EP3866956A1 - Membrantrennverfahren und membranmodul zur aufbereitung von flüssigkeiten - Google Patents
Membrantrennverfahren und membranmodul zur aufbereitung von flüssigkeitenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3866956A1 EP3866956A1 EP19789958.6A EP19789958A EP3866956A1 EP 3866956 A1 EP3866956 A1 EP 3866956A1 EP 19789958 A EP19789958 A EP 19789958A EP 3866956 A1 EP3866956 A1 EP 3866956A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- light
- module
- membrane module
- irradiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
- B01D63/107—Specific properties of the central tube or the permeate channel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
- B01D65/022—Membrane sterilisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/08—Prevention of membrane fouling or of concentration polarisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
- B01D2311/2611—Irradiation
- B01D2311/2619—UV-irradiation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
- B01D2311/2692—Sterilization
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/14—Specific spacers
- B01D2313/143—Specific spacers on the feed side
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
- B01D2315/08—Fully permeating type; Dead-end filtration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
- B01D2315/10—Cross-flow filtration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/34—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling by radiation
- B01D2321/343—By UV radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3225—Lamps immersed in an open channel, containing the liquid to be treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3228—Units having reflectors, e.g. coatings, baffles, plates, mirrors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
- Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a membrane separation process for the treatment of liquid speed
- Membrane modules 1 selectively retain and exit some components (for example particulate, dissolved inorganic or organic water constituents or microorganisms) in the inlet 17 of the membrane module 1 by means of separation membranes 5 (hereinafter also simply referred to as membranes) membrane device 1 as concentrate 19.
- separation membranes 5 hereinafter also simply referred to as membranes
- Other components eg water molecules
- the invention is applicable to liquids in general. For the sake of simplicity, however, we often speak of water. The person skilled in the art understands that other liquids can also be meant instead of water.
- Membrane separation processes such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis are used, among other things, for the treatment of liquids.
- the starting point is in particular processes for removing salts, dissolved organic water constituents and colloids such as e.g. Humic substances.
- high retention of certain components with a high permeate flux Jw is sought.
- membrane processes are differentiated into microfiltration (0.1 - 10 micrometers), ultrafiltration (0.01 - 0.1 micrometers), nanofiltration (0.001 - 0.01 micrometers) and reverse osmosis, forward osmosis or electrodialysis ( ⁇ 0.001 micrometers).
- Microfiltration membranes are usually used to retain components of a liquid, such as water, that is, particulate water constituents. Ultrafiltration membranes retain dissolved water components with a molecular size of up to 5000 Da. Only a few components (e.g. salts) pass through nanofiltration membranes. Reverse osmosis, forward osmosis or electrodialysis membrane almost all components are retained in the water.
- the invention relates in particular to membranes and membrane processes of the latter two categories - nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, electrodialysis.
- membranes 5 are used in membrane devices 1.
- the spiral winding module is the most frequently used membrane device 1 for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis membranes.
- a spiral winding module 1 is shown schematically by way of example in FIG. 2.
- the spiral winding module 1 consists of several square membranes 5, here membrane pockets 5, which are wrapped around the slightly elongated permeate collecting tube 12.
- Polyamide as a composite membrane
- cellulose acetate cellulose acetate
- aquaporins or polytetrafluoroethylene are used as membrane materials for the reverse, forward or electrodialysis membrane.
- the wrapped membrane pockets 5 are in turn surrounded by an enveloping element 20.
- individual fibers, fiber bundles or flat fabrics made of heat-resistant, alkali-resistant plastic are wound around the outer peripheral surface of the membrane 5 and embedded in epoxy resin.
- the membrane pocket 5 is connected on the open side to the perforated or slotted permeate collecting tube 12.
- the permeate spacer 10 is located in the membrane pocket between the membrane systems. Between the membrane pockets 5 there are feed spacers 4, which are also wound around the slightly elongated permeate collecting tube 12.
- a part of the feed 17 to be prepared (also called feed stream 17), which reaches the front side 2 of the membrane device 1, passes through the membrane 5 and then leaves the membrane device 1 as a cleaned permeate 18 in the direction of the permeate collecting tube 12, while a second part of the feed stream 17 is guided past the membrane 5 as a cross flow and leaves the membrane device 1 on the outlet side 3 as retentate 19.
- the partial stream referred to as retentate 19 additionally contains a large part of the components retained by membrane 5, while permeate 18 does not contain these components or only contains them to a very minor extent.
- the publication US 2007/0068864 describes an example of a spiral winding element 1.
- the permeate spacer 10 forms channels through which permeate 18 reaches the permeate collecting tube 12 inside the membrane pocket 5. Channels are formed by feed spacer 4, through which the feed stream 17 is guided over the upper membrane system 11 and the lower membrane system 9 of the membrane pocket 5.
- the Feedspacer 4 ensure additional lent to turbulence in the flow and consequently to a reduction in the concentration polarization on the inlet side of the membrane layers and thus to an improved mass transfer.
- Concentration polarization is the unwanted increase in concentration of a component on the membrane surface facing inlet 17.
- the increase in concentration is particularly high in the immediate vicinity of the membrane surface and decreases with increasing distance from the membrane surface in the direction of the free solution.
- This concentration gradient leads to an additional diffusive flux in the direction of the free solution J D.
- the permeate flux Jw decreases in the direction of the membrane 5 with increasing concentration increase on the membrane surface. Under these conditions, the performance of the membrane 5 cannot be fully utilized.
- the flow rate of the inlet 17 in the inlet-retentate channel is increased and the concentration polarization layer is thinner.
- Usual empty pipe flow velocities in the feed concentrate channel in the x direction are in the range of 0.05-1 m / s.
- FIG. 3 shows the structure of feed spacers 4, which are currently usually used. So-called network spacers have been used so far.
- Netzspacer are layers made of a plastic grid or plastic fabric (e.g. polypropylene).
- Linear elements of the network saver 4a, 4b and 4c, 4d, also called fibers, are arranged in such a way that they intersect and form quadrilaterals.
- a distinction is generally made between two forms of quadrilaterals, quadrilateral (FIG. 3a) and diamond (FIG. 3b).
- the linear elements 4a in FIG. 3a are arranged in such a way that they are in line with the direction of flow of the inlet 17 (x).
- a layer of mostly parallel linear elements 4b lies below a second layer of mostly parallel layer on linear elements 4a, which are arranged obliquely to the upper layer (see FIG. 3c).
- the linear elements 4b are arranged at an angle of 90 ° C in relation to the position of the linear element 4a.
- a first layer of mostly parallel linear elements 4c lies below a second layer of mostly parallel linear elements 4d, which are arranged obliquely to the upper layer (see FIG. 3c)).
- the linear elements 4c are arranged at an angle of 45 ° C in relation to the flow direction of the inlet (x).
- the linear elements 4d are arranged at an angle of -45 ° C in relation to the flow direction of the inlet (x).
- Feedspacer 4 are mainly manufactured in extrusion processes or 3D printing processes from thermoplastic plastics such as polypropylene or polyethylene, which is why the upper and lower layers of linear elements are fused together and the mesh fabric thus represents a uniform mesh structure.
- Feedspacer 4 usually have a thickness of 0.66 m, 0.71 mm, 0.79 mm and 0.86 mm. Since thick feed spacers 4 take up a lot of volume in the membrane module 1, consequently less membrane area can be made available in a membrane module 1.
- feed spacers 4 which have helical spacer elements.
- the helical spacer elements allow an even more turbulent and non-uniform flow, as a result of which the concentration polarization is to be prevented to a greater extent in comparison to conventional feed spacers 4.
- Spiral winding modules 1 are usually placed in a cylindrical pressure tube 21 during operation.
- the pressure tube 21 has connections for the front inlet 24 (FIG. 4) and the discharge of the permeate 14 and concentrate 13.
- Dimensions in which spiral winding modules 1 are commercially available are: 50 mm, 60 mm, 100 mm and 200 mm ( orthogonal to the axial direction, y) and 350 mm, 530 mm and 1000 mm (in the axial direction, x).
- the pressure tubes 21 are constructed in such a way that they can accommodate an integer number of spiral winding modules 1, usually four to seven, one after the other.
- Feed stream 17 is conducted in the axial direction (x) via the connection for feed stream 24 through front plate 25 into pressure pipe 21.
- a permeate port adapter 22 connects the front plate 25 and the permeate tube 21 of the first spiral winding module 1. At the same time, it closes the front side of the permeate tube 21.
- Each of the spiral winding modules 1 connected in series has two anti-spacing devices 15, which are connected to the cladding element 20 and the permeate collecting tube 12 on the end face 2 and on the downstream side 3.
- the anti-spacing device 15 prevents the spiral-wound membrane systems 5 and feed spacer 4 from being displaced, for example when the spiral winding module 1 is subjected to hydraulic pressure.
- a seal seals the space between the outer envelope element 20 and the pressure pipe 21 and thus prevents the feed stream 17 from penetrating into this intermediate area.
- the permeate collecting tubes 12 of spiral winding modules 1 arranged one behind the other are connected to one another by an interconnector 23.
- a pressure tube 21 with a plurality of spiral winding modules 1 connected in series results in a large membrane element 1.
- Each pressure tube 21 can in turn be combined with further pressure tubes 21 in series or in parallel, as a result of which entire filtration systems are created. Filtration systems can optionally be operated with recirculation of the concentrate or in “single pass” mode.
- Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis are characterized by the fact that hydraulic pressure is applied to one side of the semi-permeable membrane layer. Due to the pressure, a fluid passes through the membrane system, components being selectively retained on the membrane system.
- the permeate flux (Jw) in the direction of a membrane 5 is defined as the volume flow of permeate 18 (usually in m 3 per hour) normalized to a membrane area (usually 1 m 2 ) which passes through the membrane 5.
- the permeate flux is proportional to the transmembrane pressure difference (Dr) between inlet 17 and permeate 18 (see Marcel Mulder, “Basic Principles of Memrbane Technology”, 2nd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996 ) and can be determined as follows:
- A is the permeability coefficient of membrane 5 for a liquid and Dc the osmotic pressure between inlet 17 and permeate 18 on the membrane surface.
- the transmembrane pressure difference In order to overcome the natural process of osmosis, the transmembrane pressure difference must be greater than the prevailing osmotic pressure.
- fouling The concentration increase and the accumulation of the less permeable components in the inlet 17 on the membrane surface or in the immediate vicinity of the membrane surface lead to the formation of deposits on the membrane 5 and the feed spacer 4.
- This process is referred to as fouling.
- Biofouling denotes the accumulation of microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi, protozoa or bacteria, associated with the formation of a bio film on the membrane systems and other components of a membrane module 1, such as the feed spacer 4.
- the position of the biofilm 26 in a spiral winding module 1 is illustrated schematically in FIG. 5. Shown is a section of a spiral winding module 1 according to FIG.
- a feed spacer 4 is arranged between the membrane systems 9 and 11. This forms channels for the water to be cleaned, so that it can reach the membrane 5.
- the biofilm 26 forms on the side facing the feed stream 17 on the membrane 5 and on the outer surfaces of the individual fibers of the feed spacer 4. Biofouling leads to a number of effects that negatively affect the performance of membrane systems.
- Biofouling increases the concentration polarization and leads to an additional, unwanted reduction in the permeate flux Jw in the direction of the membrane 5.
- biofilm formed represents a diffusion barrier for permeable components (e.g. water molecules) before they can pass through the membrane 5.
- permeable components e.g. water molecules
- the formation of the biofilm 26 on the membrane reduces the effective permeability coefficient of the membrane A, which leads to an undesired reduction in the permeate flux in the direction of the membrane Jw.
- biofilm 26 results in a narrowing of the flow cross section in the inlet retentate channel. This results in an increased pressure loss along the inlet retentate channel, since in most operating modes of a spiral winding module 1 the same amount of water is still passed in a cross flow past the separating membrane 5 and leaves the membrane module 1 as retentate.
- biofouling also results in a reduced quality of the permeate, since on the one hand the biofilm 26 supports the accumulation of retained components in the immediate vicinity of the membrane surface (for example salt retention in the treatment of sea water) and thereby worsens the retention of substances, and on the other hand the biofilm 26 attacks the polymers of the separating membrane 5 through the microorganisms therein and thereby worsens the retention of undesired substances / components. Such irreversible damage ultimately leads to an exchange of the membranes 5.
- the effects described above can be reduced by various known measures. For example, these are the discharge of the biofilm by rinsing the membrane module 1 (using chemicals or using water or air to generate shear forces), the pretreatment of the feed before it is fed into the membrane module (e.g. to kill / inactivate / remove Microorganisms from / in the feed stream or for the removal of organic substances which serve the microorganisms building up the biofilm as nutrients) or changing the properties of the separating membrane or the feed spacer (eg by means of hydrophilic, bactericidal and / or biocidal modifications / coatings).
- these are the discharge of the biofilm by rinsing the membrane module 1 (using chemicals or using water or air to generate shear forces), the pretreatment of the feed before it is fed into the membrane module (e.g. to kill / inactivate / remove Microorganisms from / in the feed stream or for the removal of organic substances which serve the microorganisms building up the biofilm as nutrients) or changing the
- a disadvantage of the measures mentioned is that the known measures counteract biofouling only to a certain degree, so that the pretreatment measures described have to be carried out continuously and the rinsing measures described have to be carried out regularly (in the event of an interruption of the membrane separation process). Also By changing the membrane or feedspacer properties, biofouling can only be reduced, but not prevented. Furthermore, the measures mentioned are on the one hand very complex in terms of process technology and on the other hand lead to increased operating and investment costs.
- UV radiation can be divided into three wavelength ranges: approx. 200 nm to 280 nm (UV-C), approx. 280 nm to 315 nm (UV-B) and approx. 315 nm to 400 nm (UV-A) .
- UV-C radiation in particular has a bactericidal effect due to direct, photochemical DNA damage. This is largely due to the UV-induced formation of nucleotide dimers in the DNA molecules. The formation of reactive oxygen species by radiation in the UV-A and UV-B wavelength range can also lead to oxidative damage to microorganisms.
- UV radiation in the wavelength range from 250 to 260 nm has the highest bacteriocidal effect.
- DNA absorbs most of the light, which leads to particularly high photochemical DNA damage.
- a UV dose of approx. 200 to 340 joules per m 2 is necessary to inactivate the majority of pathogenic germs by 99 percent.
- the effectiveness of UV radiation depends on many parameters such as the wavelength of UV radiation used, the type of bacterium and the composition of the water matrix.
- UV radiation in the wavelength range ⁇ 200 nm (vacuum UV) is mainly not used for water disinfection due to the formation of unwanted by-products such as nitrite.
- UV reactors which are used for water treatment.
- Low-pressure mercury lamps or amalgam lamps are mostly used as UV sources, which are not in direct contact with the medium to be treated, but in a transparent, mostly made of Quartz glass, tube are covered.
- the UV reactors described can only be used as a pretreatment measure for a spiral winding module.
- the disadvantage of using UV reactors is that biofouling can only be counteracted to a certain degree. The growth of a biofilm directly on the membrane systems in the membrane module is not possible via an upstream UV reactor. Consequently, flushing measures for the spiral winding module must be carried out regularly (if the membrane separation process is interrupted).
- a spatial combination of membrane module and UV radiation is known from US Pat. No. 5,862,449.
- the membrane module which contains inorganic wood fiber membranes (microfiltration) and is placed in the water-bearing soil, is used for the photocatalytic in-situ treatment of groundwater.
- the feed stream is fed into the interior of the wood fiber membrane (diameter 0.8-1.9 cm) and then filtered out through the membrane that forms the fiber wall.
- UV-A light (wavelength 350 - 380 nm) is guided through an optical fiber into the interior of the capillary and is laterally decoupled to irradiate the membrane.
- the membrane is impregnated with a UV-A active layer.
- the UV-A radiation of the UV-A active material leads to the formation of chemically active centers, at which unwanted water components are broken down when the filter is passed.
- a spatial combination of membrane module and UV radiation for water treatment is known from EP 2 409 954 A1.
- the membrane module consists of capillary membranes which are irradiated with UV light from the outside or from the inside by glass fibers that emit UV light from the side.
- the membrane as well as the glass fibers can be impregnated with a UV-active layer.
- the UV radiation of the UV-active material leads to the formation of chemically active centers, at which unwanted water contents are broken down when the filter is passed.
- the filter is formed from fibers, fiber bundles or fiber fabrics that emit UV light.
- the pores of the filter are formed by the spaces between the fibers.
- UV-active substances are immobilized on the fibers. Irradiation of the UV-active material by means of UV light leads to the formation of chemically active centers, at which unwanted water contents are broken down when the filter is passed.
- a disadvantage of the membrane and filter devices mentioned is that the pore size of the membranes or filters used is too large to be used for reverse osmosis applications, as described above.
- the described designs of the membrane and filter devices fundamentally differ from those of a spiral winding module and can in no way be transferred to the application example of a spiral winding module.
- the UV light used in the above-mentioned membrane and filter devices mainly serves to form active centers on the UV-active substances.
- light with wavelengths in the UV-A range (350 - 380 nm) is usually used, which contributes only to a limited extent to the photochemical inactivation / killing of microorganisms.
- the object of the invention is to provide a membrane separation method and a membrane module which does not have the disadvantages of the prior art and considerably reduces the occurrence of biofouling.
- the membrane method according to the invention and the device according to the invention each have the advantage over the prior art that by directly irradiating the surface of the separation membrane with UV light, biofouling on the membrane side facing the feed stream and thus directly at the point of origin, that is to say directly on the membrane and other membrane module components, is effectively prevented.
- the membrane separation process is preferably a process for treating water.
- the liquid stream is fed to a membrane module constructed using spiral winding technology, a first partial stream passing the separation membrane as a purified permeate and leaving the membrane module, and a second partial stream being passed the separation membrane and as an unpurified one , an additional part of the retentate having components retained by the separating membrane leaves the membrane module.
- the separating membrane as well as the radiation element are part of a membrane module, a first partial flow passing through the separating membrane as a cleaned permeate and leaving the membrane module, and a second partial flow leading past the separating membrane and leaves the membrane module as an unpurified retentate containing an additional part of the components retained by the separating membrane.
- the UV light irradiation takes place by means of an irradiation element which is integrated in the membrane module and in particular fulfills the function of a feed spacer.
- the feed is preferably fed to a membrane module constructed using spiral winding technology.
- the radiation element has a UV light source, a light coupling element, a light guiding element and a light coupling element.
- the UV light generated in the UV light source is transferred via a light coupling element into a light guiding element, then guided to the light coupling element and then decoupled there.
- the light decoupling element is preferably additionally impregnated or surrounded with UV-active substances (e.g. titanium dioxide), which additionally contribute to the destruction of the biofilm by irradiation with UV light.
- UV-active substances e.g. titanium dioxide
- the liquid stream is fed to a membrane designed as a flat membrane and dead-end filtration is carried out for the liquid treatment.
- a part of the radiation element which couples out UV light is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the separating membrane or rests thereon.
- the irradiation with UV light is carried out by means of a fabric and / or a scrim and / or a grating and / or a network which consists of irradiation element which is formed entirely or partially to the side of light-coupling optical fibers.
- the irradiation elements preferably have light decoupling elements.
- a further preferred embodiment of the present invention provides for light with a wavelength in the range from UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. Due to the very high biocidal effect, wavelengths in the UV-C range are preferred. When using titanium dioxide, light with a wavelength in the range of UV-A (approx. 365 nm) is preferred. to use. Wavelengths in the range of visible light should be avoided in order to avoid additional growth of the biofilm induced by visible light.
- the separating membrane has the radiation element at least on the side through which the liquid to be treated is supplied.
- the radiation element of the membrane has a feedthrough in a pressure tube of the membrane module and optionally a feedthrough in the interior of the membrane module.
- the membrane is irradiated intermittently, pulsed or continuously via the radiation element.
- the irradiation takes place with a constant irradiance and or that the irradiation takes place with a varying irradiance and.
- the membrane separation process is a membrane separation process for the treatment of drinking water, municipal waste water, pre-treated municipal waste water, industrial water and / or saline water.
- the membrane separation process is a membrane separation process, a microfiltration process, ultrafiltration process, nanofiltration process, forward omosis process, reverse osmosis process, membrane distillation process or electrodeionization process.
- part of the irradiation element is formed as a fabric made of UV-light-emitting light-conducting fibers or UV-light-emitting light-fibers and non-UV-light-emitting plastic fibers.
- the membrane module preferably has an inlet channel, a separating membrane and a radiation element.
- the separating membrane is preferably arranged in the inlet channel.
- the feed stream is preferably passed over the separating membrane.
- the membrane module has a coupling device for connecting a light source. It is preferably provided that the radiation element has the coupling device.
- the irradiation element has a light-guiding element for low-loss transmission of UV light through a bushing in the membrane module.
- the irradiation element is designed in such a way that reflection takes place for the lateral decoupling of the light radiation.
- the light decoupling element is designed in such a way that reflection takes place for the lateral decoupling of the light radiation.
- the radiation element is designed as part of a feed spacer or as a feed spacer.
- the inactivating effect of the UV radiation causes those micro- specifically inactivates organisms that adhere to the membrane surface and the feed spacer or that cross-flow through the inlet-retentate channel and leave the membrane module as retentate.
- the light is preferably conducted from the light source into the light guide element.
- a point light source for example one or more UV light-emitting light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) with the same or different emission wavelengths, is used as the light source.
- a hollow cylinder with high UV reflection is preferably placed on the UV LED on the inside wall (eg polished inside cylinder made of aluminum or PTFE).
- a lens, which is positioned directly on the LED and / or is located in the hollow cylinder can optionally help to focus the emitted light in such a way that the light is coupled into the light-guiding element more efficiently.
- Individual optical fibers or bundles of optical fibers are preferably positioned on the opposite opening of the cylinder. These serve as light guiding elements.
- further light sources such as, for example, mercury vapor pressure lamps, are used.
- the emitted UV light is preferably bundled via reflectors and one or more lenses, so that it is coupled into individual optical fibers or the bundle of optical fibers.
- the light source is located outside the membrane module.
- the light guide element then guides the UV light from the light source into the membrane module.
- optical fibers are used as the light-conducting element. These can be designed as mono- and multimodal optical fibers and consist of one or more cores and a cladding layer.
- one or more protective layers made of plastic are provided outside the jacket, which protect the jacket from external influences.
- the optical fibers preferably consist of solarization-resistant materials such as quartz glass, which has a high UV transmission. Alternatively, polymers can be used as the material, which have a high transmission for light in the UV wavelength range. Quartz glass-based optical fibers have a core of quartz glass and a e.g.
- Polymeric optical fibers preferably have a core of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and one, e.g. with fluorine, doped cladding made of PMMA or PDMS.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
- the coupled-in UV light is guided in the optical waveguide by means of reflection (in particular total reflection).
- the spiral winding module the optical fibers are guided through a cable bushing into the interior of the pressure tube and passed there through the enveloping element of the spiral winding module. In this way, the optical fibers are fed to the wound membrane pockets.
- the optical fibers are preferably also wrapped around the outer peripheral surface of the membrane and embedded in adhesives such as epoxy resin.
- the light decoupling element is preferably designed as a mesh and / or fabric and / or scrim and / or grid. This preferably consists partly or completely of light-coupling optical fibers.
- the laterally outcoupling optical fibers are a direct extension of the optical fibers which were used as the light-guiding element.
- one or more optical fibers which couple out laterally are connected to an optical fiber which is used for optical guidance.
- the mesh fabric is designed in such a way that it fulfills the function of a feed spacer.
- the feed spacer is to be designed as a light decoupling element and additionally fulfills the function of a flow equalizing element.
- the light decoupling element is preferably implemented by several linear elements of a network spacer.
- Linear elements of a network spacer can either be designed completely as optical fibers that emit UV light or partially as optical fibers that emit UV light and plastic fibers that do not emit UV light (e.g. polypropylene).
- the light decoupling element is preferably designed as a web-like fabric mat or laid mat made of individual optical fibers, optical fiber bundles and plastic fibers that do not emit UV light.
- conventional network spacers made of plastic fibers (e.g. polypropylene) which do not emit UV light can be modified by adding (e.g. inserting or weaving in) individual optical fibers emitting UV light.
- the feed spacer designed as a light decoupling element is thus the central component of the membrane module designed as a spiral winding module in terms of preventing biofouling.
- This construction of a membrane module means that for the first time, direct radiation of all or at least parts of the membrane surface in a e.g. membrane module designed as a spiral winding module with UV light, which effectively counteracts the formation of a biofilm.
- the light decoupling element is in the form of a feed spacer, it has properties very similar to those of a conventional feed spacer, whereby on the one hand the function of the objection to the separation membrane of the membrane pockets and thus the construction of a retentate channel is realized and on the other hand the direct irradiation of the Surface of the separation membrane with UV light is made possible.
- the linear elements are printed using a 3D printing process.
- the linear elements are preferably printed on the membrane by means of a 3D printing process.
- Linear elements of the light decoupling element are preferably attached to one another or to one another using thermal processes (for example heat setting, calendering) and / or by means of adhesives (for example epoxy resins, polyurethane material systems) and / or by means of adhesive threads or hot melt adhesive threads and / or by means of ultrasonic welding crossing points fixed in order to achieve an increased mesh strength of the fabric or scrim.
- thermal processes for example heat setting, calendering
- adhesives for example epoxy resins, polyurethane material systems
- adhesive threads or hot melt adhesive threads for example ultrasonic welding crossing points fixed in order to achieve an increased mesh strength of the fabric or scrim.
- the UV light radiating effect of a linear light decoupling element can e.g. by partially removing the jacket or removing plastic protective layers of the jacket of an optical fiber (e.g. by etching processes or by mechanical treatment by e.g. compressed air jets with solid blasting media, laser-induced damage or targeted cuts). This can take place over a certain area or also selectively at one or more points of the linear light decoupling element.
- scattering particles e.g. aluminum or polymer particles
- a single optical fiber is particularly preferably connected to a single optical fiber that emits UV light. This can be done by connecting the two fibers e.g. Splices are done.
- optical fiber and UV light-emitting optical fiber can also be produced from originally a continuous fiber. In this example, splicing is not necessary and the light guide and light decoupling element must be connected to one another.
- the linear light-decoupling region can be encased with a plastic layer, preferably transparent to UV light, in order to ensure protection of the linear elements of the network spacers.
- Irradiation of the membrane via the irradiation element can take place continuously at constant or varying irradiance, in pulsed fashion at the same or varying irradiance and pulse and pause durations of successive light pulses or intermittently with the same or varying irradiation duration, irradiation pause and irradiance between two irradiation intervals.
- the feed stream is fed to a flat membrane, so-called dead-end filtration being carried out for liquid treatment, in which the feed stream is pumped against a surface membrane at low pressure (approximately 0.2-1 bar).
- low pressure approximately 0.2-1 bar.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a membrane module with its material flows according to the prior art.
- Figure 2 shows the basic structure of a spiral winding module according to the
- Figure 3 shows feed spacers in diamond and square shape according to the state of the
- Figure 4 shows the arrangement of a spiral winding module in a pressure tube.
- FIG. 5 shows a membrane module according to FIG. 1 with a corresponding one
- FIG. 6 shows an irradiation element according to a first example
- FIG. 7 shows a membrane module according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a schematic illustration.
- FIG. 8 shows a diaphragm module according to the state of the art with a flat diaphragm, a dead-end filtration being carried out for liquid treatment, in a basic illustration.
- FIG. 9 shows a membrane module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a basic representation of an individual optical fiber in a tube or capillary membrane.
- FIG. 10 shows a membrane module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a schematic representation of a capillary membrane in a capillary module.
- FIG. 11 shows a section through a light decoupling element according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention as a fabric and scrim in schematic representations.
- FIG. 6 (aj) schematically shows an irradiation element 26 in a preferred embodiment of the invention as a mesh fabric.
- the irradiation element 26 consists of UV light source 26d, light coupling element 26c, light guiding element 26b and light coupling element 26a.
- the light guide element 26b is guided into the interior of the membrane module 1 via a bushing 27.
- FIGS. 6a-6j show different embodiments of the irradiation element 26.
- An irradiation element 26 can, according to an embodiment of the present ing invention can be realized. It is also conceivable to implement the radiation element 26 in accordance with a combination of the embodiments shown here.
- FIG. 6 (a) shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a consists of linear elements (eg polypropylene fibers) 26e which do not emit UV light and which run largely parallel to the direction of flow in the feed concentrate channel (x), and UV light radiating linear elements 26f (eg multimodal or monomodal glass fibers), which run at an angle (here 90 °) to this flow direction.
- Each linear element 26f is coupled to a linear light-guiding element 26b, which in turn leads to the light-coupling element 26c.
- the UV light-emitting linear elements 26f are connected to a single linear light-guiding element 26b. This is also passed through a bushing 27 into the interior of the membrane module 1.
- the bushing 27 is integrated directly into the light coupling element 26c, so that no light guide element 26b is used between the bushing 27 and the light coupling element 26c.
- UV-light-emitting linear elements 26f are designed such that both ends of the element are connected either to the same or to different (as shown) light-guiding elements 26b.
- FIG. 6b shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a consists of linear elements 26f that emit UV light, which run largely parallel to the direction of flow in the feed concentrate channel (x), and linear elements 26e that do not emit UV light, which in FIG run at an angle (here 90 °) to this flow direction.
- FIG. 6c shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a consists of non-UV light-emitting linear elements 26e, which run largely parallel to the flow direction in the feed concentrate channel (x), and any sequence of UV-light-emitting linear elements 26f and linear elements 26e which do not emit UV light and which run at an angle (here 90 °) to this flow direction.
- FIG. 6d shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element consists of a combination of linear elements 26e that do not emit UV light and linear elements 26f that emit UV light.
- An example here is an arrangement that does not emit UV light.
- the linear elements 26e and UV light-emitting linear elements 26f are selected analogously to the embodiment in FIG. 6a.
- an irradiation element can have one or more light sources which have one or more light sources 26d, separate light coupling elements 26c, light guide elements and bushings 27 in the interior of the membrane module.
- FIG. 6e shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a is largely analogous to the embodiment in FIG. 6 (c).
- individual regions 26f which emit UV light are, however, not designed over the entire length of the radiation element 26, but rather only partially over a limited length of the radiation element 26.
- FIG. 6f shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a is formed with irregularly running linear elements 26f which emit linear UV light and which are introduced into a grid, mesh, scrim and / or fabric made of non-UV-emitting linear elements 26e.
- the linear elements 26e which do not emit UV light are predominantly fixed to one another at crossing points 26g (for example by thermal processes such as heat setting or calendering and / or by means of adhesives (for example epoxy resins, polyurethane material systems) ), in order to achieve an increased mesh strength of the grid, net, scrim or fabric.
- Linear elements 26f emitting UV light are only fixed at isolated points 26h, mostly in the outer region of the light decoupling element 26a either to linear elements 26e which do not emit UV light or to linear elements 26f which emit UV light (for example by thermal methods such as Heat setting or calendering and / or by means of adhesives (for example epoxy resins, polyurethane material systems).
- FIG. 6 (h) shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a is essentially made of linear elements 26e which do not emit UV light and which have one or more punctiform light decoupling points 26a.
- FIG. 6 (k) shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a is made of linear elements 26e and 26f, which are arranged at an angle (here approximately + 45 ° and - 45 °) in relation to the direction of flow of the inlet (x).
- the linear elements are arranged in such a way that they intersect and form a diamond shape.
- FIG. 6 (l) shows an irradiation element 26.
- the light decoupling element 26a is made of linear elements.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of the basic structure of the radiation element 26 in a structure of a spiral winding module 1, analogous to that described in FIG. 3, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- a feed spacer 4 instead of a conventional feed spacer 4 in the form of a conventional fabric mat formed from individual multi-strand strands, a feed spacer 4 designed as radiation element 26 is used in the construction of the spiral winding module 1.
- the feed spacer 4 designed as an irradiation element 26 is also advantageously designed as a woven fabric (mat) with corresponding spacing elements, which in this case are made of linear elements 26e that do not emit UV light and linear elements 26f that emit UV light.
- the spiral winding module 1 is formed or constructed by a plurality of membrane pockets 5, which are separated by radiation elements 26 and wound around a permeate collecting tube 12 and enclosed by an outer envelope element 20.
- the light guide elements 26b are carried out 27a in different ways.
- the passage 27a takes place exclusively either through the pressure pipe 21 or the front plate 25 or the rear plate (not shown) of a pressure pipe.
- This third embodiment is preferably used when the light-guiding and light-coupling elements of the irradiation element run in the direction of flow x (see, for example, FIG. 6 (b)).
- FIG. 8 shows a membrane module 1 according to the prior art with a flat membrane 3, a dead-end filtration being carried out for the liquid treatment.
- FIG. 9 shows a membrane module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a schematic representation.
- a separating membrane 3 is proposed which is provided on its inlet side with an irradiation element L, preferably also in the form of a fabric mat 5 made of optical fibers 4 or bundles made therefrom - or such a fabric mat 5 is arranged on this side of the separating membrane 10.
- the supply of UV light takes place, as already described in the embodiment for the spiral winding module 1, via individual optical fibers 4, which are connected to a corresponding UV light source 7 via a coupling module 6.
- the inventive arrangement of a Lichtlei ter fabric mat 5 on the inlet side on the separating membrane 3 greatly reduces the build-up of a corresponding filter cake K or delays it considerably, so cleaning and maintenance work or the replacement of the membrane have to be carried out considerably later .
- FIG. 10 shows a diaphragm module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a basic illustration with a capillary membrane in capillary module 29.
- the light source 26d is connected to the light-guiding element 26 via the light coupling element 26c, so that UV light from the light source 26d into the light-guiding element 26b can be coupled.
- the light guide element 26b guides the UV light through the leadthrough 27 into the capillary module 29 or via light decoupling elements 26a into the capillary membrane 28.
- FIG. 11 (a-d) shows a schematic section through a light decoupling element in exemplary embodiments as a scrim (FIG. 11 (a, b)) and fabric (FIG. 11 (c-e)).
- FIG. 1 a shows a schematic section through a light decoupling element designed as a scrim.
- a linear element 26f which emits UV light rests on a linear element 26e which does not emit UV light.
- Figure 1 1 b shows a schematic section through a light decoupling element designed as a scrim.
- a linear element 26a which emits UV light rests on a linear element 26a which emits UV light.
- Figure 1 1c shows a schematic section through a light coupling element designed as a fabric.
- a linear element 26f emitting UV light is placed over or under a linear element 26e not emitting UV light.
- Figure 1 1 d shows a schematic section through a light decoupling element designed as a fabric.
- a non-UV light linear element 26e is placed over or under a UV light linear element 26f.
- Figure 1 1e shows a schematic section through a light decoupling element designed as a fabric.
- a UV light-emitting linear element 26a is placed over or under a UV light-emitting linear element 26f.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018217696.5A DE102018217696A1 (de) | 2018-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Membrantrennverfahren und Membranmodul zur Aufbereitung von Flüssigkeiten |
| PCT/EP2019/078108 WO2020079091A1 (de) | 2018-10-16 | 2019-10-16 | Membrantrennverfahren und membranmodul zur aufbereitung von flüssigkeiten |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3866956A1 true EP3866956A1 (de) | 2021-08-25 |
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| EP19789958.6A Withdrawn EP3866956A1 (de) | 2018-10-16 | 2019-10-16 | Membrantrennverfahren und membranmodul zur aufbereitung von flüssigkeiten |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230191334A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3866956A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018217696A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020079091A1 (de) |
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| CN112774442B (zh) * | 2020-12-28 | 2024-04-19 | 益可美(广州)生态科技有限责任公司 | 一种自清洁反渗透膜及其制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE69729513T2 (de) | 1996-02-28 | 2005-05-25 | Hoya Corp. | Filtervorrichtung mit photokatalysator |
| US5862449A (en) | 1996-05-30 | 1999-01-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Photocatalytic reactor |
| JPH11277061A (ja) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-12 | Japan Organo Co Ltd | 病原性微生物の不活性化システム |
| JP2001009292A (ja) | 1999-06-30 | 2001-01-16 | Hoya Corp | 漏光型光触媒フィルタ |
| DE10201617C5 (de) | 2002-01-16 | 2010-07-08 | Wedeco Ag Water Technology | Amalgamdotierter Quecksilberniederdruck-UV-Strahler |
| NL1023742C2 (nl) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-12-28 | Univ Twente | Afstandhouder voor toepassing in een membraanscheidingsinrichting en een membraanscheidingsinrichting die een dergelijke afstandhouder omvat. |
| US20070068864A1 (en) | 2005-09-28 | 2007-03-29 | Cruz Josh D L | Fold protection for spiral wound filter element |
| DE102008031352A1 (de) | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-07 | Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen | Membranvorrichtung |
| JP2011036752A (ja) * | 2009-08-07 | 2011-02-24 | Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd | 逆浸透膜モジュールおよびこれを組み込んだ浄水システム |
| EP2409954A1 (de) * | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-25 | National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos | Photokatalytische Reinigungsvorrichtung |
| US20140202948A1 (en) * | 2013-01-24 | 2014-07-24 | Xiaohang Li | Portable Liquid Purifying Apparatus |
| US10023481B2 (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2018-07-17 | Clemson University | Materials and methods for reducing biofouling in water treatment membrane systems |
| DE102014221837B4 (de) * | 2014-10-27 | 2019-03-21 | GMBU Gesellschaft zur Förderung von Medizin-, Bio- und Umwelttechnologien e.V. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Regenerierung von schadstoffbeladenen Membranfiltern |
| CN107922229A (zh) * | 2015-05-22 | 2018-04-17 | 捷通国际有限公司 | 使用地点式水处理系统 |
| DE102015008396B4 (de) * | 2015-06-30 | 2019-12-05 | Mann+Hummel Gmbh | Lichtleitungsmodul und Membranfiltervorrichtung mit einem solchen |
| DE202017102374U1 (de) * | 2017-04-21 | 2018-07-24 | Grünbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH | Membranmodul sowie Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Ablagerungen in einem Membranmodul |
-
2018
- 2018-10-16 DE DE102018217696.5A patent/DE102018217696A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2019
- 2019-10-16 US US17/284,500 patent/US20230191334A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2019-10-16 WO PCT/EP2019/078108 patent/WO2020079091A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2019-10-16 EP EP19789958.6A patent/EP3866956A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102018217696A1 (de) | 2020-04-16 |
| US20230191334A1 (en) | 2023-06-22 |
| WO2020079091A1 (de) | 2020-04-23 |
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