EP3774021A1 - Mikroreaktor für photokatalytische reaktionen - Google Patents
Mikroreaktor für photokatalytische reaktionenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3774021A1 EP3774021A1 EP19719165.3A EP19719165A EP3774021A1 EP 3774021 A1 EP3774021 A1 EP 3774021A1 EP 19719165 A EP19719165 A EP 19719165A EP 3774021 A1 EP3774021 A1 EP 3774021A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reaction plate
- reactor housing
- substance
- liquid
- channel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000013032 photocatalytic reaction Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- IHXWECHPYNPJRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxycyclobut-2-en-1-one Chemical compound OC1=CC(=O)C1 IHXWECHPYNPJRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IICCLYANAQEHCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one Chemical class O1C(=O)C(C(=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl)Cl)=C2C21C1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1OC1=C(I)C(O)=C(I)C=C21 IICCLYANAQEHCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SEACYXSIPDVVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-L eosin Y Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=C2C=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C2OC2=C(Br)C([O-])=C(Br)C=C21 SEACYXSIPDVVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical class O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011225 non-oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052575 non-oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical class [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930187593 rose bengal Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940081623 rose bengal Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N rose bengal A Chemical class O1C(=O)C(C(=CC=C2Cl)Cl)=C2C21C1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1OC1=C(I)C(O)=C(I)C=C21 STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 7
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011552 falling film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IVRMZWNICZWHMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N azide group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[N-] IVRMZWNICZWHMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- SSMVDPYHLFEAJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-azidoaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(N=[N+]=[N-])C=C1 SSMVDPYHLFEAJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010485 C−C bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJINCMOTEBBGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe+2].N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=N1.N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 Chemical compound [Fe+2].N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=N1.N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 QJINCMOTEBBGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000006352 cycloaddition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001989 diazonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006193 diazotization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- OWFXIOWLTKNBAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamyl nitrite Chemical compound CC(C)CCON=O OWFXIOWLTKNBAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 208000017983 photosensitivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000434 photosensitization Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010378 sodium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M sodium ascorbate Substances [Na+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960005055 sodium ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000909 sulfur hexafluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WXRGABKACDFXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylborane Chemical compound CB(C)C WXRGABKACDFXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/127—Sunlight; Visible light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00783—Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00788—Three-dimensional assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a form other than a stack of plates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00801—Means to assemble
- B01J2219/00804—Plurality of plates
- B01J2219/00806—Frames
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
- B01J2219/00835—Comprising catalytically active material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00891—Feeding or evacuation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00925—Irradiation
- B01J2219/00934—Electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/00943—Visible light, e.g. sunlight
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for the photocatalytic reduction of a substance with a structured reaction plate and / or a structured housing, wherein the
- Reaction plate at least partially has a surface containing a material with negative electron affinity and which can be electronically excited with radiation of a wavelength of> 180 nm. Many diamond materials have a "negative electron affinity".
- This property means that electrons of the crystal lattice are excited by the valence band into the conduction band when interacting with electromagnetic radiation of sufficiently small wavelength. Since the conduction band is above the energy level of the vacuum, such excited electrons leave the crystal lattice and accumulate at the
- the irradiation of the diamond material thus leads to a charge separation and the accumulation of electrons on the Surface of the diamond material.
- the negative potential that results from this on the surface of the diamond material can be used for the reduction of chemical substances.
- diamond materials have a very large band gap of about 5.5 eV between valence and conduction band. In order to excite an electron from the valence band in the conduction band, therefore, high-energy ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of l ⁇ 225 nm must be used. This is disadvantageous for the application of diamond materials for the selective reduction of substances.
- boron-doped diamond as a photocatalytically activatable diamond material further improve when silver nanoparticles are added.
- These may either be deposited on the doped diamond or covalently linked to the surface of the doped diamond (Roy, Y. Hirano, H. Kuriyama, P. Sudhagar, N. Suzuki, K.-i. Katsumata, K. Nakata , T. Kondo, M. Yuasa, I. Serizawa, T. Takayama, A. Kudo, A. Fujishima, C. Terashima, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38010; P. Manickam-Periyaraman, S. Espinosa, J Espinosa, S. Newcastleon, S. Subramanian, M. Alvaro, H. Garcia, JECE, 2016, 4, 4485-4493).
- the prior art discloses mainly experimental installations in which the reduction of the photocatalytically activatable substances in a batch process Batch (discontinuous) can be performed.
- closed systems are used, in which the catalyst is surrounded by a liquid phase (eg WO 2013/115872 A1, JP 2017-100901 A).
- the gaseous substances to be reduced are introduced, for example, through a capillary and are available only in the form of ascending gas bubbles in the liquid phase for contacting with the catalyst.
- the device and the method should be suitable for carrying out the reduction continuously and with high selectivity and high conversion.
- a device for the photocatalytic reduction of a substance which contains at least one reactor housing with a reaction plate arranged therein, wherein the reaction plate and / or the reactor housing have a structuring and are electrically insulated from one another, the reactor housing at least partially from one for radiation of one wavelength of> 180 nm transparent material, wherein the reaction plate at least partially has a surface containing a material with negative electron affinity and which can be electronically excited with radiation of a wavelength of> 180 nm.
- the radiation used with a wavelength of> 180 nm is preferably electromagnetic radiation.
- the electrical isolation of the reaction plate and reactor housing ensures that the electrons that collect after the electronic excitation at the surface of the reaction plate are available for a reduction reaction of a substance to be reduced.
- the transparent material of the reactor housing ensures that the radiation of an external radiation source, which emits light with a wavelength of> 180 nm, can penetrate into the reactor and impinge on the reaction plate.
- reaction plate can be excited electronically even at a wavelength of> 220 nm, in particular> 380 nm.
- the structuring of the reaction plate and / or the reaction housing is preferably a microstructuring. It produces a larger surface-to-volume ratio and also a larger absolute surface, which is compatible with the Radiation can be irradiated. On the other hand, it supports the formation of the liquid thin film, which enables a more efficient mass transfer of the substance to be reduced by the liquid to the catalyst surface. Due to the more efficient mass transport, the reactor can also be operated at lower pressure, so that the liquid laden with the reduced product also easily outgasses.
- the patterning of the reaction plate and / or the housing is a regular structuring of the surface.
- the structuring is preferably formed by cavities on the surface of the reaction plate and / or of the reactor housing with a depth of between 100 and 1500 ⁇ m, in particular 150 to 1200 ⁇ m.
- the reaction housing is structured
- the structuring is present on the side of the housing which faces the reaction plate. In this way, the structuring during operation is located inside the device.
- the structuring of the reaction plate and / or the reactor housing is preferably suitable for the formation and transport of a thin liquid film having a maximum film thickness of 120 ⁇ m, in particular 10 to 100 ⁇ m. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the structuring contains at least one channel-like depression and is particularly preferred if the structuring consists of a plurality of channel-like depressions.
- the at least one channel-like depression can extend along a preferential flow direction of the thin liquid film. A preferential flow direction of the liquid thin film is predetermined, for example, by gravity and / or capillary forces.
- the at least one channel-like depression preferably has a channel depth of 100 to 1500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 100 to 400 ⁇ m.
- the width of the channel-like recesses is preferably from 300 to 1200 pm, more preferably from 300 to 800 pm.
- the channel-like depressions can be completely rectilinear and arranged parallel to each other. It is also possible that the channel-like depressions run slightly curved or intersect. Crossed channel-like depressions can result in a diamond-shaped structuring.
- the cross-sectional profile of the channel-like depressions may describe the shape of a circular or elliptical section.
- the channel-like recesses may have a flat channel bottom and rectangular, beveled and / or chamfered channel walls.
- the channels themselves may still have a substructuring, for example a herringbone pattern. Substructuring can further enhance the transport of a gaseous substance to be reduced to the surface of the reaction plate.
- the device By dimensioning and number of channel-like depressions on the reaction plate, the device can be flexibly adapted to the requirements and the circumstances of the reaction.
- the throughput By increasing the number of channel-like depressions in the reaction plate or by enlarging the reaction plate, the throughput can be increased.
- the residence time of the reaction solution in the reactor By extending the channel-like depressions, the residence time of the reaction solution in the reactor can be extended and, if appropriate, designed to be as complete as possible.
- a combination of both physical extensions incrementasing the number and lengthening results in a possibility to fundamentally adapt the reactor design. Even a so-called numbering-up with several devices according to the invention makes it possible to adapt to the respectively required sales volume without having to adapt the reaction sequence in detail.
- the negative electron affinity material is selected from the group consisting of doped or pure diamond, boron nitride, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of boron-doped diamond, nitrogen-doped diamond,
- Phosphorus doped diamond boron nitride, silicon carbide, gallium nitride,
- Gallium arsenide and mixtures thereof.
- the doping of the diamond materials or the other materials with negative electron activity causes a reduction of the
- doped diamond materials may also emit electromagnetic radiation from the absorb visible region to provide free electrons for the reduction reaction occurring at the diamond surface.
- a much larger number of chemical substances can be implemented by this heterogeneous catalytic system.
- a decomposition of the substances, which occurs more frequently upon irradiation of the substances with short-wave UV light, can be avoided. This effect is based on a change in the crystal structure of the diamond lattice through the exchange of carbon atoms with boron (p-doping) or nitrogen or phosphorus atoms (n-doping). The installation of the defects takes place already during the production of the diamond material.
- the negative electron affinity material may be photosensitized or covalently linked to at least one photosensitizer.
- the covalent bond makes possible an electron transfer.
- Photosensitization is a process in which a photochemical or photophysical change occurs in one atom or molecule as a result of light absorption by another molecule called a photosensitizer.
- the photosensitizer is not consumed in the reaction (D. Wöhrle, M. Tausch, W.-D. Stoher: Photochemistry: Concepts, Methods, Experiments, VCH-Verlag, 1998).
- the at least one photosensitizer is preferably a compound having an absorption wavelength of> 180 nm, particularly preferably from 250 nm to 800 nm, very particularly preferably from 380 nm to 780 nm.
- the energy difference between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) of the photosensitizer is at least half the energy necessary to excite an electron from the valence band of the negative electron affinity material into the conduction band ( ie about half of the bandgap energy).
- HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
- LUMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
- electrons of the photosensitizer are excited in two consecutive steps with visible light.
- an electron and / or energy transfer process occurs between the photosensitizer and the negative electron affinity material so that electrons in the negative electron affinity material can be excited from the valence to the conduction band.
- the at least one photosensitizer is an organic or organometallic dye.
- the dye may be selected from the group consisting of rylenediimide derivatives (e.g., nucleus-substituted naphthalenediimides or perylenediimides), squaraine, porphyrins, phthalocyanines; Xanthene dye derivatives, e.g. Rhodamine, fluorescein, rose bengal or eosin Y; Metal complexes of porphyrins and phthalocyanines; Noble metal complexes, e.g. Ruthenium or iridium complexes; Non-noble metal complexes, e.g.
- Iron or manganese complexes with at least one pure or mixed ligand based on heterocycles in particular iron or manganese complexes with pure or mixed pyridine ligands; and mixtures thereof.
- the xanthene dye derivatives and the metal complexes of the porphyrins and phthalocyanines are particularly preferred because they are easy to prepare and can be purchased inexpensively.
- the reaction plate consists entirely of a material with negative electron affinity.
- the reaction plate consists of a material with negative electron affinity and a coating containing a photosensitizer.
- the negative electron affinity material is functionalized and covalently linked to the photosensitizer.
- the reaction plate consists of a substrate and a surface coating, wherein the coating contains at least one material with negative electron affinity.
- the substrate points prefers the shape of a structured plate.
- the surface coating is preferably applied in regions, but especially on the entire surface of the substrate.
- the surface coating is applied to at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, of the entire surface of the substrate.
- the coating may contain a photosensitizer in addition to the negative electron affinity material.
- a reaction plate consisting of a material having negative electron affinity and a coating containing a photosensitizer is demanding in production. It must be ensured that the coating adheres permanently to the material with negative electron affinity. This is particularly problematic in the case where the negative electron affinity material is diamond or doped diamond, since these solids show low reactivity, making the attachment of organic molecules difficult.
- Example 2 specifies a process for the production of a coating or functionalization.
- Methods of attaching organic molecules to materials such as diamond, etc. e.g. can also be in-situ arylated by reaction of the materials with diazonium salts are also from Y. Liang, T. Meinhardt, G. Jarre, P. Vrdoljak, A. Scholl, F. Reinert, A. Krueger, J. Colloid Interface Sei., 2011, 354, 23-30.
- suitable organic reactants By choosing suitable organic reactants, a covalent linkage with the (metal) organic units can be realized. Further covalent bonds are also e.g. possible via cycloaddition reactions or C-C linking reactions.
- the substrate is preferably selected from a material selected from the group consisting of metal, steel, ceramic, non-oxide ceramic, plastic, and mixtures thereof.
- the device further comprises at least one direct radiation source and / or a reflector and / or a mirror.
- the direct radiation source can be selected from the group consisting of a laser, a light-emitting diode, eg an LED, an OLED or a QLED, a gas discharge lamp, for example a low-pressure mercury lamp, a daylight lamp, a sodium vapor lamp or a deuterium lamp, and be selected from the sun.
- a direct radiation source a natural radiation source, eg the sun, selected.
- a two-sided irradiation of the reaction plate can be achieved.
- a parabolic mirror in the light path of the sun or other illumination source
- a direct frontal irradiation of the reaction plate by the sun or by another illumination source
- an indirect irradiation of the back of the reaction plate by the reflection of the (sun) rays in the parabolic mirror is possible.
- an artificial light source e.g. an LED as a radiation source allows a wavelength-specific adaptation of the irradiation source to the absorption spectrum of the system of negative electron affinity material and the optional photosensitizer associated with the material.
- the reactor housing of the device according to the invention may have at least one inlet and at least one outlet for the feed of the educts and removal of the products.
- the reactor housing has two inlets and two outlets, wherein the first inlet is particularly preferably a liquid inlet, preferably at the head of the reactor housing and opens into a manifold structure which extends in the head region of the reactor housing horizontally over a major part of the width of the reaction plate and wherein the second inlet is particularly preferably a gas inlet, and is preferably arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing and opens into a further distributor structure or a diffuser structure, which extends in the bottom region of the reactor housing horizontally over a major part of the reaction plate and to a uniform distribution of a gas leads.
- the reactor housing is made of several components, for example of two halves.
- Liquid and gas can be fed by providing multiple inlets in countercurrent or co-current.
- the liquid inlet is preferably arranged at the head of the reactor housing so that the liquid thin film can spread by gravity alone and at least the plurality of channel-like depressions or the entire reaction plate is wetted by the liquid thin film.
- the distributor structure contributes to a uniform distribution of the liquid thin film over the entire width of the reaction plate.
- One of two preferably present outlets in the reactor housing is preferably provided for the continuous removal of the liquid, while the second of two preferably existing outlets can serve for the discharge of the gas in the continuous operation of the device.
- the reactor housing is configured to be fluid-tight and / or gas-tight, except for the at least one inlet and at least one outlet.
- reaction plate is connected to an external voltage source.
- the electron deficit in the material with negative electron affinity can be compensated again.
- the compensation of the electron deficit on the oxidation of an additional in the device discontinued excipient is possible.
- the reactor housing advantageously has a cooling circuit independent of the reaction plate for cooling the reaction plate.
- the use of circulating liquid phase streams in this case allows a targeted cooling of the system from the material with negative electron affinity and the optionally associated photosensitizer.
- the cooling supports the long-term stability of the device, which is exposed to a continuous, intensive irradiation.
- An independent of the reaction plate cooling circuit is preferably operated with a cooling liquid and defined by an active cooling of the reactor housing or the reaction plate, without the cooling liquid, the structured (and optionally functionalized) surface of the Reaction plate and / or the housing physically touched.
- Cooling circuit and reaction space are fluidly separated but connected thermally conductive.
- the cooling effect is preferably exhibited by the fact that the reaction plate and / or the housing is in heat-conducting contact with the reaction plate surface and the coating of the reaction plate (eg diamond coating) by their extremely high thermal conductivity (diamond: 2300 W / m K, copper: 401 W Thermal paste: ⁇ 73 W / m K) conductively transfers both heat of reaction and heat introduced by radiation to the cooling circuit to the housing and transmits it.
- the apparatus for the photocatalytic reduction of a substance may comprise a plurality of reactor housings with a reaction plate arranged therein, wherein the reactor housings are preferably interconnected.
- This variant in which the smallest units of the device are coupled to form a module, permits the throughput of larger quantities and larger production capacities.
- the size of the device can be adapted to the specifications to be met (upscaling the device).
- a liquid and the substance to be reduced are introduced into the apparatus so that a liquid thin film is formed on the surface of the reaction plate through which the reducing substance, the reaction plate is irradiated with light having a wavelength of> 180 nm, so that electrons are excited and collect on a surface of the negative electron affinity material, and the electrons reduce the substance to be reduced diffused through the liquid thin film.
- the process according to the invention is carried out continuously.
- the liquid thin film preferably has a film thickness of from 5 to 150 ⁇ m, preferably from 10 to 100 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably from 25 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the method preferably excites electrons from the HOMO of a photosensitizer associated with the negative electron affinity material. Most preferably, energy or electron transfer then takes place on the negative electron affinity material. Subsequently, an electron deficit in the photosensitizer can be compensated for by transferring electrons from the negative electron affinity material to the photosensitizer, and / or an electron deficit in the negative electron affinity material via a connection to an electrical energy produced by reduction of the substance to be reduced Voltage source can be compensated. Alternatively, the compensation of the electron deficit on the oxidation of an additional in the device discontinued excipient is possible.
- the accumulated electrons preferentially migrate from the crystal lattice of the negative electron affinity material to the surface thereof and are available for reducing the substance to be reduced.
- the substance to be reduced is advantageously gaseous, liquid or solid. Particularly preferably, the substance to be reduced is gaseous. It is further preferred if the substance has a high solubility in the liquid. Particularly preferably, the substance in dissolved or dispersed state in the liquid thin film is passed over the reaction plate.
- the liquid is preferably selected from the group consisting of water, propylene carbonate, N, N-dimethylformamide, methanol and other short chain alcohols, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and mixtures thereof.
- the liquid is very particularly preferred as a function of the desired film thickness of the thin liquid film and of the desired flow rate and of the dimensioning of the reaction plate selected (see Example 4 for the selection of the liquid).
- solvents having a dynamic viscosity of 0.4 to 1.6 mPa ⁇ s are particularly preferable preferably chosen from 0.5 to 1.0 mPa s.
- the invention also provides a use of the abovementioned apparatus for the photocatalytic reduction of a substance, preferably for the reduction of a substance selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide and organic molecules, in particular organic molecules containing a benzene ring, and mixtures thereof, especially preferably using sunlight and / or visible light having a wavelength of> 180 nm, very particularly preferably from 250 nm to 800 nm, in particular from 380 nm to 780 nm.
- titanium is assumed to be the material for the substrate of the reaction plate.
- the custom-cut substrate is machined by spark erosion to provide channel-like recesses parallel to each other on both sides.
- the width of the channel-like recesses is 600 pm and its depth is 200 pm.
- Other dimensions are also possible, for. B. 1200 pm width and 400 pm depth or 300 pm width and 100 pm depth.
- the number and length of the channel-like depressions are essentially dependent on the dimensioning of the device (eg, the falling film microreactor) into which the completed reaction plate is at the end should be used.
- the device e.g, the falling film microreactor
- 32 channel-like depressions are produced per side of the substrate, each having a length of 79.4 mm.
- the total channel volume in this case is 609.8 pL.
- the substrate prepared in this manner is cleaned, then electropolished and etched in a bath of a solution containing HCl and sulfuric acid at elevated temperature. Subsequently, the substrate thus prepared is coated to provide a reaction plate in the sense of the present invention.
- the boron-doped diamond film is grown by methods known from the literature (T. Grögler, E. Zeiler, M. Dannenfeld, S. Rosiwal, R. Singer, Diamond & Related Materials, 1997, 6, 1658-1667, T. Grögler, E. Zeiler , A. Horner, S. Rosiwal, R. Zeiler, Surf Coat, Tech., 1998, 98, 1097-1091, E. Zeiler, T. Grgler, G. Heinrich, S.
- reaction plate is steamed at appropriate points outside the patterning with a thin layer of gold to provide electrical contact points.
- the functionalization of the diamond surface is performed wet-chemically and is based on the introduction of a linker unit with an azide group for subsequent coupling to an alkyne function (click chemistry).
- the diamond-coated reaction plate with an aqueous solution of isopentyl nitrite and the linker molecule, z. B. 4-azidoaniline, completely wetted at 80 ° C.
- the in-situ diazotization of the linker molecule leads, at elevated temperature, via the elimination of molecular nitrogen for carbon-carbon bond formation with the Diamond surface and thus to a functionalization of the diamond surface with azide groups.
- the plate is then cleaned several times with water and acetone and rinsed.
- the azide-functionalized reaction plate is treated with an aqueous dimethylformamide solution containing an alkyne-functionalized photosensitizer, e.g. B. iron (II) - (4'ethinyl-2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine) (2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine), as well as copper sulfate and sodium ascorbate contains completely wetted.
- an alkyne-functionalized photosensitizer e.g. B. iron (II) - (4'ethinyl-2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine) (2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine), as well as copper sulfate and sodium ascorbate contains completely wetted.
- an alkyne-functionalized photosensitizer e.g. B. iron (II) - (4'ethinyl-2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine) (2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyr
- the C0 2 is introduced as gas into the device and passed in countercurrent to the liquid film.
- the gas flow rate is 20 mL / min and the gas flow is evenly distributed on both sides of the reaction plate.
- the system pressure is set to 4 bar by a back pressure valve. Between the reaction plate in the falling film microreactor and a platinum net, which is immersed in a product vessel, a voltage is applied. The electrical potential between the platinum network in the product vessel and the reaction plate in the falling film microreactor is kept below 2 volts. Under these conditions, an LED array used as a radiation source is turned on and the reduction process is started.
- the gas-liquid reaction mixture is collected in the product vessel and both the gas phase and the liquid phase are analyzed by mass chromatography gas chromatography.
- the gas phase are C0 2, CO, methane and ethane.
- the liquid phase contains formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol.
- a fourfold flow rate of 2 mL / min results in a film thickness of 70 ⁇ m and a residence time of 1.1 seconds.
- the Reaction plate 1 is either made entirely of a diamond material (or other negative electron affinity material) or is composed of a substrate and a coating.
- the coating is applied to the front of the reaction plate and contains at least one negative electron affinity material.
- the structuring 13 is also present only on the front and consists of a plurality of parallel, rectilinear channel-like depressions. The channel-like depressions are located on an area which corresponds to at least 50% of the total area of the reaction plate.
- reaction plate 1 facing side (left) and the reaction plate 1 opposite side (right) of a first half 14 of the reactor housing is shown.
- the reaction plate 1 facing side of the bottom plate has a depression 15 for inserting the reaction plate 1.
- the illustration of both sides of the reactor housing part shows a window 16 made of a colorless material, which is transparent to light of wavelength> 180 nm.
- the inlet for the heat exchange liquid 17 and the outlet for the cooling liquid 18 can be seen in both representations.
- FIG. 3 shows the side facing away from the reaction plate 1 (left) and the side facing the reaction plate (right) of a second half 19 of the reactor housing.
- the side facing the reaction plate 1 has a window 16 of a colorless material which is transparent to light of wavelength> 180 nm.
- the inlets and / or outlets (21, 22, 23, 24) and the corresponding distributor structures (25, 26, 27, 28) are shown.
- the liquid may be introduced into the device through the liquid inlet 21.
- the liquid inlet 21 opens into the first distributor structure 25, which is designed as a slot and delivers the liquid uniformly over the entire width of the reaction plate 1.
- the first distributor structure 25 ensures that the reaction plate 1 is completely wetted.
- a gaseous substance to be reduced may be supplied to the device through the gas inlet 23.
- a second distributor structure 27 is provided.
- the liquid removal is ensured by the liquid outlet 22.
- a third distributor structure 26 which has an inverse function, namely the collection of the liquid which is distributed over the entire width of the reaction plate 1.
- the gas removal can take place through the fourth distributor structure 28 and the gas outlet 24.
- Gas outlet 24 and gas inlet 23 may also be reversed in their function, so that liquid and gas are conducted in the device in the DC.
- Figure 4 shows an exploded view of a device according to the invention with a first half 14 of the reactor housing, a reaction plate 1 and a second half 19 of the reactor housing (left) and a fully assembled device (right).
- FIG. 5 shows the device according to the invention as a module. Several reactor housings with reaction plates contained therein are coupled together here.
- Figure 6 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention in which a reactor housing 30 is irradiated with natural sunlight and a parabolic mirror 29 is installed in the light path of the sun behind the reactor housing. In this way, radiation may be incident on the device from two opposite directions.
- FIG. 7 shows the front side of a reaction plate 1 a, which has a modified structuring 13 a.
- the modified structuring 13 a consists of a plurality of parallel channels, which have a substructuring 31.
- the substructuring 31 which here are embodied as herringbone patterns, has a very filigree work. While the width of the channel-like recesses is about 1 mm, the width of the cavities resulting from the substructuring is less than 0.5 mm.
- FIG. 8 shows the front side of a reaction plate 1b.
- the reaction plate 1b has channel-like depressions 13b which intersect at regular intervals. In the overall impression, this results in a structuring with diamond-shaped elevations.
- Figure 9 shows schematically the electronic excitation states and the Transitions of an electron in the method according to the invention.
- the absorption of a photon of energy hv 1 stimulates an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO Sens) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the photosensitizer (LUMO Sens).
- Another transition of the electron to a level of the conduction band of the boron-doped diamond material (CB BDD) is triggered by the absorption of a second photon with the energy hv 2. From this level, thermalization takes place at the band edge (CBM BDD), at the level of which then the emission of the electron from the crystal lattice to the surface of the reaction plate 13 takes place.
- CBM BDD band edge
- reaction Absorption of an electron was reduced (reaction, RX), the reaction products are collected in a product vessel 40.
- the product vessel 40 and the counter electrode 41 which typically consists of a platinum network, immersed.
- the electron deficit in the HOMO of the sensitizer which was created by the excitation and the transition of an electron into its LUMO, is replenished by an electron from the valence band of the boron-doped diamond (VB BDD).
- the resulting in the valence band of boron doped diamond material electron deficit (h + ) is replenished via the applied current source at low voltage.
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US10052606B2 (en) | 2015-07-31 | 2018-08-21 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Diamond electron emitter using amino-termination |
JP6647587B2 (ja) | 2015-11-30 | 2020-02-14 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 二酸化炭素還元装置および還元方法 |
CN106311110A (zh) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-01-11 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | 具有分形结构的微通道板、光催化反应器及其应用 |
US9751849B1 (en) | 2016-12-06 | 2017-09-05 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Method of producing a furanone compound |
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2018
- 2018-04-13 DE DE102018205630.7A patent/DE102018205630A1/de active Pending
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2019
- 2019-04-02 WO PCT/EP2019/058272 patent/WO2019197217A1/de active Application Filing
- 2019-04-02 EP EP19719165.3A patent/EP3774021A1/de active Pending
- 2019-04-02 US US17/046,176 patent/US11376578B2/en active Active
- 2019-04-02 CN CN201980033848.5A patent/CN112154026B/zh active Active
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US20210154651A1 (en) | 2021-05-27 |
CN112154026A (zh) | 2020-12-29 |
CN112154026B (zh) | 2023-05-02 |
US11376578B2 (en) | 2022-07-05 |
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