EP3746707A1 - Method for monitoring and controlling a burner flame of a heating device burner - Google Patents

Method for monitoring and controlling a burner flame of a heating device burner

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Publication number
EP3746707A1
EP3746707A1 EP19713741.7A EP19713741A EP3746707A1 EP 3746707 A1 EP3746707 A1 EP 3746707A1 EP 19713741 A EP19713741 A EP 19713741A EP 3746707 A1 EP3746707 A1 EP 3746707A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flame
burner
ionization
burner flame
different voltages
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19713741.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3746707B1 (en
Inventor
Hartmut Henrich
Stephan Wald
Volker Kleine
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Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
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Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH filed Critical Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
Publication of EP3746707A1 publication Critical patent/EP3746707A1/en
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Publication of EP3746707B1 publication Critical patent/EP3746707B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
    • F23N5/123—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/24—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
    • F23N5/242—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2227/00—Ignition or checking
    • F23N2227/02—Starting or ignition cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2231/00—Fail safe
    • F23N2231/10—Fail safe for component failures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2241/00—Applications
    • F23N2241/06—Space-heating and heating water

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for monitoring and regulating a burner flame of a heater burner using an ionization electrode in the burner flame, the ionization electrode being positioned in contact with the burner flame, a voltage being supplied via a voltage generator to the ionization electrode via a flame amplifier and one from the ionization electrode ionization current measured in the burner flame is measured by the flame amplifier and transmitted to the control unit.
  • Ionization monitoring of burner flames are generally known from the prior art and use the rectifier effect of a flame to detect the presence of safe combustion.
  • an alternating voltage is usually supplied to the ionization electrode via an amplifier, which is in contact with the flame.
  • a direct current flows through the flame, which is measured by the flame amplifier.
  • the flame amplifier is designed in such a way that only the direct current component is evaluated; a possible alternating current component, for example due to contact resistance caused by moisture or soot, is filtered out.
  • the control unit evaluates the signal from the flame amplifier to monitor the flame of the burner or to control the quality of the combustion. Due to oxidation on the electrode surface, however, there is an increased contact resistance in the flame signal circuit, which can reduce the flame signal to such an extent that clear flame monitoring or reliable combustion control can no longer take place.
  • the flame booster is oxidized by increasing the ionization voltage, it can be brought back into the reliable working range, but this has the disadvantage that when the oxidation decreases later, for example due to thermal cracks on the electrode surface, the mixture control of the fuel gas / air mixture changes deteriorated based on the ionization current.
  • the combustion regulation takes place according to the so-called SCOT method and the control of the air quantity supplied to the burner of the heater in accordance with the burner output.
  • a flame signal measurement is carried out by means of an ionization sensor and the fuel gas / air mixture is regulated to a target ionization measurement value stored in a characteristic curve.
  • the SCOT process it is disadvantageous that the flame signal drops sharply at low burner outputs and the control is therefore unreliable. This leads to higher transition resistances, for example due to the one described Oxidation occurs at the ionization electrode, resulting in small flame signals that make reliable control difficult or impossible.
  • Varying states are not only to be dealt with during operation.
  • the person skilled in the art is generally faced with the problem that when the heater is in operation there are very different states on the ionization electrode between the starting process and the control during operation.
  • their characteristics change when the flame signal is generated, i.e. of the ionization current returned to the control unit.
  • the required ionization current which is required as a flame signal to regulate the burner flame and modulate the heater, is reached immediately or at least very quickly after the burner flame is started.
  • the required ionization current is delayed until finally there is insufficient ionization current within a safe start time and the ionization electrode is unusable.
  • a high voltage can be used for flame detection or flame monitoring and, after flame detection, a lower voltage can be used for flame control.
  • This can be done by an ionization control with two switchable or electronically controlled voltages for the flame current control mode and the flame monitoring mode.
  • a high voltage is well suited for monitoring, but delivers poorer results in flame control mode.
  • a low voltage is better in regular operation, but less suitable for monitoring the flame signal.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a method with which the burner flame of the meat-processing device burner is continuously and continuously monitored in all operating states using the ionization measurement, without any differentiation being made between the phases of the burner start and the burner control ,
  • a method for monitoring and regulation is used to solve the problem proposed a burner flame of a burner of a heater with a control device in which an ionization electrode is positioned in contact with the burner flame, a voltage is applied to the ionization electrode via a flame generator and a ionization current measured by the ionization electrode in the burner flame is measured by the flame amplifier and is transmitted to the control unit.
  • the voltage generator during the entire burner operation, ie during the starting process, the burner control and the shutdown, supplies the flame amplifier and thus the ionization electrode alternately and continuously with at least two fixed voltages of different heights.
  • the at least two ionization currents resulting from the differently high voltages are measured by the ionization electrode and a resultant difference in the ionization currents is determined.
  • the control unit monitors the burner flame or regulates the burner flame. For this purpose, a comparison value is stored in the control unit, from which level of the ionization current the control begins.
  • the invention takes into account that the flame signal, i.e. the ionization currents measured at the ionization electrode depend not only on the flame itself, but also on the level, shape and frequency of the ionization voltage. Particularly in areas where higher contact resistances can be found in the flame signal circuit due to changed framework conditions, there are clearly different ionization currents at different voltages. Because the flame signal, i.e. the ionization currents measured at the ionization electrode depend not only on the flame itself, but also on the level, shape and frequency of the ionization voltage. Particularly in areas where higher contact resistances can be found in the flame signal circuit due to changed framework conditions, there are clearly different ionization currents at different voltages. Because the flame signal, i.e. the ionization currents measured at the ionization electrode depend not only on the flame itself, but also on the level, shape and frequency of the ionization voltage. Particularly in areas where higher contact resistances can be found in the flame signal circuit due to changed framework conditions,
  • the ionization current can be used to regulate the burner flame, regardless of fixed threshold values and continuously during the entire burner operation, with a large current difference to monitor it. If the state of the ionization electrode changes as a result of creeping oxidation in the course of burner operation, this is recognized by a deviation in the ionization currents resulting from the two different voltages. The difference is also used, for example, during the starting process of the burner, so that the burner flame is not regulated if the difference in the ionization currents is too high. The generation of the fuel gas / air mixture is then controlled exclusively by the control unit and is not regulated until the difference value falls below a limit value.
  • the two fixed different voltages are generated by a switchable voltage generator.
  • the method is characterized in that the voltage generator continuously adjusts a level, frequency and / or shape of the two defined different voltages depending on a parameter to a quality of the burner flame.
  • the parameter is the burner flame stability, which is reflected in an absolute amount of the ionization current.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a meat processor for carrying out the method
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram with four characteristics of the ionization current of four ionization electrodes of different states
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram to show the difference of the ionization currents with the alternating ionization voltages.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a heater for carrying out the disclosed method with a burner 1, an ionization electrode 2 positioned in the burner flame of the burner 1, a control unit 7, a voltage generator 5 and a flame amplifier 3.
  • the ionization electrode 2 is connected to the flame amplifier 3, the voltage generator 5 and the control unit 7 via the signal line 6.
  • the ionization electrode 2 measures an ionization current and returns the measured value to the flame amplifier 3 and the control unit 7, represented by the arrow 4.
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the ionization current 10 over time 11, with four characteristic curves 20, 21, 23, 24 for the starting behavior of four ionization electrodes of different operating ages and states being entered.
  • Characteristic curve 20 shows the ionization current output from a new ionization electrode
  • characteristic curve 21 shows the ionization current output from an already partially oxidized ionization electrode
  • characteristic curve 23 shows the ionization current from a strongly oxidized ionization electrode
  • characteristic curve 24 shows the ionization current from a worn, unusable ionization electrode.
  • the characteristic curve 20 increases the ionization current after the burner has started and of flame formation rises sharply and quickly exceeds the shutdown threshold 25 and the control threshold 26, so that the burner flame can be regulated in the region 27 after a short time.
  • the ionization current likewise rises steeply after the burner has started and the flame has formed, and in a course essentially parallel to the characteristic curve 20, the shutdown threshold 25 and the control threshold 26 quickly overflow.
  • the ionization current drops briefly shortly after the burner 1 has started below the control limit 26, but then rises again and always remains above the switch-off limit 25.
  • the burner flame can thus be regulated in the region 27 after a certain time.
  • the starting behavior of the more oxidized ionization electrode according to characteristic curve 23 is significantly worse.
  • the ionization current drops shortly after the flame formation at the burner 1 below the switch-off limit 25. This is detected by the control unit 7 as a flame signal failure, which can lead to the start process being aborted. According to the characteristic curve 24 of the unusable ionization electrode, a sufficiently high ionization current, which is necessary for regulation and modulation of the burner 1, is not reached within the safety time 28 at the start of the burner 1.
  • the disclosed method is illustrated in FIG. 3 using the example of characteristic curve 21 from FIG. 2 of the output ionization current of the already partially oxidized ionization electrode.
  • the flame amplifier 3 and the ionization electrode 2 are alternately and continuously supplied with two fixedly different ionization voltages 32, 33 in the form of a square-wave voltage during the starting process and the subsequent entire burner operation, which are plotted over time 11 in the diagram ,
  • the two ionization currents that result in each case are also measured over the entire firing operation in the identical cycle and the difference 34 of the ionization currents resulting from the two ionization currents. sation voltages determined.
  • the ionization current results according to characteristic curve 21
  • the second ionization voltage 32 the ionization current according to characteristic curve 31.
  • the difference 34 of the voltages is initially zero, but increases noticeably in the area of the drop in the ionization current after the start and approaches the value zero again as soon as the burner 1 has reached a state which is suitable for controlling the burner flame above the control limit 26 (see FIG. 2).
  • the ionization current is below the control limit 26 and the difference 34 of the ionization voltages is high, the burner flame is monitored, the mixture formation of fuel gas and air being controlled exclusively by the control unit.
  • FIG. 3 relates to the starting method of the burner 1.
  • the disclosed method can also be used for the continuous monitoring of the burner operation, since the continuous, continuous change in the two voltages 32, 33 results in both a gradual change in the ionization electrode 2, for example by oxidation, and also an acutely occurring change in the ionization electrode 2 can be determined, for example, by a spontaneous opening of the oxidation layer on the ionization electrode 2 in a changing difference 34 of the ionization current.
  • the control unit 7 can adapt the level of the ionization voltages 32, 33 and therefore the level of the ionization currents at any time in order to ensure continuously safe operation at a consistently high level.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for monitoring and controlling a burner flame of a burner of a heating device by means of a control device, wherein an ionization electrode is positioned in contact with the burner flame, two fixed voltages are cyclically and continually fed to the ionization electrode via a flame intensifier by means of a voltage generator, and the ionization currents measured by the ionization electrode in the burner flame are measured by the flame intensifier and are transmitted to the control device.

Description

Verfahren zur Überwachung und Regelung einer Brennerflamme eines  Process for monitoring and controlling a burner flame
Heizgerätebrenners  heaters burner
Beschreibung: Description:
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Überwachung und Regelung einer Brennerflamme eines Heizgerätebrenners unter Nutzung einer lonisations- elektrode in der Brennerflamme, wobei die lonisationselektrode in Kontakt mit der Brennerflamme positioniert, über einen Spannungsgenerator eine Spannung über einen Flammenverstärker an die lonisationselektrode geführt und ein von der lonisationselektrode in der Brennerflamme gemessener loni- sationsstrom von dem Flammenverstärker gemessen und an das Steuerge- rät übermittelt wird. lonisationsüberwachungen von Brennerflammen sind grundsätzlich aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt und nutzen den Gleichrichtereffekt einer Flamme zur Erkennung des Vorhandenseins einer sicheren Verbrennung. Üblicher weise wird hierzu eine Wechselspannung über einen Verstärker an die loni- sationselektrode geführt, die mit der Flamme in Kontakt steht. Bei einer Ver- brennung fließt durch die Flamme ein Gleichstrom, der von dem Flammen- verstärker gemessen wird. Der Flammenverstärker ist so gestaltet, dass nur der Gleichstromanteil ausgewertet wird, ein möglicher Wechselstromanteil z.B. durch Übergangswiderstände bedingt durch Feuchtigkeit oder Ruß wird herausgefiltert. Das Steuergerät wertet das Signal des Flammenverstärkers zur Flammenüberwachung des Brenners oder zur Regelung der Verbren- nungsgüte aus. Bedingt durch Oxidation an der Elektrodenoberfläche ent- steht allerdings in dem Flammensignalstromkreis ein erhöhter Übergangswiderstand, der das Flammensignal soweit reduzieren kann, dass eine eindeu- tige Flammenüberwachung oder zuverlässige Verbrennungsregelung nicht mehr erfolgen kann. Zwar kann bei einer Oxidation der Flammenverstärker durch eine Erhöhung der lonisationsspannung wieder in den zuverlässigen Arbeitsbereich gebracht werden, jedoch hat dies den Nachteil, dass bei einer späteren Abnahme der Oxidation, bedingt z.B. durch thermische Risse an der Elektrodenoberfäche, sich die Gemischregelung des Brenngas- Luftgemisches auf Basis des lonisationsstromes verschlechtert. The invention relates to a method for monitoring and regulating a burner flame of a heater burner using an ionization electrode in the burner flame, the ionization electrode being positioned in contact with the burner flame, a voltage being supplied via a voltage generator to the ionization electrode via a flame amplifier and one from the ionization electrode ionization current measured in the burner flame is measured by the flame amplifier and transmitted to the control unit. Ionization monitoring of burner flames are generally known from the prior art and use the rectifier effect of a flame to detect the presence of safe combustion. For this purpose, an alternating voltage is usually supplied to the ionization electrode via an amplifier, which is in contact with the flame. During combustion, a direct current flows through the flame, which is measured by the flame amplifier. The flame amplifier is designed in such a way that only the direct current component is evaluated; a possible alternating current component, for example due to contact resistance caused by moisture or soot, is filtered out. The control unit evaluates the signal from the flame amplifier to monitor the flame of the burner or to control the quality of the combustion. Due to oxidation on the electrode surface, however, there is an increased contact resistance in the flame signal circuit, which can reduce the flame signal to such an extent that clear flame monitoring or reliable combustion control can no longer take place. If the flame booster is oxidized by increasing the ionization voltage, it can be brought back into the reliable working range, but this has the disadvantage that when the oxidation decreases later, for example due to thermal cracks on the electrode surface, the mixture control of the fuel gas / air mixture changes deteriorated based on the ionization current.
Bei einer in der Technik bekannten Variante erfolgt die Verbrennungsrege lung nach dem sog. SCOT-Verfahren und die Steuerung der dem Brenner des Heizgerätes zugeführten Luftmenge entsprechend der Brennerleistung. Dabei wird eine Flammensignalmessung mittels eines lonisationssensors durchgeführt und das Brenngas-Luftgemisch auf einen in einer Kennlinie hin terlegten Soll-Ionisationsmesswert geregelt. Beim SCOT-Verfahren ist jedoch nachteilig, dass bei kleinen Brennerleistungen das Flammensignal stark ab sinkt und die Regelung damit unzuverlässig wird. Dadurch führen höher wer- dende Überganswiderstände, die beispielsweise durch die beschriebene Oxidation an der lonisationselektrode entstehen, zu kleinen Flammensigna len, die eine zuverlässige Regelung erschweren oder verhindern. In a variant known in the art, the combustion regulation takes place according to the so-called SCOT method and the control of the air quantity supplied to the burner of the heater in accordance with the burner output. A flame signal measurement is carried out by means of an ionization sensor and the fuel gas / air mixture is regulated to a target ionization measurement value stored in a characteristic curve. With the SCOT process, however, it is disadvantageous that the flame signal drops sharply at low burner outputs and the control is therefore unreliable. This leads to higher transition resistances, for example due to the one described Oxidation occurs at the ionization electrode, resulting in small flame signals that make reliable control difficult or impossible.
Aber nicht nur im laufenden Betrieb sind variierende Zustände zu bewältigen Der Fachmann steht generell vor dem Problem, dass beim Betrieb des Heiz- gerätes zwischen dem Startverfahren und der Regelung während des Be- triebs sehr unterschiedliche Zustände an der lonisationselektrode vorliegen. Insbesondere verändert sich über die Lebensdauer und die zunehmende Oxidierung der lonisationselektroden deren Charakteristik bei der Erzeugung des Flammensignals, d.h. des an das Steuergerät zurückgegebenen lonisa- tionsstroms. Bei Nutzung neuer lonisationselektroden wird nach dem Start der Brennerflamme unmittelbar oder zumindest sehr schnell der nötige loni- sationsstrom erreicht, der als Flammensignal zur Regelung der Brenner- flamme und Modulation des Heizgerätes benötigt wird. Mit zunehmenden Betriebsstunden verzögert sich das Erreichen des benötigten lonisations- Stromes, bis schließlich kein ausreichender lonisationsstrom innerhalb einer sicheren Startzeit vorliegt und die lonisationselektrode unbrauchbar ist. Varying states are not only to be dealt with during operation. The person skilled in the art is generally faced with the problem that when the heater is in operation there are very different states on the ionization electrode between the starting process and the control during operation. In particular, over the lifetime and the increasing oxidation of the ionization electrodes, their characteristics change when the flame signal is generated, i.e. of the ionization current returned to the control unit. If new ionization electrodes are used, the required ionization current, which is required as a flame signal to regulate the burner flame and modulate the heater, is reached immediately or at least very quickly after the burner flame is started. With increasing operating hours, the required ionization current is delayed until finally there is insufficient ionization current within a safe start time and the ionization electrode is unusable.
Mögliche bestehende Lösungen, um diesen Nachteil zu mindern, liegen in einer blockierten Modulation während einer Flammenstabilisierungsphase beim Start des Brenners, bis das Flammensignal bzw. der lonisationsstrom eine vorgegebene Höhe erreicht hat. Dabei ist jedoch nachteilig, dass das Signal bei gealterten Elektroden zwar eine Flammenüberwachung, jedoch keine Modulation des Heizgerätes und Flammensignalregelung ermöglicht. Ein weiterer Nachteil besteht darin, dass das Flammensignal in sehr großen Bereichen gemessen wird und die Schwellwerte aus Verfügbarkeitsgründen daher relativ niedrig liegen müssen. Eine über die Betriebsstunden schleichende Verschlechterung der lonisationselektrode kann somit erst sehr spät erkannt werden. Die zwischenzeitliche Gemischregelung von Brenngas und Luft auf Basis der lonisationsstrommessung ist deutlich schlechter und ungenauer. Dem Fachmann ist ferner bekannt, dass die Zuverlässigkeit der Flammenre gelung bei Verwendung von zwei unterschiedlichen an die lonisationselekt- rode geführten Spannungen verbessert werden kann. Beispielsweise kann eine hohe Spannung zur Flammenerkennung bzw. Flammenüberwachung und nach der Flammenerkennung eine niedrigere Spannung zur Flammen- regelung verwendet werden. Dies kann durch eine lonisationsregelung mit zwei über ein Relais umschaltbaren oder elektronisch gesteuerten Spannungen für den Flammenstromregelungsbetrieb und den Flammenüberwa chungsbetrieb erfolgen. Dabei ist beispielhaft eine hohe Spannung gut zur Überwachung geeignet, liefert aber im Flammenregelungsbetrieb schlechtere Ergebnisse. Eine niedrige Spannung ist im Regelbetrieb besser, aber für die Überwachung des Flammensignals schlechter geeignet. Possible existing solutions to alleviate this disadvantage lie in a blocked modulation during a flame stabilization phase at the start of the burner until the flame signal or the ionization current has reached a predetermined level. However, it is disadvantageous that the signal enables flame monitoring in the case of aged electrodes, but does not permit modulation of the heater and flame signal control. Another disadvantage is that the flame signal is measured in very large areas and the threshold values must therefore be relatively low for reasons of availability. A gradual deterioration of the ionization electrode over the operating hours can therefore only be recognized very late. The interim mixture control of fuel gas and air based on the ionization current measurement is significantly worse and less precise. It is also known to the person skilled in the art that the reliability of the flame control can be improved when two different voltages applied to the ionization electrode are used. For example, a high voltage can be used for flame detection or flame monitoring and, after flame detection, a lower voltage can be used for flame control. This can be done by an ionization control with two switchable or electronically controlled voltages for the flame current control mode and the flame monitoring mode. For example, a high voltage is well suited for monitoring, but delivers poorer results in flame control mode. A low voltage is better in regular operation, but less suitable for monitoring the flame signal.
Auch bei diesen Verfahren wird zwischen der Phase des Brennerstarts mit einer Flammenüberwachung und einem Regelbetrieb zur Flammenregelung unterschieden, wobei die Flammenregelung nur bei einem erreichten Min destwert oberhalb eines Schwellwertes des lonisationsstromes erfolgt. Fer ner ist nachteilig, dass für deren Funktion die einzelnen Betriebsphasen immer sicher und zuverlässig erkannt werden müssen, da sowohl die Spannung als auch die Ansprechschwelle des Flammensignalverstärkers gleich- zeitig und nur um feste Werte umgeschaltet werden. In these methods, too, a distinction is made between the phase of the burner start with flame monitoring and a control mode for flame control, the flame control only taking place when a minimum value has been reached above a threshold value of the ionization current. Another disadvantage is that the individual operating phases must always be reliably and reliably recognized for their function, since both the voltage and the response threshold of the flame signal amplifier are switched over simultaneously and only by fixed values.
Der Erfindung liegt deshalb die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren bereitzu stellen, mit dem kontinuierlich und fortwährend die Brennerflamme des Fleiz- gerätebrenners in allen Betriebszuständen unter Nutzung der lonisations- messung überwacht wird, ohne dass zwischen den Phasen des Brenner- starts und der Brennerregelung Differenzierung erfolgt. The object of the invention is therefore to provide a method with which the burner flame of the meat-processing device burner is continuously and continuously monitored in all operating states using the ionization measurement, without any differentiation being made between the phases of the burner start and the burner control ,
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmalskombination gemäß Patentanspruch 1 gelöst. This object is achieved by the combination of features according to claim 1.
Zur Lösung der Aufgabe wird ein Verfahren zur Überwachung und Regelung einer Brennerflamme eines Brenners eines Heizgerätes mit einem Steuergerät vorgeschlagen, bei dem eine lonisationselektrode in Kontakt mit der Brennerflamme positioniert, über einen Spannungsgenerator eine Spannung über einen Flammenverstärker an die lonisationselektrode geführt und ein von der lonisationselektrode in der Brennerflamme gemessener lonisations- strom von dem Flammenverstärker gemessen und an das Steuergerät über mittelt wird. Erfindungsgemäß versorgt hierbei der Spannungsgenerator wäh rend des gesamten Brennerbetriebs, d.h. während des Startvorgangs, der Brennerregelung und der Abschaltung, den Flammenverstärker und somit die lonisationselektrode alternierend und fortlaufend mit mindestens zwei festge legt unterschiedlich hohen Spannungen. Die mindestens zwei sich aus den unterschiedlich hohen Spannungen ergebenden lonisationsströme werden durch die lonisationselektrode gemessen und eine sich hieraus ergebende Differenz der lonisationsströme wird bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit der Höhe der Differenz erfolgt durch das Steuergerät eine Überwachung der Brennerflam me oder eine Regelung der Brennerflamme. Hierzu wird in dem Steuergerät ein Vergleichswert hinterlegt, ab welcher Höhe des lonisationsstromes die Regelung beginnt. A method for monitoring and regulation is used to solve the problem proposed a burner flame of a burner of a heater with a control device in which an ionization electrode is positioned in contact with the burner flame, a voltage is applied to the ionization electrode via a flame generator and a ionization current measured by the ionization electrode in the burner flame is measured by the flame amplifier and is transmitted to the control unit. According to the invention, the voltage generator during the entire burner operation, ie during the starting process, the burner control and the shutdown, supplies the flame amplifier and thus the ionization electrode alternately and continuously with at least two fixed voltages of different heights. The at least two ionization currents resulting from the differently high voltages are measured by the ionization electrode and a resultant difference in the ionization currents is determined. Depending on the amount of the difference, the control unit monitors the burner flame or regulates the burner flame. For this purpose, a comparison value is stored in the control unit, from which level of the ionization current the control begins.
Die Erfindung berücksichtigt, dass das Flammensignal, d.h. die an der loni- sationselektrode gemessenen lonisationsströme nicht nur von der Flamme selbst, sondern auch von der Höhe, der Form und der Frequenz der lonisati- onsspannung abhängt. Insbesondere in den Bereichen, in denen höhere Übergangswiderstände im Flammensignalstromkreis durch veränderte Rah menbedingungen vorzufinden sind, ergeben sich bei unterschiedlichen Spannungen deutlich unterschiedliche lonisationsströme. Dadurch, dass derThe invention takes into account that the flame signal, i.e. the ionization currents measured at the ionization electrode depend not only on the flame itself, but also on the level, shape and frequency of the ionization voltage. Particularly in areas where higher contact resistances can be found in the flame signal circuit due to changed framework conditions, there are clearly different ionization currents at different voltages. Because the
Spannungsgenerator während des gesamten Brennerbetriebs, fortwährend beim Startvorgang wie auch im Regelbetrieb des Brenners den Flammenver stärker und somit die lonisationselektrode in wiederkehrenden identischen Zyklen mit vorzugsweise zwei festgelegt unterschiedlich hohen Spannungen versorgt, ergeben sich unterschiedliche lonisationsströme, die sich in ihrer Höhe annähern, sobald der Brenner einen Zustand erreicht hat, der sich für die Regelung der Brennerflamme eignet. Eine aktive Feststellung der Phasen wird durch die kontinuierliche, zyklische Änderung der Spannungen über den gesamten Brennerbetrieb vermieden. Auch ist ein vergleichsweise einfacher Schaltungsaufbau ohne Umschaltrelais möglich. Voltage generator during the entire burner operation, continuously during the starting process as well as in the regular operation of the burner, the Flämver stronger and thus the ionization electrode in recurring identical cycles preferably with two fixed differently high voltages, there are different ionization currents that occur in their Approach the height as soon as the burner has reached a state that is suitable for controlling the burner flame. An active determination of the phases is avoided by the continuous, cyclical change of the voltages over the entire burner operation. A comparatively simple circuit structure without a changeover relay is also possible.
Bei einer geringen Differenz der lonisationsströme kann der lonisationsstrom unabhängig von fest vorgegebenen Schwellwerten und kontinuierlich wäh- rend des gesamten Brennerbetriebes zur Regelung der Brennerflamme, bei einer großen Stromdifferenz zu deren Überwachung genutzt werden. Wenn sich im Laufe des Brennerbetriebes der Zustand der lonisationselektrode durch eine schleichende Oxidation verändert, wird dies durch eine Abwei- chung der aus den zwei unterschiedlichen Spannungen resultierenden loni- sationsströme erkannt. Auch wird die Differenz beispielsweise während des Startvorgangs des Brenners dazu genutzt, dass keine Regelung der Brenner- flamme erfolgt, wenn die Differenz der lonisationsströme zu hoch ist. Die Er zeugung des Brenngas-Luftgemisches wird dann über das Steuergerät aus- schließlich gesteuert und nicht geregelt, bis der Differenzwert unter einen Grenzwert fällt. If there is a small difference in the ionization currents, the ionization current can be used to regulate the burner flame, regardless of fixed threshold values and continuously during the entire burner operation, with a large current difference to monitor it. If the state of the ionization electrode changes as a result of creeping oxidation in the course of burner operation, this is recognized by a deviation in the ionization currents resulting from the two different voltages. The difference is also used, for example, during the starting process of the burner, so that the burner flame is not regulated if the difference in the ionization currents is too high. The generation of the fuel gas / air mixture is then controlled exclusively by the control unit and is not regulated until the difference value falls below a limit value.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführung werden die zwei festgelegt unterschiedli- chen Spannungen von einem umschaltbaren Spannungsgenerator erzeugt werden. In an advantageous embodiment, the two fixed different voltages are generated by a switchable voltage generator.
In einer Weiterbildung ist das Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Spannungsgenerator eine Höhe, Frequenz und/oder Form der zwei festge legt unterschiedlichen Spannungen stufenlos in Abhängigkeit eines Parame- ters einer Güte der Brennerflamme anpasst. Der Parameter ist in einem Aus führungsbeispiel die Brennerflammenstabilität, die sich in einer absoluten Höhe des lonisationsstroms wiederspiegelt. In a further development, the method is characterized in that the voltage generator continuously adjusts a level, frequency and / or shape of the two defined different voltages depending on a parameter to a quality of the burner flame. In one exemplary embodiment, the parameter is the burner flame stability, which is reflected in an absolute amount of the ionization current.
Andere vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprü- chen gekennzeichnet bzw. werden nachstehend zusammen mit der Beschreibung der bevorzugten Ausführung der Erfindung anhand der Figuren näher dargestellt. Es zeigen: Other advantageous developments of the invention are described in the subclaims. Chen marked or are shown below together with the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the figures. Show it:
Fig. 1 einen schematischen Aufbau eines Fleizgerätes zur Durchfüh- rung des Verfahrens; 1 shows a schematic structure of a meat processor for carrying out the method;
Fig. 2 ein Diagramm mit vier Kennlinien des lonisationsstromes von vier lonisationselektroden unterschiedlichen Zustands; 2 shows a diagram with four characteristics of the ionization current of four ionization electrodes of different states;
Fig. 3 ein Diagramm zur Darstellung der Differenz der lonisations- ströme bei den alternierenden lonisationsspannungen. In Figur 1 ist ein schematischer Aufbau eines Heizgerätes zur Durchführung des offenbarten Verfahrens mit einem Brenner 1 , einer in der Brennerflamme des Brenners 1 positionierten lonisationselektrode 2, einem Steuergerät 7, einem Spannungsgenerator 5 und einem Flammenverstärker 3 dargestellt. Die lonisationselektrode 2 ist mit dem Flammenverstärker 3, dem Span- nungsgenerator 5 und dem Steuergerät 7 über die Signalleitung 6 verbun den. Die lonisationselektrode 2 misst einen lonisationsstrom und gibt den gemessenen Wert an den Flammenverstärker 3 sowie das Steuergerät 7 zurück, dargestellt durch den Pfeil 4. 3 shows a diagram to show the difference of the ionization currents with the alternating ionization voltages. FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a heater for carrying out the disclosed method with a burner 1, an ionization electrode 2 positioned in the burner flame of the burner 1, a control unit 7, a voltage generator 5 and a flame amplifier 3. The ionization electrode 2 is connected to the flame amplifier 3, the voltage generator 5 and the control unit 7 via the signal line 6. The ionization electrode 2 measures an ionization current and returns the measured value to the flame amplifier 3 and the control unit 7, represented by the arrow 4.
Figur 2 zeigt ein Diagramm des lonisationsstromes 10 über die Zeit 11 , wo- bei vier Kennlinien 20, 21 , 23, 24 zum Startverhalten von vier lonisations- elektroden unterschiedlichen Betriebsalters und Zustands eingetragen sind. Die Kennlinie 20 zeigt den ausgegebenen lonisationsstrom einer neuer loni sationselektrode, die Kennlinie 21 den ausgegebenen lonisationsstrom einer bereits teilweise oxidierten lonisationselektrode, Kennlinie 23 den lonisati- onsstrom einer stark oxidierten lonisationselektrode und Kennlinie 24 den lonisationsstrom einer verschlissenen, unbrauchbaren lonisationselektrode. Bei der Kennlinie 20 steigt der lonisationsstrom nach dem Brennerstart und der Flammenbildung steil an und überläuft schnell die Abschaltschwelle 25 sowie die Regelungsschwelle 26, so dass bereits nach kurzer Zeit eine Re- gelung der Brennerflamme im Bereich 27 erfolgen kann. Bei der Kennlinie 21 steigt der lonisationsstrom nach dem Brennerstart und der Flammenbildung ebenfalls steil an und überläuft in einem zur Kennlinie 20 im Wesentlichen parallelen Verlauf schnell die Abschaltschwelle 25 und die Regelungsschwel- le 26. Kurz nach dem Start des Brenners 1 sinkt der lonisationsstrom zwar kurz unterhalb die Regelgrenze 26 ab, steigt danach jedoch wieder an und bleibt stets oberhalb der Abschaltgrenze 25. Somit kann nach einer gewissen Zeit die Regelung der Brennerflamme im Bereich 27 erfolgen. Das Startverhalten der stärker oxidierten lonisationselektrode gemäß Kennlinie 23 ist deutlich schlechter. Der lonisationsstrom sinkt kurz nach der Flammenbil dung am Brenner 1 unterhalb die Abschaltgrenze 25. Dies wird von dem Steuergerät 7 als Flammensignalausfall erfasst, was zu einem Abbruch des Startvorgangs führen kann. Gemäß der Kennlinie 24 der unbrauchbaren lo nisationselektrode wird innerhalb der Sicherheitszeit 28 zum Start des Bren- ners 1 kein ausreichend hoher lonisationsstrom erreicht, der für eine Rege- lung und Modulation des Brenners 1 nötig ist. FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the ionization current 10 over time 11, with four characteristic curves 20, 21, 23, 24 for the starting behavior of four ionization electrodes of different operating ages and states being entered. Characteristic curve 20 shows the ionization current output from a new ionization electrode, characteristic curve 21 shows the ionization current output from an already partially oxidized ionization electrode, characteristic curve 23 shows the ionization current from a strongly oxidized ionization electrode, and characteristic curve 24 shows the ionization current from a worn, unusable ionization electrode. The characteristic curve 20 increases the ionization current after the burner has started and of flame formation rises sharply and quickly exceeds the shutdown threshold 25 and the control threshold 26, so that the burner flame can be regulated in the region 27 after a short time. In the case of the characteristic curve 21, the ionization current likewise rises steeply after the burner has started and the flame has formed, and in a course essentially parallel to the characteristic curve 20, the shutdown threshold 25 and the control threshold 26 quickly overflow. The ionization current drops briefly shortly after the burner 1 has started below the control limit 26, but then rises again and always remains above the switch-off limit 25. The burner flame can thus be regulated in the region 27 after a certain time. The starting behavior of the more oxidized ionization electrode according to characteristic curve 23 is significantly worse. The ionization current drops shortly after the flame formation at the burner 1 below the switch-off limit 25. This is detected by the control unit 7 as a flame signal failure, which can lead to the start process being aborted. According to the characteristic curve 24 of the unusable ionization electrode, a sufficiently high ionization current, which is necessary for regulation and modulation of the burner 1, is not reached within the safety time 28 at the start of the burner 1.
In Figur 3 ist am Beispiel der Kennlinie 21 aus Figur 2 des ausgegebenen lonisationsstroms der bereits teilweise oxidierten lonisationselektrode das offenbarte Verfahren verdeutlicht. The disclosed method is illustrated in FIG. 3 using the example of characteristic curve 21 from FIG. 2 of the output ionization current of the already partially oxidized ionization electrode.
Über den Spannungsgenerator 5 wird während des Startverfahrens und den nachfolgenden gesamten Brennerbetrieb, welche im Diagramm über die Zeit 11 aufgetragen sind, der Flammenverstärker 3 und die lonisationselektrode 2 alternierend und fortlaufend mit zwei festgelegt unterschiedlich hohen lonisa- tionsspannungen 32, 33 in Form einer Rechteckspannung versorgt. Parallel hierzu werden ebenfalls über den gesamten Brennbetrieb im identischen Zyklus die zwei sich jeweils ergebenden lonisationsströme gemessen und die sich aus den beiden lonisationsströmen ergebende Differenz 34 der loni- sationsspannungen bestimmt. Bei der ersten lonisationsspannung 32 ergibt sich der lonisationsstrom gemäß Kennlinie 21 , bei der zweiten lonisationsspannung 32 der lonisationsstrom gemäß Kennlinie 31. Beim Brennerstart ist die Differenz 34 der Spannungen zunächst gleich Null, steigt jedoch im Be- reich des Abfalls des lonisationsstromes nach dem Start erkenntlich an und nähert sich wieder dem Wert Null, sobald der Brenner 1 einen Zustand erreicht hat, der für die Regelung der Brennerflamme oberhalb der Regelgrenze 26 (siehe Figur 2) geeignet ist. Solange der lonisationsstrom unterhalb der Regelgrenze 26 liegt und die Differenz 34 der lonisationsspannungen hoch ist, erfolgt eine Überwachung der Brennerflamme, wobei die Gemischbildung von Brenngas und Luft über das Steuergerät ausschließlich gesteuert wird.Via the voltage generator 5, the flame amplifier 3 and the ionization electrode 2 are alternately and continuously supplied with two fixedly different ionization voltages 32, 33 in the form of a square-wave voltage during the starting process and the subsequent entire burner operation, which are plotted over time 11 in the diagram , In parallel to this, the two ionization currents that result in each case are also measured over the entire firing operation in the identical cycle and the difference 34 of the ionization currents resulting from the two ionization currents. sation voltages determined. For the first ionization voltage 32, the ionization current results according to characteristic curve 21, for the second ionization voltage 32 the ionization current according to characteristic curve 31. When the burner is started, the difference 34 of the voltages is initially zero, but increases noticeably in the area of the drop in the ionization current after the start and approaches the value zero again as soon as the burner 1 has reached a state which is suitable for controlling the burner flame above the control limit 26 (see FIG. 2). As long as the ionization current is below the control limit 26 and the difference 34 of the ionization voltages is high, the burner flame is monitored, the mixture formation of fuel gas and air being controlled exclusively by the control unit.
Im Bereich oberhalb der Regelgrenze 26 erfolgt im Zeitraum 35 die Regelung der Gemischbildung und mithin der Brennerflamme zur Modulation des Heizgerätes. Figur 3 betrifft das Startverfahren des Brenners 1. Das offenbarte Verfahren ist jedoch auch anwendbar zur fortlaufenden Überwachung des Brennerbe triebs, da sich durch die stets fortlaufende zyklische Änderung der zwei Spannungen 32, 33 sowohl eine schleichende Veränderung der lonisations- elektrode 2 beispielsweise durch Oxidation als auch eine akut auftretende Veränderung der lonisationselektrode 2 beispielsweise durch einen sponta nen Aufbruch der Oxidationsschicht auf der lonisationselektrode 2 in einer sich verändernden Differenz 34 des lonisationsstroms feststellen lassen. Das Steuergerät 7 kann jederzeit die Höhe der lonisationsspannungen 32, 33 und mithin die Höhe der lonisationsströme anpassen, um einen fortlaufend siche- ren Betrieb auf gleichbleibend hohem Niveau sicherzustellen. In the area above the control limit 26, the mixture formation and thus the burner flame for modulating the heater are regulated in the period 35. FIG. 3 relates to the starting method of the burner 1. However, the disclosed method can also be used for the continuous monitoring of the burner operation, since the continuous, continuous change in the two voltages 32, 33 results in both a gradual change in the ionization electrode 2, for example by oxidation, and also an acutely occurring change in the ionization electrode 2 can be determined, for example, by a spontaneous opening of the oxidation layer on the ionization electrode 2 in a changing difference 34 of the ionization current. The control unit 7 can adapt the level of the ionization voltages 32, 33 and therefore the level of the ionization currents at any time in order to ensure continuously safe operation at a consistently high level.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Überwachung und Regelung einer Brennerflamme eines Brenners (1) eines Heizgerätes mit einem Steuergerät (7), wobei eine lonisationselektrode (2) in Kontakt mit der Brennerflamme positioniert, über einen Spannungsgenerator (5) eine Spannung über einen Flam- menverstärker (3) an die lonisationselektrode (2) geführt und ein von der lonisationselektrode (2) in der Brennerflamme gemessener lonisa- tionsstrom von dem Flammenverstärker (3) gemessen und an das Steuergerät (7) übermittelt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Spannungsgenerator (5) während des gesamten Brennerbetriebs den Flammenverstärker (3) und somit die lonisationselektrode (2) al- ternierend und fortlaufend mit mindestens zwei festgelegt unterschied- lichen Spannungen (32. 33) versorgt, wobei die mindestens zwei sich daraus ergebenden lonisationsströme gemessen werden und eine sich hieraus ergebende Differenz (34) der lonisationsströme bestimmt wird, wobei 1. Method for monitoring and regulating a burner flame of a burner (1) of a heater with a control device (7), an ionization electrode (2) positioned in contact with the burner flame, a voltage via a voltage generator (5) via a flame amplifier ( 3) to the ionization electrode (2) and an ionization current measured by the ionization electrode (2) in the burner flame is measured by the flame amplifier (3) and transmitted to the control unit (7), characterized in that the voltage generator (5) during the entire burner operation, the flame amplifier (3) and thus the ionization electrode (2) are alternately and continuously supplied with at least two different voltages (32, 33), the at least two resulting ionization currents being measured and one derived therefrom resulting difference (34) of the ionization currents is determined, wherein
in Abhängigkeit der Höhe der Differenz (34) der lonisationsströme durch das Steuergerät (7) eine Überwachung der Brennerflamme oder eine Regelung der Brennerflamme erfolgt.  Depending on the level of the difference (34) in the ionization currents, the control device (7) monitors the burner flame or regulates the burner flame.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Span- nungsgenerator (5) den Flammenverstärker (3) und somit die lonisati- onselektrode (2) in einem immer wiederkehrenden identischen Zyklus alternierend und fortlaufend mit den zwei festgelegt unterschiedlichen Spannungen (32, 33) versorgt. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the voltage generator (5), the flame amplifier (3) and thus the ionization electrode (2) alternately and continuously in a recurring identical cycle with the two defined different voltages (32, 33) supplied.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die unterschiedlichen Spannungen (32. 33) sich in Höhe, Form und/oder Frequenz unterscheiden. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the different voltages (32, 33) differ in height, shape and / or frequency.
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeich- net, dass die zwei festgelegt unterschiedlichen Spannungen (32, 33) zyklisch umgeschaltet werden. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized net that the two defined different voltages (32, 33) are switched cyclically.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die jeweils bestimmte Differenz (34) mit einem in dem Steu- ergerät (7) hinterlegten Vergleichswert verglichen wird. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the respectively determined difference (34) is compared with a comparison value stored in the control unit (7).
6. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass bis zu einem festgelegten Grenzwert für die Höhe der Diffe- renz (34) die Regelung der Brennerflamme und ab einer Überschrei- tung des Grenzwertes ausschließlich die Überwachung der Brenner- flamme erfolgt. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the burner flame is regulated up to a defined limit value for the height of the difference (34) and only the burner flame is monitored when the limit value is exceeded.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass durch das Steuergerät (7) während der Regelung der Bren nerflamme ein dem Brenner (1) zugeführtes Brenngas-Luftgemisch geregelt und während der Überwachung der Brennerflamme das dem Brenner (1) zugeführte Brenngas-Luftgemisch gesteuert wird. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control unit (7) regulates a burner (1) during the control of the burner flame and the fuel gas-air mixture supplied and during the monitoring of the burner flame the burner (1) supplied fuel gas -Air mixture is controlled.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Spannungsgenerator (5) eine Höhe, Frequenz und/oder Form der zwei festgelegt unterschiedlichen Spannungen (32, 33) stu- fenlos in Abhängigkeit eines Parameters einer Güte der Brennerflam- me anpasst. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the voltage generator (5) continuously adjusts a level, frequency and / or shape of the two different voltages (32, 33) defined depending on a parameter of a quality of the burner flame ,
9. Verfahren nach dem vorigen Anspruch, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Parameter die Brennerflammenstabilität ist. 9. The method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the parameter is the burner flame stability.
10. Verfahren nach einem der vorigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass der Spannungsgenerator (5) eine Höhe, Frequenz und/oder Form der zwei festgelegt unterschiedlich hohen Spannungen (32, 33) verändert, wenn die absolute Höhe der lonisationsströme unter einen Mindestwert sinken. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the voltage generator (5) changes a level, frequency and / or shape of the two fixed different voltages (32, 33) when the absolute level of the ionization currents fall below a minimum value ,
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