid esters
- ethers e.g. alkyl ethers, aryl ethers and hydroxyalkyl ethers
- glycosides monosaccharides and oligosaccharides
- “mono- and oligoglycosyl residues” preferably comprise hexosyl residues, in particular ramnosyl residues and glucosyl residues.
- suitable hexosyl radicals are allosyl, altrosyl, galactosyl, gulosyl, idosyl, mannosyl and talosyl.
- mono- and oligoglycosyl residues can include pentosyl residues.
- the glycosyl radicals can be connected to the base body in a- or ⁇ -glycosidic fashion.
- a preferred disaccharide is, for example, 6-deoxy-aL-mannopyranosyl) -ß-D-glucopyranoside. It is also possible to convert the phenolic hydroxy group into a hemiacetal with various aldehydes (eg acetaldehyde). The hydroxy group of this hemiacetal, like the phenolic hydroxy group, can now be derivatized. An example of this are the phosphonooxy alkyl prodrugs.
- An improvement in bioavailability can also be achieved by combination with inhibitors of the phase II enzymes of the biotransformation, e.g. Piperine, protease inhibitors such as atazanavir, antifungals such as ketoconazole, opioid receptor antagonists such as nalmefene and naltrexone and various polyphenols.
- inhibitors of the phase II enzymes of the biotransformation e.g. Piperine, protease inhibitors such as atazanavir, antifungals such as ketoconazole, opioid receptor antagonists such as nalmefene and naltrexone and various polyphenols.
- Flavonoids of the general formula (I) can be used in accordance with the present invention for the prevention and / or treatment of alcoholism, alcohol intoxication or secondary effects and diseases associated with alcohol consumption.
- the term "alcoholism” includes physical and / or psychological addiction to alcohol (addiction syndrome). It has been found that the administration of flavonoids of the formula (I) can counteract the development of a dependency syndrome and can therefore be used to prevent alcoholism. If alcoholism is already present, treatment is possible with the help of flavonoids of the formula (I), including alcohol withdrawal and / or alcohol withdrawal.
- Withdrawal symptoms can occur when alcohol consumption is reduced or stopped abruptly. Withdrawal symptoms include nausea, nervousness, trouble sleeping, an urge to drink alcohol, irritability, and depression. As physical dependence progresses, sweating, tremors, flu-like symptoms, seizures, and hallucinations are added.
- the flavonoids of the formula (I) according to the invention can be used to prevent or alleviate these and other withdrawal systems.
- alcohol intoxication encompasses all stages of acute alcohol intoxication. Depending on the blood alcohol concentration, a distinction is made between the stage of excitation (0, 2-2.0% o), flypnose (2.0-2.5% 0 ), anesthesia (2, 5-4.0% o) and asphyxia ( over 4.0% o). Due to their specific binding to the a4b3d or a6b3d GABA A receptor, flavonoids of the formula (I) are able, as an allosteric modulator, to counteract the binding of alcohol to the GABA A receptor, so that this becomes ineffective.
- flavonoids of the general formula (I) can also be used to prevent and / or treat secondary effects associated with alcohol consumption and to prevent secondary diseases.
- Such secondary diseases are diseases that can be attributed to long-term alcohol abuse, such as, in particular, impairments of the nervous system (through destruction of the axons such as the myelin sheaths of the brain and the peripheral nervous system, e.g. neuropsychological weaknesses, memory disorders, impaired consciousness, dementia syndrome, neuropathic pain, etc.) ).
- Consequences associated with alcohol consumption also include acute consequences, such as hangovers in particular.
- a hangover is understood to mean the discomfort and impairment of physical and mental performance as a result of excessive alcohol consumption.
- a hangover mainly includes the symptoms of headache, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, difficulty concentrating, increased tendency to sweat, stomach and muscle aches, depressed mood and general malaise on the following days, especially on the day after excessive alcohol consumption.
- flavonoids of the general formula (I) it is possible according to the invention to compare the frequency of alcohol consumption with Reduce frequency before treatment.
- the amount of alcohol can also be reduced. It also succeeds in increasing the abstinence rate.
- the flavonoids of the general formula (I) are preferably administered in a form in which they have good bioavailability.
- a problem in this connection is the sometimes low solubility of the flavonoids of the general formula (I) in water, as a result of which their bioavailability is impaired. It was therefore a further object of the present invention to improve the solubility and to provide the flavonoids of the formula (I) in a form in which they are more water-soluble and can be better absorbed in the human organism.
- the flavonoids can be converted into readily water-soluble inclusion complexes by complexation with cyclodextrins that have excellent bioavailability.
- the above flavonoids are therefore preferably used in the form of a complex of the general formula (II)
- Cyclodextrins are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides that are composed of a-1, 4-glycosidically linked glucose molecules. Depending on the number of glucose units that make them up, the cyclodextrins are named differently, with a-cyclodextrin containing 6 glucose molecules, ⁇ -cyclodextrin 7 glucose molecules, y-cyclodextrin 8 glucose molecules and d-cyclodextrin 9 glucose molecules. According to the invention can as
- Cyclodextrin in particular an a-, ß- or g-cyclodextrin, preferably ß- or g-cyclodextrin can be used.
- Taxifolin increased significantly.
- the encapsulation of the active ingredient can also be increased by CD encapsulation, which is particularly advantageous for the sensitive flavonoids. This is because they tend to oxidize during processing or in the GI tract, making them ineffective would.
- Both the cyclodextrin type (a, ß, g or ö), which mainly differ in the ring diameter, as well as the exact production method of the cyclodextrin / flavonoid complexes have a great difference in the quality of the complex compound.
- Cyclodextrins can be in underivatized form or in derivatized form in which, for example, one or more hydroxyl groups of glucose units carry substituents.
- the C6 carbon atom on one or more glucose units of the cyclodextrin can be alkoxylated or hydroxyalkylated.
- the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group on the C6 carbon atom of one or more glucose units can be replaced by C1 -18-alkyl or C1-18-hydroxyalkyl groups. 2,6-di-O-methyl-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin are particularly preferred.
- sulfoalkyl cyclodextrins in particular sulfoethyl, sulfopropyl and sulfobutyl cyclodextrin, are of interest.
- complexes of the general formula (II) are particularly well suited for use in the prevention and / or treatment of alcoholism, alcohol intoxication or sequelae and diseases associated with alcohol consumption as defined above.
- active ingredient complexes especially g-CD complexes
- spring profile a water-soluble polymer can be integrated as a "parachute” (English parachute) in the complex or in solution, which effectively prevents recrystallization of the active ingredient and thus the high Initial concentration maintained for a long time.
- Very low polymer concentrations are often sufficient to achieve the desired effect.
- One aspect of the invention accordingly relates to a ternary complex of a flavonoid of the general formula (I), a cyclodextrin and a water-soluble polymer.
- the water-soluble polymer is preferably present in solution in an amount of at least 0.0025% w / v, in particular 0.0025-1.0% w / v, more preferably 0.025-0.5% w / v, for example 0.25 % w / v.
- the polymer: flavonoid mass ratio is preferably between 1: 0.5 and 1:80, in particular between 1: 3 and 1:15. In practice, mass ratios in the range between 1: 6 and 1: 8 have proven to be optimal.
- water-soluble polymers which are particularly suitable according to the invention are polyethylene glycol, e.g. PEG 6000, polyvinyl alcohol, poloxamer, e.g. Poloxamer 188 and mixtures thereof, e.g. Mixtures of PEG and PVA (Kollicoat ® IR). These polymers are made up of blocks of ethylene oxide and show very promising properties. The interactions with the hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid are not so strong that precipitation occurs, at the same time the polymers also interact with the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin. This increases the stability of the complex.
- PEG 6000 polyethylene glycol
- poloxamer e.g. Poloxamer 188
- mixtures thereof e.g. Mixtures of PEG and PVA (Kollicoat ® IR).
- the increase in complex stability can be explained by the fact that the polymer interacts with the active ingredient and the cyclodextrin and thus stabilizes the active ingredient in the CD cavity. This must be taken into account when choosing the right polymer, because if the interaction with the active ingredient is too strong, the polymer active ingredient flocculates out complexly and Ks drops. If the interaction with the cyclodextrin is too strong, the polymer and the active ingredient compete for the CD cavity and Ks also drops. Finally, it must be noted that the polymer may not increase the viscosity of the solution or only slightly, since otherwise the CD complex formation is made more difficult.
- Another possibility for improving the solubility of flavonoids of the formula (I) according to the invention is to form a solid dispersion with basic polymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid and / or methacrylate. It was found that, in particular, Eudragit®E in combination with flavonoids of the general formula (I) leads to a solid dispersion with good water solubility and a high bioavailability of the flavonoid can be achieved in this way.
- Fig. 5 EudragitOE
- the observed improvement in solubility is due to the intermolecular interactions between the carbonyl group of the methacrylic ester and the hydroxy groups (or similar groups) of the flavonoid of the formula (I). This stabilizes the flavonoid in its amorphous form, which considerably improves its water solubility.
- PVP makes the protonated amino alkyl groups of the Eudragit water soluble in the polymer, even if it interacts strongly with the flavonoid.
- the above flavonoids are therefore used in a preferred embodiment as a solid dispersion with basic polymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid and / or methacrylate.
- Another object of the invention therefore relates to a solid dispersion of a flavonoid of the general formula (I) and a (co) polymer of methacrylic acid and / or methacrylate such as. B. Eudragit®E, Eudraguard®protect or Kollicoat®Smartseal.
- flavonoids of the formula (I), cyclodextrin complexes of the formula (II), ternary complexes with water-soluble polymers or solid dispersions with (co) polymers of methacrylic acid and / or methacrylate for example as a pharmaceutical formulation in the form of tablets, capsules, pills , Coated tablets, granules, suppositories, pellets, solutions or dispersions, the active ingredient optionally being able to be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries and carriers.
- Such pharmaceutical formulations can be prepared in a customary manner known to the person skilled in the art.
- the administration can in principle be carried out in any way, with oral administration being preferred.
- intravenous administration may also be indicated, in particular for the treatment of alcohol intoxications.
- Solid formulations for oral administration can, in addition to the active ingredient, also contain customary auxiliaries and excipients, such as extenders, e.g. Lactose, dextrose, sucrose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch; Lubricants, e.g. Silicate, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate and / or polyethylene glycols; Binders, e.g. Starches, gum arabic, gelatin, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Disintegrants, e.g.
- extenders e.g. Lactose, dextrose, sucrose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch
- Lubricants e.g. Silicate, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate and / or polyethylene glycols
- Binders e.g. Starches, gum arabic, gelatin, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose or poly
- Starch alginic acid, alginates or sodium starch glycolates, foaming mixtures; Dyes; Sweeteners; Wetting agents such as lecithin, polysorbates, lauryl sulfates; as well as other common formulation auxiliaries.
- Liquid formulations for oral administration can be, for example, dispersions, syrups, emulsions and suspensions.
- a syrup can contain, for example, sucrose or sucrose with glycerin and / or mannitol and / or sorbitol as a carrier.
- Suspensions and emulsions can contain, for example, a natural resin, agar, sodium alginate, pectin, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol.
- Solutions for intravenous injection or infusion can contain, for example, sterile water as a carrier or they can preferably be in the form of sterile, aqueous, isotonic salt solutions.
- the invention therefore furthermore relates to a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, comprising a complex of the general formula (II), a ternary complex with a water-soluble polymer or a solid dispersion as described above.
- the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise one or more pharmacologically acceptable excipients and / or carriers.
- Suitable dosages of a flavonoid of the general formula (I) in a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for oral administration can range from about 25 mg to 1200 mg. Dosages of 150-600 mg, in particular 300 mg-450 mg, are preferred.
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition described above for use in the prevention and / or treatment of alcoholism, alcohol intoxication or sequelae associated with alcohol consumption or in the prevention of sequelae associated with alcohol consumption.
- Fig. 1 1 H-NMR spectroscopic examination of taxifolin and various cyclodextrin complexes
- Fig. 2 Solubility of various cyclodextrin complexes of taxifolin in water (in mg / ml) depending on the type of their preparation and the cyclodextrin used (Fig. 2A: ⁇ -cyclodextrin, Fig. 2B: y-cyclodextrin)
- Fig. 3 Results of the DSC analysis of various solid dispersions of Taxifolin and Eudragit E in different mixing ratios.
- Fig. 6 Hangover symptoms after alcohol consumption when using
- 1 H-NMR spectroscopy was used to qualitatively detect the complex formation in aqueous solution. This enables the characteristic spectra of taxifolin and cyclodextrin to be determined. When complexes are formed, certain signals are shifted. In addition, the exact three-dimensional structure of the complex and the conformation of the flavonoid in the cyclodextrin cavity can be determined.
- taxifolin and the respective cyclodextrin were weighed in a molar ratio of 1: 1, dissolved in D 2 0 / DMSO (80/20 v / v) and dissolved for 3 h stirred at room temperature and 600rpm. The sample was then measured.
- the reference solutions (Taxifolin, ß-CD, HP-ß-CD and g-CD) were only dissolved in D 2 0 / DMSO (80/20 v / v) and then measured. The results are shown in Fig. 1. Discussion: The results from the signal shifts clearly indicate complex formation in solution.
- results can also be used to make an accurate prediction of the position of the flavonoid in the CD cavity. Because the protons, which show a signal shift due to the complex formation, are embedded in the CD cavity. There are clear differences between ß-CD / HP-ß-CD and y-CD.
- the different position of the flavonoid in the CD cavity naturally has an influence on the solubility and permeation-increasing effect of the cyclodextrin.
- a surfactant-like structure with a hydrophilic head (ring A in the CD cavity) and a hydrophobic tail (ring A / C) is formed.
- the intramolecular H-bridges on the outer ring of the ß-CD are broken, which are responsible for the low water solubility (18.5 mg / ml at 25 ° C) of the natural ß-CD. This explains why the Taxifolin / ß-CD complex is even more water-soluble than Taxifolin and ß-CD alone.
- the catechol group on ring B is particularly prone to oxidation in the GI tract, a process which can be counteracted effectively by encapsulation with ß-CD.
- g-CD In the case of g-CD, however, rings A and C are enclosed, and no surfactant-like structure is formed. In addition, the unstable catechol group on ring B remains free, which means that the stability of the flavonoid is not increased by encapsulation with y-CD.
- the natural g-CD has a very high water solubility (223mg / ml at 25 ° C) because the outer ring is very flexible and so less intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed.
- the inclusion of the flavonoid loses the flexibility of the g-CD, the inclusion of the flavonoid makes the complex less soluble than the pure cyclodextrin and it precipitates out of solution. This may make complex formation easier, since the product is withdrawn from the reaction and, according to Le Chatelier, the balance is drawn more to the product side, but it also ensures less solubility of the product.
- the complexes In order to use the complexes industrially, the complexes have to be manufactured on an industrial scale. Various methods are available for this, but they have a significant influence on the solubility, encapsulation efficiency and quality of the powdery complex. In order to find the optimal method for the preparation of a taxifolin / cyclodextrin complex, complexes with ß- and g-cyclodextrin were formulated and then analyzed in more detail. The methods can also be applied to all a, ⁇ , y and d-cyclodextrins and their derivatives.
- ß-cyclodextrin was selected as a suitable cyclodextrin on the basis of the preliminary tests, complexes were subsequently produced using various methods and then examined on the basis of their specific properties.
- the solution was then slowly brought to room temperature for 1 h at 600 rpm and then cooled to 2 ° C. for 12 h, the complex flocculating.
- the complex was separated by vacuum filtration (0.45pm membrane filter) and dried. After the pulverization, the complex was sealed airtight.
- Kneadinq ß-CD Kneadinq ß-CD (KND ß)
- the complex was dried in a desiccator. After the pulverization, the complex was sealed airtight.
- V 900ml
- T (in) 125 ° C
- Pumping rate 20%
- Aspirator 100%
- spray gas 55 mm
- T (out) 71 ° C
- the solution is vacuum filtered (0.45pm membrane filter) to remove undissolved flavonoid and cyclodextrin residues and the filtrate is then cooled in centrifuge tubes for 24 h to -80 ° C and thus frozen.
- the tubes were then placed in the freeze dryer and the pressure set at 0.05 mbar and the temperature at -30 ° C. So the solution was freeze-dried for 96 hours.
- the active substance content is an important parameter, which can vary with different methods.
- One reason for this is the different water content and possible degradation during the
- taxifolin content of the freeze-dried complex is probably due to the preparation, with undissolved taxifolin residues being filtered off. All complexes contain sufficient taxifolin for the formulation of various pharmaceutical dosage forms
- DSC dynamic differential calorimetry
- a complete absence of the active ingredient peak at 240 ° C corresponds to an encapsulation efficiency of 100%.
- the main advantage of this measurement method is, on the one hand, the very high precision and, above all, the possibility of measuring the samples in the solid state. This prevents the complex equilibrium from being influenced or readjusted by water or other solvents.
- FT-IR spectroscopy is used to analyze the molecular interactions between the functional groups of the flavonoid and the cyclodextrin. This should allow conclusions to be drawn about the spatial structure of the Taxifolin / ß-CD complex and confirm the complex formation.
- the last most important point to compare the production methods with each other is the solubility in dist. Water.
- the solubility of the complex has a direct influence on the bioavailability, because only dissolved complexes / active substances can pass through the epithelial cells of the GI tract.
- the samples were rel. Substances examined to identify a possible degradation of the active ingredient during the manufacturing process.
- Taxifolin (Lavitol® 98.9% purity) was placed in a vial with 5 ml dist. Water was added to make a saturated solution and shaken for 60min. The solution was then transferred into a vial using a syringe with an HPLC filter (0.22 pm) and then measured undiluted (HPLC DAD-254nm).
- Inclusion complexes with ß-CD massively increase the saturation solubility of the flavonoid taxifolin. This effect is particularly pronounced in the formulations SD ß and FD ß. However, KND ß, SOLU ß and SLUR ß were also able to increase the saturation concentration considerably, although this effect was less pronounced in SLUR ß.
- the physical 1: 1 mixture also achieved very good results, which is due to complex formation in solution.
- the physical mixture actually represents the maximum possible upper limit for solubility improvement, since the complex can form under maximum saturation, i.e. optimal conditions.
- SOLU ß and KND ß do not form a supersaturated solution due to their particle size and are therefore just below the maximum value of the physical mixture. Since KND ß only has a very low encapsulation efficiency, it cannot be ruled out that the solubility improvement can be achieved by complex formation in solution, similar to the physical mixture. The solubility improvement is the least with the formulation SLUR ß, possibly higher complexes are formed during the manufacturing process.
- ß-CD is excellently suited for the formulation of water-soluble, bioavailable inclusion complexes with taxifolin and similar flavonoids.
- these complexes are also suitable for the formulation of bioavailable pharmaceutical dosage forms.
- g-cyclodextrin was selected as a suitable cyclodextrin on the basis of the preliminary tests, complexes were subsequently produced using various methods and then examined on the basis of their specific properties.
- the complex was dried in a desiccator. After pulverization, the complex was stored airtight and protected from light.
- V-CD Microwave Irradiation (MICRO y)
- the kneading method has a high yield, losses only arise from residues on the equipment used (mortar, bowl, etc.).
- all methods in which the complex was precipitated from the solution SUR, SOLU, CO-PREC, MICRO, pH
- low yields can be explained by the fact that the complex is also largely in the dist. Water dissolves, but it is separated. This has only a minor influence if the water has been cooled down to a great extent (SOLU), but has a great effect if filtering is carried out directly after only a short reaction and precipitation time (pH, MICRO).
- the active substance content is an important parameter, which can vary with different methods.
- One reason for this is the different water content and possible degradation during the manufacturing process.
- DSC dynamic differential calorimetry
- thermograms of the g-CD complexes differed fundamentally from the thermograms of the ß-CD complexes. So all complex samples apart from pH g no longer have a characteristic active ingredient peak that coincides with the physical mixture. This indicates complete encapsulation since no free flavonoid can be detected. However, these samples show peaks in the range of 245 ° C-250 ° C, the area of which sometimes significantly exceeds that of the physical mixture. These peaks could indicate the decomposition of the g-CD / taxifolin complex or the supramolecular complex agglomerates. These agglomerates are typical of g-CD complexes and are often described in the literature.
- FT-IR spectroscopy is used to analyze the molecular interactions between the functional groups of the flavonoid and the cyclodextrin. This should allow conclusions to be drawn about the spatial structure of the Taxifolin / y-CD complex and confirm the complex formation.
- the reference spectra turn out as expected and coincide with literature references.
- the spectrum of the cyclodextrin also shows all the characteristic peaks, comparable to those of the ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
- the physical mixture shows only superimposed spectra of cyclodextrin and flavonoid.
- the last most important point to compare the production methods with each other is the solubility in dist. Water.
- the solubility of the complex has a direct influence on the bioavailability, because only dissolved complexes / active substances can pass through the epithelial cells of the GI tract.
- the samples were rel. Substances examined to identify a possible degradation of the active ingredient during the manufacturing process.
- Taxifolin (Lavitol® 98.9% purity) was placed in a vial with 5 ml dist. Water was added to make a saturated solution and shaken for 60min. The solution was then transferred into a vial using a syringe with HPLC filter (0.22 pm) and then measured (HPLC DAD-254nm).
- the physical mixture achieves the maximum saturation solubility, 5.194 mg / ml is the maximum solubility of the taxifoline, which can be achieved with g-CD.
- the solubility of the freeze and spray-dried complexes and the kneaded complex is very close to the solubility of the physical mixture, it can be assumed that the solubility of these complexes is almost maximum.
- the saturation solubilities of the g-CD complexes are significantly lower than those of the ß-CD complexes.
- ß-CD should be clearly preferred over g-CD.
- g-CD complexes have a greater tendency to form agglomerates and to retard drug release.
- Freeze drying and spray drying are particularly suitable methods since they form real inclusion complexes with very high encapsulation efficiency. This is reflected in the high saturation solubility and the good dissolution behavior of the formulations.
- Spray drying is particularly interesting in order to produce formulations that can be taken orally, since the manufacturing costs are comparatively low compared to freeze drying for a comparable product.
- Freeze drying is particularly suitable for the production of intravenous preparations, using special ß-CD derivatives (eg hydroxypropyl-ß-CD or sulfobutyl ether-ß-CD) due to its better water solubility and lower toxicity. Kneading is also an attractive process because the manufacturing costs are very low.
- this method can be implemented on an industrial scale without any problems (eg in a high-shear wet granulator, an Eirich mixer or in an industrial kneader), whereby high throughputs are possible with a short process time.
- the disadvantage of this method is the very low encapsulation efficiency.
- a screening was carried out in order to investigate which water-soluble polymers are particularly suitable for improving the stability and the resolving power of flavonoid-cyclodextrin complexes.
- a saturated taxifolin-CD-complex solution was first prepared and then various water-soluble polymers were added (0.25% w / v). The solution was left to stand for 96 hours and then the recrystallization was compared with the polymer-free solution
- PEG 6000, Kollicoat IR and Poloxamer 188 are particularly interesting. These polymers are made up of ethylene oxide blocks and show very promising properties. The interaction with the hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid is not so strong that precipitation occurs, at the same time the polymers also interact with the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin. This increases the stability of the complex. The same can be seen with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The interaction of the hydroxyl groups of the polymer with the flavonoid and the cyclodextrin is, however, less pronounced than with the ethylene oxide polymers.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- the integration of the polymer can also take place before or during the complex formation.
- small amounts of the polymer can be added to the solution before spray or freeze drying.
- small amounts of the polymer can also be added to the solution used to moisten the Taxifolin / ß-CD paste. Concentrations between 0.0025% - 2% w / v in the final solution would be useful, most often around 0.25% w / v is used. 3. Preparation of a solid dispersion
- taxifolin In contrast to other active ingredients such as ß-carotene, which are poorly soluble in water due to their lipophilicity, taxifolin has a rather hydrophilic structure.
- the many hydroxyl groups and the keto group at position 4 in particular enable hydrogen bonds and should theoretically ensure good water solubility.
- the crystalline structure prevents an efficient solution.
- solid dispersions with various polymers are mainly used in this group of active ingredients.
- the active ingredient is dispersed in the polymer in a molecularly disperse manner and the crystalline structure is thus dissolved.
- solid dispersions were formulated with typical pharmaceutical polymers as well as various biopolymers.
- PVP, PEG, PVA / VA, Soluplus® polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol copolymer), carbomer (polyacrylic acid), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), Eugragit E, HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose), MC (methyl cellulose) were examined ), Na-CMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), maltodextrin, shellac, collagen hydrolyzate, chitosan, gellan, xanthan and alginic acid.
- PVP, PEG, PVA / VA, Soluplus® polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol copolymer
- carbomer polyacrylic acid
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- Eugragit E HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
- CSE solvent evaporation method
- the polymer and taxifolin were dissolved in various proportions (1: 1 - 12: 1 w / w) in the solvent and then dried in a dark, well-ventilated place.
- the solid dispersions with Eudragit® E alone showed no signs of recrystallization, even at low polymer taxifolin ratios, and significantly increased the water solubility and release rate of the taxifolin from an Eudragit® ETaxfolin ratio of 1: 1 w / w without the solid dispersion flocculating.
- Biopolymers which are mostly sugar derivatives, are unsuitable carriers for a solid dispersion with taxifolin. This can be explained by the numerous hydroxyl and ether groups and the lack of carbonyl groups, since polyphenols interact much more strongly with the latter. This can also be seen particularly well in the fact that taxifolin is very readily soluble in acetone and ethyl acetate, while it is insoluble in diethyl ether. In addition, most biopolymers are insoluble in organic solvents and too heat unstable for hot melt extrusion (HME), which makes large-scale production difficult. Water-soluble synthetic polymers, which are sufficiently soluble in organic solvents and approved for human consumption, are particularly interesting.
- HME hot melt extrusion
- polyvinylpyrollidone and its derivatives are theoretically ideal for this, since these polymers are water-soluble and have even been approved as an additive in foods.
- the pyrollidone ring forms strong hydrogen bonds with the phenolic groups of the flavonoid, as a result of which the taxifolin is stabilized in the amorphous form and no longer recrystallizes.
- PVP poly(ethylene glycol)
- active ingredient ratios this can lead to the polymer not being able to form hydrogen bonds with water, since the flavonoid displaces the water. If this happens, neither the polymer nor the flavonoid can be dissolved and the dispersion flocculates.
- Eudragit®E is ideal as a carrier for solid dispersions with taxifolin or similar flavonoids. This is due to the intermolecular forces between the carbonyl group of the methacrylic ester and the hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid, similar to PVP. This stabilizes the flavonoid in its amorphous form, which considerably improves its water solubility.
- PVP the cationic aminoalkyl groups of the Eudragit make the polymer water-soluble, even if it interacts strongly with the flavonoid.
- polymer screening is often carried out with subsequent film casting.
- the active ingredient and the polymer are dissolved in different proportions in an organic solvent and the solution is then placed on a glass cover plate. After drying, the sample is examined under a light microscope for recrystallization of the active ingredient. If no crystals can be found, the polymer or polymer-drug ratio is suitable for the production of a solid dispersion
- Taxifolin and Eudragit® E100 were each dissolved in ethanol in the ratios 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3 and then placed on a coverslip. After drying, the coverslips were examined for taxifolin crystals under a light microscope. Results: No recrystallization was found in any of the cover glasses. The solid dispersion was glassy and significantly darker than dissolved Taxifolin or Eudragit® E100 alone.
- Taxifolin (98.9% purity, Lavitol from Ametis JSC based in Amurskaja Oblast, Russia), ethanol (ROTIPURAN®> 99.8%, p.a, Carl Roth), basic polymethacrylate Eudragit® E100 (Evonik Industries, Essen)
- the solid dispersion was slightly amber, glassy, very hard / splintery and free-flowing after pulverization. Under the light microscope, none of the samples (1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1) showed recrystallization of the flavonoid.
- the yields are in the range of 80% -90%, this is common for the preparation of solid dispersions on a laboratory scale. On an industrial scale, the yield can be increased significantly by established processes such as continuous hot melt extrusion (HME) or spray drying.
- HME continuous hot melt extrusion
- the DSC analysis is an important method to further characterize the solid dispersions. Attention should be paid to both the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer and the characteristic active ingredient peak. If both Tg and the active ingredient peak can be seen, the active ingredient is only finely distributed, but crystalline in the form of a solid suspension in the polymer. However, if the active ingredient peak disappears and only Tg can be determined, the active ingredient is amorphous in the form of a solid solution in the polymer. Solid solutions generally have better dissolution behavior than solid suspensions and are preferable to them.
- the reference samples of the polymer and the flavonoid behave as expected.
- the polymer shows an endothermic peak at 50 ° C, which is due to the melting of the polymer.
- Taxifolin shows a sharp, characteristic endothermic peak at 239.2 ° C.
- a broad peak around 70 ° C-100 ° C in the taxifolin sample indicates the escape of residual solvent.
- the physical mixture shows an endothermic peak of 50 ° for the melting of the polymer.
- a broader peak around 100 ° C can be seen, which is probably due to the escape of residual water from the sample, similar to the taxifolin sample.
- the exothermic peaks in the range between 110 ° C-210 ° C are due to the dissolution of the crystalline taxifoline in the molten polymer.
- the ones developing here Ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds between polymer and flavonoid stabilize the flavonoid in the amorphous state, which is why the characteristic active ingredient peak of taxifolin also disappears in the physical mixture.
- melt extrusion is a suitable method for producing a glass-like solid solution of taxifolin or similar flavonoids in basic polymethacrylates.
- the XRD method is the method of choice to demonstrate the complete, amorphous embedding of an active ingredient in the polymer matrix.
- the crystallinity of the sample is determined, which gives conclusions about the arrangement of the active substance molecules. Since the polymer matrix is amorphous in contrast to the active ingredient, crystalline peaks indicate incomplete embedding. On the other hand, if the sample is amorphous, there is a solid solution.
- amorphous samples usually show a significantly better dissolution behavior than crystalline ones, which is why an amorphous sample can increase the bioavailability.
- the diffraction diagram shows that both Taxifolin and the physical mixture of Taxifolin / Eudragit® E100 are crystalline. As expected, the polymer is amorphous. The physical mixture also shows superimposed X-ray diffraction patterns of Taxifolin and Eudragit® E100. All three formulations are also amorphous and do not differ from the reference polymer. Discussion: The results of the XRD analyzes indicate that CSE 1: 1, CSE 2: 1 and CSE 3: 1 have solid dispersions, with the flavonoid taxifolin completely embedded in the polymer matrix.
- the solubility in simulated gastric juice has a direct influence on the bioavailability, because only dissolved active substances can pass through the epithelial cells of the GI tract
- the amount of polymer is below the optimum, the ionic interaction between the flavonoid and the polymer means that there are not enough free, protonatable teritary amino groups in the polymer, which reduces the water solubility of the solid dispersion. If the amount of polymer is too high, the limiting factor is the protonation of the polymer, which due to the interaction between the flavonoid and the polymer has a retarding or inhibiting effect on the dissolution of the flavonoid.
- the solid dispersion is ideally suited for the formulation of various pharmaceutical dosage forms.
- the special properties of the polymer result in further advantages such as taste masking.
- solid dispersions are the gold standard for solubility improvement, especially in the pharmaceutical sector.
- basic polymethacrylates were identified as suitable carriers and solid solutions were formulated with them.
- other basic polymethacrylates are also suitable for the formulation of solid dispersions with flavonoids such as taxifolin.
- the instant release formulation is considered optimal when 85% of the active ingredient has dissolved in the first 15 minutes. Since gastric emptying in the fasted state is a first order reaction (50% emptying in 10- 20min), it can be assumed with 85% dissolution in the first 15min that the formulation behaves like a solution and therefore optimally.
- the pure taxi film represents the reference value.
- the CSE 2: 1 was chosen as the formulation for the solid dispersion, since with this ratio of PolymenTaxifolin recrystallization of the flavonoid can be excluded and the flavonoid is completely amorphous embedded in the polymer matrix, which is confirmed by DSC and XRD analyzes. In addition, this formulation achieved the maximum saturation solubility and is therefore best suited for dissolution attempts.
- the FD ß complex was chosen as the cyclodextrin formulation because the freeze
- Cyclodextrin complexes apply in research, in addition, this method achieved optimal results in terms of encapsulation efficiency and saturation solubility. Although the method is very cost-intensive and difficult to scale, it is still ideal for laboratory-scale experiments.
- Taxifolin shows a typical dissolution behavior with continuous release in free form. However, the release after 15 minutes is only 60% and therefore does not meet the requirement as an instant release formulation (at least 85% after 15 minutes). This means that
- Cyclodextrin formulation FD ß meet the requirements and are therefore considered to be optimal instant-release formulations.
- the Eudragit® E formulation also achieves a very rapid release of the flavonoid, with 82.2% of the flavonoid already being dissolved at the first measurement point.
- there is no recrystallization and no precipitation of the taxifoline from the solution but the release of the taxifoline is limited to a maximum of 85%. This was also shown by the fact that residues of the solid dispersion were still to be found in the vessel after the 60 min.
- both the formulation of a solid dispersion with basic polymethacrylates such as Eudragit® E and an inclusion complex with ß-CD can greatly improve the dissolution behavior of the flavonoid taxifolin. Both formulations also meet the requirements as instant release formulations and are therefore generally suitable for increasing the bioavailability of various flavonoids. 6. Study of bioavailability
- Each test preparation was a formulation containing a total of 500 mg taxifolin, administered either as pure taxifolin (Lavitol 99.8%), as an equimolar ß-CD / taxifolin mixture (physical mixture 1: 1), as a ß-CD / taxifolin complex (FD ß), as ß-CD / Taxifolin / PEG6000 ternary complex (FD ß + 80mg PEG 6000), as Eudragit®E / Taxifolin mixture in a weight ratio of 2: 1 or as a solid dispersion of Eudragit®E / Taxifolin (CSE 2: 1 ).
- the taxifolin-containing formulations were first weighed and mixed with the correspondingly calculated amount of filler (microcrystalline cellulose).
- the formulations were filled into size 0 gelatin capsules.
- the test subjects followed a one-week wash-out phase in each case, during which the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products should be avoided.
- the test subjects each consumed 1.5 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight, distributed over 4 hours in the form of vodka with 37.5% ethanol content.
- Ten hours after taking the preparation eight typical hangover symptoms were evaluated using a questionnaire. The subjects were able to rate the symptoms on a scale of 1-10, with 1 meaning no symptoms and 10 very strong symptoms.
- the test series shown in FIG. 6 AF show tests with pure taxifolin (FIG. 6A), with beta-cyclodextrin as a mixture (FIG.
- the mixture of Taxifolin and Eudragit E also achieved an improvement in effectiveness compared to pure Taxifolin.
- the solid dispersion proved to be more effective than the mixture, which is due to the amorphous distribution of the flavonoid in the polymer matrix and the associated improvement in solubility.
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