EP3772894A1 - Système et procédé de culture de plantes en pots - Google Patents

Système et procédé de culture de plantes en pots

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Publication number
EP3772894A1
EP3772894A1 EP19722927.1A EP19722927A EP3772894A1 EP 3772894 A1 EP3772894 A1 EP 3772894A1 EP 19722927 A EP19722927 A EP 19722927A EP 3772894 A1 EP3772894 A1 EP 3772894A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plant
mineral wool
receiving structure
container
receiving
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19722927.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Sonneveld
Jaco DIJKSHOORN
Darja MAJKOVIC
Jure SUMI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Knauf Insulation doo
Original Assignee
Knauf Insulation doo
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Knauf Insulation doo filed Critical Knauf Insulation doo
Publication of EP3772894A1 publication Critical patent/EP3772894A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
    • A01G22/63—Orchids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/18—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing inorganic fibres, e.g. mineral wool
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
    • A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form

Definitions

  • the invention relates to means and methods of growing plants and in particular potted plants, using form-stable and binder-fixed mineral wool.
  • the first growth substrate in which an initial phase or growth, i.e. propagation, does occur is relatively small in volume, in a compartment called a plug.
  • a larger second growth substrate for growing such as a block which typically occupies essentially the whole inner volume of a plant pot, or the plant is transferred directly into a plant pot, respectively except at volume portions where the plug is, or is to be, introduced.
  • Phalaenopsis is an orchid genus of approximately 60 species. They are one of the most popular flower plants sold as potted plants. They were among the first tropical orchids in medieval collections. Phalaenopsis currently represents one of the largest horticultural cultivars.
  • Plugs typically comprise cocopeat and regular peat as the main components of the substrate. The plants are typically propagated from 20 to 28 weeks at 25-28°C until they are transferred to the grower.
  • the grower receives the plugs with the plants when the plants have reached a desired length from the initial growth phase, and transfers them into growth containers, e.g. conventional 12 - 15 cm containers, filled with growth substrate. At that time, the plants typically have at least 2 to 3 leafs. It is important to check various parameters during growth, including depth of the plug in the container's substrate and substrate compression.
  • Current growth substrates for instance include bark with Sphagnum and bark combined with cocochips (15-50 weight-%).
  • the next phase is the selection of the larger and smaller plants. Most of the growers are selecting 2 sizes, a few will have 3 sizes.
  • the cultivation under the responsibility of the grower in the case of Phalaenopsis can be divided in 3 periods: (i) young plant growing (growing periods 1 and 2), (ii) cooling period and (iii) final growing until the adult plant is obtained.
  • the cooling period occurs when the plant has 4 to 5 leafs with a minimum length of 10 to 15 cm.
  • the cooling period can be realized during the whole year and is not seasonal in Western Europe.
  • EP 3 251 494 discloses a plant cultivation solid medium for potting a plant including a water retention block body 2.
  • the water retention block body 2 has a top surface 23, a plant-receiving chamber 213 that is indented from the top surface 23 and formed with a top opening in the top surface 23, a bottom surface 24 opposite to the top surface 23, and an air chamber 221 indented from the bottom surface 24 and formed with a bottom opening 223 in the bottom surface 24.
  • EP 2 572 571 discloses a rooting plug 1 for cultivation of a plant, in particular an orchid, wherein the rooting plug 1 comprises a substantially cylindrical plug body 3.
  • the plug body comprises a root chamber 7 for accommodating at least a part of a root structure 8 of the plant.
  • the plug body further comprises a stem passage 9 extending through the top surface of the plug body to the root chamber, and has a receptive slot opening 10 in the outer side surface of the plug body.
  • a groove 19 may be comprised on the outer surface 5 of the sidewall 13 for receiving a fixation strap and/or tape.
  • the document does not mention mineral wool.
  • WO 2015/183094 discloses a pre-shaped plug 1 for receiving a plant and introduction into a container.
  • the plug comprises a central hole section 3a, vertical groove sections 3b and horizontal groove sections 3c.
  • the horizontal groove sections 3c is described to allow roots to quickly start to grow into these sections, which is allegedly advantageous for aerial roots of epiphyte plants.
  • the document is confined to a plug portion but is not concerned with details of a remaining growth system.
  • EP 0 479 391 discloses another pot for growing a seedling or cutting.
  • the pot comprises a body 1 of mineral wool or the like, which is provided in the top surface with an opening 3 of a predetermined depth for taking the seedling or the cutting.
  • the present invention provides, as set forth in the following items, various aspects, subject-matters and preferred embodiments, which respectively taken alone or in combination, contribute to solving the object of the present invention as well as further objects:
  • a plant growth system comprising:
  • a receiving structure inside the inner volume of the container, wherein said receiving structure is form-stable, and comprises or essentially consists of mineral wool, preferably stone wool;
  • a plant receiving portion formed by the receiving structure for receiving a plant or a plug comprising a plant through the top opening of the container into said plant receiving portion and holding it in place;
  • the plant receiving portion comprises a supporting structure providing support for the plant or the plug from the bottom, preferably a bottom plate or a narrowing of the diameter of the plant receiving portion.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are air space(s), or air spaces at least partially filled with particulate flocks of mineral wool such as polyhedron shaped mineral wool flocks having edge lengths of at least about 2 mm, preferably at least about 5 mm and/or at most about 6 cm, preferably at most about 2 cm,
  • the cubes have a volume of at least about 0.1 cm 3 , preferably at least about 0.125 cm 3 and/or about 10 cm 3 or less, preferably about 8 cm 3 or less.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are either occupied by mineral wool substrate(s) different from the mineral wool comprised in the receiving structure, wherein the mineral wool substrate(s) preferably differs from the mineral wool comprised in the receiving structure by being non-fixed, loose material or form air spaces.
  • non- mineral wool substrate(s) fully or partly filling the one or more volume space(s) are selected from the group consisting of expanded clay, bark, perlite, lavastones, cocopeat cocochips, woodfibers, white peat, brown peat, peat fractions, blackpeat, cork, compost, clay, pebbles, foam and combinations thereof.
  • the plant receiving portion is in communication with an inner surface of the container, preferably is in communication with a substantial or a whole portion of the inner surface of the container, through the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool extend through the receiving structure towards a side wall and/or bottom of the container.
  • the receiving structure is selected from
  • the receiving structure is built by a first partial structure being
  • the receiving structure comprises at least two ring-shaped partial structures and optionally spacer structures (7) arranged between the at least two ring-shaped partial structures, wherein the structure is built from one piece or at least two separate partial structures.
  • the receiving structure (93) comprises or consists of an upper partial structure (93a) made of form-stable mineral wool that is ring-shaped, ring-like shaped or polygonal-shaped, and a lower partial structure (93b) made of form-stable mineral wool that is ring-shaped, ring-like shaped, cylindrical-shaped and/or cone-shaped,
  • the maximum outer diameter of the ring-shaped, ring-like shaped, cylindricalshaped and/or cone-shaped lower partial structure (93b) is smaller, preferably by at least 10% smaller, more preferably by at least about 20% smaller, more preferably by at least about 30% smaller, even more preferably by at least about 40% smaller, particularly by at least about 50% smaller, than the outer diameter of the upper partial structure (93a).
  • the upper partial structure is present at a position close to the top opening of the container, wherein the diameter of the ring-shaped, ring-like shaped or polygonal-shaped upper partial structure is about at least 70 %, preferably at least 80 % and more preferably at least 90 %, and/or less than 100 % of the diameter of the top opening.
  • the lower partial structure (93b) comprises a bottom recess (97) free of mineral wool, the bottom recess (97) preferably occupying at least 20% and at most 100%, more preferably 40 to 80%, volume space relative to volume space occupied by the plant receiving portion (94) taken as 100%, preferably wherein the plant receiving portion (94) and the a bottom recess (97) are in fluid communication free of mineral wool.
  • the receiving structure comprises one or more open channels, other than pores present in mineral wool, promoting plant growth through the channel(s); preferably said open channels are free of mineral wool.
  • the receiving structure is made by forming binder-fixed mineral wool into a defined shape, wherein the binder is preferably an organic binder and wherein the binder is more preferably free of acrylic and/or free of dyes.
  • binder is selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde based binder, urea based binder, melamine based binder and bio-based binder, wherein the binder is preferably free of acrylic and/or free of dyes.
  • the plant or the plug containing a plant comprises a plant growth substrate selected from the group consisting of peat related products, cocopeat related products, woodfibre, sand, soil, foam, mineral wool and glasswool.
  • the plant receiving portion (in particular when embodied as plug) has a volume in the range of 1 to 30 %; preferably 2 to 20 %; more preferably 5 to 15 % relative to the total inner volume of the container.
  • the plant receiving portion (in particular when embodied as plug) has a cylindrical, conical, cubic or cuboid shape, preferably a frustoconical shape with the wider end at the top surface in use.
  • the plant receiving portion forms a volume free of mineral wool for receiving the plug, which volume is at least 1 cm 3 and/or at most 1000 cm 3 , preferably at least 5 cm 3 and/or at most 500 cm 3 , more preferably at least 10 cm 3 and/or at most 100 cm 3 .
  • the plant growth system according to item 46, wherein the pot plant is selected from the group consisting of flowering plants, ornamental plants, house plants, cacti, palm trees, tree nursery plants, soft fruit plants, vegetables and herbs, preferably flowering plants.
  • Persicum Persicum, Capsicum annuum, Stephanotis floribunda, Gerbera jamesonii, Primula obconica, Calathea crocata, Cattleya orchid, Paphiopedilum, Anthuriums and Begonia coccinea, preferably epiphytes, more preferably orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis.
  • the container has a cylindrical, conical, cubic or cuboid shape, preferably a frustoconical shape with the wider end towards the top opening of the container.
  • the container has a total inner volume in the range of 0.1-50 L, preferably 0.1-20 L, more preferably 0.1-10 L, most preferably 0.1-1 L and in particular 0.2-0.5L.
  • the top opening extends essentially across the whole top surface of the container.
  • the container is a plant pot
  • the plant pot preferably comprises or essentially consists of plastic (in particular polypropylene) or ceramics, wherein in the case of orchid cultivation the plastic is preferably a transparent plastic.
  • a receiving structure for growing a plant wherein said receiving structure is form- stable, and comprises mineral wool, preferably essentially consisting of coherent mineral wool, wherein the receiving structure forms a plant receiving portion for receiving a plant or a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place, wherein the plant receiving portion communicates via one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool, other than the volume defined by the plant receiving structure, with the outside of the receiving structure.
  • the receiving structure according to item 56 wherein when said receiving structure is placed into and surrounded by a container having a top opening - substantially without a gap between the most external dimension of the receiving structure and the inner surface of the container - the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool amount to at least 20 % relative to the total inner volume of the container, optionally at least 30 % and further optionally at least 40 %, respectively relative to the total inner volume of the container; and/or wherein the ratio of the volume of the one or more volume space(s) free of the mineral wool to the volume occupied by the mineral wool is 10:1 to 1 :10, preferably 8:1 to 1 :8, more preferably 5:1 to 1 :5, particularly 3:1 to 1 :3 and most preferably 2:1 to 1 :2.
  • the receiving structure according to any one of the preceding items 56 to 60, wherein the receiving structure is built from a single piece or by at least two separate partial structures to thereby form the plant receiving portion and the one or more volume spaces.
  • the receiving structure according to any one of the preceding items 56 to 61 , wherein the receiving structure is selected from
  • the receiving structure according to any one of the preceding items 56 to 62, wherein the receiving structure is built by a first partial structure being
  • the receiving structure according to any one of the preceding items 56 to 63, wherein the receiving structure is built by at least two ring-shaped partial structures and optionally spacer structures arranged between the at least two ring-shaped partial structures, or wherein such structure is built from a single piece.
  • the receiving structure is made by forming binder-fixed mineral wool into a defined shape, wherein the binder is preferably an organic binder.
  • the binder is selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde based binder, urea based binder, melamine based binder and bio-based binder, wherein the binder is preferably free of acrylic and/or free of dyes.
  • a receiving structure for growing a plant wherein said receiving structure is form- stable, and comprises mineral wool, preferably essentially consisting of coherent mineral wool, wherein the receiving structure forms a plant receiving portion for receiving a plant or a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place, wherein the receiving structure comprises or consists of an upper partial structure made of form-stable mineral wool that is ring- shaped, ring-like shaped or polygonal-shaped, and a lower partial structure made of form- stable mineral wool that is ring-shaped, ring-like shaped, cylindrical-shaped and/or cone- shaped, the upper partial structure and the lower partial structure being preferably contiguous and more preferably being formed in one piece,
  • outer diameter of the lower partial structure is smaller, preferably by at least about 20% smaller, more preferably by at least about 30% smaller, furthermore preferably by at least about 40% smaller and particularly by at least about 50% smaller, than the outer diameter of the upper partial structure.
  • the upper partial structure is polygonal-shaped, preferably hexagonal-, octagonal- or dodecanonal-shaped, in particular octagonal-shaped, wherein optionally the upper partial structure has multiple cut-outs, preferably in the same number as the n polygonality of the upper partial structure, that extend through the circumference of the upper partial structure preferably further extends into the lower partial structure adjacent to the upper partial structure.
  • a method for setting up a plant growth system comprising positioning a plant or a plug comprising a plant into a receiving structure contained inside a container, wherein the plant or plug, receiving structure and container are as defined in any one of preceding items 1 to 55.
  • a method for growing a plant comprising providing a plant growth system as defined in any one of preceding items 1 to 55, optionally introducing a plant or a plug comprising a plant into the plant receiving portion, and allowing the plant to grow.
  • the method for growing a plant according to item 75 further comprising positioning the plant in the form of a seed, seedling or a cutting in or on the plant receiving portion and allowing the plant to root and grow, or positioning the plant in the form of a seed, seedling or a cutting in or on the plug, allowing the plant to root and grow, then transferring the plug along with the plant for introduction into the plant receiving portion.
  • a plant growth system as defined in any one of preceding items 1 to 55 or a receiving structure as defined in any one of preceding items 56 to 73 for improving growth of a plant and/or protecting the plant from attack or infestation by a nematode, or from reproduction of the nematode, in particular a nematode selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae and specifically Lyprauta spp. and/or as a substitute for natural organic substrate and particularly as a substitute for fossil substrates, wherein the plant is preferably selected from the group consisting of epiphytes, more preferably orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis.
  • nematode / worm is preferably a nematode selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae and in particular Lyprauta spp..
  • a binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool in a pot plant container for increasing the average total leaf length of a Phalaenopsis plant, in particular an orchid, after a propagation period from plugging of 12 weeks, relative to a reference plant growth system; and/or wherein the average total leaf length is from 10 to 60 cm, preferably at least 45 cm and more preferably at least 50 cm for Phalaenopsis york or Phalaenopsis zamora, and/or at least 10 cm, preferably 11 cm, more preferably at least 12 cm for mini multiflora Phalaenopsis plants.
  • the present invention relates to a plant growth system comprising:
  • a receiving structure inside the inner volume of the container, wherein said receiving structure is form-stable, and comprises or essentially consists of mineral wool, preferably coherent mineral wool;
  • a plant receiving portion formed by the receiving structure for receiving a plant or a plug comprising a plant through the top opening of the container into said plant receiving portion and holding it in place;
  • volume space(s) free of the mineral wool comprised in the receiving structure in combination with the form-stable mineral wool part of the receiving structure particularly if such mineral wool-free space(s) occupy a certain minimum amount in the container (in combination with the form-stable mineral wool- comprising volume space as the structural compartment), and/or if the ratio of the volume occupied by the mineral wool-free space(s) to the volume occupied by the mineral wool - containing receiving structure falls within a certain range - allows plants to grow faster as compared to the same plant grown in a reference plant growth system whose container is generally completely occupied by substrate and does not comprise such specifically selected volume space(s).
  • component (d) (a component which, if not specified otherwise, in the whole specification is also collectively referred to as "one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool”) means free of the form-stable mineral wool as it appears in component (b). This is unexpected, since it had to be expected that conventional and typically optimized substrates (also referred to as growing medium/media herein) for the plant, in particular potted plant, more particular potted flower plant and even more in the case of a Phalaenopsis plant, would provide better growth system for the given plant.
  • substrates also referred to as growing medium/media herein
  • a binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool in a pot plant container or in a receiving structure surprisingly allows for a significant control and protection of a plant from attack or infestation by, and/or significant inhibition of growth of nematode / worms (potworms). Reproduction of the nematode / worm can be effectively inhibited even if the plant is infested.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool facilitate easy rooting into said volume space(s) and allow the roots to firmly "grab" along a part of the receiving structure forming the interface towards the mineral wool-free volume space(s).
  • This effect is most pronounced in case the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are air space(s) or occupied by a pourable and/or particulate substrate, preferably air space(s).
  • a further surprising advantage associated with the present invention is the observation that infestation by potworm (nematode selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae, in particular Lyprauta spp.) could be prevented during entire growth by the use of a binder- fixed and form-stable mineral wool.
  • the potworm control by a form-stable mineral wool may be used in the plant growth system of the invention as specified herein, but for exerting this new effect the form-stable mineral wool does not need to have a certain receiving structure (or a certain shape thereof), and does not need to be combined with a plant receiving portion and mineral wool-free space(s) comprised in a container.
  • the receiving structure has an outer shape comprising one or more outer corner(s), edge(s) and/or surface(s), which when being connected by line(s) and/or surface(s) describe a geometric body which preferably substantially or completely conforms to the inner shape of the container. In this case, the receiving structure is effectively held in place by the container itself.
  • the receiving structure has a shape so that the receiving structure's highest point conforms to the actual or recommended filling height of the container used, wherein optionally only a small gap between the receiving structure's highest point and the container’s top opening level may be left to be filled by a natural substrate material, such small gap only serving and dimensioned for optical reasons for the customer to appear as a natural product and accordingly being dimensioned only to about 0,5 cm to 3 cm, preferably only 1 to 2 cm in height.
  • the receiving structure's lowest and highest points preferably define a distance which approximately conforms to the actual or recommended filling height of the specific container used, at most and only optionally forming a small gap between the receiving structure's highest point and the container’s top opening level serving as a natural substrate filling.
  • the aforementioned gap(s) is/are optionally present, its/their volume is/are calculated as belonging to the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool (d).
  • top and bottom denotes a more distant location from the geocenter than “bottom” and “outer” means a more distant location from the center of a line, surface or geometric body than “inner”. More specifically, the direction “bottom” towards “top” defines the growth direction of the plants to be grown using means and methods of the present invention.
  • inner volume of the container is meant to define the recommended filling volume of the container ⁇ 20 vol.-%.
  • the recommended filling volume corresponds to the volume of a growth substrate which the container can accept without losing it during normal use ⁇ 20 vol.-%.
  • plant receiving portion denotes a free volume space formed by the receiving structure reserved for the plant or the plug comprising the plant and occupied by the plant or the plug comprising the plant when it has been introduced into the receiving structure.
  • the plant receiving portion is open towards the top and formed and stabilized by the receiving structure itself, and particularly by its form-stable nature, and does not require introduction of a geometric body such as a plug for its formation.
  • form-stable in the context of the receiving-structure means that the receiving structure and in particular the part of the receiving structure forming the partitioning of the plant receiving portion and/or the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool substantially maintains its shape during use and in particular independent on whether or not a geometric body such as a plug is introduced and/or the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are occupied by non-mineral wool substrate.
  • use includes providing the plant growth system of the invention, introducing the plant or the plug comprising the plant into the plant receiving portion and, preferably, growing the plant over a period of at least 12 weeks.
  • a form-stable receiving structure useful in the context of the present invention can be made by forming binder-fixed mineral wool into a defined shape. It is therefore preferred that the binder-fixed mineral wool is a coherent matrix of mineral fibers connected by cured binder.
  • the binder is preferably an organic, more preferably an organic, hydrophobic binder.
  • the binder is heat-curable (thermosetting). Specific examples are selected from the group of phenol formaldehyde resin and urea formaldehyde resin, in particular phenol urea formaldehyde (PUF) resin. It can also be a formaldehyde free binder such as a polyacrylic acid based binder or an epoxy based binder.
  • the most preferred binder is selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde based binder, urea based binder, melamine based binder and bio-based binder, wherein the binder is preferably free of acrylic and/or free of dyes.
  • bio-based binder means that the binder is based on fast renewable sources.
  • the binder is preferably present in the binder-fixed mineral wool in amounts of from 0.1 to 10% based on the substrate, usually 0.5 to 5%, most preferably 1.5 to 5%.
  • the mineral wool may or may not comprise a wetting agent.
  • a suitable wetting agent in the context of the present invention is a non-ionic surfactant. Alternatively it can be an ionic surfactant, preferably an anionic surfactant.
  • the wetting agent may be present in the mineral wool in amounts preferably from 0.01 to 3% (by weight), more preferably 0.05 to 1 %, in particular, 0.075 to 0.5%, relative to the total weight of the mineral wool.
  • the mineral wool may contain other types of additives in addition to the binder and wetting agent, for instance salts such as ammonium sulfate and adhesion promoters such as silanes.
  • the density of the mineral wool to be used for the receiving structure can generally be at least 20 kg/m 3 and/or up to 200 kg/m 3 , but is preferably in the range of 40 to 180 kg/m 3 , more preferably in the range of 50 to 150 kg/m 3 and most preferably in the range of 60 to 140 kg/m 3 . If a higher water storage capacity is desired, a lower density would be selected such as, e.g. 50 to 60 kg/m 3 . If a rather high stability is favored, a higher density such as, e.g. at least 70 kg/m 3 could be selected. A good compromise between both properties is achieved in a range of 50 to 100 kg/m 3 , preferably 50 to 90 kg/m 3 and more preferably 50 to 80 kg/rm 3 would be selected.
  • the mineral wool is a man-made vitreous fiber material.
  • the mineral wool is stone wool (also known as rock wool) for improved growth enhancement.
  • the mineral wool can be made from natural resources, for example by pouring the melt on the rotating wheels to form stone wool.
  • additives such as dust suppressing agents and binders (urea, epoxy and formaldehyde resin, bitumen, etc.), may be used. Additives may represent 25 weight-% of the final product.
  • the mineral wool can be manufactured to many different densities to give varying properties and formed into shapes. Fiber diameter is typically in the range 3 to 20 microns, in particular 5 to 10 microns.
  • the stone wool preferably has a content of iron oxide at least 3% and alkaline earth metals (calcium oxide and magnesium oxide) from 10 to 40%, along with the other usual oxide constituents of mineral wool.
  • alkaline earth metals calcium oxide and magnesium oxide
  • the form-stable, coherent mineral wool receiving structure may have predominant fiber orientation. Generally, the fibers may be arranged predominantly in the vertical direction or predominantly in the horizontal direction.
  • the container comprises only one plant or only one plug comprising one plant.
  • the receiving structure preferably forms only one plant receiving portion, where only one plant or plug can be introduced, the one plug preferably comprising only one plant.
  • the one plant or the one plug comprising a plant is preferably located in the radial center of a cross-section of the container, or of the plant receiving portion, respectively.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool, which occupy the remaining space of the inner volume of the container not being occupied by the receiving structure and the plant receiving portion, are air space(s).
  • Aerial roots means that the selected plant in its natural environment develops roots above the ground. Aerial roots are found in diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as orchids, tropical coastal swamp trees such as mangroves, the resourceful banyan trees, the warm -temperate rainforest rata (Metrosideros robusta) and pohutukawa (M. excelsa) trees of New Zealand and vines such as Common Ivy (Hedera helix) and poison ivy.
  • the one or more volume space(s) being air space(s) form a pleasant environment for aerial roots although they are not (necessarily) located above the ground.
  • a further advantage of the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool being air space(s) is due to the fact that substrate and hence costs can be saved.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool which occupy the remaining space of the inner volume of the container not being occupied by the receiving structure and the plant receiving portion, are occupied by non-mineral wool substrate(s).
  • substrate(s) herein denotes a growing medium, i.e. a material which allows the plants to grow therein and/or thereon.
  • the non-mineral wool substrate(s) it is especially advantageous for the non-mineral wool substrate(s) to be pourable and/or particulate.
  • the term "free of mineral wool” does not necessarily mean that the volume space does not contain any material made of mineral wool but shall be understood to clarify that the contiguous mineral wool forming the receiving structure does not extend into the volume space. It is however possible that the volume space(s) contain(s) non-contiguous mineral wool, e.g. particulate mineral wool in the form of flocks, cubes or the like (see also the following embodiments).
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool which occupy the remaining space of the inner volume of the container not being occupied by the receiving structure and the plant receiving portion, are occupied by mineral wool substrate(s) different from the mineral wool comprised in the receiving structure.
  • the mineral wool substrate(s) occupying the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool is a non-contiguous and loose material such as flocks and/or cubes.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are partly occupied by non-mineral wool substrate(s) and partly form air spaces.
  • the non-mineral wool substrate(s) fully or partly filling the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool is preferebly selected from the group consisting of expanded clay (preferably in the form of pebbles), bark, perlite, lavastone (and fractions thereof), cocopeat cocochips, woodfibers, white peat, brown peat, peat fractions, blackpeat, glasswool (combined with stone wool used for the receiving structure), and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool form air spaces.
  • the plant receiving portion is in communication with an inner surface of the container through the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool.
  • a possible and preferred solution of obtaining communication is achieved by a plant growth system of the invention, wherein the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool extend through the receiving structure towards and until a side wall and/or bottom of the container.
  • the plant growth system of the invention comprises at least one, two or three, preferably at least four, volume spaces free of mineral wool extending through the receiving structure towards, and preferably until, a side wall and/or bottom of the container.
  • the receiving structure can adopt a large number of different shapes to meet the herein described functional and/or structural requirements.
  • the form-stable shape of the receiving structure is thus not limited to certain shapes.
  • Preferred shapes allow an advantageous volume proportion of the mineral wool containing receiving structural occupation of the inner volume on the one hand and the mineral wool-free volume space(s), and are easier and/or cheaper to manufacture such as by using automatized mass fabrication, and primarily for this reason the following shapes and assemblies are particularly advantageous.
  • These structures can be simply cut out from a planar mineral wool mat, preferably having a thickness of at least 5 mm and preferably of at most 2500 mm, preferably in the range of 5 - 100mm, more preferably 10 - 45 mm, still more preferably 15 - 40 mm and in particular 25 - 35 mm. Accordingly, these receiving structure have an essentially planar shape having a thickness corresponding to the aforementioned thickness of the mat.
  • the receiving structure can both be easy fabricated as described in the context of (i) and firmly hold in place in the intended orientation by the container. Moreover, it allows for easy formation of the plant receiving portion and the one or more volume space(s) upon assembly of the separate partial structures and stabilization of the plug in the intended orientation.
  • the partial structures are selected from
  • J-, W-, U- or V— -like) shaped partial structure can easily engage, and preferably can interlock, with an H-, X- or Y- (or H-, X- or Y-like) shaped partial structure twisted along the longitudinal axis by some degrees in the range of 10 to 90°, preferably 30 to 90°, more preferably 45 to 90° and most preferably 60 to 90°.
  • J- or ⁇ _/-like) shaped partial structure and a H-shaped partial structure constitute particularly preferred embodiments of the invention.
  • a three dimensional body is built by at least two ring- shaped partial structures.
  • the partial structures can be directly assembled in the container by introducing the at least two ring-shaped partial structures oriented in the horizontal plane into the container.
  • spacer structures are arranged in between the at least two ring-shaped partial structures.
  • a preferred embodiment makes us of two, three or four ring-shaped partial structures which are preferably spaced apart by spacer structures located in between each of the two, three or four ring-shaped partial structures.
  • the spacers may be made of the same material as the receiving structure or a different one.
  • solution (ii) requires a step of assembling the at least two partial structures.
  • the total volume of the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool depends on the plant to be grown. Generally, it can amount to at least 20% and/or at most 80 %, preferably 25 - 60 %, more preferably 25 - 50 %, in particular 25 - 35 % relative to the total inner volume of the container. For instance in the case of orchid or Phalaenopsis plants, it has been found that particularly good results are obtained when the total volume of the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool amount to 25 - 35 % relative to the total inner volume of the container.
  • useful values are in the range of 10 - 80 %, preferably 40 - 70 %, more preferably 50 - 60 %, relative to the total inner volume of the container.
  • the receiving structure comprises ridges allowing circumferential root growth along the inner surface of the container. Rooting is guided by the ridges and is thus efficiently restricted to occur between the inner (side or bottom) surface of the container and the outer (side or bottom) surface of the receiving structure, i.e. the roots remain inside the plant growth system and do not intertwine with other plant's roots.
  • the plant growth system further comprises a plant or a plug comprising a plant.
  • This plug corresponds to the plug already described in the above context and in particular in the context of the plant receiving portion.
  • the receiving structure comprises one or more outer corner(s), edge(s) and/or surface(s), which when being connected by line(s) and/or surface(s) describe a surface which preferably corresponds to the shape of the plant or the plug.
  • the plug is in contact with and preferably fits closely into the receiving structure, except at portions where the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool are provided.
  • the plug has an essentially cylindrically or conical shape, preferably a frustoconical shape with the wider end oriented upwards, i.e. in growth direction of the plant.
  • the receiving structure can be described to comprise at the interface towards the plant receiving portion, respectively bottom and/or side surface of the plug, one or more outer corner(s), edge(s) and/or surface(s), which when being connected by line(s) and/or surface(s) describe a surface which preferably corresponds to the shape of the plant or the plug, in particular both in terms of shape and size ( ⁇ 20 %).
  • the plug has an essentially cylindrically or conical shape, preferably a frustoconical shape with the wider end oriented upwards
  • the one or more outer corner(s), edge(s) and/or surface(s) at the interface towards the plant receiving portion, respectively bottom and/or side surface of the plug, when being connected by line(s) and/or surface(s) describe an essentially cylindrically- or conically- shaped surface, preferably a frustoconically-shaped surface with the wider end oriented upwards.
  • the plug comprises a plant growth substrate, preferably a plant growth substrate selected from the group consisting of peat-related products, bark, foam, cocopeat-related products, woodfibre, sand, soil, mineral wool such as stone wool and glass wool.
  • a plant growth substrate selected from the group consisting of peat-related products, bark, foam, cocopeat-related products, woodfibre, sand, soil, mineral wool such as stone wool and glass wool.
  • the plug has preferably a volume in the range of 1 to 30 %, preferably 2 to 20 % and more preferably 5 to 15 % relative to the total inner volume of the container.
  • the plug can have a height in the range of 1 - 90 % (preferably 2 - 70 %, more preferably 5 - 60 %, most preferably 10 - 50 %) relative to the inner height of the container and/or an axial diameter or axial length in the range of 1 - 50 % (preferably 2 - 45 %, more preferably 5 - 40 %, most preferably 10 - 30 %) relative to the inner axial diameter (or axial length) of the container measured at the widest distance (typically at the top open end of the container).
  • the present invention is particularly useful for the cultivation of potted plants, preferably a pot plant selected from the group consisting of flowering plants, ornamental plants, house plants, cacti or palm trees, tree nursery plants, vegetables, soft fruit or berry plants, herbs, and preferably from the group consisting of flowering plants.
  • the pot plant is selected from the group consisting of epiphytes, Rosales (preferably Cannabaceae, in particular Cannabis), bromeliads, calatheaes, dracaenas, fici, perperomia, spider plants, Chlorophytum comosum, Aloe vera,
  • the container it is common to provide it with one or more draining holes at the bottom of the container, in particular when the plant to be grown does not like stagnant water such as orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis plants. Further preferred container specifications are described in the items,
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a receiving structure for growing a plant, wherein said receiving structure is form-stable, and comprises or essentially consists of mineral wool, preferably coherent mineral wool, wherein the receiving structure forms a plant receiving portion for receiving a plant or a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place, wherein the plant receiving portion communicates via one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool, other than the volume defined by the plant receiving structure, with the outside of the receiving structure.
  • the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool preferably extend through the receiving structure at a location other than where the plug is to be introduced, preferably through the side wall and/or bottom of the receiving structure.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method for setting up a plant growth system.
  • the method comprises positioning a plant or a plug comprising a plant into a receiving structure contained inside a container, wherein the plant or the plug comprising the plant, the receiving structure and the container are as described herein in the context of the plant growth system of the invention and/or the receiving structure of the invention.
  • the plant is selected from the group consisting of orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is an (improved) method for growing a plant.
  • the method comprises providing a plant growth system of the present invention, if necessary introducing a plant or a plug comprising a plant into the plant receiving portion, and allowing the plant to grow.
  • the method prior to introduction of the plug comprising the plant, comprises the steps of positioning a plant in the form of a seed, seedling or a cutting in or on a plug, allowing the plant to root and grow, and then providing the plug for introducing into the plant receiving portion.
  • the plant is selected from the group consisting of orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis.
  • the plants are allowed to grow until they can be harvested and/or offered for sale.
  • the actual duration depends on the specific plant to be grown. For Phalaenopsis, the duration is indicated in the introduction, which indications also apply in the context of the present invention.
  • An even further aspect of the present invention is a method for protecting plants from attack or infestation by, and/or for inhibiting the reproduction of, a nematode, the nematode particularly being selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae and preferably Lyprauta spp. (also known as potworm).
  • the method comprises providing a plant growth system of the invention and allowing the plant, preferably a plant selected from the group consisting of orchids and in particular Phalaenopsis, to grow.
  • Other aspects of the present invention relate to various uses as described herein, and in particular in the following.
  • the present invention is directed to use of a plant growth system according to the present invention, or a receiving structure according to the present invention, for improving growth of a plant and/or protecting a plant from attack or infestation by a nematode selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae and preferably Lyprauta spp. and/or as a substitute for natural organic substrate and particularly as a substitute for fossil-based substrates.
  • a nematode selected from the group consisting of Keroplatidae and preferably Lyprauta spp. and/or as a substitute for natural organic substrate and particularly as a substitute for fossil-based substrates.
  • the plant is preferably selected from the group consisting of epiphytes (preferably orchids and in particular phalaenopsis) and Rosales (preferably Cannabaceae, in particular Cannabis).
  • the present invention also relates to use of binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool in a pot plant container for controlling and/or protecting a plant from attack or infestation by a potworm.
  • a pot plant container for controlling and/or protecting a plant from attack or infestation by a potworm.
  • the present invention relates to use of a binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool in a pot plant container for increasing the average total leaf length of an orchid, in particular a Phalaenopsis plant, after a propagation period from plugging of 12 weeks, (i) relative to a reference plant growth system, (ii) and/or wherein the average total leaf length is at least 40 cm, preferably at least 45 cm and more preferably 50 cm for Phalaenopsis york or Phalaenopsis zamora, and/or at least 10 cm, preferably 11 cm, more preferably at least 12 cm for mini multiflora Phalaenopsis plants.
  • binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool described in the context of uses of the invention preferably corresponds to the receiving structure described herein, in particularly in case all the advantages described herein are to be obtained. That means, specifications relating to the receiving structure given in the context of other aspects of the invention constitute according specifications of the binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool.
  • the reference plant growth system corresponds to the plant growth system according to the present invention except that the receiving structure, respectively binder-fixed and form-stable mineral wool, has been replaced by a pourable substrate. Further, the reference plant growth system does not comprise one or more volume space(s) free of said pourable substrate. More specifically, the total volume which, in the case of the plant growth system of the invention, is occupied by the receiving structure and the one or more volume space(s) free of mineral wool, is in the case of the reference plant growth system occupied by said pourable substrate.
  • the pourable substrate for example comprises 70 weight-% bark and 30 weight-% cocochips.
  • the means and methods of the invention lead to an increased and bigger root development, bigger stems, more shoots, larger leafs, and hence to a plant of increased quality than a corresponding plant obtained from cultivation in the current reference substrate (respectively reference plant growth system). It has been found that at the stage of 12 weeks from plugging, the occurrence of more and/or longer leafs is a good indicator of the existence of more flower stems/spikes and thus more flower parts and blossoms at the final stage of growing. Due to increased growth the total cultivation time can be shortened and brought faster on the market for sale. As a consequence more plants can be offered per year. Moreover, loss of plants due to potworm infestation is prevented, which has a significant advantageous economic impact on the grower.
  • embodiments are generally meant to be combinable with one, more than one or all other embodiments, so that the disclosure effectively relates to all technically meaningful combinations of embodiments of the invention.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 schematically show, in two-dimensional sectional views, respective
  • FIGs. 3 and 4 schematically show, in two-dimensional sectional views, modified
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows an embodiment, in a three-dimensional perspective view, of a whole receiving structure shape which is built from partial receiving structures of Figs. 1 and 2.
  • Fig. 6 shows a plant growth system according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the receiving structure of Fig. 5 has been placed inside an inner volume of a container.
  • Fig. 7 schematically shows, in a three-dimensional perspective view, another embodiment of a receiving structure according to the invention.
  • Fig. 8 schematically shows, in a three-dimensional perspective view, another embodiment of a receiving structure according to the invention.
  • Fig. 9 exemplarily shows average leaf growth increase obtained by using receiving
  • FIG.9A-C respectively show results obtained from growing experiments conducted at different growing sites.
  • the plant receiving portion may receive a plant directly, or preferably it receives a plug comprising a plant and holding the plant or the plug in place; the following description will refer to both embodiments collectively by the term“plant receiving portion” (reference signs 14/24/54/64/74/94).
  • Figs. 1 and 2 respectively show H-like and
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-section of a three- dimensional rotational receiving structure 13 made of binder-fixed mineral wool, which forms the plant receiving portion 14 for later receiving a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place.
  • receiving structure 13 there are provided volume spaces free of mineral wool 16a, 16b in the form of open channels extending horizontally through the side wall 13a at two discrete locations projecting from the lower level 14a of the plant receiving portion 14.
  • a volume space free of mineral wool 16c is formed between the bottom surface of the receiving structure and an essentially plane container inner bottom surface (if put in a container).
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a three- dimensional rotational receiving structure 23 made of binder-fixed mineral wool, which forms the plant receiving portion 24 for later receiving a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place.
  • a three- dimensional rotational receiving structure 23 made of binder-fixed mineral wool, which forms the plant receiving portion 24 for later receiving a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show partial structures, which when combined form a receiving structure shown in Fig. 5.
  • it is not the open channels and/or the bottom which forms mineral wool-free volume spaces, but these are formed between adjacent surfaces of the receiving structure and the inner side wall of the container as illustrated in Fig. 6.
  • J-like shaped partial or whole receiving structures 33 comprise ridges 38a, 38b, 38c. Otherwise, the description given in the context of Figs. 1 and 2 apply.
  • J-like shaped partial structure respectively are assembled together in a rectangular pattern to form a receiving structure 53 forming a plant receiving portion 54 for later receiving a plug comprising a plant and holding it in place.
  • FIG. 7 According to a further embodiment schematically shown in Fig. 7, two ring-shaped partial structures 73a, 73b spaced apart by three spacer structures 77 arranged in between the two partial structures.
  • a plant receiving portion 74 is defined by the inner surface of the partial structures 73a, 73b.
  • the receiving structure 93 comprises a first (upper) ring-like or, as shown here, polygonal-shaped partial structure 93a (octagonal as shown here specifically) and a second (lower) ring-shaped or, as shown here, cylindrical-shaped partial structure 93b. Both structures are contiguous and either two-piece or, preferably, one-piece.
  • the diameter of the lower ring/cylindrical-shaped partial structure 93b is smaller than the diameter of the upper ring-shaped partial structure 93a, in this case by about 50 %.
  • the upper partial structure 93a has an apparent diameter (when considered as a ring) that substantially corresponds to the inner diameter of the container, respectively its top opening.
  • a plant receiving portion 94 is formed by the upper partial structure 93a.
  • the plant receiving portion 94 extends into an upper part of the lower partial structure 93b adjacent to the upper partial structure 93a.
  • the circumference of the upper ring-shaped structure 93a comprises 8 cutouts that extend through the circumference and, in this example, also extend into an upper part of the lower partial structure 93b adjacent to the upper partial structure 93a.
  • the upper partial structure 93a has an angular circumference with 8 corners along the circumference.
  • the lower partial structure 93b comprises a bottom recess 97.
  • the bottom recess in this case has a volume of 40 to 100 % of the volume formed by the plant receiving portion.
  • the first group of plants was grown on a substrate comprised of 70 % bark and 30 % cocochips, corresponding to a hitherto optimal growth system.
  • the plant pot was completely filled with said substrate. This system did not comprise free volume space(s) or any other structure and was used as a reference.
  • J-like shaped partial structures from binder-fixed mineral wool having the dimensions given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively, were assembled together in a rectangular pattern to form a receiving structure forming a plant receiving portion for introducing the plug comprising the plant. Volume spaces free of mineral wool formed between adjacent surfaces of the receiving structure and the inner side wall of a container as shown in Figure 6.
  • Table 2 below show the results that have been recorded at different time points during the cultivation (after 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks and 12 weeks).
  • the penultimate column indicates the growth from week 4 to week 12 and the last column shows the difference in growth in relation to the reference substrate.
  • the present invention provides for both leaf and root weight increase relative to the reference plant growth system.
  • pot worm control is tested by the following two methods.
  • Plant pots of a plant growth system according to the present invention comprising the plants grown for 12 weeks on different substrates, are arranged directly adjacent to each other, and are placed adjacent to and around a reference plant (group 1) being infested with pot worms. After a few weeks it is determined whether or not, and if so to which extent, pot worms infested plants from the other groups. In a comparison test, group 1 of reference plants are placed adjacent to and around a reference plant (group 1 ) being infested with pot worms.
  • middle-sized L. cambria larvae that had been collected from a commercial orchid-greenhouse were added to the rock mineral wool based substrate and the standard Phalaenopsis substrate, respectively. It was found that the middle-sized larvae were able to develop into adults in both substrates.
  • pots with rock mineral wool based substrate and pots with standard bark substrate were placed side to side, thereby giving the flies the possibility to choose between those pots. It was found that all pots with mineral wool were free of offspring of the L. cambria females. In contrast to this, in 45% of the pots with standard bark substrate multiple young L cambria larvae were detected. That means, many of the eggs in the infected bark substrate showed growth to larvae and potentially development into new flies.
  • the topring and bottomring was made of rock mineral wool and had a ring-like shape corresponding to the ring-like structure 73a and 73b shown in Fig. 7. It was placed on or below the receiving structure. The thickness was 1 cm. It was used with the aim to prevent evaporation. As a reference (Ref.), the two orchid varieties were grown in standard substrate under the same conditions.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de culture de plantes comprenant : (a) un récipient ayant une ouverture supérieure et un volume interne ; (b) une structure de réception à l'intérieur du volume interne du récipient, ladite structure de réception étant de forme stable et comprenant ou étant essentiellement constituée de laine minérale ; (c) une partie de réception de plante formée par la structure de réception pour recevoir un bouchon comprenant une plante à travers l'ouverture supérieure du récipient dans ladite partie de réception de plante et le maintenir en place ; et (d) un ou plusieurs espace(s) de volume exempt(s) de laine minérale, le(s) espace(s) de volume étant exempt(s) d'au moins 20 % de quantité de laine minérale par rapport au volume interne total du récipient.
EP19722927.1A 2018-05-15 2019-05-14 Système et procédé de culture de plantes en pots Withdrawn EP3772894A1 (fr)

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EP18172489.9A EP3569058A1 (fr) 2018-05-15 2018-05-15 Système et procédé de culture de plantes en pot
PCT/EP2019/062346 WO2019219683A1 (fr) 2018-05-15 2019-05-14 Système et procédé de culture de plantes en pots

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NL193552C (nl) * 1990-10-05 2000-02-02 Visser S Gravendeel Holding Pot van minerale wol of dergelijke voor het kweken van een zaailing of stek.
NL2007469C2 (en) * 2011-09-26 2013-03-28 Max Roots B V A rooting plug, a tray and a method.
NL2010716C2 (en) * 2013-04-26 2014-10-29 Anthura B V Epiphyte growing system with a spirally downwardly extending groove-shaped space.
US20170094896A1 (en) * 2014-05-30 2017-04-06 Anthura B.V. Planting method making use of a substrate plug with a press section
TWI587779B (zh) * 2016-05-30 2017-06-21 de-sheng Zhang Plant nurturing matrices

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