EP3788157A1 - Procédé de valorisation du co2 par réduction biologique - Google Patents
Procédé de valorisation du co2 par réduction biologiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3788157A1 EP3788157A1 EP19744759.2A EP19744759A EP3788157A1 EP 3788157 A1 EP3788157 A1 EP 3788157A1 EP 19744759 A EP19744759 A EP 19744759A EP 3788157 A1 EP3788157 A1 EP 3788157A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- formate
- reduction
- bacterium
- reactor
- liquid phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
Definitions
- the invention relates to a microbiological process for reducing C0 2 to formate and / or methane, catalyzed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- this CO2 reduction process can be intensified by the addition of electrons and exogenous protons. This contribution can be achieved by the implementation of the bacterium in an electrolytic device (bio-electrolyser).
- the process according to the invention can advantageously be used to treat industrial or agricultural fumes rich in CO2 or biogas containing mainly a mixture of methane and CO2, in order to reduce the CO2 content of said fumes or biogas.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with annual anthropogenic emissions of around 25 to 35 Gt. These emissions come mainly from heavy industries and industrial production. such as cement plants, aluminum and steel production sites, coal or oil-fired power plants, etc., as well as road transport.
- GOG global greenhouse gas
- CO2 as raw material at the industrial level is currently considered as one of the possible solutions to reduce the emissions of this gas to the atmosphere.
- Biological processes of CO2 activation have also been developed. These biological processes are particularly interesting because they consume little energy and generally avoid reagents and / or by-products that could have a negative impact on the environment. To date, however, only processes implementing Photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae or cyanobacteria have reached an industrial scale. The main products of the recovery of C0 2 by these processes are lipids or sugars which can then be transformed into biodiesel or biofuel. Open basin technology has allowed scale-up in the valuation of C0 2 by micro-algae.
- cyanobacteria have been genetically modified to directly produce alcohols from C0 2 .
- the carbon assimilation pathway of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 has been directed to the production of 2,3-butanediol from CO 2 and glucose in the dark.
- Such an advance overcomes the limitations of the need for sunshine. Nevertheless, the need to add glucose makes this bioprocess unattractive from an economic point of view.
- the biological stability of modified cyanobacteria is still insufficient to allow its use on an industrial scale.
- formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzymes extracted from microorganisms have been purified and modified to improve their catalysis performance, and used to reduce CO 2 to formate (Alissandratos et al., 2013, Appl Environ Microbiol., 79 (2), 741-4, Spinner et al., 2012, Catal, Sci., Technol., 2, 19-28).
- FDH formate dehydrogenase
- nitrogenase enzymes have also been reported as capable of catalyzing the reduction of C0 2 to formate, carbon monoxide, acetate or methane, in addition to their N 2 nitrogen reduction activity (Khadka et al. 2016, Inorg Chem., 55, 8321-8330, Zheng et al., 2018, Nature Microbiology, 3, 281-286). Nevertheless, the addition of an expensive cofactor is necessary to perform the bioconversion reaction, making these alternatives incompatible with industrial application.
- Electrochemically assisted reactors also called bio-electrolyzers which are inoculated with electro-active litho-autotrophic bacteria constitute another biological pathway for the conversion of C0 2 .
- Various products such as formate, acetate, C3-C5 alcohols, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) or biomass have been obtained.
- PHB polyhydroxybutyrate
- two configurations have been implemented: (1) the electrons necessary for the reduction of C0 2 are directly supplied by the polarized cathode and the protons come from the oxidation of the water at the anode or (2) the electrons of the cathode are transported to the bacteria by electrochemical mediators (such as dihydrogen or formate) that can be added to the medium or generated in situ at the polarized cathode.
- electrochemical mediators such as dihydrogen or formate
- the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia known for its ability to fix CO2 by its carboxylase enzymes, is also able to reduce CO2 into formate and / or methane.
- Methane is particularly interesting because it is a fuel whose combustion produces few atmospheric pollutants (of the NO x or SO x type ) and releases less CO2 per unit of energy (nearly 30% less) than the combustion of energy. fossil such as oil or coal.
- Methane is also a precursor to synthesis gases (H2 / CO / CO2 mixtures) which are currently used for the industrial production of methanol, ammonia and hydrocarbons ( departments Chimique de Lrance, 2013).
- Formic acid or methanoic acid, which is the acid form of formate, is a naturally occurring aliphatic carboxylic acid, which is in the form of a colorless liquid with a persistent odor.
- Formic acid has many applications in the leather and textile industry, in the composition of dyes and treatment products, insecticides, solvents, fumigants, anti-mold products, etc., but also in perfumery and the food industry as an aromatic molecule.
- formic acid can be used as fuel in fuel cells (Yu et al., 2008, Journal of Power Sources, 182 (1), 124-132) or to store hydrogen which can then be released by dehydrogenation of formic acid (Lellay et al., 2008, Angewandte Chemie, 120 (21), 4030-4032).
- formic acid as an energy carrier suggests that the need for formic acid will increase in the coming years.
- the formate can be used in secondary bioprocesses to obtain energy sources such as methane (Conrad, Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 28 (3 ) (1999) 193-202) or alcohols (Li et al., Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to higher alcohols, Science, 335 (2012) 1596; Pen et al., An innovative membrane bioreactor for methane bio hydroxylation. Bioresource Technology, 174 (2014) 42-52).
- energy sources such as methane (Conrad, Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 28 (3 ) (1999) 193-202) or alcohols (Li et al., Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to higher alcohols, Science, 335 (2012) 1596; Pen et al., An innovative membrane bioreactor for methane bio hydroxylation. Bioresource
- This new pathway of reduction by S. maltophilia has many advantages over existing bioprocesses. Indeed, this biocatalyst is a native cell. Compared to enzymes, it is therefore not necessary to carry out protein extractions or to add cofactors under stoichiometric conditions, since the cells already have their own stock. This cell does not require genetic modifications either, which are poorly supported on an industrial scale. Moreover, no contribution of dihydrogen (H 2 ) or photons (light) is necessary for the reduction reaction of C0 2 because the cell has an intracellular stock of proton and electron donor, which it accumulates during the pre-culture phase (for example on acetate derived from methane oxidation or on a mixture of peptone and yeast extract).
- H 2 dihydrogen
- photons light
- the subject of the invention is therefore a process for the recovery of C0 2 by biological reduction comprising a step of contacting a liquid phase containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with a gas phase containing C0 2 under conditions permitting the reduction of said C0 2, especially in formate and / or methane.
- the contacting step can be carried out at 30 ° C., +/- 10 ° C., in particular at 30 ° C. +/- 5 ° C., under atmospheric pressure or slight overpressure (up to 0.5 bar). ).
- the liquid phase advantageously comprises mineral salts useful for the maintenance or survival of the bacteria during the CO 2 reduction reaction.
- mineral salts useful for the maintenance or survival of the bacteria during the CO 2 reduction reaction.
- the liquid phase contains water and phosphates and / or MgCl 2 , etc.
- the step of bringing the aqueous liquid phase into contact with the CO 2 is carried out in a closed reactor or in a semi-closed reactor.
- the subject of the invention is also the intensification of said process for the biological reduction of C0 2 .
- the intracellular store of proton and electron donor being limited, the inventors have demonstrated that it is possible to provide exogenous or extracellular protons and electrons, that is to say other than intracellular protons and electrons.
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia so that the C0 2 reduction reaction persists over time.
- a donor of electrons and protons such as a biopolymer and in particular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and / or a electrochemical assistance type bioelectrolysis.
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is capable to use the electrons of a weakly polarized cathode and the protons resulting from the oxidation of the water at the anode.
- the energy provided to the bio-electrolysis is of green origin, solar in particular, which makes this process autonomous from the energy point of view.
- the subject of the invention is also a process for intensifying the reduction of CO 2 by the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia comprising a step according to which exogenous PHB or an electrochemical assistance (bioelectrolysis) is added to the reactor.
- identified products of the CO 2 reduction are formate and / or methane. It is also possible to couple the use of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to another microorganism, in particular a microorganism able to use the formate contained in the liquid to produce other molecules of interest, such as methane, lactate or alcohols, especially C1-C5 (such as methanol, isobutanol or methyl-1-butanol).
- the invention also relates to the use of a bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia for the production of formate and / or methane and / or more generally any product whose carbon oxidation number is lower than that of C0 2, by reduction. of C0 2 .
- the subject of the invention is also a process for the treatment of a biogas or of industrial fumes rich in C0 2 or of agricultural fumes rich in C0 2, comprising a step of reduction of C0 2 by biological reduction, comprising a step according to which contacting said biogas or industrial fumes or agricultural fumes with a liquid phase containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia under conditions allowing the reduction of C0 2 .
- the invention also relates to a process for producing formate from CO 2 , comprising a step according to which a CO 2 -containing gas phase is brought into contact with a liquid phase containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia under conditions allowing the reduction C0 2 in formate.
- the subject of the invention is also a process for producing methane from CO 2 , comprising a stage in which a CO 2 -containing gas phase is brought into contact with a liquid phase containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia under conditions allowing the reduction C0 2 in methane.
- FIG. 3 Reduction Tests of 13 C0 2 in a closed reactor with a suspension of S. maltophilia prepared in a reaction medium enriched with ammonium (ABSA); the other reaction parameters being unchanged compared to the reference conditions.
- a 13 CO 2 reduction test is also conducted simultaneously under reference conditions.
- Figure 7 Scheme and principle of an embodiment of a semi-closed reactor, assisted by electrolysis (or bio-electrolyser) for the CO 2 reduction reaction according to the method of the invention.
- Figure 8 Evolution of the cathodic current density measured over time in a bioelectrolyser inoculated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, according to one embodiment of the method of the invention.
- the bias voltage is set at -0.7 V vs. Ag / AgCl.
- Six phases are distinguished, corresponding to the various operating conditions used: (a) bubbling of CO 2 (25 mL.min 1 ); (b) Arg argon bubbling (10 mL.min 1 ); (c) stopping argon bubbling; (d) bubbling CO 2 (5 mL.min 1 ); (e) argon bubbling (100 mL.min 1 ) and (f) bubbling of CO2 (25 mL.min 1 ).
- the symbol (#) indicates the polarization interrupts for the acquisition of cyclic voltammetries carried out at 10 mV-s 1 .
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is capable of producing formate and methane (CH 4 ) by direct reduction of CO2 under mild operating conditions.
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is able to produce formate and methane (CH 4 ) using CO2 as the only carbon source, without adding cofactors, organic molecules or dihydrogen. (3 ⁇ 4) or expensive growth factors.
- CO2 reduction is understood to mean any reaction that makes it possible to pass the carbon oxidation number of CO 2 to a lower degree than in CO 2.
- the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative aerobic bacterium of the family Pseudomonadaceae. It has so far never been used for industrial purposes. However, the inventors have discovered that this bacterium is particularly interesting for the production of molecules of interest from CO2.
- this bacterium has the capacity to produce formate and / or methane from CO2 as the only carbon source, after having been advantageously put beforehand in culture under autotrophic conditions, that is to say in aerobic pure culture on a usual Lysogeny Broth Miller type organic medium, or in co-culture with a methanotrophic bacterium, such as Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, on a mineral medium placed in contact with a methane / air mixture (1: lv / v).
- the co-cultivation route is particularly advantageous because it ensures an optimal carbon balance; indeed, methane, of renewable origin, is the only source of carbon required for cultivation.
- the liquid phase comprises at least 3 g of dry cells / L of the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at least 10 g of dry cells / L, at least 20 g of dry cells / L,
- Dry cells / L 40 g dry cells / L, 50 g dry cells / L, 60 g dry cells / L, 70 g dry cells / L,
- the cultures are carried out at 30 ° C., +/- 10 ° C. and at atmospheric pressure or slight overpressure (up to 0.5 bar).
- the gas phase containing CO 2 brought into contact with the liquid reaction medium containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia may be atmospheric air.
- the gaseous phase may otherwise be pure C0 2 or a gaseous mixture, such as a CCh-air mixture, CO2-N2, CO2-O2, CO2-CH4, CO2-H2, CO2-N2-H2, CO2-CH4- H2, C0 2 -CH 4 -air, CO2-CH4-N2 or CO2-CH4-O2.
- the gas phase contains or consists of biogas.
- the gas phase contains or consists of industrial or agricultural fumes rich in CO2.
- the gaseous phase comprises at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% of CO2.
- the gaseous phase comprises at least 30% of CO2. It is also possible to use a gaseous phase comprising 100% CO2. In one embodiment, the gas phase comprises between 30 and 100% of CO2.
- the reaction medium contains 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 ⁇ 0.1 and 5.0 mM MgCl 2 .
- the reaction medium contains 1.3 mM KCl, 28.0 mM NH 4 Cl, 29.8 mM NaHCO 3 and 5.0 mM NaH 2 PO 4 .
- Those skilled in the art are able to choose the appropriate reaction medium for the reduction of CO2 to formate by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- concentrations of CO2 to the desired yields.
- the CO2 contribution can be achieved by any known means and in particular by membrane contactors (Pen et al., 2014, Bioresource Technology, 174, 42-52), a porous gas distribution sinter (Kim et al. 2010, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 15 (3), 476-480, Duan et al., Bioresource Technology, 102 (15), 7349-7353) or a simple gas-liquid contact in a closed reactor (Pen et al. 2014, Bioresource Technology, 174, 42-52).
- the CO2 recovery process is implemented in a closed reactor ("batch”).
- the process can be implemented in a semi-closed reactor (“fed-batch”).
- the gaseous phase containing the CO2 can be injected into the headspace of the closed reactor.
- the gaseous phase can be injected at the center of the closed or semi-closed reactor, at the heart of the liquid phase containing the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, by means in particular of a gas distributor.
- the gaseous phase containing CO2 is provided continuously, preferably by bubbling, inside the reactor.
- the pH in the reaction medium that is to say the liquid phase, is maintained between 5 and 8, preferably at pH 6.5, +/- 0.5.
- the CO2 dissolved in the water forms a buffer sufficient to allow the maintenance of the pH, without external regulation.
- the temperature in the reaction medium is preferably maintained between 20 ° C and 50 ° C, preferably between 25 ° C and 35 ° C, and more preferably at 30 ° C, +/- 1.
- the reaction step it is possible, prior to the reaction step, that is to say prior to bringing the bacterium into contact with the CO2 to produce the formate and / or the methane, to place the bacterium in a culture medium under conditions of temperature and pH favorable to its growth.
- culture medium is meant the medium in which the bacteria are grown, to produce bacterial biomass.
- the culture medium conventionally comprises the chemical elements strictly necessary for bacterial growth in a form that can be used by the bacteria, namely a source of carbon, mineral salts and water.
- Standard media are available commercially, described in the scientific literature or in the catalogs of suppliers of bacterial strains. Those skilled in the art know what are the minimum required components in the absence of which Stenotrophomonas maltophilia can not grow, and can easily grow such a bacterium.
- the general conditions of culture allowing the growth or maintenance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, are easily defined by those skilled in the art.
- This prior culture step may, for example, enable the bacterium to accumulate proton and electron donors required for the reaction to reduce CO2 to formate and / or methane according to equations (1) and (2) and / or (1) and (3):
- PHB polyhydroxybutyrate
- the PHB is previously produced by methanotrophic bacteria from methane, especially renewable (Pieja et al., Distribution and selection of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production capacity in methanotrophic proteobacteria, Microbial Ecology, 62 (3 ) (2011) 564-573). Such an embodiment is particularly advantageous from an economic point of view.
- exogenous PHB is added to the reactor.
- exogenous PHB in the liquid phase is added, in particular approximately 0.3 g / L.
- an electrochemical assistance device housed inside the reactor and in contact with the bacterium, provides electrons and protons to the bacteria.
- the electrochemical assistance may especially be of the bio-electrolysis type (FIG. 7).
- the energy used to operate the bioelectrolyser is solar energy.
- the cathode may be stainless steel, graphite or felt.
- the anode can be platinum, stainless steel, graphite or felt.
- the cathode / reactor volume ratio is between 1 and 100 m 2 / m 3 , preferably about 10 m 2 / m 3 .
- active surface is meant the geometrical surface exposed to the anode.
- the projected geometric projected anode / projected geometric cathode surface ratio is preferably between 1 and 10, more preferably approximately equal to 2.
- the range of polarization potential can for example go from -1.5 Y to 0 Y vs Ag / AgCl, especially -1 Y at -0.5 V, for example -0.7 V or -0.8 V.
- the liquid phase comprises, in addition to the bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, another micro-organism able to use the formate resulting from the reduction of CO 2 to form more complex metabolites, such as methane, lactate or alcohols.
- the inventors have shown that such a consortium can lead to a synergy capable of intensifying the flow of CO2 reduced by the bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- All or part of the process according to the invention can be implemented on a laboratory scale or on an industrial scale, that is to say on fermenters or reactors of average capacity (approximately 0.1 L at 100 L) or large capacity (100 L to several hundred m 3 ).
- the invention also relates to the intensification of the CO2 reduction process by the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by means of addition of exogenous PHB or electrochemical assistance (bioelectrolysis) as described above.
- the CO2 reduction reaction by the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia can be promoted by continuously removing the product formate in the liquid phase of the reactor in the form of formate and / or formic acid.
- Those skilled in the art are aware of the possible techniques for continuously removing the product formate.
- the formate-enriched liquid and inorganic reaction medium may be used as recovered in a secondary process or bioprocess to enhance the product formate into higher value molecules. added.
- the process for producing formate according to the invention comprises the steps of:
- the formate-enriched mineral reaction medium may be used as recovered in a secondary process for upgrading the product formate to higher value-added molecules.
- the product formate is recovered in the form of formic acid from the reaction medium.
- the step of recovering formic acid from the reaction medium is carried out by electrodialysis or by liquid-liquid extraction with a co-solvent.
- These recovery devices make it possible to continuously recover the formic acid and thus avoid the possible inhibition of the bacteria by an excess of product, while obtaining a formic acid free of impurities (such as the salts of the reaction medium).
- a continuous supply of reaction medium can be carried out in the bioreactor.
- a bipolar electrodialysis module is advantageously coupled with a microfiltration module for continuously separating and recovering the formate produced in its acid form (formic acid).
- bipolar electrodialysis can be performed on a reaction medium without biocatalysts, obtained continuously after separating the bacteria from the medium by a tangential microfiltration module.
- Bipolar electrodialysis involves combining a bipolar membrane to acidify formate into formic acid and monopolar membranes to extract salts from the reaction medium.
- the formate and / or formic acid obtained from such a microbiological process can be advantageously used in any industry that may need it, and in particular in the leather and textile industry, in perfumery , in the food industry, etc.
- the formate and / or formic acid obtained from such a microbiological process is used in a secondary biological process (in situ or ex situ) to obtain organic compounds of higher added value, and in particular methane, lactate or C 1 -C 5 alcohols.
- a secondary biological process in situ or ex situ
- the compounds obtained are alcohols, a stripping process carried out by a bubbling of gas containing CO 2 can be implemented to continuously recover the alcohols produced.
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia it is possible, prior to the reaction step, to co-cultivate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with one or more other methanotrophic bacterial species. It is thus possible to produce organic nutrients from methane, said nutrients being then used by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a source of carbon and energy.
- the inventors have demonstrated that the co-culture under a methane / air mixture and on a mineral medium of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with a bacterium methanotroph, such as Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, allows the production of acetate usable by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia for its growth.
- the inventors have also shown that the presence of such a methanotrophic bacterium in the liquid phase during the subsequent reaction step does not interfere with the reduction of CO 2 or the production of formate and / or methane by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- the reaction step that is to say putting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia into contact with the CO 2 -containing gas phase
- the bacterium Microbacterium oxydans is added to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea are added to obtain methane.
- the bacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 (LH74D) is added to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, in particular to obtain C4-C5 alcohols.
- a methanotrophic bacterium and an inhibitor of methanol dehydrogenase are added to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in order to obtain methanol.
- the reaction step for reducing CO2 to formate by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is carried out in a first reactor, and the product formate is recovered to feed a second reactor in which the microorganism (s) capable of using the formate for produce molecules with higher added value.
- the second reactor can be fed directly with the reaction medium of the first reactor, containing the product formate, or on the contrary contain a medium to which is added the formate extracted from the reaction medium of the first reactor.
- the invention also relates to the use of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, for the production of formate and / or methane and / or any other product whose carbon oxidation number is lower than that of C0 2 by CO2 reduction as exposed above.
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia makes it possible to consume significant amounts of CO2 and thus to answer the environmental problems related to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere while valuing the CO2 consumed.
- Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will appear in the following experimental part, which must be regarded as an illustration, in no way limiting the extent of the protection sought.
- the source of carbon and energy used is methane, which is converted by the methanotrophic bacterium into organic nutrients assimilated by S. maltophilia bacteria for its growth.
- acetate at a concentration of the order of 35 mg.L 1 , is measured in the culture reactor at the end of growth.
- the culture medium is a mineral medium enriched in copper and iron.
- the base medium is composed of: 1.06 g / L KH 2 PO 4 , 4.34 g / L Na 2 HPO 4 12H 2 O, 1.7 g / L NaNO 3, 0.34 g / LK 2 SO 4 and 0.074 g / L MgSO 4 -7H 2 0.
- the pH of this basal medium is adjusted to 7.0 ⁇ 0.1 with 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M or HCl, and then autoclaved.
- the mineral, copper and iron solutions are prepared independently and sterilized by filtration on 0.2 ⁇ m pore size cellulose acetate filters before being added to the base medium.
- the final mineral concentrations are: 0.57 mg / L ZnSO 4 7H 2 0, 0.446 mg / L MnSO 4 H 2 O, 0.124 mg / L H3BO3, 0.096 mg / L Na 2 MoO 4 2H 2 0, 0.096 mg / L LKI and 7.00 mg / L CaCl 2 2H 2 0.
- the final concentrations of copper and iron are: 0.798 mg / L CuSO 4 and 11.20 mg / L LeSO 4 7H 2 0.
- the cultures are conducted in sealed closed reactors, incubated at 30 ° C. and under constant rotation (160 rpm).
- the headspace of the reactors is filled with a mixture of air and methane (1: / v / v); the volume of gas is three times greater than that of the liquid.
- Inoculation percentages of S. maltophilia can range from 10 to 50% v / v.
- the cultures are stopped when the optical density at 600 nm (DCboo nm ) is constant. Two successive cultures are conducted before implementing the consortium for the C0 2 reduction reaction.
- the bacterium S. maltophilia was first isolated from a consortium formed with the bacterium M. trichosporium OB3b (obtained according to the protocol described above). Isolation was achieved by successive transplantation of S. maltophilia colonies onto Lysogeny Broth (LB) Miller medium agars (Sigma Aldrich, France). The purity and identification of the isolated bacterium is confirmed by biochemical analyzes (see point 2 below). The strain is preserved on the one hand on LB agars stored at 4 ° C., and on the other hand, in the freezer at -20 ° C. in its native liquid culture medium to which glycerol (20% v / v) is added.
- the culture reactor is a closed reactor with a permeable plug which is dedicated to sterile cultures.
- a LB liquid culture medium is inoculated with the bacterium S. maltophilia, 5% v / v from a frozen aliquot or with all the colonies of an agar, then incubated for 24 hours incubated at 30 ° C. and under constant rotation (160 rpm). The cultures are stopped when the stationary phase starts (DCLoo nm is constant).
- the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate from co-culture was first characterized with Gram stain and mass spectrometry.
- Gram staining has shown that the isolate is a Gram-negative bacillus.
- the mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the isolate is pure and identify the bacterium S. maltophilia which is indeed a Gram-negative bacillus.
- a score above 1.90 indicates reliable identification and that the score obtained for S. maltophilia is 2.18.
- RNA sequencing 16S of the isolate confirmed that the bacterium identified is S tenotrophomonas maltophilia.
- the cells are collected by centrifugation at 4 ° C and 4000 g for 20 min. They are then resuspended in a 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and then centrifuged again under the same conditions as above and the bacterial pellet is recovered.
- a reaction medium containing 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and 5 mM MgCk was used to resuspend the bacterial pellet and obtain a DCLoo nm of (i) 10.3 ⁇ 0.5 (ie 3.1 ⁇ 0 , 2 g of dry cell / L) for closed reactor tests and (ii) 6.6 ⁇ 0.3 (ie 2.0 ⁇ 0.1 g of dry cell / L) for electrolysis assisted assays.
- a sample of the prepared suspension is always stored at -20 ° C with glycerol (20% v / v) for subsequent biochemical analyzes. The rest of the suspension is used immediately for CO2 reduction tests.
- the reaction medium does not contain organic nutrients for the growth of the biocatalyst, so it is used as a resting cell.
- the bacterial suspension obtained in the previous step is distributed in sealed 60 mL closed reactors by adding 6 mL of suspension to each reactor.
- the headspace is filled with a gaseous mixture containing 13 CC> 2 which is sterilized by filtration on Teflon filter pore diameter of 0.2 mih.
- 13 C0 2 atmospheric air (3: 7 v / v)
- 13 CC> 2 N2 (3: 7 v / v)
- 13 CC> 2 pure For each experiment, a set of several reactors is prepared under identical conditions and incubated at 30 ° C. with constant stirring (160 rpm).
- a glass reactor is used. Its useful liquid volume is 60 mL and its head space represents about 40% of its total volume.
- a lid is screwed on the reactor and the sealing of the junction lid-reactor is guaranteed by a seal.
- This cover has an inlet port for the gas supply ( 12 C0 2 100%) which is carried out at the heart of the solution by a gas distributor, a port for the gas outlet and 3 ports for the positioning of the electrodes .
- the reactor is thermostated at 30 ° C. with constant stirring (300 rpm).
- the electrochemical system is a conventional 3-electrode device (working electrode, reference electrode and counter-electrode).
- the working electrode (or cathode) is a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm and 0.5 cm thick (Goodfellow) surface graphite coupon, electrically connected to a titanium rod (Goodfellow).
- the graphite coupon is washed for 1 h in a solution of 1 N HCl to dissolve any adsorbed species and then in a solution of 1 N NaOH to neutralize the acidity and finally rinsed with ultrapure sterile water before being left overnight in 1 L of sterile ultrapure water to flush out any soda residues included in the pores of the graphite.
- the titanium rod is cleaned with acetone and then autoclaved.
- the ratio of the active surface of the cathode to the volume of the reactor is therefore 10.4 m 2 / m 3 ; where the active surface is defined as the geometric surface being exposed to the counter electrode.
- the counter-electrode (or anode) is a platinum grid, previously cleaned and disinfected by flame.
- the ratio of the projected geometric surface of the anode to that of the cathode is about 1.5 to not limit the cathode phenomena.
- the potentials are monitored and expressed with respect to an Ag / AgCl reference electrode (potential of 0.240 V / ESH, Radiometer analytical).
- the bias potential of the working electrode is applied with a single-channel potentiostat (Ametek VersaSTAT3) and the current is recorded every 900 s.
- the chronoamperometry (CA) is periodically stopped to acquire cyclic voltammetry (CVs) between -1.2 and 1.0 V vs. Ag / AgCl at a scanning rate of between 1 and 10 mV.s 1 .
- a cyclic voltammetry (or cyclic voltammetry) consists of carrying out a potential sweep at the working electrode and measuring the current flowing in the electrochemical system. This technique allows: (i) to check the coherence of the CA with the CV, (ii) to acquire kinetic information about the system and (iii) highlighting redox compounds in the suspension.
- the reactor is filled with a bacterial suspension of S. maltophilia in reaction medium (prepared according to 2.c), in which a continuous bubbling of 100% CO 2 or a CO 2 2 : CH gas mixture is carried out. 4 (1: 1 or 1: 2 v / v) is produced at a flow rate of between 2 and 25 ml.min 1 . Then a polarization ranging from -0.7 V to -1.0 V vs Ag / AgCl is applied. Polarization is started at the same time as chronoamperometry. In parallel, a control reactor without electrodes (and therefore without polarization) is implemented in the same manner as the electrochemical reactor.
- Samples are taken over time, under microbiological hood, to measure the optical density at 600 nm (DCLoo nm ) and the pH of the liquid medium; the pH was found to be constant and equal to 6.4 ⁇ 0.2 (corresponding to pKa of C0 2, H 2 0 / HC0 3 _).
- the gas composition is analyzed at the reactor inlet and outlet by Gas Chromatography coupled to a katharometer (GC-TCD) to determine the experimental flow of reduced CO 2 .
- GC-TCD Gas Chromatography coupled to a katharometer
- the complete reaction medium (with bacteria) and the supernatant (without bacteria) are analyzed.
- the complete reaction medium is either directly analyzed or frozen at -20 ° C as soon as collected for further analysis.
- the supernatant is obtained by centrifugation of the complete medium just taken; the centrifugation is carried out for 10 min at 10,000 g and 10 ° C and the supernatant is collected at the end of the centrifugation for immediate analysis or freezing at -20 ° C.
- the pellet is stored at -20 ° C for later analysis.
- 500 pL sample liquid (reaction carried out with 13 C02, 2.d) are introduced into a NMR tube of 5 mm in diameter with 50 pL of D 2 0 and then analyzed by NMR Bruker Avance III - 500MHz - CryoProbe Helium for 4 hours.
- Different standards (labeled and unlabelled sodium formate, sodium acetate, methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, sodium lactate, glycerol, isobutanol, sodium succinate, sodium fumarate, sodium pyruvate, sodium oxaloacetate) prepared in The reaction medium was previously analyzed by NMR to obtain the fingerprints of these molecules.
- the detection threshold of molecules labeled with 13 C is 6 mg.L 1 .
- NMR analyzes can only detect 13 C isotopes which have a relative abundance of 1.1% compared to their 12 C isotope in nature [W. Mook and P. Grootes, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Physics, 1973, 12 (3): p. 273-298] Therefore, a concentration of unlabeled agent at 13 C of about 600 mg L 1 is required to highlight these compounds.
- Gas chromatography (Clarus 580, Perkin Elmer) is conducted with a capillary column (30m x 0.25mm ID, 8 ⁇ m film thickness, Rt-Q-Bond Plot, Restek), coupled to mass spectrometry (Clarus SQ -8-MS, Perkin Elmer) equipped with a selective quadrupole mass detector on electronic impact (El) operated at 70 eV.
- a sample changer (Turbomatrix Headspace 16S, Perkin Elmer) is used for the injection of head spaces obtained after heating at 100 ° C. of the liquid samples.
- the samples are taken directly into the reactor with a gas-tight syringe and manually injected into the GC-MS.
- Helium is used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 ml / min.
- the assay vial is then placed in the autosampler and heated at 100 ° C for 15 minutes to complete the esterification reaction.
- the temperature of the injector is set at 200 ° C. and the split at 1: 16.
- a temperature gradient is carried out at 40 to 150 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min.
- the ions detected, in single-ion recording (SIR) mode correspond to one of the mass / charge ratios m! z 60 for 12 C methyl formate and 41 for acetonitrile.
- the headspace of the closed reactor is analyzed to determine the gaseous species, marked 13 C or not, present over time.
- 250 ⁇ l of headspace were taken from the reactor incubated at 30 ° C using a gas-tight syringe and 50 ⁇ l was injected into the GC-MS.
- the temperature of the injector is set at 200 ° C and the split at 1:16. In the oven, a temperature gradient is achieved from 100 to 150 ° C at a rate of 10 ° C / min.
- the ions detected are m! z 28 (N 2 ), m / z 44 (C0 2 ), m / z 45 ( 13 C0 2 ), m / z 16
- the NH 4 + ions are assayed in the supernatants.
- the analysis is carried out by injecting 25 ⁇ l of sample into a Dionex ICS-1000 chromatographic device (Thermo Scientifc) equipped with an IonPAc AS19 capillary column (0.4 ⁇ 250 mm).
- the elution program is as follows: 10 mM KOH (from 0 to 10 min), then 10-45 mM KOH (from 10 to 30 min).
- Gas chromatography (Clarus 580, Perkin Elmer) is conducted with a PE-Q column (Perkin Elmer, 30m) in series with a PE-MOLESIEVE molecular sieve column (Perkin Elmer, 30 m) coupled to a thermal conductivity detector, again called katharometer (Perkin Elmer).
- a 10-way loop valve is used to charge and inject gaseous samples.
- a minimum of 20 mL of gas to be analyzed is sent into the loop valve and 20 ⁇ L of sample is injected into the columns.
- Helium is the carrier gas at a flow rate of 10 mL.min 1 .
- a temperature gradient is formed from 40 ° C to l20 ° C at a rate of l0 C.min o _1.
- a calibration is performed to determine the C0 2 . Determination of the% by mass of intracellular PHB
- the bacterial pellets stored at -20 ° C. are thawed at room temperature and then digested for 3 hours at 100 ° C. in 2 ml of methanol containing 3% of concentrated sulfuric acid and 0.1% of benzoic acid supplemented with 2 ml of chloroform. Regrowth tests on LB medium showed that the bacteria contained in the pellets and treated by this acid digestion were totally deactivated.
- 1 mL of demineralized water is added to induce phase separation.
- the aqueous phase is then removed and 2 ⁇ l of organic phase are injected into the GC-MS.
- the analyzes are conducted with the same GC-MS equipment as that used for formate analyzes.
- a DB-1 (Agilent J & W) column is used for separation.
- the vector gas is helium at a flow rate of 32 mL.min 1 .
- the oven temperature is programmed at 80 ° C for 1 min, up to 120 ° C at a rate of 10 ° C / min, then the temperature is increased to 270 ° C at a rate of 45 ° C / min. .
- the temperature of the injector is set at 200 ° C and split at 30 mL / min.
- the mass of PHB measured in the sample by the method described above is divided by the dry mass of bacteria in the presence that is known from DCLoo measurement.
- 13 C-labeled C0 2 is used.
- the purpose of labeling C0 2 is to highlight labeled products from 13 C0 2 and to distinguish them from those resulting from a simple cell release.
- the NMR technique is used to analyze the bacterial suspension and its supernatant while the GC-MS technique is used to characterize the reactor headspace.
- this marking makes it possible to observe the NMR and GC-MS fingerprints of all the products having one or more 13 C which may result from (i) the reduction of 13 C0 2 and / or (ii) of the fixation. 13 C0 2 by the cell.
- the optical density at 600 nm (DCboonm) is measured over time to follow the evolution of the bacterial mass concentration (in dry gels / L). Counts of viable cells are also made to access the bacterial cell concentration (in CFU / mL) and the pH is measured during the reaction. The ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) content in the reaction medium is monitored to study the influence of the presence of ammonium on the performance of the C0 2 reduction bioprocess.
- FIG. 1 shows the NMR spectra obtained on the complete bacterial suspension (a) initially (start of reaction), (b) after 8 days of reaction and (c) after 35 days of reaction.
- 13 CH 4 labeled methane
- 13 CH 4 is a compound with a single carbon in a lower oxidation state than that of 13 C0 2.
- This 13 CH 4 is therefore derived from the reduction of 13 C0 2 , either directly ( 13 C0 2 ® 13 CH 4 ) or indirectly ( 13 C0 2 ® 13 C-formiate ® 13 CH 4 ).
- Methane is a particularly interesting product because it can be easily recovered by stripping and used as fuel.
- the bacterium S. maltophilia is able to reduce C0 2 to formate and methane.
- reduction of the tests of 13 C0 2 are reproduced in similar conditions, considered as reference conditions.
- the concentration of 13 C-formate is this time determined by GC-MS; in addition, the optical density at 600 nm (DCLoo) and the pH are also monitored.
- the reference conditions are defined as follows: initial bacterial concentration of 3.1 ⁇ 0.2 g of dry cell / L, initial gaseous atmosphere composed of a gas mixture 13 C0 2 : atmospheric air (3: 7 v / v ), an aqueous reaction medium composed of 20 mM phosphates and 5 mM MgCh. Three independent kinetics are conducted in parallel under these reference conditions. b. Following-up of biomass concentration and pH
- the mass concentration of bacteria is monitored by measuring DCLoo.
- the correlation giving the DCLoo as a function of the mass concentration of bacteria is given in Section A1].
- a decrease in the biomass concentration is observed (data not shown).
- the most likely reason to explain this phenomenon is cell lysis. Indeed, a lack of natural nutrients and an atmosphere rich in C0 2 exposes bacterial cells to stressful conditions, which are likely to lead to death and therefore cell lysis of part of the bacterial population. Throughout the kinetics, however, no test shows a total lysis.
- cell mass concentration initially of 3.1 ⁇ 0.2 g of Chapter.L cell 1, drop over the first 10 days and then stabilize at an average value of 0.5 ⁇ 0.1 g of dry eye / L. This means that only part of the biocatalyst suspension lyses on the first 10 days of kinetics and the mass concentration remains stable.
- 13 C-formate is produced in significant amount.
- GC-MS analysis revealed that 13 C-formate is found in complete suspensions (i.e. in the presence of bacteria) but not in the respective supernatants. This shows that the production of this 13 C-formate is carried out by the honest bacteria remaining in the reaction medium and not by free enzymes derived from cell lysis.
- the 13 C- formate appear after 8 to 10 days, which period may correspond to a latent phase during which the bacterium adapts to its new substrate 13 C0 2.
- the fact that a high concentration of bacteria close to 10 5 CFU / mL) is still viable at the end of the kinetics confirms the presence of bacteria maintaining metabolic activity.
- Table 1 details the AC and At values for each of the three kinetics presented above, as well as the 13 C-formate (Pfomüate) and the 13 C0 2 reduced fluxes (F 2 , vol). Table 1. 13 C-formate (Pfomüate) production and 13 C0 2 reduced flux (Fco 2 , voi) obtained in a closed reactor
- Table 2 summarizes the results obtained. Table 2. Concentrations in initial biomass [Xo] and final biomass [X f ] (in g of dry cell / L), loss of biomass D [C] at the end of reaction (in%) and final concentrations accumulated in 13 C formate resulting from the reduction of 13 CO 2 (in mmol / L and mg / L).
- Table 2 shows that the 13 C-formate concentration is nearly 20 times higher when the initial concentration of bacteria is doubled. Contrary to what could be expected, the final accumulated 13 C-formate concentration is therefore not correlated with the amounts of cells initially introduced. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that by doubling the initial amount of bacteria, the amount of final lysed cells is also doubled (Table 2, difference between [Xo] and [X f ]). It is therefore possible that the compounds released into the reaction medium by cell lysis can be used by the surviving cells to produce a larger amount of reducing intracellular enzyme C0 2, which would lead to an increase in production 13 C-formate.
- Tests with different gas mixtures are carried out to study the influence of the presence of oxygen (0 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) on the CO 2 reduction reaction.
- the 13 C-formate concentration is monitored.
- MREA contains 2 mmol / L of KCl, 28 mmol / L of NH 4 Cl, 30 mmol / L of NaHCCL and 5 mmol / L of NaH 2 PO 4 .
- concentrations of 13 C-formate and ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) are monitored throughout the reaction ( Figure 3).
- ammonium ions When ammonium ions are initially present in large quantities, nearly half of the initial amount is consumed over the first 8 days, then the concentration seems to stabilize (Fig. 3. A). Under reference conditions, ammonium ions appear in suspension (Fig. 3. A). This appearance in ammonium ions can be related to two productions: the reduction of N 2 by the nitrogenase and the deamination of the released proteins in the medium after cell lysis. In addition, these NH 4 + ions are not oxidized to nitrates or nitrites, which implies that these NH 4 + ions can serve as a source of assimilable nitrogen for the synthesis of enzymes by the surviving bacteria.
- bacterial cells are indeed capable of depolymerizing PHB in its monomer (3-hydroxybutyrate) and oxidizing this monomer to acetoacetate so as to recover electrons and protons but also a source of carbon ( S. Obruca et al., PLoS One, 2016, 11 (6): e0157778).
- the PHB is a high molecular weight polymer and insoluble in water, which makes it impossible for its transport and assimilation in the cell in its polymerized form.
- the bacterium S. maltophilia is capable of excreting depolymerases that can depolymerize the PHB in its monomer 3-HydroxyButyrate assimilated by the bacterium (S. Wani et al., 3 Biotech, 2016, 6 (2): p. B. Tiwari et al., Bioresource Technology, 2016, 216: 1102-1105).
- the intracellular PHB contents of the bacterial suspensions used for the tests are first measured by the method detailed in section A] 6.
- An average mass content of intracellular PHB of 1.0 ⁇ 0, 1% w / w is obtained, corresponding to a PHB concentration of 30 ⁇ 2 mg / L, which is quite common for S. maltophilia species (B. Iqbal et al., Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2016, 9 (5): p.1).
- a concentration 10 times higher (300 mg / L, ie 0.3 g / L) is then used for the tests to avoid a limitation in PHB.
- Table 3 presents the results obtained initially then at 20, 30 and 35 days. It is important to note that PHB measurements for kinetics in which PHB is added are not indicated because they are not reproducible, probably due to a lack of homogeneity in the samples taken from the reactors (indeed, PHB is not soluble in water).
- the bacterium S. maltophilia has been consortiumed with bacteria likely to use formate to study their possible synergies.
- M. oxydans bacterium captures and introduces the formate produced in its cells as soon as the formate has been excreted by the bacterium S. maltophilia, which would explain the significant decrease in the 13 C-formate peak observed at 12 days. (Fig. 6.c).
- the presence of M. oxydans bacteria would therefore boost the reduction of CO2 by S. maltophilia and thus the production of 13 C-formate; This may also explain the decrease in the lag phase for 13 C-formate production.
- Such synergy between S. maltophilia and M. oxydans is quite realistic under these reaction conditions (i.e., under pure CO2) because M.
- oxydans is facultatively aerobic (Schumann et al., International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 1999, 49 (1): 175-177); which is not the case of M. trichosporium OB3b which is aerobic strict (N. Dorina et al., Applied biochemistry and microbiology, 2008, 44 (2): pp. 182-185).
- PHB Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate
- 3-hydroxybutyrate which is an identified electron and proton donor for the CO2 reduction reaction (Section B] 1.3 e]).
- the intracellular stock of PHB is finite.
- the idea is therefore to provide without limitation and continuously the electrons and protons required for the reaction with an in situ electrolyte device and inexpensive, so that the performance of the CO2 reduction reaction are improved and persist over time.
- This electrochemical device is therefore intended to replace intracellular donors of protons and electrons.
- a semi-closed reactor assisted by electrolysis (or bio-electrolyser) was thus implemented to intensify the reaction of reduction of CO2 catalyzed by the bacterium S. maltophilia.
- the role of the polarized cathode is to supply the electrons required for the CO2 reduction reaction in a compound whose average carbon oxidation state is lower than that of the compound.
- this compound is noted as CO2, reduced
- the reference electrode allows for its part to maintain a bias voltage (V po iarisation) constant at the cathode.
- V po iarisation bias voltage
- Ag / AgCl reference electrode is used.
- maltophilia is electro-active in reduction, that is to say able to exchange electrons with the cathode. So far, however, the bacterium S. maltophilia is known only to exchange electrons in oxidation, that is to say with an anode (K. Venkidusamy and M. Megharaj, Frontiers in microbiology, 2016, 7 : pp. 509-518, H. Xue et al., Sensores and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 243: pp. 303-310, J. Shen et al., Bioelectrochemistry, 2017, 114: pp. 1-7). .
- the bias voltage is chosen on a thermodynamic basis.
- the oxy-reduction potential of the Acetoacetate / 3-hydroxybutyrate pair being -0.53 V vs. Ag / AgCl at pH 6.4 (PA Loach, Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1976, 1: p l22), it is therefore necessary initially to impose a greater potential (by absolute value) than this potential (as for example -0.7 V vs Ag / AgCl) so that the bacterium has an energetic interest to use the electrons of the rather than those from oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate.
- the retained potential is preferably chosen lower than those of the CO2 / CO2 reducing-oxidant couples, reduced involving CO2 as an oxidant so as to promote the reduction of CO2 at the cathode; the choice of polarization potential also allows to promote the production of a CO2 reduction product, reduced compared to other possible CO2 reduction products (among methane and formate for example).
- a potential greater than or equal to -0.8 V vs Ag / AgCl (for example -0.7 V vs Ag / AgCl) will allow (i) to limit the reduction of the proton in hydrogen (FL) and (ii) ) to avoid the reduction of phosphates and magnesium ions present in the reaction medium.
- the minimum potentials below which the proton and CO2 reductions occur can be determined precisely by cyclic voltammetry, under the reaction conditions, to take into account both thermodynamic and kinetic (surge) phenomena; overvoltages depending in particular on the material chosen for the cathode.
- a platinum anode is retained for these tests in order to reduce the overvoltages at the anode and not to limit the cathodic phenomena.
- Other anode materials may also be contemplated, such as steel.
- An anode surface larger than the surface of the cathode is also preferred so as not to limit the reduction reactions at the cathode.
- C0 2 is supplied by a porous gas distributor and a volume of liquid (allowing a high WM (Volume of gas per volume of liquid per minute) is set.
- a high cathode surface / liquid volume ratio is also desirable for concentrating the product formed by CO 2 reduction at the cathode, a cathode surface / liquid volume ratio of the order of 10 m 2 / m 3 is desirable.
- Figure 8 shows the evolution of the current measured over time for the first biocerolyser implemented with the bacterium S. maltophilia for the reduction of C0 2 .
- This current is expressed in current density (i.e., in A / m 2 ); the current density corresponds to the measured current (in A) relative to the projected cathode area (in m 2 ).
- the test is conducted with a bias voltage of -0.7 V vs Ag / AgCl.
- the initial zero current (0.0 ⁇ 0.01 A / m 2 ) corresponds to the baseline (Fig 8.a), which is confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry performed at the beginning of kinetics (data not shown). This shows that initially, no element present in the bacterial suspension oxidizes or is reduced.
- This reduction reaction results from the enzymatic activity of the cell which no longer requires electron donors and intracellular protons.
- Cyclic voltammetry (CVs) are also performed during the experiment.
- a CV realized at 5.7 days confirms the adequacy of the measured current with the imposed polarization potential (data not shown).
- This voltammetry also shows a diffusion plateau for the reduction current ranging from -0.2 Y to -0.8 V vs Ag / AgCl, which suggests that a lower polarization voltage per absolute value (for example -0.2 V vs Ag / AgCl) may be sufficient to obtain the same reduction current.
- this experiment demonstrates the ability of this bio-electrolytic device to substitute for the intracellular electron and proton donors required for the reduction of C0 2 catalyzed by S. maltophilia bacteria.
- the GC-TCD analysis of the input and output gases of the bio-electrolyser made it possible to measure a reduced experimental volume flow of CO2 of 1.3 mL CCh / min for a reactor with a volume of 60 mL (which is equivalent to a flow of 1.9 m 3 CCh / d for a reactor with a volume of 60 L).
- This flux is nearly 60 times higher than the theoretical reduced CO2 flow (Fco2, voi) computable on the basis of the CO2 reduction current obtained (by Faraday's law).
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