EP3768279A1 - Composition prebiotique comprenant des galactoglucomannanes - Google Patents
Composition prebiotique comprenant des galactoglucomannanesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3768279A1 EP3768279A1 EP19718443.5A EP19718443A EP3768279A1 EP 3768279 A1 EP3768279 A1 EP 3768279A1 EP 19718443 A EP19718443 A EP 19718443A EP 3768279 A1 EP3768279 A1 EP 3768279A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- prebiotic composition
- composition according
- prebiotic
- composition
- galactoglucomannans
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/736—Glucomannans or galactomannans, e.g. locust bean gum, guar gum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of prebiotic compositions.
- the invention relates to a prebiotic composition comprising galactoglucomannans, as well as its production method.
- the invention also relates to the use of this prebiotic composition for increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal microbiota bacteria.
- Prebiotics are nutrients that promote the growth or activity of microorganisms in the gut microbiota. In particular, they promote the growth of beneficial bacteria present in the gastrointestinal microbiota.
- prebiotics In Europe, the most commonly used prebiotics are Fructo-OligoSaccharides (FOS) produced from chicory root. The production of these prebiotics therefore requires the use of a food resource and arable land. Current production is therefore limited and is in direct competition with the production of food resources. In addition, arable land areas are in constant decline. Thus, it would be interesting to be able to offer prebiotics derived from non-food resources so as not to compete with food production and preserve arable land.
- FOS Fructo-OligoSaccharides
- the present invention aims to satisfy at least one of the objectives set forth below.
- One of the essential objectives of the present invention is to provide a prebiotic composition derived from non-food resources.
- One of the essential objectives of the present invention is to provide a prebiotic composition from available and abundant resources.
- Another essential object of the present invention is to provide an alternative prebiotic composition.
- One of the essential objectives of the present invention is to provide an economical prebiotic composition.
- Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide a high performance prebiotic composition in terms of promoting the growth of the microbiota.
- Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide a high performance prebiotic composition in terms of inducing the short chain fatty acid selective synthesis by the microbiota.
- One of the essential objectives of the present invention is to provide a prebiotic composition for preventive and / or curative purposes.
- Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide a process for synthesizing a prebiotic composition that can be easily implemented and economical.
- a prebiotic composition comprising galactoglucomannans having a degree of polymerization of between 1 and 50, and having an acetyl content greater than or equal to 0.1% by weight relative to to the total mass of the composition.
- This composition can be produced from lignocellulosic materials, in particular from wood hemicelluloses.
- the pulp and paper industry uses wood to extract cellulose fibers to produce pulp.
- the cellulose is extracted from the wood by an alkaline treatment at high temperature (Kraft process).
- Degradation products of hemicelluloses, lignin and other by-products obtained by this treatment are collected in an effluent called "black liquor”.
- the inventors have had the merit of discovering that hemicelluloses extracted from wood by an autohydrolysis step applied to wood prior to the Kraft process can be used to produce a prebiotic composition.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a prebioic composition, comprising the steps of:
- step b purification of the lignocellulosic material hydrolyzate obtained in step a).
- the process is efficient and economical because it can be integrated into the paper process and in particular to cellulose production plants, present in many countries. Moreover, this process makes it possible to valorize a resource which until then was little valorized and not very efficientlyzable.
- Another aspect of the invention is the use of a prebiotic composition to increase short chain fatty acid production by intestinal microbiota bacteria.
- the invention also relates to a prebiotic composition for use in therapy, in particular for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases of the liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis), inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, colitis inflammatory), chronic systemic inflammatory conditions, and metabolic imbalances (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia).
- prebiotic composition is meant, for example, a composition which has a beneficial effect on the growth or activity of microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota.
- galactoglucomannans for example, oligosaccharides comprising mannose, glucose and galactose units. These oligosaccharides generally comprise a main chain of mannoses linked by osidic bonds /? - (1-4) with randomly interposed glucose units, and occasionally galactoses linked by osidic bonds - (1-6) in side chains.
- the glucose / mannose / galactose ratio varies among species in following proportions 1 / 1.5 to 4.5 / 0 to 1.
- the hydroxyl groups in the C 2 and C 3 position may be partially substituted with acetyl groups.
- a non-limiting example of the structure of a galactoglucomannan chain is provided below (Fengel, D and Wegener, G. (1983) Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Walter de Gruyter, NY).
- short-chain fatty acids is meant, for example, fatty acids having a carbon chain comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms inclusive.
- Examples of short-chain fatty acids are formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid.
- lignocellulosic materials is meant, for example, the main constituent of the cell wall of plants composed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and extractables such as polyphenols and terpenoids.
- the "degree of polymerization” defines the length of a polymer chain. In the present description, these terms refer to the number of saccharide monomer units constituting an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide chain.
- the present invention relates first of all to a prebiotic composition
- a prebiotic composition comprising galactoglucomannans having a degree of polymerization of between 1 and 50, preferably between 1 and 35, and having an acetyl content greater than or equal to 0.1% by weight. relative to the total mass of the composition, preferably greater than or equal to 4%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 6%.
- the degree of polymerization of the galactoglucomannanes is between 1 and 20 or between 1 and 15.
- the acetyl content of the composition is expressed in mass relative to the total mass of the prebiotic composition. This acetyl content can be determined by calculating the difference in acetic acid concentration before and after acid hydrolysis of the prebiotic composition. This hydrolysis may, for example, be carried out with a 3% solution of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) for 1 hour at 120 ° C.
- the acetyl content can be between 0.1 and 50%, between 2 and 25%, between 4 and 15%, or between 6 and 10%.
- Acetyls come mainly from acetylated galactoglucomannans.
- the prebiotic composition is derived from lignocellulosic materials, preferably wood.
- Lignocellulosic materials may be selected from softwoods, hardwoods, recycled woods, recycled paper and paperboard, and blends thereof.
- the prebiotic composition is derived from one or more wood species, preferably from one or more softwood species.
- the prebiotic composition is derived from hemicelluloses contained in lignocellulosic materials.
- the prebiotic composition is derived from hemicelluloses contained in wood.
- the prebiotic composition may comprise at least 20% by weight of galactoglucomannans relative to the total mass of the composition. According to one embodiment, the prebiotic composition comprises at least 30% by weight, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 75% of galactoglucomannans. According to one embodiment, the prebiotic composition comprises between 20 and 100% by weight of galactoglucomannans, between 50 and 99%, or between 75 and 98%.
- the prebiotic composition also comprises lignin.
- the composition may comprise up to 20% mass of lignin with respect to the total mass of the composition.
- the composition comprises between 0.1 and 20% by weight of lignin, or between 0.2 and 5%.
- the composition also comprises xylans, for example between 0.1 and 35% of xylans by mass relative to the total mass of the composition.
- the prebiotic composition derived from lignocellulosic materials comprises galactoglucomannans having a degree of polymerization of between 1 and 35, and has an acetyl content of between 4 and 15%, preferably between 6 and 10%.
- the composition may also include other compounds such as aromatic compounds.
- the prebiotic composition has a marked promoter effect on the growth and / or activity of microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota.
- this composition stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria of the intestinal microbiota.
- the most acetylated galactoglucomannans are consumed later by the bacteria than non-acetylated galactoglucomannans.
- a composition whose galactoglucomannans have a high acetyl content allows to promote the growth of bacteria for a longer time than in the case of galactoglucomannans little acetylated or non acetylated.
- This composition has another advantageous effect because it promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids in gut microbiota bacteria.
- this composition promotes the production of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid by the bacteria of the intestinal microbiota.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a prebiotic composition comprising the following steps: a) autohydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials by heat treatment in the presence of water or water vapor,
- step b purification of the lignocellulosic material hydrolyzate obtained in step a).
- step a) of self-hydrolysis can be carried out at a temperature of between 100 and 230 ° C., preferably between 150 and 180 ° C., and for a duration of between 20 minutes and 10 hours, preferably between 30 minutes and 2 hours.
- step a) is a step of self-hydrolysis of one or more wood species, preferably one or more species of softwood.
- a hydrolyzate of lignocellulosic materials is obtained which comprises hemicelluloses of wood, including galactoglucomannans.
- step a) is carried out in a closed reactor under pressure.
- the pressure in the reactor corresponds to the saturation vapor pressure of the water, which varies according to the chosen temperature.
- the lignocellulosic materials are in the form of chips.
- Step b) of purification of the hydrolyzate of lignocellulosic material may comprise several phases.
- step b) comprises an activated carbon treatment phase and / or a nano- or ultrafiltration phase and / or a solvent precipitation phase.
- Step b) may also include a centrifugation and / or microfiltration step to remove insoluble particles from the hydrolyzate.
- step b) comprises an activated carbon treatment phase and a nano- or ultrafiltration phase.
- step b) comprises an activated carbon treatment phase and a solvent precipitation phase.
- step b) comprises a nano- or ultrafiltration phase and a solvent precipitation phase.
- step b) comprises an activated carbon treatment phase, a nano- or ultrafiltration phase and a solvent precipitation phase.
- the different purification phases can be carried out in any order.
- the nano- or ultrafiltration phase comprises a step of filtration of the hydrolyzate on a membrane at the determined cut-off point.
- the cut-off threshold of the membrane is between 0.2 kDa and 30 kDa.
- the cut-off threshold may be 0.2 kDa, 0.5 kDa, 1 kDa, 5 kDa, 8 kDa, 10 kDa, 20 kDa or 30 kDa.
- Those skilled in the art are able to choose the cut-off point depending on the desired degree of polymerization of galacto glucomannans.
- the precipitation phase in a solvent can be carried out with an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, or a mixture of organic solvent (s) and water.
- the precipitation phase in a solvent is carried out with acetone, ethanol, a mixture of acetone and methanol, or a mixture of ethanol and water.
- the process also comprises a step of enzymatic treatment of the hydrolyzate obtained after step a), or of the prebiotic composition obtained after step b).
- This treatment can be carried out with one or more enzymes, for example with one or more enzymes of the mannanase family, xylanases, acetyl esterases, or glucuronidases.
- This treatment can be used to reduce the size of oligosaccharides and / or polysaccharides. It can also be used to modulate the acetyl content of galactoglucomannannans, by acetylating free hydroxyls or by cleaving already present acetyl groups.
- acetyl content of the prebiotic composition by a partial enzymatic deacetylation step of galactoglucomannannans.
- the invention also relates to a prebiotic composition obtainable by the above method. Use of the prebiotic composition
- the invention also relates to the use of a prebiotic composition according to the invention for increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids by the bacteria of the intestinal microbiota.
- the short-chain fatty acids are chosen from acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the subject of the invention is also a prebiotic composition according to the invention for use in therapy (preventive and / or curative).
- the prebiotic composition according to the invention has a beneficial effect on the growth and / or the activity of microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota, it can therefore be used in the treatment and / or prevention of certain diseases.
- the subject of the invention is also a prebiotic composition according to the invention for use in the prevention and / or treatment of inflammatory diseases of the liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis), inflammatory bowel diseases (gastrointestinal disease). Crohn's, inflammatory colitis), chronic systemic inflammatory conditions, or metabolic imbalances (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia).
- inflammatory diseases of the liver non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis
- gastrointestinal disease gastrointestinal disease
- Crohn's inflammatory colitis
- chronic systemic inflammatory conditions or metabolic imbalances (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia).
- FIG. 1 represents the degrees of polymerization of the various prebiotic compositions according to example 1 and of a control composition of Fructo-OligoSaccharides (FOS).
- FOS Fructo-OligoSaccharides
- FIG. 2A shows the ATP production curves versus time of E. Coli according to Example 2.
- Figure 2B shows the time-dependent ATP production curves of B. adolescentis according to Example 2.
- Figure 2C shows ATP time-dependent production curves of A. muciniphila according to example 2.
- FIG. 2D shows the curves of ATP production as a function of time of L. salivarius according to example 2.
- the wood used in this study is a mixture of softwood chips (Scots pine, black pine, Aleppo pine, Douglas pine and spruce).
- Wood chips and distilled water are introduced into a reactor at a water / wood ratio of 3 (300 ml of water per 100 g of kiln dried wood). The mixture is then heated in the reactor closed at 170 ° C for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, an autohydrolysate of lignocellulosic material (AutoH) is obtained.
- AutoH autohydrolysate of lignocellulosic material
- the hydrolyzate is treated with activated charcoal (10 g / L). This step is followed by two successive precipitations with acetone methanol (9: 1), followed by lyophilization of the prebiotic composition.
- the hydrolyzate is treated with activated charcoal (10 g / l). This step is followed by two successive precipitations with ethanol: water (9: 1), followed by lyophilization of the prebiotic composition.
- the hydrolyzate is filtered through a 0.5 kDa cutoff membrane (Merck Millipore, regenerated cellulose) using Amicon® Stirred Cells (Merck Millipore) cells.
- the hydrolyzate is then treated with activated charcoal (40 g / l). Then the prebiotic composition is lyophilized. c) Analysis of different prebiotic compositions
- the monomers were quantified by high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD, Dionex ICS 5000 system with CarboPac TM PA10 column, 25 ° C).
- HPAEC-PAD pulsed amperometric detection
- the trace element concentration in the fractions and the initial autohydrolysate was calculated from the increase in monosaccharide concentration after acid post-hydrolysis (120 ° C / 1 h, 3% H 2 SO 4 ).
- oligomers / total dry weight of the prebiotic composition with a ratio of 0.07: 1 arabinoxylan: galactoglucomannan and 0.6% of monomer relative to the total of carbohydrates.
- concentration of galactoglucomannans is therefore 88.3% by weight relative to the total mass of the composition.
- oligomers / total dry weight of the prebiotic composition with a ratio of 0.20: 1 arabinoxylan: galactoglucomannan and 0.6% of monomer relative to the total of carbohydrates.
- concentration of galactoglucomannans is therefore 82.4% by weight relative to the total mass of the composition.
- Degradation products (furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), formic acid, as well as acetic acid) were quantified by HPLC.
- the purified hydrolysates no longer contain furfural, HMF, formic acid or acetic acid.
- the amount of acetyl groups present on the solubilized hemicelluloses was determined by calculating the difference in the concentration of acetic acid before and after acid post-hydrolysis (120 ° C / 1 h, 3% H 2 SO 4 ).
- the acetyl content is about 4%.
- the acetyl levels are respectively 8.3 and 8.9%.
- FIG. 1 represents the degrees of polymerization of the oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of the various prebiotic compositions.
- Example 2 Test of the Different Prebiotic Compositions on the Growth of Bacteria
- AIEC Invasive adherent Escherichia coli
- Bifidobacterium adolescentis CFPL 15196 were isolated from human faeces in the pharmacy department of Lille (France).
- Akkermansia muciniphila ATCC® BAA-835 TM was purchased from the ATCC.
- Lactobacillus salivarius CIP 103140 was purchased from the Institut Pasteur Collection.
- the negative control consisted of TSWD alone.
- the positive controls consisted of a prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide at a concentration of 1% (FOS P95, BENEO-Orafti, Belgium) with an average degree of polymerization of 4 (from 2 to 9) or glucose at 1%, added at TSWD. a) Measurement of the amount of ATP
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- Figures 2A to 2D show the amount of ATP produced by the different bacteria. These results show that the compositions according to the invention are indeed prebiotic compositions, because they promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of the gastrointestinal microbiota, such as B. adolescentis, A muciniphila and L. salivarius. Moreover, the growth of the harmful bacteria of the gastrointestinal microbiota, such as E. Coli LF82, is not favored. b) Measurement of the amount of short-chain fatty acids
- the short chain fatty acids are extracted from the bacterial supernatant samples by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by HPLC-UV.
- the results show that the prebiotic compositions according to the invention promote the production of short chain fatty acids, including formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid.
- the medium in which the bacteria are cultured is analyzed by mass spectroscopy (MALDI TOF) at different reaction times.
- MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy
- mice Female C57BL / 6N mice (5 weeks old) were purchased from Janvier SA (Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France) and housed in groups of 4 mice per cage, with free access to wood and wood. water. The mice were fed for one week with an A04 control diet (SAFE, Villemoisson-sur-Orge, France).
- mice were fed for three weeks with A04 while 8 other mice were fed with A04 supplemented with prebiotic composition (PP eth) at a rate of 0.3 g / day per mouse, dissolved in water.
- prebiotic composition PP eth
- the freeze-dried ethanol precipitated fraction was dissolved in water to reach 86 g / L and filtered through a 0.2 mhi membrane.
- the vials 100 mL were changed every 2 to 3 days and replaced with a freshly prepared solution.
- the mice were euthanized with isoflurane. A ventral midline incision was made to excise the cecum and colon. The caecal content was collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
- Figure 3 shows the distribution of the different classes of bacteria in the cecum.
- mice which received the prebiotic composition according to the invention have a greater proportion of beneficial bacteria present in the gastrointestinal microbiota and a smaller proportion of harmful bacteria present in the gastrointestinal microbiota. b) Measurement of the amount of short-chain fatty acids
- the short-chain fatty acids were analyzed on the cecum content according to the protocol of Example 2b).
- Figure 4 shows the amounts of short chain fatty acids contained in the caecum. These diagrams show that the mice which received the prebiotic composition according to the invention produce more short chain fatty acids, in particular, more acetic acid and propionic acid, compared to the mice that did not receive the prebiotic composition.
- Example 4 Effect of enzymatic hydrolyses on the size of oligosaccharides
- the wood hydrolyzate prepared as shown in Example 1 was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using mannanase (35 mg enzymes / g oligosaccharides) and cellulase (500 and 3000 EGU / g oligosaccharides).
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by GPC MALS showed the following results:
- Mw oligosaccharides after cellulase treatment respectively at 500 and 3000 EGU / g: 1.7 and 1.0 kDa respectively.
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1852534A FR3079140B1 (fr) | 2018-03-23 | 2018-03-23 | Composition prebiotique |
| PCT/FR2019/050671 WO2019180396A1 (fr) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-25 | Composition prebiotique comprenant des galactoglucomannanes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3768279A1 true EP3768279A1 (fr) | 2021-01-27 |
Family
ID=62948207
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19718443.5A Withdrawn EP3768279A1 (fr) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-25 | Composition prebiotique comprenant des galactoglucomannanes |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20210069236A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3768279A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2021518402A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN112218643A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3079140B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2019180396A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113575955A (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-11-02 | 青岛凯特生物科技有限公司 | 一种益生元组合物及其制备方法 |
| KR102788228B1 (ko) * | 2022-03-11 | 2025-04-01 | 경상국립대학교산학협력단 | 목재 유래 수용성 프리바이오틱스 및 이의 제조방법 |
| TWI858547B (zh) * | 2022-05-24 | 2024-10-11 | 興成醫材股份有限公司 | 益菌元配方、食品、醫藥組成物及其用途 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9301540B2 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2016-04-05 | Georgia-Pacific Panel Products Llc | Prebiotic composition and methods of making and using the same |
| FI126211B (en) * | 2012-11-09 | 2016-08-15 | Montisera Ltd | Wood-derived hemicelluloses for use in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and disorders |
| CN104870467A (zh) * | 2012-12-07 | 2015-08-26 | 丹尼斯科美国公司 | β-甘露聚糖酶的组合物及使用方法 |
| FI127740B (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2019-01-15 | Upm Kymmene Corp | A method and an apparatus for forming a lignin fraction, a lignin composition and its use |
-
2018
- 2018-03-23 FR FR1852534A patent/FR3079140B1/fr active Active
-
2019
- 2019-03-25 WO PCT/FR2019/050671 patent/WO2019180396A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2019-03-25 JP JP2020550735A patent/JP2021518402A/ja active Pending
- 2019-03-25 EP EP19718443.5A patent/EP3768279A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-03-25 US US16/981,355 patent/US20210069236A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2019-03-25 CN CN201980021144.6A patent/CN112218643A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2019180396A1 (fr) | 2019-09-26 |
| FR3079140B1 (fr) | 2020-10-02 |
| US20210069236A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
| FR3079140A1 (fr) | 2019-09-27 |
| CN112218643A (zh) | 2021-01-12 |
| JP2021518402A (ja) | 2021-08-02 |
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